Lesson

Basic Concepts of Disaster and

1 Disaster Risk

This module is all about the basic concepts of disaster and disaster risk. After
studying and working on all activities in this module, you will be able to explain the meaning
of disaster, how and when an event becomes a disaster.

What I Need to Know

 Have overview & explain the meaning of disaster

What I know

Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.

1. Which of the following shows disaster?

A. a storm surge.
B. a landslide along the highway.
C. a typhoon leaving great damage of properties.
D. a man falling from the top of the roof causing his death.

2. How can we reduce the risk brought about by disasters? We can reduce the risk by
___.
A. decreasing the capacity, hazard, exposure and vulnerability.
B. decreasing the hazard, capacity, and vulnerability while increasing the exposure.
C. increasing the capacity while decreasing the hazard, exposure and vulnerability.
D. increasing the hazard, exposure and vulnerability while decreasing the capacity.

3. What makes Philippines a vicinity of different kinds of calamities every year?

A. Philippines is an archipelago. C. Philippines is a developing country.
B. Philippines is a small country. D. Philippines is facing the Atlantic Ocean.
 
4. An event becomes a disaster when it leaves ______________________.
I. no casualties III. less casualties
II. many casualties IV. neither none nor more casualties
5. A sudden event, such as an accident or natural catastrophe that causes great damage
or loss of life is called _________.
A. capacity C. disaster risk
B. disaster D. vulnerability
 

1
 What’s In

Disaster and the Risk Factors Underlying It

 
The Philippines is an archipelago in Southeast Asia surrounded by the Philippine Sea
and Pacific Ocean in the east and the South China Sea in the west. With a land area of
300,001 sq km and an estimated population of 101, 991,000 (Worldometer, August 4, 2015).

Philippines is also one of the countries that belongs to what they call the Pacific
Ring of Fire where two major tectonic plates of the world meet, the Eurasian Plate and the
Pacific Plate (See Figure 2). It sounds scary, isn’t it? cannot escape from. It is the reason of
the occurrences of most earthquakes which resulted to tsunamis. Many active volcanoes are
also found because their eruptions have been found in historical records.

Map showing the Ring of Fire

According to the report of the United Nation University Institute for Environmental
& Human Security and the German Alliance Development Works, the Philippines belongs to
the top ten countries facing the highest risk next to Vanuatu and Tonga. Philippines ranks
third on the list of most vulnerable countries to climate change with a 24.32 % disaster risk.
However, this percentage can be lessened if all the Filipinos are well informed and
knowledgeable enough on disaster preparedness and prevention.

In the previous years, you have learned about the effects of being situated in the
Ring of Fire. It makes the country prone to land shaking or earthquake and volcanic
Eruptions resulting to tsunami which greatly affect ones’ lives and properties.

2
 Aside from being situated in the Pacific Ring of Fire, it is also located along the
Typhoon Belt on the Western North Pacific Basin where more or less 66 percent of
tropical cyclones enter or originate. It is visited with an average of 20 events of Typhoons per
year in which more or less six of these typhoons can be rather destructive. Its eastern
seaboard is highly exposed to typhoons with winds speed greater than 150 kilometers in
every hour.

Typhoon Belt on the Western North Pacific Basin

What’s New

1.  When you hear the words “typhoon, earthquake, landslide, tsunami, storm surge,
flash flood, fire, and other destructive events, what comes to your mind? Would you
consider these as disasters & why?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

3
 What Is It

A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a

community or society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental losses
that exceed the community’s or society’s ability to cope using its own resources. Though
often caused by nature, disasters can have human origins. Disasters are increasing
nowadays and it cannot be avoided. Accordingly, “disasters are the final exam for a
community when they have not taken the course”. So, the best way is to get ready and be
prepared. The best way to get prepared is to be proactive.
 
Do we really need to study disaster? The answer is a big YES for us to be prepared!
Disaster preparedness refers to the measures taken to prepare for and reduce the effects of
disasters. That is, to predict and, where possible, prevent disasters, mitigate their impact on
vulnerable populations, and respond to and effectively cope with their consequences (IFRC).
That is why a new law or the Republic Act No. 10121 or the Philippines Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Act of 2010 (DRRM) transforms the Philippines’ disaster
management system towards Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). One of its purposes is to
reduce the risk brought about by any calamities or hazards which put ones’ lives in danger
and loss of many properties.
 

What’s More

Fill in the blanks with different disasters you are certain that fits in the question
below. After each question, you have to justify the reasons for your answers.
 
1.“I am prepared for __________________________________________________?
Reasons: ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2.“My family is prepared for ___________________________________________?
Reasons: ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3.“My school is prepared for ____________________________________________?
Reasons: ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
4.“My local community is prepared for____________________________________?
Reasons: _________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

 Notes to the Teacher

4
 What I Have Learned
 

Direction. Supplement the missing words in the following statement.

 
A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously ________ the functioning of
a community or society and causes, material, and or losses that exceed the community’s or
ability to using its own resources.
 

What I Can Do
 
1. Supposed a typhoon hits a particular place and leaves no casualties, would you
consider it as disaster? What do the terms disaster, disaster risk mean to you?
___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Assessment

Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.

1. Which is not true about disaster?

A. Disaster can cause a full range of mental and physical reactions.
B. Disasters often follow natural hazards such as typhoon, earthquake flash flood
etc.
C. A sudden event, such as an accident or natural catastrophe that causes great
damage or loss of life.
D. None of the above
 
2. What kind of disasters do these pictures depict?
A. Flash flooding B. Landslide C. Earthquake D. Typhoon
 
3. Which of the following shows disaster?
A. a storm surge. C. a typhoon leaving great damage of
properties.
B. a landslide along the highway. D. a man falling from the top of the roof causing
his death.
 
4. The following are effects of disasters on one’s life EXCEPT.
A. Scarcity of food B. Emotional aftershocks
C. Displaced population D. Lose of interest in daily activities
 
5. An event becomes a disaster when it leaves ______________________.
A. no casualties B. many casualties
C. less casualties D. neither none nor more casualties

5
 Additional Activities
 

Collage Making
 
Instruction: Do an online search for photos coming from news clippings of different
disasters that occurred all over the world for the past 5 years, make an artistic collage out of
those collected photos which depict your views and understanding of different types of
disaster.

6
 Lesson
Hazard, Exposure, Vulnerability,
2 Capacity

Disasters are inevitable. They are caused by unsustainable development that has not
taken account of possible hazard impacts in that certain location. This module is all about
the basic factors of disaster and disaster risk. After studying and working on all activities in
this module, you will be able to determine the underlying factors that directly influence
disaster.
 

What I need to know

 Differentiate among hazards, exposure, and vulnerabilities and give example

from actual situations.

What I know

 Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.

1. It is the result from a combination of hazards.

A. capacity C. disaster risk
B. disaster D. vulnerability
 
2. Which of the following is NOT an example of vulnerability?
I. Poor location III. Peaceful community
II. Community conflict IV. Concrete house
A. I & II B. II & III C. III & IV D. I & IV
 
3. The following are the risk factors underlying disasters EXCEPT ____________.
I. age III. severity of exposure
II. gender and family IV. educational attainment 
A. I & IV B. II & IV C. III only D. IV only
 
4. A sudden event, such as an accident or natural catastrophe that causes great damage or
loss of life is called _________.
A. capacity B. disaster C. disaster risk D. vulnerability

5. How can we reduce the risk brought about by disasters? We can reduce the risk by ____.
A. decreasing the capacity, hazard, exposure and vulnerability.
B. decreasing the hazard, capacity, and vulnerability while increasing the exposure.
C. increasing the capacity while decreasing the hazard, exposure and vulnerability.
D. increasing the hazard, exposure and vulnerability while decreasing the capacity.

7
 What’s In
 

Disaster is different from hazard. A hazard may or may not result to a disaster.
Suppose there is a very strong typhoon. When it hits a particular area and leave no
damages, then there is no disaster happened but if it leaves great damages to lives and
properties, then that is what we call a “disaster” Look at the figure below suppose you are
along the hillside. On top, there is a very big rock that is likely to fall and by the time it
happens, it will hit you. In this case, the rock on top is a hazard and you are vulnerable of it.
When we say “vulnerable” that the rock falls down and hit you causing you damage or injury
then that is what we call disaster.

What’s new

In symbol
 
By just looking at the relationship between disaster risk, and the factors hazard,
exposure, vulnerability and capacity, what can you say about it? This means that disaster risk
would be greater if the factors (hazard, exposure and vulnerability) are higher even though
capacity is also higher, however, disaster risk can be reduced or lessen if we will decrease
the hazard, exposure and vulnerability with an increase of capacity.

As observed, the symbols become smaller or reduced. This means that we can
reduce the risk brought about by any event or disaster by reducing the hazard, exposure and
vulnerability of the people or properties while increasing the CAPACITY of the community
(answers may vary).

People differ in their exposure to risk as a result of their social group, gender, ethnic
or other identity, age and other factors. Vulnerability may also vary in its forms: poverty, for
example, may mean that housing is unable to withstand an earthquake or a very strong
typhoon, or lack of awareness and preparedness may result in a slower response to a
disaster, leading to greater loss of life and properties or prolonged suffering of the victims.

Capacity on the other hand, can be described as the resources available to

individuals, households and communities to cope with a threat or to resist the impact of a
particular hazard. Such resources can be physical or material, but they can also be found in
the way a community is organized or in the skills or attributes of individuals and/or
organizations in the community.

8
 Disasters often follow natural hazards such as typhoon, earthquake flash flood and
the like. Its severity depends on how much impact a hazard has caused on society and the
environment.
 

What is it
 

Table 1. Terms Associated with Disaster

 
   
 Term Meaning / definition

 
· It is the combination of all the strengths, attributes and resources
  available within a community, society or organization that can be
Capacity used to achieve agreed goals (RA 10121).
(Kapasidad) Example:
  ü
Permanent housing ü
Local Knowledge
ü
Food Security
 · It is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society
 
involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses
Disaster
and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or
(Katalagman)
society to cope using its own resources (RA 10121).
 
   
 Term  Meaning / definition
 

9
  
· Natural or human-made emergencies that cannot be handled by
  affected communities who experience severe danger and incur loss of
  lives and properties causing disruption in its social structure and
  prevention of the fulfilment of all or some of the affected community’s
essential (Disaster Risk Reduction Resource Manual).

 
  · A state in which individuals and groups of a community have developed
Disaster plans , allocated resources , and established procedures for an
Preparedness efficient and effective implementation of the plans for the purpose of
  saving lives and preventing further damage to property in the event of a
(Pagpangandam disaster.
sa Katalagman) · It includes plans or preparations to made to save lives and to help
  response – and – rescue operations (Disaster Risk Reduction Resource
  Manual).
 
 
  · It is the concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through
  systematic efforts to analyze and reduce the causal factors of disasters.
Disaster Risk Reducing exposure to hazards, lessening vulnerability of people and
Reduction property, wise management of land and the environment, and improving
  preparedness for adverse events are all examples of disaster risk
(Pagpakunhod sa reduction (National Meteorological and Hydrological Services, 2010).
Risgo sa  
Katalagman)

 
  · It is the function of hazard, vulnerability, and capacity
Disaster Risk · The potential disaster losses, in lives, health status, livelihoods,
  assets and services, which could occur to a particular community or
(Risgo sa a society over some specified future time period.
Katalagman) · It is the result from a combination of hazards
 
  · The degree to which the elements at risk are likely to experience hazard
Exposure events of different magnitudes (RA10121)
(Pagkaladlad)  
 
· It is the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or
 
asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. (RA
Vulnerability
10121)
(Kahuyang)
 
 
Example: Poor location , House made of light materials , Community
 
conflict
 

What’s More
 

A. Direction: Put the pieces together to form a word.

10
 1. _____________ Z D A H A R

2. _____________ U R E S O P X E

3. _____________ Y T I I L B A R E LUN V

4. _____________ I T Y C A P A C

5. _____________ E R T S AI S D

B. Direction. In the following photos given below, Analyze and identify all the Hazards that
you can find the give your reasons why they are vulnerable to such conditions.

Hazards_______________________________:
______________________________________
Reasons of Vulnerability_________________:
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________

Hazards_______________________________:
______________________________________
Reasons of Vulnerability_________________:
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________

Hazards_______________________________:
______________________________________
Reasons of Vulnerability_________________:
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________

What I Have Learned

 

Direction. Answer the following questions briefly in a separate sheet of paper.

 

11
 1.  What is hazard?
2.  What is vulnerable?
3. What makes a situation vulnerable to a threat or hazard?

What I Can Do

Situational Analysis

Direction. In the situation depicted in the illustration given below, proposed an action that
would eliminate or reduce vulnerability and disaster in the situation and justify your
propositions why it can be an effective way.
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
Proposed Action:____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Justification:_______________________________________________________________
_ _______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Assessment

 Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.

12
 1. It is the degree of vulnerability to which the elements at risk are likely to experience
hazard events of different magnitude.
A. Disaster B. Exposure C. Risk D. Vulnerability

2. It refers to the possible future occurrence of natural or human-induced physical events

that may have adverse effects on vulnerable and exposed elements.
A. Calamity B. Disaster C. Hazard D. Risk
 
3. The following are reasons that makes a community more vulnerable to hazard EXCEPT
  A) People build houses in “No Build Zones”.
B) Houses are built from light materials or sub-standard materials.
  C) Strict implementation and compliance of the Building Code.
D) Indifference or lack of awareness about disaster risks.
 
4. Which activity will NOT reduce or decrease exposure and vulnerability to hazard?
  A) Relocate residents of hazard-prone areas to safer places.
B) Installation of early warning systems.
C) Conduct of fire, earthquake and flood drills in communities and schools.
D) Allowing informal settlers to live in any vacant government
 
5. It is the result from a combination of hazards.
A. capacity B. disaster C. disaster risk D. vulnerability
 
 

 Additional Activities
 

Photo- Survey
Direction: Roam around your community and evaluate places where hazards and
vulnerability can be found, take a picture of the situation and compile your photos in a single
document with itemize captions of its hazards and vulnerabilities per photos taken.
 
Lesson

3 Factors Underlying Disasters

The common reaction seen or felt after any type of disaster is stress reactions. These
could be the effect of a very traumatic experience during the event of disaster. Disaster can
cause a full range of mental and physical reactions. You may also react to problems that
occur after the event, as well as to triggers or reminders of the trauma. This module is all
about the basic factors of disaster and disaster risk. After studying and working on all
activities in this module, you will be able to determine the underlying factors that directly
influence disaster.

What I need to know

13
  Differentiate the risk factors underlying disasters.

What I know
 

Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.
1. It is the result from a combination of hazards.
A. capacity C. disaster risk
B. disaster D. vulnerability
 
2. Which of the following is NOT an example of vulnerability?
A. Poor location C. Peaceful community
B. Community conflict D. Concrete house
 
3. The following are the risk factors underlying disasters EXCEPT ____________.
A. age C. severity of exposure
B. gender and family D. educational attainment
 
4. A sudden event, such as an accident or natural catastrophe that causes great damage
or loss of life is called _________.
A. capacity C. disaster risk
B. disaster D. vulnerability

 5. It is the result from a combination of hazards.

A. capacity C. disaster risk
B. disaster D. vulnerability
 
 

What’s In
 

Every year, both human-caused and natural disasters affect millions of people. It
may be explosions, earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, typhoons, or fires. In a disaster, you
face the danger of death or physical injury. You may also lose your home, possessions, and
community. Such stressors place you at risk for emotional and physical health problems.
 
The common reactions seen or felt after any type of disaster is stress reactions.
These could be the effect of a very traumatic experience during the event of disaster.
Disasters can cause a full range of mental and physical reactions. You may also react to
problems that occur after the event, as well as to triggers or reminders of the trauma. Now,
what are the risk factors underlying disasters? Continue reading and try to internalize what
you read
 

What’s new

14
 

The following are several factors that make it more likely for someone to have more
severe or longer- lasting stress reactions after disasters:
 
1. Severity of exposure

Risk of future mental problems is highly related to the amount of exposure to the
disaster. Those that go through the disaster themselves are in at the highest risk. At the
next level are those in close contact with victims while those who only had indirect
exposure, such as news of the severe damage are at the lowest risk of lasting impact.
Death, life threat, injury and loss of possessions are the factors that lead most often to
mental health problems. Accordingly, the survivors or the victims having suffered from
distress or mental health problems that need clinical care.
 

2. Gender and family

According to the study, women or girls mostly suffer more negative effects than do
men or boys. When the children are in the home, disaster recovery is more stressful.
Women with spouses also experience more distress during recovery than those who are
single. Having a family member in the home who is extremely distressed is related to more
stress for everyone. After a disaster, marital stress has been found to increase. Conflicts
between family members or lack of support within the family make it harder to recover from
disasters.
 
3. Age

Adults who are in the age range of 40-60 are likely to be more distressed after
disasters because if you are in that age range, you have more demands from job and family.
Research on how children react to natural disasters is limited. In general, more severe
distress after disasters is seen in the children than adults. The worse recovery in children is
related to higher stress in the parents.
 

4. Other factors specific to the survivor

There are several factors related to a survivor's background and resources which are
important for recovery from disaster. Recovery is worse if the survivors:
 
 were not prepared before the disaster;
 first time to experience a disaster or no experience at all in dealing with disasters;
 after the disaster, they are dealing with other stressors.
 have low or poor self-esteem;
 think that nobody cares for them or feeling left alone;
 think that they have little control over what happens to them; and
 less capacity to manage the stress by themselves.

Other factors have also been found to predict worse outcomes:

 bereavement (death of someone close);

 panic, horror, or feelings like that during the disaster;
 broken family or being separated from family (especially among youth); and
 being forced to leave home or displaced.

5. Developing countries

15
 
If the disaster occurs in developing countries, risk factors can be made worse.
People living in these countries have more severe mental health impact than those who are
living in developed countries. This is true even with less disasters happened.
 
6. Low or negative social support
 
The help and support extended by others can be both a risk and a resilience factor.
After a disaster, social support may become weak. It may be due to the need for members of
the support network to get on with their own lives or due to stress. Sometimes others
responses for support are negative. For example, even though you are a survivor and yet
someone may play down your problems, needs, or pain, or expect you to recover more
quickly than is realistic. This situation would result to a long-term distress in traumatized
survivor.
 
7. Communicable Diseases Associated with Natural Disasters
 
Natural disaster is usually followed by several communicable diseases and most of
the affected individuals are those who are displaced. The risk for communicable disease
transmission after disasters is associated primarily with the size and characteristics of the
displaced population, specifically the proximity of safe water and functioning latrines, the
nutritional status of the displaced population, the level of immunity to vaccine-preventable
diseases such as measles, and the access to healthcare services (From an article on
Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007). These diseases should be considered when post
disaster risk assessments are performed by the people in authorities.

The following are some of the communicable diseases associated with natural
disasters:

A. Water-related Communicable Diseases - Natural disaster can jeopardize in accessing

safe water.
 

16
 A1. Diarrhea. An outbreak of diarrheal disease can occur after drinking water that
has been contaminated with flood water. Flooding is identified as a significant risk factor for
diarrheal illnesses. The risk for diarrheal disease is higher in developing countries than in
industrialized countries.
 
A2. Hepatitis A and E. Accordingly, hepatitis A and E are also transmitted by the
fecal-oral route, in association with lack of access to safe water and sanitation. Hepatitis A is
endemic in most developing countries, and most children are exposed and develop immunity
at an early age. As a result, the risk for large outbreaks is usually low in these settings. In
hepatitis endemic areas, outbreaks frequently follow heavy rains and floods; the illness is
generally mild and self-limited, but in pregnant women case-fatality rates can reach 25%
(From an article on Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007).

A3. Leptospirosis. Leptospirosis is an epidemic-prone zoonotic bacterial disease

that can be transmitted by direct contact with contaminated water. Rodents or mice shed
large amounts of leptospires in their urine, and transmission occurs through contact of the
skin and mucous membranes with water, damp soil or vegetation (such as sugar cane), or
mud contaminated with rodent urine.
 
B. Crowding
 It cannot be denied that crowding is common in populations displaced by natural disasters
and this can facilitate hasten the transmission of many communicable diseases

B1. Measles. According to an article on Emerging Infectious Diseases in 2007,

measles and the risk for transmission after a natural disaster are dependent on baseline
immunization coverage among the affected population, and in particular among children
below 15 years of age. Living in a very crowded area facilitates the transmission of measles
and necessitate even higher immunization coverage levels to have outbreak prevention. Just
like during the Mt. Pinatubo eruption in 1991 where there were 18,000 cases involved in
having measles and these people were those who were displaced and overcrowding in a
particular evacuation center.

After a traumatic event, social conflicts, even those that have been resolved, may
again be seen. Divisions may occur from social race, religion, and ethnicity. These divisions
may recur because the people of each group try to gain access to much-needed resources.
Conflicts may arise in families as well. These happen when each member went through
different things in the disaster and sets up different courses of recovery causing some
members in the family not well understood among family members and may also serve as
distressing reminders to each other of the disaster.

Although millions of people have been directly affected by disasters, most of them do
recover because by nature, human is resilient, and most people have the ability to come
back from a disaster.
 

What’s More
 

Direction. Answer the following questions briefly in a separate sheet of paper.

1. Enumerate all factors you know that affect disaster?
2. Why do you think that women or girls mostly suffer more negative effects than men or
boys?
3. What are the possible ages that are greatly affected when a disaster occurs? Why?

17
 What I Have Learned
 

Tell Me Your Story

Conduct an interview to at least 5 survivors of any disaster or calamity. Have an interview

with:
o adults;

o teens; and

o children (6-11years old)

 
Summarize the result of the interview. (confidentiality must be ensured) and do class
reporting. A Reflective Journal must be written as a form of final output for this activity.
 

What I Can Do
 

Direction. Answer the questions briefly as what is required.

 
1. From the factors listed underlying disaster, choose one and discuss how such factor
can have less impact towards disaster.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

 _________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

18
  Assessment
  
Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.

1. It is the result from a combination of hazards.

A. capacity C. disaster risk
B. disaster D. vulnerability
 
2. Which of the following is NOT an example of vulnerability?
A. Poor location C. Peaceful community
B. Community conflict D. Concrete house
 
3. The following are the risk factors underlying disasters EXCEPT ____________.
A. age C. severity of exposure
B. gender and family D. educational attainment
 
4. A sudden event, such as an accident or natural catastrophe that causes great damage
or loss of life is called _________.
A. capacity C. disaster risk
B. disaster D. vulnerability
 
5. It is the result from a combination of hazards.
A. capacity C. disaster risk
B. disaster D. vulnerability
 

 Additional Activities

Research Activity
Direction. For each underlying effects mentioned in the preceding pages, search for an
article relating to the occurrence of a disaster and carefully analyze the situation in which
you can able to write down all the effects of disaster in the situation and explain individually
why. Use a separate sheet of paper to write down your answer.

19
SUMMARY
A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of
 
community or society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental
losses that exceed the com its own resources.
 
Disaster is different from hazard. A hazard may or may not result to a disaster. Suppose
there is a very strong typhoon. When it hits a particular area and leave no damages,
then there is no disaster happened but if it leaves great damages to lives and
properties, then that is what we call
 
The following are some of the communicable diseases associated with natural disasters:
 
  Diarrhea
Hepatitis A and E
  Leptospirosis
Crowding
 
Disaster greatly affects ones’ lives. Thus, counteracted. To do this, it requires the reduction
of the impact of the hazard through mitigation, prediction, warning and preparedness.
Building capacities of the community is very important also to withstand and cope with
hazards.
 
The
  root causes of vulnerability such as poverty, poor governance,
discrimination, inequality and inadequate access to resources and livelihoods should be
solved.
 
These are the four (4) pillars to counteract community’s Prevention / mitigation,
Preparedness, Response and Recovery.
 
The following are some of the effects of disasters on one’s
 
  Displacement
Health Risks
  Food Scarcity
Emotional Aftershocks
 
A landslide is also known as a landslip. It is a geological phenomenon that includes a wide
range of ground movements. Rock falls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows
were common. Landslides can occur in offshore, coastal and onshore environments.

ANSWER KEY
WHAT I KNOW (PRETEST)

20
LESSON 1 (PRETEST) ASSESSMENT

LESSON 2 (PRETEST) ASSESSMENT

LESSON 3 (PRETEST) ASSESSMENT

REFERENCES
A. Books and Issuances
 
Department of Education (DepEd) Memo No. 46 s. 2012
Department
  of Internal and Local Government of the Philippines, 2012
 Disaster Risk Reduction Resource Manual, 2008.
Executive
  Order No. 66.
New Oxford English Dictionary, 2013.
 
 
B. Electronic Sources
 
Emergency Management Planning Guide 2010-2011. Retrieved from
http://goo.gl/2ZKlbD. Date Retrieved: August 31, 2015.
 
FilipiKnow, 2013. Earthquake Philippines: 5 Deadliest Tremors in History.
Retrieved from http://goo.gl/zBKDB8 on August 1, 2015.

21
 
INDIAREALTIME. The Wall Street Journal-India. Retrieved from
http://goo.gl/fAF5hc on July 29, 2015.
 
InterAksyon.com/News 5http://goo.gl/jodCQZ on July 29, 2015.
 
Introduction to Disaster Risk Reduction. Retrieved from http://goo.gl/QaRDkw on
August 2, 2015.
 
International Federation of Red Cross (IFRC) and Red Crescent Societies.
Retrieved from https://goo.gl/h62Yb4 on August 1, 2015.
 
Mines and Geosciences Bureau. Retrieved from http://goo.gl/auWgkC on August
31, 2015.
 
Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) Region X.
 
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C. Other Electronic Sources
http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/ http://goo.gl/6Cg0zs
http://goo.gl/JUhI6A http://goo.gl/2aVMEs
https://goo.gl/ZdUwpm http://goo.gl/soqPCN
http://goo.gl/HihGXg http://goo.gl/mYRtRr
http://goo.gl/F7uYVM http://goo.gl/fhdG2k
https://goo.gl/GB13MC http://goo.gl/fhdG

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Department of Education –Division of Cagayan de Oro City

Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang Cagayan de Oro
Telefax: ((08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: cagayandeoro.city@deped.gov.ph

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