CHAPTER 3

Design analysis and modelling of Crate and Bottle Separator

Abstract
As transportation is the movement of goods from place to place, Th e growth ability and
need of transport large quantities of goods over long distances at high speeds in comfort
and safety, so the transportation of crates and bottles is a new innovation that lowers time and
effort in an industry. This transportation mechanism needs a pneumatic and mechanical system.
in this project we want to solve a problem occurring at the crate washer. Un caser system works
pneumatically; nevertheless it makes a default in pressure distribution to lift bottles that means it
ignores some quantities of bottles inside the crate. The crate goes to crate washer and the bottles
goes to bottle washer. Some of the bottles in the crate are transported by chain conveyor system
but at the destination (crate washer) the bottles are crushed down.so this project aims to design
and analyze automatic plastic chain conveyor to use on prevention of broken bottle. This has
made discussion on design calculations, analyses and considerations of chain conveyor system
for bottle collection in terms of size, length, capacity, and speed. The main potential application
area is starting from crate washer to bottle washer. Drawings of Two-dimensional, Three
dimensional, Assembly drawings of chain conveyor, as well as boat assembly were applied for
the analysis of material using AutoCAD. For all our works, the estimated cost budgeted for this
project is ……..birr and the total completion time for the work is …..days.

Finally, conclusions and recommendations, based on the analysis outcomes are for further
researches.
 Background of the project

Primitive conveyor belts have been in use since the 19th century. In 1892, Thomas Robins began
a series of inventions which led to the development of a conveyor belt used for carrying coal,
ores and other products. In 1901, Sandvik invented and started the production of steel conveyor
belts. Sandvik invented steel conveyor belts in 1901. Richard Sutcliffe, an Irish mining engineer
and inventor, invented the first underground conveyor belt that revolutionized the coal mining
industry. https://www.kemperequipment.com/blog/everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-the-
history-of-conveyors/

The use of conveyor belts are quite recent in the history of mining, but today play a pivotal role
in moving materials efficiently both far and near.1892 Saw the earliest inventions of conveyor
belts used to carry coal and ore.Sandvik invented steel conveyor belts in 1901.Richard Sutcliffe,
an Irish mining engineer and inventor, invented the first underground conveyor belt that
revolutionized the coal mining industry.
 1 Introduction
A conveyor system is used in many industries as a standard piece of mechanical handling equipment to
move goods, products, raw goods, and other materials from one location to another, usually in the same
area or building. It consists of one or more strands of endless chain, usually link plate roller type, running
in steel guides. The carrying surface of the conveyor is composed of a series of plates or shapes called
apron, which are attached to the links of the chains .The bed created by the aprons is used for carrying
bulk materials as well as unit loads 3]

Types of conveyor systems

There’s a list below outlining the different types of conveyor systems that are available
today. Some of them are conveyor, Belt-driven live roller conveyors, Bucket conveyor , Chain
conveyor…etc.

Benefits of using a conveyor system

 Can safely transport materials from one level to another through elevated conveyors
 Can be installed in most situations while usually being able to add value and increase the
safety of the workplace due to automation, failsafe’s, and safeguards
 Conveyors can move high quantities of items in various shapes, sizes, and weights
2. Problem Statement
The separation of bottle and crate was the main task of the uncaser. When the machine cannot
perform its task properly, the entire bottle that passed through the un-caser with crate is
damaged. To solve this problem, we analyses and modeling a crate and bottle separator plastic
chain conveyor. This will prevent the brakeage of bottles in crate washer .since the un-caser most
of the time left bottles with the crate. The machine can pass on the interval of one to twenty two
bottles in a crate .In this company on one day at 8:00 working hour Averagely 270 bottles will be
rejected on the crate washer. This results a high percentage economic loss. This is known from
neck counters. When we see the cost that we loss during this breakage it is around 1200 to 4000
birr daily by considering the cost of one bottle is ten birr. In addition to this the broken bottle has
its own side effect on human body. Even if we made bottle crasher it needs additional cost and
energy to crush and lastly it need bottle production industry to make bottle.

Fig 3.1 rejected bottles from crate washer

3. Objective

3.1 general objective

The main objective of the project is to design bottle separator chain conveyor.

3.1.1 Specific objectives

Specific objectives of the projective are:-

 To design plastic chain and leg conveyor with optimized parameter

 Analysis chain speed, chain pull force, bearing pressure
 To draw its part drawing and assembly drawing in solid work software
 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Finite element method calculates the stress concentration and different parameters of
failures of chain link; like the base of literature review is the radial variation in chain
outer link, wear of conveyor chain with polymer roller and forces acting at the time of
articulation. FAE Based Study of Effect of Radial Variation of Outer Link in A Typical
Roller Chain Link Assembly [1], Chain Link assembly is extensively used in the
industry, the scope of this paper is to review the applications in the industry and explore
the design considerations that go into the design of the assembly. The paper delves into
various application aspects and manufacturing aspects to formulate an idea of the system.
Finally Finite Element Analysis (FEA) has been used to conduct shape optimization.
Since lot of work has already been done in other components, in this paper the focus has
been narrowed down to specific component of outer link. [1]. Bhoite T., Pawar
p.,Gaikwad B., “FAE Based Study of Effect of Radial Variation of Outer Link in A
Typical Roller Chain Link Assembly”, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering
and Industrial Engineering (IJMIE), (2012), ISSN NO.2231-6477, Vol-1, Issue-4.

Design and Analysis of conveyor chain link using composite material: a Review
 Amol Kadam

 Published 2015

The basic aim of this review has been conducted on the most of the time conveyor chain is under
tension which causes failure of chain assembly which is the major problem for industrial sector.
Causes of this failure are improper design. It is important to study the influence of these
parameters. All these parameters can be considered simultaneously and chain link design
optimally. Optimization is the process of obtaining the best result under given circumstances in
design of system. In optimization process we can find the conditions that give the maximum and
minimum value of function. In this study a shape optimization process is used for the design of
roller chain link for minimization of failure modes. This process various design variables, such
as wall thickness of link, breaking area of link and shape of the link. While deciding the shape
optimization of roller chain link raw material plays important role, so it is necessary to decide
raw material. [1] LESS

Literature review

Conveyors are durable and reliable components used in automated distribution and

warehousing, as well as manufacturing and production facilities. In combination with computer-
controlled pallet handling equipment this allows for more efficient retail, wholesale,
and manufacturing distribution. It is considered a labor saving system that allows large volumes
to move rapidly through a process, allowing companies to ship or receive higher volumes with
smaller storage space and with less labor expense.

Rubber conveyor belts are commonly used to convey items with irregular bottom
surfaces, small items that would fall in between rollers (e.g. a sushi conveyor bar), or bags of
product that would sag between rollers. Belt conveyors are generally fairly similar in
construction consisting of a metal frame with rollers at either end of a flat metal bed. The belt is
looped around each of the rollers and when one of the rollers is powered (by an electrical motor)
the belting slides across the solid metal frame bed, moving the product. In heavy use applications
the beds which the belting is pulled over are replaced with rollers. The rollers allow weight to be
conveyed as they reduce the amount of friction generated from the heavier loading on the belting
[3].

Belt conveyors can now be manufactured with curved sections which use tapered rollers
and curved belting to convey products around a corner. These conveyor systems are commonly
used in postal sorting offices and airport baggage handling systems. A sandwich belt conveyor
uses two conveyor belts, face-to-face, to firmly contain the item being carried, making steep
incline and even vertical-lift runs achievable.

Belt conveyors are the most commonly used powered conveyors because they are the
most versatile and the least expensive.[citation needed] Product is conveyed directly on the belt
so both regular and irregular shaped objects, large or small, light and heavy, can be transported
successfully. These conveyors should use only the highest quality premium belting products,
which reduces belt stretch and results in less maintenance for tension adjustments. Belt
conveyors can be used to transport product in a straight line or through changes in elevation or
direction. In certain applications they can also be used for static accumulation or cartons[5].

Material Handling involves the movement of materials from one place to another for the
purpose of processing or storing. According to American Material Handling society,' Material
rHandling is an art and science of involving the movement, packing and storing of subsystems in
any form. Thus material handling function includes all types of movements vertical, horizontal
or combination of both and of all types of material fluid, semi fluid and discrete items and of
movements required for packing and storing. The material handling function is considered as one
of the most important activities of the production function as out of total time spent by the
materials inside the plant area, about 20% of the time is utilized for actual processing on them
while remaining 80 % of the time is spent in moving from one place to another, waiting for
processing or finding place in sub-stores. Moreover about 20 % of the total production cost is
traceable as material handling cost. [1] Mr. Nasif Hassan Khan Presented paper on “Fabrication
of a Conveyor Belt with Object Sorting and Counting Facility” includes factors and basic
component used in conveyor system. In this paper we studied about how to use factor and basic
component in a conveyor system and avoid accident and defective parts by using control system.

In this paper they include design of mechanical and electrical component and program
related to control system. [2] As per Mr. Akshay K. Naphade, Prof. Manish J. Deshmukh who
presented Paper on A Review of “Improved Automated Conveyor with Auto Separated System
for Oil Packaging Industry”.in this case we identify the necessary to sensors and monitoring
system for detects the defective products with help of electronic system. This proposed system
gives the convenient approach of automatically detecting the weight of oil bottle on the conveyor
system using a PLC for high reliability and fast operation without interruption. [3] Mr. Abhijit
Gaikwad, Prof. Shreekant Pawar are presented paper on “Design and development of automated
conveyor system and material handling” and they discussed about the design for belt conveyor
system. In this review we study about Materials and products need to be transported from one
manufacturing stage to another. [4] Mr. Joshua Todd Fluke are paper presented on
“Implementing an Automated Sorting System” include the how to sorting product on conveyor
system.

We are discussed about this project was to create a simulated and theoretical automated
process to sort product coming out of the distribution centre. [5] As discuss by Vikas Gupta,
Rajesh Bansal, Vineet Kumar Goel, in “A review on material handling equipment And their
selection for potential”ApplicationsTransport material handling systems are used to move
material for a short or long distance from one location to another like between workshops,
between cities, to store, to railway, to ships. The major subcategories of transport material
handling systems are given in Figure 1. In addition to manual system, conveyors (like flat belt,
trolley), cranes (like gib, gantry), trucks (like light, heavy) and automatic guided vehicles (AGVs
and robots) can be used to shift the material.
 https://www.academia.edu/39994005/CHAPTER_2_LITERATURE_REVIEW

2. Materials and Methods

 For chain we select Thermo plastic rational can be neglected. • Soften •
Application: • Self lubricating bearing, cams, valve seats, silent gears selection
of material (slideshare.net)
 For leg, wheel, and roller we select stainless steel since it has high corrosion
resistance

3.1 Data collection methods

The first method that we collect data is direct measurement on the place that we want to
plant.it is summarize in the table below.

No Name Amount unit

1 Length b/n crate and bottle 6.85 m
washer
2 Length of conveyor 7.165 m
3 No of chain 163
4 Height at bottle washer 1.1 m
5 Height at crate washer 3.195 m
6 Crate width 30 cm
7 Crate length 40 cm
8 Bottle height 23 cm
9 Bottle bottom diameter 15 cm
10 Motor power 1.1 kw
11 Motor speed 2000 r/min
12 Frequency 50 Hz
13 Division in one chain 6.8*6.8 Cm
14 Mass of bottle 335 g
15 Number of bottle breakdown 270
per 8:00hr
16 Diameter of wheel 30 Cm
3.3 Method
Problem Data System Analysis
identification collection design

Conclusion and Result and Drawing

recommendation discussion

3.4 System Design

Chain design Drawing

4. Result and Discussion

5. Conclusion and Recommendation

On this design of bottle identifier conveyor the following procedures are done:

 Visualize the problem of industry

 Interviewing related body to collect quantitative data
  Advice our university advisor
 Performance Objectives of the project
 Studying the process
 Gathering data from Various sources
 Review the literature
 Select the appropriate material for each part of the conveyor
 Calculating the required dimensions
 Fixing the dimensions based on calculations
 Drawing the part model by solid work software
 Assembling the Part models using solid work software
 Manufacturing the Conveyor as per the required dimensions
 Assemble the components
 Analyze the Results

3.5 modeling and system design or system analysis

Chain and material sliding
plastic chains are used increasingly in material handling due to their highly flexible
conveying design and layout options. These systems are often equipped with so called modular
belts. Due to their specific force transmission, detailed calculation methods are not yet available.
In the following, a generally valid calculation approach is derived and its difference to existing
solutions shown by examples.
[Material handling, chain conveyor system, modular belt, conveyor chain, chain tension force, dimensioning]

Chain conveyor system with plastically polymerized.

Conveyor construction

There are three principal conveyor constructions. The recommended arrangement is with
the drive at the head end and the carrying and return strands well supported (see fig.
 3.1).Note the catenary sag at the head which should be equal to at least 3% of the span
over which the chain is suspended. Other methods of supporting the return run are roller
support (fig. 3.2) and Wear or guide shoes (fig. 3.3). Supported carrying and return with
catenary is preferred as the catenary will ensure correct chain and sprocket engagement
and more importantly reduce chain joint wear as minimum tension and flexing is applied.

Chain loading

This is the total weight of the product/material to be carried on/in the conveyor – This to be
defined as M.

The additional consideration of chain weight including attachments and conveying elements,
including slats, pans, buckets cross bars and fixings. This to be defined as C.

It is essential that the load distribution is considered since the calculation factors for varying
material delivery will be different to those where a uniform load applies.

Design analysis

Assumptions for design

Transported material= bottle

Length of the conveyor=6.85m it is the distance b/n crate washer and bottle washer. We can get
by using Pythagoras theorem

L=? H=3.195m

H1=1.1 w=6.85m
Where H1 =hight of bottle washer

H= hight of crate washer

W=length b/n crate washer and bottle washer

H2=H-H1

H2=3.195-1.1

=2.095

Then L= √ 2.095 2+6.85 2

❑

L=7.165m

Width of the conveyor=50 cm we take the width of crate and we take 10 cm for safety purpose

x
Mass of bottle=335g direct measurement of bottle.¿
1!

To gain number of chain, we take the total length then we divide to the side length of a bottle
area .the side lenth of the bottle is gain directly by measuring i.e. 6.8cm+the gap b/n chain

L
Number of chain =2( )
side L of bottle+ gapb /nchain

Number of chain =2 ¿ ) =81.4 *2=162.8163

Load distribution =even for calculation purpose we assume that the load as even flow

Height of conveyor=13cm we take it is the distance above the conveyor to prevent miss oriented
bottle.

Wheel diameter=30cm

Diameter of pin=10mm

Geometric analysis
 Chain speed

Chain speed, normally calculated in feet or meters per minute, is a critical consideration in
determining the conveyor capacity. It is in considering this parameter that conveyor chain pitch
and conveyor chain drive and idler sprocket can be determined. Fig. 5.1 illustrates the
relationship between speed, chain pitch and sprocket size. The maximum recommended
conveyor will be up to 30 meters (100 feet)/minute. Chain speed is a critical influence in smooth
conveyor chain operation and extended service life. Too high speeds can create the condition of
pulsing or surging which can seriously compromise conveyor chain performance.

The chain speed, the distance travelled by the chain in a given unit of time, is a fundamental
factor in determining the conveyor capacity. It is from this parameter that chain pitch and the
diameter of the driven wheels is derived. Fig. 5.1 illustrates this relationship.

p∗n∗t
v= ,[M/min] [1]
1000

p= chain pitch [mm]

 t= number of teeth. it is from 17 to 144 we can select so we take 21 [1]
 n=revolution per minute of the wheel [rpm]

from the standard table, Chain M 160-p-200 is a standard conveyor chain with solid pins, with a
minimum tensile strength of 160 kN, flanged wheels and a pitch of 200mm.number of teeth and
revolution is taken from the graph.

200∗16∗21
v= [M/min] , t=21and n=16
1000

V=67.2 M/min

V=1.12m/s
  

 Intermittent contact between chain and track guides creating variations in friction factor and
pulsing. This can be controlled by reducing chain speed.
 Low Conveyor chain speed can create a similar effect. Typically speed below 3 meters (10
feet)/minute.
 Excessive friction due to the condition of the chain and wear strips. This could be the result of
contaminants or general wear in mating components within the system.
 The polygonal effect in considering the relationship of the chain and sprockets (see fig 5.4).This
can be particularly prevalent on long pitch chains and small diameter sprockets. The designer
must take care to ensure compatibility between chain pitch and sprocket diameter to establish
smooth chordal action.

π∗R∗t
v 1= ,[m/min]
1000
π∗150∗21
V1= 1000 ,[m/min
V1=9.891 m/min
π∗R∗t
1000 [m/min]
v 2= ,
V1 =v2 b/c all givens are equal
n=rpm
where t=number of teeth of the wheel
R=pitch radius of the wheel
180
r =R∗cos
t
[cm]
180
r=15∗cos 21 [cm]
r=14.8cm
range of variationof the polygonal effect[mm] =R-r
=15-14.8
=0.2cm

 Uneven loading on the conveyor will also influence the condition. In some case this is
unavoidable, but must therefore be taken into account in the process of chain selection to ensure
 Very long conveyors which become difficult to tension or are subject to varying operational
conditions can also be subject to pulsing or surging. The designer needs to make additional
considerations for conveyors over 80 meters (250 feet).
Chain pitch
Chain Pitch expressed in either metric or imperial dimensions is the center distance between pins
and is determined by chain speed, sprocket diameters, loading and load distribution and pitching
of attachments and conveying elements, including slats, pans ,buckets cross bars and fixings
Operating condition
The environment in which a chain operates has a significant influence on the designer’s
selection. The choice of chain construction, materials and heat treatment, tolerances and any
coating or additional surface finish is fundamental in establishing the correct selection. John
King as a producer of the widest range of conveyor chains, and without the constraints of only
one range of products, is best placed to offer the customer the right chain for the application.
Considerations are as follows; Degree of cleanliness of the operating environment, Abrasive
nature of material conveyed and operating temperature.

 Degree of humidity.
 Presence of corrosive substances-
 Operation within a 24 hour period.
 Loading fluctuations.
All the above conditions are safe since our conveyor is plastic and the support leg is
stainless steel and it works at normal temperature.
Lubrication
In many conveyor applications lubrication is neither possible nor desirable. Lubrication can
within some circumstances form an abrasive paste. Effective lubrication is however desirable
where ever appropriate in order to minimize power absorption, wear rate and often corrosion and
noise. It influences friction factors and therefore chain pull.
 System design

Chain ultimate tensile strength

It is an industry standard to establish the figure at ambient temperature. This data is fundamental
as the basis for the chain selection. Chain UTS is detailed on standard production within the
catalogue. For special chains outside the scope of standard production please contact John King
Engineering.

Chain pull [p]

In calculating the chain pull or force for the chain, ancillaries and load to be conveyed we must
refer to the following factors.

 Chain Loading including material defined as M, chain weight and ancillaries defined as C. See
consideration 4.
 Co efficiency of friction. This is defined as the force required to overcome the resistance to
movement between two surfaces. Chain within conveyors must overcome sliding friction defined
as follows.
Chain Friction factors F1 – Chain Sliding.
Chain sliding on steel track – unlubricated 0.35
Chain sliding on steel track – lubricated 0.20
Chain sliding on rough track – unlubricated 0.45
Chain sliding on rough track – lubricated 0.25
Chain sliding on nonmetallic wear strip 0.18 (typically UHMWP)

It is important to consider that at start up the efficiency of friction is 1.5-3.0 times greater than
the dynamic friction coefficient. As a general guide, in order to minimize start up friction the
roller diameter should be a minimum of 2.5 times greater than bush diameter.When running on
rollers; chain must overcome both sliding and rolling Friction.

The value of the rolling coefficient in the initial calculation is assumed as F3 = 0.2. Where
d=bush o/D, D=roller o/D, b=coefficient dependent on material employed and quality of contact
surfaces. This is equal to 1 for steel roller on a steel track with smooth surface and 2 for a steel
roller on steel track with rough surface. The sliding friction coefficient defined as C between
bush and roller as in the table.

Bodies in contact Dry surface’s” Lubricated surface “c”

Steel roller on steel bush 0.25 0.15

Roller with bronze bush on N/A 0.13

steel bush

Nylon roller on steel bush 0.15 0.10

Chain friction factor F1

da
F 1=fs Where da=axle diameter (usually chain bush OD and dr=roller outside diameter
Dr
and service factor (fs) from the table below

12
F 1=1.2 where da=12cm and dr=30cm, fs=1.2
30

F1=0.48

Service factor FS

Chain pull must include a multiplier to take into account the variable operating conditions of the
conveyor. This is known as the service factor. Variations in operating conditions and the service
factor (SF) as defined in the following table. To obtain the SF each operational condition must be
multiplied together.

OPERATING CONDITIONS FS
Load position

– Central 1

– Not Central 1.2

Load characteristics

– Uniform: extent of overloading less than 5% 1

– With minor variations: extent of overloading 5 to 20% 1.2

– With major variations: extent of overloading 20 to 40% 1.5

Frequency of loaded starting/stopping

– Less than 5 per day 1

– From 5 per day to 2 per hour 1.2

– More than 2 per hour 1.5

Working environment

– Relatively clean 1

– Quite dusty or dirty 1.2

– Humid, very dirty or corrosive 1.5

Number of hours in use daily

– Up to 10 1

– More than 10 1.2

To obtain the total S coefficient, (FS) value for each operational condition must be multiplied
together.

Gear factor FA

This is an adjustment coefficient made to the chain pull, which increases due to the additional
friction caused by the rotation of the chain on the drive and driven wheels.

FA = 1.05 for wheels mounted on brass bushes

      = 1.03 for wheels mounted on bearings

The sum of all products obtained by the multiplying FA for the chain pull in each gearing point
determines the new total chain pull.
For the following examples the “FA” values will not be considered.

Chain pulls calculations

 Chain and material sliding

[ ( MF 1+CF 3 ) . FS] L .Q
P=9.81 [N] where M =
no of chains 3.6 V

L .Q
M= [Kg] and If Q is unknown it can be calculated as Q=H.B.b.y.V.3600[T/hr]
3.6 V
Where; F2 = coefficiency of Friction between material to be moved and sides of trough.
L = portion of loaded conveyor.
M = Mass of product to be carried.
H = Height of sides of trough +safety correction height
B = Width between sides of trough+ safety factor
b = Product depth not normally to exceed 60% of trough side
V = Chain Speed (M/sec).it the same as motor speed.
y = specific weight of material conveyed.it is the number of bottle that the conveyor can
carry*the weght of one bottle.

Q is unknown it can be calculated as Q=H.B.b.y.V.3600[T/hr]

Where H=13cm+10cm=23cm

B=40cm+10cm=50cm

b=60%*50cm=30cm

y=325*0.335kg

Y=108.87kg

v=67.2m/min

Q=H.B.b.y.V.3600

=0.23m*0.5m*0.3m*1.12*108.87kg*3600

=15144.25T/hr

L .Q
M= [Kg]
3.6 V

7.165∗15144.25
M= where L=7.165m, Q=252.4T/h and v=1.12m/s
3.6∗1.12

M=26912kg

[ ( MF 1+CF 3 ) . FS]
P=9.81 [N]
no of chains
 [ ( 26912∗0.48+ 0.2∗0.3 )∗1.2]
P=9.81 [N]
163

P=95.1N

 Chain rolling and material carried

P=9.81¿ ¿ [N]

P=9.81¿ ¿ [N]

P=388.7N

 Chain sliding and material carried

P=9.81¿ ¿ [N] where c is 0.7 from the table below

P=9.81¿ ¿ [N]

P=932.95 N
Chain and material sliding in scraper and drag link conveyors to calculate chain pull additional
parameters must be included.
Material conveyed Spec.weight[T/m3] Friction coefficient F3

Wheat 0.75 0.40

Dried barley 0.45 0.70

Dried malt 0.40 0.40

Cement 1.00 0.90

Ashes 0.60 0.60

Dried clays 1.60 0.70

 Determining chain series to utilize

 Once the MAXIMUM CHAIN PULL has been established, the maximum stress
that chain components will be subjected to must be considered. It is generally
considered that a chain working at 65% of its theoretical ultimate strength will be
taken beyond its elastic limit on the tension members of the chain. In order to
protect the “running gear” during operation it is necessary to introduce a
FACTOR OF SAFETY. The factor of safety is variable but is normally within a
range where the ultimate strength or chain breaking load should be between 6 and
10 times the maximum working load. This is dependent on operational
environment and service factor and conservative safety factors should be
employed where variations in chain pull are difficult to establish. The figure is
generally established based on experience and for this reason where uncertainty
exists the technical office should be consulted.

 Calculation of bearing pressure

P kgf
Roller loading¿
L . Dr
[ mm 2
]

Where:
p = Chain Pull
L = Distance through bore of Roller
LDb = Total bush length
Dr = Roller bore Diameter (mm)
Db = Pin outside Diameter (mm)

388.6 kgf
Roller loading¿
40∗30
[ mm 2
]

kgf
Roller loading=0.3239
mm 2

p kgf
Pin pressure¿
LDb . Dp
[ mm 2
]

0.78 kgf
Pin pressure = 40∗10 [ mm 2 ]

kgf
Pin pressure=0.00195
mm 2

Maximum Allowable pressures are shown in table

Bush pin Max.spc.press(kgf/mm2)

Case hardened steel Case hardened steel 2.50

Case tempered steel Hardened tempered steel 2.10

Cast iron Case hardened steel 1.75

Stainless steel Stainless steel 1.20

Bronze Case hardened steel 1.00

 Calculation of power required

DP
Mt¿ P
2
[kgm]

D
Mt¿ 0.78
2
[kgm]

N
Mt¿ 716.2 [kgm]
R

10.89
Mt¿ 716.2 [kgm]
2000

Mt=3.9Kgm

Where:
Mt= Torque (Kg m)
N = Power CV.Hp or KW)
R= Head Shaft RPM
P = total chain pull
dp = PCD of Drive sprockets (m)

From these two relationships it is concluded

 DP
P
2
[Kgm]=716.2 NR [kgm]

P . Dp . R
From which can be derived N=
2∗716.2
[CV]

95.1∗10∗2000
N=
2∗716.2
[CV]

N=1327.8CV

The useable power output to be established must take into account losses from reduction with
chain and belt transmissions.

 Recommended sprocket size

conveyors Normal range of sprocket teeth

Slat, bar, steel apron, wire mesh and 8-12

similar conveyors

Soft fruit and similar conveyors 8-12

Cask, package and similar elevators 8-12

Swing tray elevators 16-24

Ore feeders conveyor 6-8

Scraper conveyor 8-12

 Recommendation operating speeds

conveyors Speed (meter per second)

Slat, bar, steel apron, wire mesh and ---------

similar conveyors

Soft fruit and similar conveyors 0.1-0.3

 Cask, package and similar elevators 0.05-0.25

Swing tray elevators 0.1-0.3

Ore feeders conveyor 0.025-0.1

Scraper conveyor 0.2-0.9

Table coefficient of friction

Forged Chain pins
for standard pin alloy steel material case hardened to 54/58 Hrc is the standard and proven
specification.
Where corrosion resistance is required Pins are also manufactured in 420 through hardened to 45
Hrc or as is the option with this direct hardening steel surface induction hardened where a higher
surface hardness value is required (Typically 54/58 and an average depth of 1.5 mm). Where
considered appropriate higher mechanical properties and hardening values can be achieved with
440.
Pins are available in a variety of styles dependent on chain format and working environment.
Refer to John King technical for recommendations. Forged pin configuration
Reference
[ CITATION Drs10 \l 1033 ].Mechanical engineering hand book(2010), (Dr.sadhu singh) ,Khanna
publisher ,delhi

[ CITATION eng06 \l 1033 ]. engineering manual(E.M),2006

3. https://www.lacconveyors.co.uk/what-is-a-conveyor-system/