University of Technology

Civil Engineering Department

Building Services
CE 3238

Third Class
All Branches
List of Contents:
1. Type of Pipes and fittings Used in Plumbing.
2. Design of Cold & Hot Water Systems.
3. Building Drains and Sewer pipes System Design.
4. Building Storm Water System Design.
5. Fire Fighting System Design.

References:
1. Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings. By: William J. Mc.
Guinness& Benjamin Stain.
2. Building Services Handbook By: Fred Hall And Roger Greeno. Fourth
Edition.

2
 Type of Pipes and Fittings Used in Plumbing
A. Type of pipes
1. Supply Pipes or Service Pipes
The pipes which are leading from the distribution main of water supply to the
plumbing system of house are known as service pipes. These service pipes are made
from different materials as classified below.
• Copper pipes
• Galvanized iron pipes
• Polythene pipes
• Lead pipes
Copper Pipes
When ground water is highly corrosive to metals then copper pipes are used.
Copper have high corrosive resistance when compared to other pipe metals and they
also have considerable strength, reasonable ductility. They are available in long
lengths in the market. They can bare high pressure so; these pipes are also used for
industrial purposes for heavy flows.

Galvanized Iron Pipes

When compared to copper pipes, G.I pipes or steel pipes are very economical. But
they corrode easily in soft and acid waters. In the other case galvanized iron pipes are
much stronger than copper pipes so, we can use these pipes in places where chance
of corrosion is less or in hard water areas. Hammering is needed to remove the scales
formed by hard water.

3
Polythene Pipes
Polythene pipes or plastic pipes are used for cold water services. Nowadays, plastic
pipes dominate the others by some advantages as follow
a. Do not corrode
b. Cheap in cost
c. Less weight
d. Ease of installation
e. Do not require threading
f. Resistant to bacterial scale
So, these are mostly used in the world but they are limited to cold water supplies.
They do not sustain high temperature.

4
 2. Drain Pipes or Waste Disposal Pipes
Pipes used in drainage system are made of different materials. Which are as
follows:

➢ Concrete pipes
➢ Cast iron pipes
➢ Stone ware pipes
➢ PVC pipes
➢ Asbestos cement pipes

Concrete Pipes
For heavy drainage water disposal, concrete pipes of large diameters are used.
Smaller diameter pipes are used for small flows. These are made of concrete only; no
reinforcement is provided. These are pre casted pipes.

Cast Iron Pipes

These are made by pouring molten iron into sand molds. These are used for rain
water disposal, waste water disposal etc. they are available only in shorter lengths.

5
Stoneware Pipes
These are manufactured in ceramic industries by burning soft soil in high
temperature. These are used for carrying drainage in underground. For installation of
stoneware pipe skilled workers are required.

PVC Pipes
These are used for both supply system and drainage system. These are very
economical and easy to maintain. Soil pipes, kitchen waste pipes are generally PVC
pipes.

6
Asbestos Cement Pipes
These pipes are very cheap compared to all but they can break easily. They are
provided as vent pipes, soil pipes, rain water pipes etc.

B. Types of Pipe Fittings in Plumbing System

Different pipe fittings and their functions are explained below.
➢ Elbow
➢ Reducer
➢ Tee type
➢ Cross type
➢ Coupling
➢ Unions
➢ Adaptors
➢ Plug
➢ Cap
➢ Valve

7
Elbow Pipe Fittings
Elbows are used to change the direction of flow between two pipes. Elbows are
generally available with an angle of 22.5o, 45o and 90o. If pipes are of same diameter
then normal elbows are used otherwise Reducer elbows are used. Elbows are made
of different materials. These are generally coming with female threads and we can fix
them by butt or socket welding also.

Reducer Pipe Fittings

Reducer is a pipe fitting component which reduces the flow size from larger to
smaller by reducing size of pipe.

Tee type Pipe Fitting

Tee type fitting is a component of plumbing system which is in T-shape. It is
having one inlet and two outlets; outlets are arranged at 90o to the main line
connection (inlet). It can also be used to combine the flow from two inlets to one
outlet. They are also available in different materials and different sizes. If the 3 sides
8
of T-fitting are similar in size then it is called as Equal tee otherwise it is called as
Unequal tee.

Cross type
Cross type fittings contain 4 opening in 4 directions. These are connected when
there are 4 pipes are meeting at a point. Cross fittings are generally used for fire
sprinkler systems.
Coupling
A coupling is used to connect the pipes of same diameter. Coupling is also useful
if the pipe is broken or leakage occurs. Generally, there are two types of couplings
are available. Compression couplings and slip couplings. Compression coupling is
regular coupling which is connected between two pipes and it prevents leakage by the
arrangement of gaskets or rubber seals on both sides, otherwise glue are provided.
Slip coupling is easier to install and it contains two pipes which are arranged as one
into other, inner pipe can slide up to some length. So, we can fix long length damaged
pipe by slip coupling.

9
Unions
Union is a type of fitting, which functions as similar to coupling. But coupling
cannot be removed after fixing but in this case, we can remove the union whenever
we needed. Unions consists nut, male and female ended threads. So, this is also useful
for maintaining purpose of pipe.

Adaptors
If the pipes are not having special ends or plain ends then adaptors make them
threaded either male or female whichever is needed. Adopters are generally used for
copper and PVC pipes. Male adapters contain male threads and female adapters
contain female threads. One end of adapter is plain which is glued or welded or
soldered to the plain pipe end.

Plug
Plug is a component of plumbing component which is generally used to close pipe
opening during inspections and repairs. Plug are generally containing male threads.

10
Cap
Cap is a type of pipe fitting which function is same as plug but the only difference
is plug contain male threads and cap contain female threads which is screws on the
male thread of pipe. These are available in different materials like rubber, copper,
steel, plastic etc.

Valves in Pipe Fittings

Valves are components of plumbing system which are used to stop or regulate
flow of fluid in its path. Different types of valves are available depending up on their
applications.

11
Some important types of valves and its applications are listed below.

▪ Gate valve, plug valve and Ball valve – used for isolation only
▪ Globe valve – used for throttling
▪ Check valve – used for preventing reverse flow (non-return)

The globe-type stop valve is used to control the flow of water at high pressure. To
close the flow of water the crutch head handle is rotated slowly in a clockwise
direction gradually reducing the flow, thus preventing sudden impact and the
possibility of vibration and water hammer.
The gate or sluice valve is used to control the flow of water on low pressure
installations. The wheel head is rotated clockwise to control the flow of water, but
this valve will offer far less resistance to flow than a globe valve. With use the metallic
gate will wear and on high pressure installations would vibrate.
Float valves are automatic flow control devices fitted to cisterns to maintain an
appropriate volume of water. Various types are in use.

12
 ‫انبوب توزيع المياه )‪(WATER DISTRIBUTION PIPE‬‬
‫أنبوب ضمن المنشأ او المبنى ينقل المياه من انبوب خدمة المياه او من العداد عندما يكون األخير موجودا في‬
‫المبنى الى نقاط االستخدام‪.‬‬
‫انبوب خدمة الماء )‪(WATER SERVICE PIPE‬‬
‫انبوب من الخط الماء الرئيس او العام او من أي مصدر لمياه الشرب او من العداد عندما يكون األخير موجودا ً‬
‫وينقل الماء الى منظومة توزيع المياه لمبنى المخدوم‪.‬‬
‫انبوب صاعد‪:‬‬
‫انبوب تزويد الماء يصعد الى ارتفاع طابق واحد او أكثر وينقل الماء الى األنابيب الفرعية والتراكيب‪.‬‬
‫انبوب مياه رئيسي )‪(WATER MAIN PIPE‬‬
‫انبوب مياه االسالة او منظومة انابيب توضع وتجري صيانتها من قبل المدينة او المنطقة او المقاطعة او شركة‬
‫خدمات عامة او أي دائرة عامة اخرى موضوعة في الممتلكات العامة او الشوارع والمرجو استخدامها للمنفعة‬
‫العامة‪.‬‬
‫انبوب مياه عمومي ‪ /‬رئيسي )‪(PUBLIC WATER MAIN PIPE‬‬
‫انبوب اسالة للمياه لالستخدام العام ويتم التحكم به بواسطة سلطة عامة‪.‬‬
‫سخان الماء )‪(WATER HEATER‬‬
‫أي جهاز تسخين او معدات تعمل على تسخين المياه الصالحة للشرب وتزود تلك المياه الى منظومة توزيع الماء‬
‫الحار‪.‬‬

‫‪13‬‬
 Design of Cold & Hot Water Systems
1. Cold Water
Systems of Cold-Water Supply
A. Direct System of Cold-Water Supply
For efficient operation, a high-pressure water supply is essential particularly at
periods of peak demand. Pipework is minimal and the storage cistern supplying the
hot water cylinder need only have 115 liters capacity. The cistern may be located
within the airing cupboard or be combined with the hot water cylinder. Drinking water
is available at every draw-off point and maintenance valves should be fitted to isolate
each section of pipework. With every outlet supplied from the main, the possibility
of back siphonage must be considered.
Back siphonage can occur when there is a high demand on the main. Negative
pressure can then draw water back into the main from a submerged inlet, e.g. a rubber
tube attached to a tap or a shower fitting without a check valve facility left lying in
dirty bath water.

14
 B. Indirect System of Cold-Water Supply
The indirect system of cold-water supply has only one drinking water outlet, at the
sink. The cold-water storage cistern has a minimum capacity of 230 liters, for location
in the roof space. In addition to its normal supply function, it provides an adequate
emergency storage in the event of water main failure. The system requires more
pipework than the direct system and is therefore more expensive to install, but
uniform pressure occurs at all cistern-supplied outlets. The water authorities prefer
this system as it imposes less demand on the main. Also, with fewer fittings attached
to the main, there is less chance of back siphonage. Other advantages of lower
15
pressure include less noise and wear on fittings, and the opportunity to install a
balanced pressure shower from the cistern.

16
Cold-Water Storage Calculations

Cold-water storage data is provided to allow for up to 24-hour interruption of

mains water supply.
Building purpose Storage / Person / 24 hrs.
Boarding school 90 liters
Day school 30
Department store with canteen 45
Department store without canteen 40
Dwellings 90
Factory with canteen 45
Factory without canteen 40
Hostel 90
Hotel 135
Medical accommodation 115
Office with canteen 45
Office without canteen 40
Public toilets 15
Restaurant 7 per meal

At the design stage the occupancy of a building may be unknown. Therefore, the
following can be used as a guide:
Building purpose Occupancy
Department store 1 Person per 30 m2 net floor area
Factory 30 Persons per WC
Office 1 Person per 10 m2 net floor area
School 40 Persons per classroom
Shop 1 Person per 10 m2 net floor area

Example 1: A 1000 m2 (net floor area) office occupied only during the day therefore
allow 10 hours' emergency supply.
Solution:
1000/10 = 100 persons ×40 liters = 4000 liters (this is for 24 hrs.)
4000 × 10 / 24 = 1667 liters (10 hrs.)

17
Design of Cold-water system
❖ Pipe sizing
Correct pipe sizes will ensure adequate flow rates at appliances and avoid problems
e.g.
➢ Oversized Pipework
▪ Additional & unnecessary installation costs.
▪ Delays in obtaining hot water at outlets.
▪ Increased heat losses from hot water pipes.
➢ Undersized Pipework
• Inadequate delivery from outlets.
• Variation and fluctuation in temperature & pressure at outlets (e.g. showers
and other mixers).
• Increase in noise levels
❖ Pipe sizing procedure
a. Determine the flow rate:
By using loading units (F.U.) from Table (1) then convert to flow (G/m) using
Figure (1).
b. Determine the effective pipe length (LE) for the critical fixture unit:
1. Work out the measured pipe length (L) in (ft.).
2. Work out the equivalent pipe length for fittings.
3. Work out the equivalent pipe length for friction losses.
4. Obtain the effective pipe length (ft.) by adding (1), (2) & (3).
Where, (2) & (3) (fitting and friction losses) can be assumed as a percentage of (1),
the measured pipe length so,
LE = L (1+total loses%).

18
c. Calculate the net pressure for the critical fixture unit in (Psi):
1. Determine the available head (psi).
2. Determine the head loss per effective length (psi) through pipes.
3. Calculate the friction loss in head (F) for the critical fixture unit where:
F = (Net Pressure/LE) ×100 (psi/100 ft.)

d. Determine the pipe diameter:

decide the pipe diameter through fundamental equations or by pipe charts
Figure 2

19
 Table 1: Demand Weights of Fixtures in Fixture Units
Fixture or group2 Occupancy Type of supply Weight in
control fixture units3
Water closet Public Flush valve 10
Water closet Public Flush tank 5
Pedestal urinal Public Flush valve 10
Stall or wall urinal Public Flush valve 5
Stall or wall urinal Public Flush tank 3
Lavatory Public Faucet 2
Bathtub Public Faucet 4
Shower head Public Mixing valve 4
Service sink Office, etc. Faucet 3
Kitchen sink Hotel or restaurant Faucet 4

Water closet Private Flush valve 6

Water closet Private Flush tank 3
Lavatory Private Faucet 1
Bathtub Private Faucet 2
Shower head Private Mixing valve 2
Bathroom group Private Flush valve for closet 8
Bathroom group Private Flush tank for closet 6
Separate shower Private Mixing valve 2
Kitchen sink Private Faucet 2
Laundry trays (1-3) Private Faucet 3
Combination fixture Private Faucet 3
1
For supply outlets likely to impose continuous demands, estimate continuous supply separately and add to
total demand for fixtures.
2
For fixtures not listed, weights may be assumed by comparing the fixture to a listed one using water in similar
quantities and at similar rates.
3
The given weights are for total demand. For fixtures with both hot- and cold-water supplies, the weights for
maximum separate demands may be taken as ¾ the listed demand for the supply.

1- Flush Valves
2- Flush Tanks

Figure 1
20
Figure 2: Flow chart for fairly rough pipe.

21
Example 2:
For the Public building shown in Figure, Design the cold-water system if:
1. Critical fixture working pressure = 2.5m.
2. Height of critical fixture = 1.8 m.
3. Minor losses 20%.

2m
Water
tank B
A

10 m Group 2 Group 1
Group
3 W.C.+2 L + 2 sh.
1 3m
C D 6m
Group E
2 W.C.+2 S.S.+3 U.
2
W.C. Public, flash tank 4m Group 1 Group 2
L Public, faucet 6m
Public, flash tank, F G 3m H
U
wall type
S.S Office, faucet
Public, Mixing
Sh.
valve

Solution

Fixture Fu Fu
W.C 5 5
L 2 × 0.75 1.5
U 3 3
S.S. 3 × 0.75 2.25
Sh. 4 × 0.75 3

Critical Line: ABCDE

L = (2 m+10 m+3+ 6 m+1.8 m) = 22.8 m × 3.28 ft. /m = 74.8 ft.

LE =74.8 × 1.2 = 89.8 ft.

Net pressure= (10 -1.8-2.5) m= 5.7 m ×3.28 ft. /m= 18.7ft ×0.434 psi/ft. = 8.11 psi

F= (net pressure/ LE) ×100

F= (8.11/ 89.8) ×100 = 9 psi /100 ft.

22
For group (1) FU= 3×5+2×1.5+2×3= 24

For group (2) FU= 2×5+2×2.25+3×3= 23.5

Line Sum. Fu Q Dia. In

HG 23.5 17 1¼
GF 47.5 27 1½
FC 47.5 27 1½
ED 24 17 1¼
DC 47.5 27 1½
CBA 95 42 2

Example 3:
For the public building shown in Figure Design the cold-water system if:
1. Main head = 45 m.
2. Critical fixture working pressure = 2.75 m.
3. Height of critical fixture = 1.8 m.
4. Minor losses 25 %.
5. Gage losses = 3 m.

H 9m I
Group 1
Group
2 W.C.+2 L + 2 Sh.
1
Group 4m Group 2
2 W.C.+2 S.S.+2 U Group 1
2
W.C. Public, flash tank E 6m F 3m G
L Public, faucet
Public, flash tank,
U
wall type 4m
S.S Office, faucet Group 2
Sh. Public, Mixing valve C 6m D

4m

P = 45 m gage = 3m
B
A
6m

23
Solution

Fixture Fu Fu
W.C 5 5
L 2 × 0.75 1.5
U 3 3
S.S. 3 × 0.75 2.25
Sh. 4 × 0.75 3

Critical Line: ABHI

L = (6 m+3×4 m+9 m+1.8 m) × 3.28 ft. /m = 94.5ft.
LE = 94.5 × 1.25 = 118.1 ft.

Net pressure= ((45-3-3×4-1.8-2.75) m×3.28ft./m) = 83.4 ft. ×0.434 psi/ft. = 36.19 psi
F= (net pressure/ LE) ×100
F= (36.19/ 118.1) ×100= 30.64
For group (1) FU= 2×5+2×1.5+2×3= 19
For group (2) FU= 2×5+2×2.25+2×3= 20.5

Line Sum. Fu Q Dia. In

IH 19 14 1
HE 19 14 1
GF 20.5 15 1
FE 39.5 24 1
EC 58.5 32 1¼
DC 20.5 15 1
CB 79 38 1¼
BA 79 38 1¼

24
 Water tank 6m
Homework 1: Design the cold-water system A B
if: 6m
1- Critical fixture working pressure = 1.8 m. 5m

2- Height of critical fixture = 2 m.

D C
3- Type of feeding (W.C.) is flush tank. 4m
4- Minor losses 20 %.
G F E
F
6m

Group Fixture
C, D, F, G 4Shower stall domestic K J I
+2Sink service 4m
4m
J, K 2W.C. tank-operated +3Urinal
wall lip +3 Lavatory

2. Hot-Water
❖ Pipe sizing procedure used in hot-water is the same for cold-water.

Calculation of hot-water storage and heater capacity

For the calculation of hot water storage and heater capacity, Table (2-5) is used.
Table 2: Estimated Hot-Water Demand Characteristics for Various Types of Buildings
Type of Hot-Water Max. Hourly Duration of Storage Heating
Building Required per Demand in Peak Load Capacity in Capacity in
Person (gal Relation to Hours Relation to Relation to
per day) Day’s Use Day’s Use Day’s Use
Residences,
20 - 40 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
apartments, 4
hotels, etc. 𝟕 𝟓 𝟕

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Office buildings 2 -3 2
𝟓 𝟓 𝟔

Factory 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
5 1
buildings 𝟑 𝟓 𝟖

25
Where:
1. Hot-water requirement /day = No. of person × Hot-water requirement per person
2. Storage for hot-water (volume of tank) = Hot-water requirement /day × Storage
capacity in relation to days use.
3. Maximum hourly demand = Hot-water requirement /day × max. Hourly
demand in relation to Days use.
4. Hot-water required during peak period = Maximum hourly demand × Duration
of peak load hours.
5. Quantity of hot-water available = Storage for hot-water (volume of tank) × 0.7
6. Heater Capacity = (Hot-water required during peak period - Quantity of hot-
water available) / Duration of peak load hours.
7. Heater power (BTuh) = Heater Capacity(gph) × 8.33(lb/gal) × ∆Fo

Example 4:
For a sewing factory with 1000 workers, find, Hot water requirement /day, Storage
for hot water (volume of tank) and Heater power (BTuh) if the temperature is raised
to 90 Fo.

Solution:

1- Hot-water requirement /day = 1000 × 5 = 5000 gal / person.

2- Storage for hot-water (volume of tank) = 5000 × 2/5 = 2000 gal.
3- Maximum hourly demand = 5000× 1/3 = 1666.66 gal/hr.
4- Hot-water required during peak period = 1666.66 gal/hr. ×1 =1666.66 gal/hr.
5- Quantity of hot-water available = 2000×0.7=1400 gal.
6- Heater Capacity = (1666.66 gal/hr. - 1400) / 1= 266.67 gal.
7- Heater power (BTuh) = 266.67 gal ×8.33(lb/gal) ×90 = 199922.5

26
 Building Drains and Sewer pipes System Design
Generally, in a house waste water is produced from different places like kitchen,
bathrooms, etc. these whole wastes are do not carried by single pipe instead of
different pipes are arranged to dispose the waste. The types of waste water pipes are
described below.
➢ Soil pipe.
➢ Waste water pipe.
➢ Rain water pipe.
➢ Vent pipe.
➢ Anti-siphon age pipe

Soil Pipe
A pipe which carries human excreta from water closet to septic tank is called soil
pipe. It is not connected to any other pipes except vent pipe. Soil pipe should have
100mm diameter.
Wastewater Pipe
A pipe which carries only liquid waste from kitchens, wash basins etc. is called
waste pipe. It does not carry human excreta. Horizontal waste water pipes are having
30 to 50mm diameter and vertical wastewater pipes have 75mm diameter.

27
Rainwater Pipe
A pipe which carries rainwater from roofs during rains is called rain water pipe.
By providing this type of pipe we can prevent the accumulation of water on roof top.
The water collected is useful for gardening or farming. 75mm diameter pipe is
preferable for rain water disposal.

Vent Pipe
A pipe which is provide for the ventilation purpose to facilitate the exit of foul
gases into atmosphere. It is opened at top and bottom. It is provided at least 1m higher
than roof level. The main vent should be so located as to provide a complete loop for
circulation of air through the wastewater-removal system.
As an alternative to direct extension through the roof, a vent stack may be connected
with a stack vent, if the connection is made at least 6 in above the flood level

28
Anti-Siphonage Pipe
A pipe which is installed for the purpose of preserving the water seal of traps in
drainage system is called anti siphonage pipe. So, this is very helpful to seal the back
flow of drainage. Anti-siphon age pipe connected to soil pipe should have 50mm
diameter, connected to waste water pipe should have 40mm diameter.

Stack discharge pipe: Main vertical pipe, conveying discharges from sanitary
appliances.
Branch discharge pipe: Pipe connecting sanitary appliances to a discharge stacks or
drains.

29
Traps: Device that prevents the passage of foul air by means of water seal. Separate
traps are required for most fixtures not fitted with an integral trap. The trap should be
installed as close as possible to the unit served.

30
 ‫➢ انبوب تصريف‪/‬الجريان‪(DISCHARGE PIPE) :‬‬
‫انبوب ينقل مطروحات التراكيب الصحية او االجهزة الصحية‪.‬‬
‫➢ انبوب تنفيس‪(VENT STACK PIPE):‬‬
‫انبوب تنفيس عمودي يوضع بشكل أساس بقصد خلق تدوير للهواء من والى أي جزء من منظومة الصرف‪.‬‬
‫➢ انبوب تنفيس عمودي‪(VENT STACK PIPE):‬‬
‫امتداد أنبوب المياه العادمة او مياه الفضالت فوق اعلى مصرف افقي مرتبط بهذا األنبوب‪.‬‬
‫➢ انبوب تهوية‪(RELIEF VENT PIPE):‬‬
‫أنبوب وظيفته األساسية السماح بتدوير الهواء بين منظومات الصرف والتهوية‪.‬‬
‫➢ أنبوب صرف عمودي‪(STACK PIPE) :‬‬
‫مصطلح عام يعني أي انبوب عمودي للمياه العادمة او مياه الفضالت او عمود انبوب التهوية او أي انابيب ناقلة‬
‫داخلية تمتد الى طابق واحد على األقل مع او بدون أفرع مجانبة‪.‬‬
‫➢ أنبوب مجرى صحي ‪(SANITARY SEWER PIPE):‬‬
‫مصرف في المبنى ينقل مياه المجاري فقط‪.‬‬
‫➢ انبوب مياه أمطار‪(STORM SEWER PIPE):‬‬
‫انبوب في المبنى ينقل مياه األمطار او غيرىا وال يتضمن مياه المجاري‪.‬‬
‫➢ انبوب مياه عادمة‪(SOIL PIPE) :‬‬
‫انبوب ينقل مياه المجاري الحاوية على فضالت آدمية الى مصرف المبنى او الى مجاري المبنى‪.‬‬
‫➢ انبوب مياه فضالت ‪(WASTE PIPE):‬‬
‫انبوب ينقل مياه الفضالت فقط‪.‬‬
‫➢ تأسيسات صحية‪(PLUMBING) :‬‬
‫الممارسة والمواد والتراكيب المستخدمة في نصب وصيانة وتمديد وتغيير كل األنابيب والتراكيب واألجهزة‬
‫الصحية والمالحق ضمن او قرب اي منشأ يتعلق بالصرف الصحي او صرف مياه األمطار او انظمة التنفيس‬
‫والتهوية ومنظومات تزويد المياه الخاصة او العامة‪.‬‬
‫➢ تحكم بالجريان ‪(FLOW CONTROL (Vented)):‬‬
‫وسيلة توضع في اعلى مرفق احتباس الروائح وذو فتحة تتحكم بمعدل الجريان خالل هذا المرفق فضال عن‬
‫انبوب تهوية سفلي من الفتحة يسمح بسحب الهواء الى التصريف‪.‬‬
‫➢ تراكيب صحية ‪(PLUMBING FIXTURE):‬‬
‫وعاء او وسيلة مرتبط بشكل دائم او وقتي الى منظومة توزيع المياه للمبنى وتتطلب مصدرا للمياه من مطروحات‬
‫مياه الفضالت مواد فضالت محمولة بالسائل او مياه مجاري اما مباشرة او بشكل غير مباشر لمنظومة الصرف‬
‫للمبنى او تتلم بربط مصدر للمياه ومطروحات الى منظومة الصرف للمبنى‪.‬‬
‫➢ تنفيس األنبوب العمودي‪(STACK VENTING):‬‬
‫طريقة تنفيس تركيب او مجموعة تراكيب خالل األنبوب العمودي للمياه العادمة او الفضالت‪.‬‬
‫➢ خزان او حوض‪(CISTERN):‬‬
‫حوض او خزان صغير مزود بغطاء لخزن المياه في الدور او المزارع وهذا الحوض عادة يستعمل لخزن مياه‬
‫األمطار أيضا بقصد استعمالها ألغراض أخرى غير الشرب ويوضع الخزان في معظم األحيان تحت األرض‪.‬‬
‫➢ خزان شطف‪/‬النزح ‪(FLUSH TANK):‬‬
‫خزان مصمم مع صمام ملء وصمام شطف لشطف او كسح محتويات الحوض او الجزء المستخدم من التركيب‪.‬‬

‫‪31‬‬
 ‫➢ فتحة تنظيف‪(CLEANOUT):‬‬
‫فتحة في منظومة الصرف تستخدم بقصد رفع أو إزالة االنسدادات وهي على عدة أنواع منها نوع السدادات قابلة‬
‫للرفع او القلنسوة‪ /‬الغطاء ومنها على شكل تركيب قابل للرفع او محبس تركيب‪.‬‬
‫➢ فرع ‪ /‬تفرع)‪(BRANCH‬‬
‫أي جزء من منظومة األنابيب باستثناء األنبوب الصاعد واألنبوب الرئيس أو األنبوب العمودي‪.‬‬
‫➢ فرع انبوب التنفيس‪ /‬التهوية )‪(BRANCH VENT‬‬
‫انبوب تنفيس‪/‬تهوية يربط واحد أو أكثر من أنابيب التهوية مع أنبوب تهوية الصرف العمودي‪.‬‬
‫➢ فضالت )‪(WASTE‬‬
‫المطروحات من أي تراكيب او أجهزة او مناطق او مالحق والتي ال تحتوي على فضالت آدمية‪.‬‬
‫➢ مجرى صحي )‪(SANITARY SEWER‬‬
‫مجرى ينقل مياه المجاري ما عدا مياه األمطار والمياه السطحية او الجوفية‪.‬‬
‫➢ مجرى عمومي )‪(PUBLIC SEWER‬‬
‫مجرى عام يتم التحكم به والسيطرة مباشرة من لدن سلطة عامة‪.‬‬
‫➢ مجرى مياه أمطار )‪(STORM SEWER‬‬
‫مجرى ينقل مياه األمطار والمياه السطحية والمياه تحت السطحية وغيرها من الفضالت المشابهة‪.‬‬
‫➢ مجموعة الحمامات)‪(BATHROOM GROUP‬‬
‫مجموعة من التراكيب تتكون من مرحاض‪ ،‬مغسلة‪ ،‬شاور أو حوض استحمام مع أو بدون (شطاف) ومصرف‬
‫ارضية طارئ او كالهما‪ .‬وتقع مثل هذه التراكيب معا في نفس منسوب األرضية‪.‬‬
‫➢ محبس بناية)‪(BUILDING TRAP‬‬
‫وسيلة او ملحق او مجموعة من الملحقات يجري نصبها في مصرف البناية لمنع تدوير الهواء بين منظومة‬
‫الصرف للبناية وبين انبوب مجاري البناية‪.‬‬
‫➢ محبس روائح)‪(TRAP‬‬
‫ملحق او وسيلة تعمل كحاجز لمنع روائح غازات المجاري من دون التأثير على دفق مياه المجاري او مياه‬
‫الفضالت خالل المحبس‪.‬‬
‫➢ مصرف)‪(DRAIN‬‬
‫أي انبوب يحمل مياه الفضالت او الفضالت المحمولة بالماء في منظومة صرف المبنى‪.‬‬
‫➢ مصرف بناية ثانوي)‪(BUILDING SUB-DRAIN‬‬
‫ذلك الجزء من منظومة الصرف الذي ال يصب المطروحات الى مجرى المبنى بالجاذبية‪.‬‬
‫➢ مصرف بناية‪/‬مبنى)‪(BUILDING DRAIN‬‬
‫ذلك الجزء في أوطأ نقطة في أنابيب منظومة صرف ويستلم التصاريف من انابيب المياه العادمة‪ ،‬مياه الفضالت‬
‫وغيرها من أنابيب الصرف داخل المبنى ويمتد مسافة )‪ 762‬ملم( من االنبوب ابعد من الجد ران الخارجية للمبنى‬
‫وينقل المطروحات الى انبوب مجرى المبنى‪.‬‬
‫➢ منظومة تنفيس‪/‬تهوية )‪(VENT SYSTEM‬‬
‫انبوب او مجموعة أنابيب يجري تركيبيا لتجهيز انسيابية للهواء الى او من منظومة الصرف او لتسييل حصول‬
‫تدوير للهواء ضمن مثل هذه المنظومة لحماية حواجز منع الرائحة من ارتدادها والضغط المرتد‪.‬‬
‫➢ مصرف مشترك)‪(COMBINED SEWER‬‬
‫مصرف مشترك في المبنى ينقل مياه المجاري ومياه األمطار وغيرها‪.‬‬

‫‪32‬‬
 (SEWAGE) ‫➢ مياه مجاري‬
‫فضالت سائلة تحوي مواد حيوانية او نباتية عالقة او كمحلول وتشتمل هذه الفضالت على المواد الكيميائية‬
.‫في المحلول‬
(SLOPEE)‫➢ ميل‬
‫ وفي اعمال الصرف يعبر عن الميل بمقدار اخفاض عدد الوحدات‬.‫انحدار خط االنبوب بالنسبة لمستوى افقي‬
.‫العمودية بالنسبة للوحدات األفقية )نسبة مئوية( لطول األنبوب‬

Pipe sizing is computed as follows:

1- Compute the fixture units using Table (3).
2- Calculate the total fixture unit for each line.
3- Determine pipe diameter for branches and stacks using Table (4).
4- Determine pipe diameter for Building Drain according to its slope using
Table (5).
33
Plumbing system
Table 3: Fixture Units per Fixture or Group
Fixture- Unit Value as Load Minimum Size of Trap
Fixture Type Factors Inches
1 bathroom group consisting of water Tank water closet 6 3
closet, lavatory and bathtub or shower stall Flush-valve water closet 8 3
Bathtub (with or without overhead shower) 2 1½
Bidet 3 2
Combination sink and tray 3 Nominal 1½
Combination sink and tray with food-
4 Separate Traps 1½
disposal unit
Dental unit or cuspidor 1 1¼
Dental lavatory 1 1¼
Drinking Fountain 1½ 1
Dish washer, Domestic 2 1½
Floor Drains 1 2
Kitchen sink, domestic 2 1¼
Kitchen sink, domestic with food waste 3 1½
grinder
Lavatory 1 Small P.O. 1¼
Lavatory 2 Large P.O 1½
Lavatory, barber, beauty 2 1½
Lavatory, surgeon s 2 1½
Laundry Tray (1 or 2 compartments) 2 1½
Shower stall, domestic 2 2
Showers (group) per head 3 3
Sinks:
Surgeons 3 1½
Flushing rim (with valve) 8 3
Service (trap standards) 3 3
Service (P trap) 2 2
Pot, scullery, etc. 4 1½
Urinal, pedestal, syphoned jet, blowout 8 Nominal 3
Urinal, wall lip 4 1½
Urinal stall, washout 4 2
Urinal trough (each 2-ft section) 2 1½
Wash sink (circular or multiple) each set of
2 Nominal 1½
faucets
Water closet, tank- operate 4 Nominal 3
Water closet, valve- operated 8 3
34
 Table 4: Horizontal Fixture Branches and Stacks
Maximum number of fixture units that may be connected to
Any horizontal One stack of 3 stories More than 3 branch intervals
fixture branch1 in height or 3 intervals, Total for stack Total at one story or
Pipe diameter, in or less branch interval
1¼ 1 2 2 1
1½ 3 4 8 2
2 6 10 24 6
2½ 12 20 42 9
3 20* 30** 72** 20*
4 160 240 500 90
5 360 540 1100 200
6 620 960 190 350
8 1400 2200 3600 600
10 2500 3800 5600 1000
12 3900 6000 8400 1500
15 7000
1
Does not include branches of the building drain.
*Not over two water closets or bathroom groups in each branch interval.
** Not over six water closets or bathroom groups on the stack.

Table 5: Maximum Capacities of building Drains and Building Sewers, Fixture Units*
Slope of pipe, in / ft
Pipe diameter, in 1/16 1/8 ¼ ½
2 21 26
2½ 24 31
3 42** 50**
4 180 216 250
5 390 480 575
6 700 840 1,000
8 1,400 1,600 1,920 2,300
10 2,500 2,900 3,500 4,200
12 2,900 4,600 5,600 6,700
15 7,000 8,300 10,000 12,000
* Maximum number of fixture units that may be connected to any portion of a building drain or building sewer. Consult
the administrative authority for public sewers for sizing of on-site sewers that serve more than one building.
** A maximum of three water closets or three-bathroom groups (water closet, lavatory and bathtub or shower, or both)
may be installed in single-family dwellings and two water closets or bathroom groups, in other types of construction.

35
Example 5:
For the public building shown. Find the pipes diameters for the drain system if
building drain slope is 1/4.

6m 6m 6m 6m 3m 3m 6m

A B C D E G H

8m
Group Fixture
A,H 2 W.C. tank-operated+1Urinal wall lip+1
Lavatory small P.o.
I Main drain
J
B,C,D Shower stall domestic +
,E,G Sink service (P trap)

Solution:

Fixture Fu Trap
Dia. in
W.C 4 3
U 4 1½
L 1 1¼
Sh. 2 2
S.S. 2 2

For group (A, H) Fu= 2×4+1×4+1 = 13

For group (B, C, D, E, G) Fu = 2+2 = 4

36
 Line Type ∑Fu Dia. in
AB Soil Branch 13 3
BC Soil Branch 17 3
CD Soil Branch 21 4
DE Soil Branch 25 4
EF Soil Branch 29 4
HG Soil Branch 13 3
GF Soil Branch 17 3
FI Soil Stack 46 4
IJ Building Drain 46 4

Example 6:
For the public building shown in Figure, find the pipes diameters for the drain
system if building drain slope is 1/4.

37
Solution:

Fixture Fu Trap
Dia. in
W.C 4 3
L 1 1¼
U 4 2½
S.S. 2 2
Sh. 2 2

Group (1) = 3×4+2×1+2×2=18

Group (2) = 2×4+2×2+3×4=24

Line Type ∑Fu Fu. Max Dia. In

LK Soil Branch 24 - 4
KJ Soil Branch 48 - 4
JI Soil Branch 66 - 4
IG Soil Stack 66 66 3 4
HG Soil Branch 24 - 4
GE Soil Stack 90 24 4 4
FE Soil Branch 24 - 4
EC Soil Stack 114 24 4 4
DC Soil Branch 18 - 3
CB Soil Stack 132 18 4 3
BA Building Drain 132 - 4

38
Example 7:
For the public building shown in Figure, find the pipes diameters for the drain system
if building drain slope is 1/2.

5m

B A
4m 4m 4m 4m
Group Fixture
A, B, I, J Shower stall domestic +Sink
service (P trap) F E D C
5m 5m
D, E, G, H 2 W.C. tank-operated 4m 4m 4m
+1Urinal wall lip +1 Lavatory
large P.o.
N G H I J
Building Drain KL = 1/2
slope 7m

K K

Solution:

Fixture Fu Trap Dia. in

W.C 4 3
U 4 1½
L 2 1½
Sh. 2 2
S.S. 2 2
For (A, B, I, J) Fu= 1×2+1×2= 4
For (D, E, G, H) Fu = 2×4+1×4+1×2 = 14

39
 Line Type ∑Fu Dia. in
AB Soil Branch 4 2
BC Soil Stack 8 2
CD Soil Branch 8 2½
DE Soil Branch 22 4
EF Soil Branch 36 4
FN Soil Stack 36 4
JI Soil Branch 4 2
IH Soil Branch 8 2½
HG Soil Branch 22 4
GN Soil Branch 36 4
NK Soil Stack 72 4
KL Building Drain 72 4

Homework 2: The building drain in a 4-story building carries away the effluent from 4-
in. soil stack which has a fixture unit load of 300 Fu Can the main building drain be of
the same 4-in. size as the soil stack?

Homework 3: Find the pipes diameter for the drain system of the public building if the
building drain slope equal to 1/2 as shown in the Figure?

40
 Building Storm Water System Design
The design depends on Tables (6), (7), these Tables are calculated for rain intensity
(i) of 4 in/hr. therefore, the areas for other intensities must be corrected as follow:
𝒊
A* = A × in/hr.
𝟒
Where:
A*: is the corrected area.
i: is the rain intensity.
❖ The whole horizontal areas should be calculated.
❖ Half vertical areas should be calculated.
𝟏
A Total = A Horizontal + × A Vertical
𝟐

Table 6: Size of Vertical Leaders

Size of Leader or Conductor (Inches) Maximum Projected Roof Area

(Square Feet)

2 720
2,1/2 1300
3 2200
4 4600
5 8650
6 13500
8 29000

41
 Table 7: Size of Horizontal Storm Drains

Diameter Maximum Projected Roof Area for Drains of Various Slopes

of
Slope =1/8 in Slope = 1/4 in Slope =1/2 in
Drain
Inches sq. ft. sq. ft. sq. ft.

3 822 1160 1644

4 1880 2650 3760

5 3340 4720 6680

6 5350 7550 10700

8 11500 16300 23000

10 20700 29200 41400

12 33300 47000 66600

15 59500 84000 119000

Table 8: Size of Semicircular Gutters

Diameter Maximum Projected Roof Area for Gutters of Various Slopes
of Slope =1/16 in Slope =1/8 in Slope = 1/4 in Slope =1/2 in
Drain
Inches sq. ft. sq. ft. sq. ft. sq. ft.

3 170 240 340 480

4 360 510 720 1020

5 625 880 1250 1770

6 960 1360 1920 2770

7 1380 1950 2760 3900

8 1990 2800 3980 5600

10 3600 5100 7200 10000

42
Example 8:
Design a storm water system for a building shown in Figure, with rainfall of 125
mm/hr. and the slope of horizontal storm drain is 1/4 in.

Solution:
i = 125(mm/hr.) / 25 mm = 5 in/hr.
A1* = (50 m× 35 m) ×3.282 ×5/4 = 23534 ft.2
A2* = (50 m× 20 m) ×3.282 ×5/4 = 13448 ft.2
A3* = (50 m× 30 m) ×3.282 ×5/4 = 20172 ft.2
A4* = (50 m× 10 m) ×3.282 ×5/4 = 6724 ft.2
A5* = A1* = 23534 ft.2

For A1* and A5*

by using 2 leaders, A* = 23534/2 = 11767 ft.2
Use 2 leaders of 6" Dia.
A Total = A1*+1/2 A2*+ A3*+1/2 A4*+ A5*
A Total = 23534+0.5×13448+20172+0.5×6724+23534 = 77326 ft.2
by using 4 leaders, A Total = 77326/4 = 19331.5 ft.2
Use 4 leaders of 8" Dia.

Line Area ft.2 Dia. in

AB 19331.5 10
BC 38663 12
CD 57994.5 15
DE 77326 15
43
Example 9:
Design a storm water system for the building shown in Figure below, with rainfall
intensity of 150 mm/hr. and the slope of the horizontal storm drain as shown in the
Figure?

A1

A4
A5

Solution:

i = 150(mm/hr.) / 25 mm = 6 in/hr.
A1* = (55 m× 32 m) ×3.282 ×6/4 = 28402 ft.2
A2* = (10 m× 32 m) ×3.282 ×6/4 = 5164 ft.2
A3* = (55 m× 12 m) ×3.282 ×6/4 = 10651 ft.2
A4* = (40 m× 32 m) ×3.282 ×6/4 = 20656 ft.2
A5* = (50 m× 55 m) ×3.282 ×6/4 = 44378 ft.2

For A1*
by using 3 leaders, A* = 28402/3 = 9467 ft.2
Use 3 leaders of 6" Dia.
For A2* and A4*
A Total = A4*+1/2 A2*
A Total = 20656 + 0.5×5164 = 23238 ft.2
by using 2 leaders, A Total = 23238/2 = 11619 ft.2
Use 2 leaders of 6" Dia.

44
 Line Area ft.2 Dia. in
HG 11619 8
GF 23238 10

For A1*, A3* and A5*

A Total = A1*+1/2 A3*+ A5*
A Total = 28402 + 0.5×10651 + 44378 = 78105.5 ft.2
by using 5 leaders, A Total = 78105.5 /5 = 15621.1 ft.2
Use 5 leaders of 8" Dia.

Line Area ft.2 Dia. in

AB 15621.1 8
BC 31242.2 12
CD 46863.3 12
DE 62484.4 15
EF 78105.5 15
A Total = 78105.5 + 23238 = 101343.5 ft.2
Use 15" Dia. For line FI

Homework 4:
Design a storm water system for the building shown in Figure below, with rainfall
intensity of 150 mm/hr. and the slope of the horizontal storm drain as shown in the
Figure?

45
 Fire Fighting System Design by Sprinklers.
“Sprinklers” ‫ طرق توزيع المرشاة‬.1

Standard Spacing Staggered Spacing

“Feeding” ‫ طرق التغذية‬.2

Central -Center Feed Central-End Feed

46
 End Side-Center Feed End Side-End feed

S/2 S/2
D/2
D/2

A=B×L

a=D×S

𝑩 ‫ المساحة الكلية للسقف‬: A

No. of Pipe = ‫ المساحة التي يخدمها مرش واحد‬: a
𝑫
𝑨 ‫ المسافة بين المرشاة‬: D
No. of Sprinkler = ‫ المسافة بين االنابيب‬: S
𝒂
𝑳
No. of Sprinkler/ pipe =
𝑺

47
Table 9: Relative fire Hazard.

48
 Table 10: Maximum allowed dimensions.

Type of Hazard a max. (ft2) S max. (ft.) D max. (ft.)

Light 200 14 14

Ordinary 120 12 12

Extra 90 10 10

Table 11: Diameter of the pipe according to the number of sprinklers.

Pipe Dia. (in) Light Ordinary Extra
1 2 2 1
1,1/4 3 3 2
1,1/2 5 5 5
2 10 10 8
2,1/2 40 20 15
3 > 40 40 27
3,1/2 65 40
4 100 55
5 160 90
6 250 150

49
Design steps:

1. Select hazard type from Table (3).

2. Find a max. (ft2), S max. (ft.) and D max. (ft.) from Table (1) according to the fire
hazard.
3. Assume the values of S (ft.) and D (ft.) to be less than S max.(ft.) and D max.(ft.).
4. Find a (ft2) to be less than a max. (ft2).
5. Find:
𝑩
No. of Pipe =
𝑫
𝑨
No. of Sprinkler =
𝒂
𝑳
No. of Sprinkler/ pipe =
𝑺

6. Draw the grid chart for pipes and sprinklers.

7. Find pipes diameters according to Table (2).

Example 10:
Design the firefighting system by using sprinklers for painting factory (Extra
hazard) if the dimension of the factory building (90 × 70) ft., by using center feeding
draw the pipes path and diameter and Sprinkler Locations.
Solution:
1. From Table (3) Painting factory Extra hazard
2
2. From Table (1), a max. = 90 ft. , S max.= 10 ft. and D max. = 10 ft.
3. Assume the values of
S = 9 ft. < S max.= 10 ft. and D = 7 ft.< D max. = 10 ft. ჻ o.k.
4. a = D × S = 63 ft.2 < a max. = 90 ft.2 ჻ o.k.
5.
𝑨 𝟕𝟎 × 𝟗𝟎
No. of Sprinkler = = = 100 Sprinkler
𝒂 𝟕 ×𝟗
𝑩 𝟕𝟎
No. of Pipe = = = 10 Pipe
𝑫 𝟕
𝑳 𝟗𝟎
No. of Sprinkler/ pipe = = = 10 Sprinkler / pipe
𝑺 𝟗

50
6.

1.5” 1.5” 1.5” 1.25” 1”

2.5”

3”

3.5”

3.5”

4”

Homework 5:
For (ordinary hazard) storage building with the dimensions of (120×80) ft., design the
firefighting system, draw the pipes path and sprinkler location by using central-center
feeding?

51