MODULE 6: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

LESSON 2
Measures of Central Tendency for Ungrouped Data
Aside from tables and graphs, another way of describing a set of data is by stating a single
numerical value associated with it. This value is where all the other values in a distribution tend to cluster.
It is called the average or measure of central tendency. There are three kinds of average: the mean, the
median, and the mode.

The mean (also known as the arithmetic mean) is the most commonly used measure of central
position. It is the sum of measures divided by the number of measures in a variable. It is symbolized
as x (read as x bar).
The mean is used to describe a set of data where the measures cluster or concentrate at a point. As
the measures cluster around each other, a single value appears to represent distinctively the total
measures. It is, however, affected by extreme measures, that is, very high or very low measures can easily
change the value of the mean.

To find the mean of ungrouped data, use the formula

∑𝑥
𝑥̅ =
𝑛
where ∑x = the summation of x (sum of the measures) n = number of values of x

Example 1: The grades in Chemistry of 10 students are 87, 84, 85, 85, 86, 90, 79,
82, 78, 76. What is the average grade of the 10 students?
Solution:
87 + 84 + 85 + 85 + 86 + 90 + 79 + 82 + 78 + 76 832
𝑥̅ = = = 83.2
10 10

Example 2: Find the mean salary for a small company that pays monthly salaries to its
employees as shown in the frequency distribution.

Note: Salary (x) Number of fx ∑ 𝑓𝑥

𝑥̅ =
Employees (f) 𝑁
Php7 000.00 8 56 000 427 000
Weighted Mean =
Php8 000.00 11 88 000 45
∑ 𝑓𝑥 = 9 488.89
𝑥̅ = Php9 250.00 14 129 500
𝑁
Php10 500.00 9 94 500
Where: 𝑥̅ = mean
𝑓 = frequency Php17 000.00 2 34 000
𝑥 = score Php25 000.00 1 25 000
 The median is the middle entry or term in a set of data arranged in either increasing or
decreasing order.
The median is a positional measure. Thus the values of the individual measures in a set of
data do not affect it. It is affected by the number of measures and not by the size of the extreme
values.

To find the median of a given set of data, take note of the following:

Arrange the data in either increasing or decreasing order.

Locate the middle value. If the number of cases is odd, the middle value is the median. If the
number of cases is even, take the arithmetic mean of the two middle measures.

Example 1: The number of books borrowed in the library from Monday to Friday last
week were 58, 60, 54, 35, and 97 respectively. Find the median.
Solution: Arrange the number of books borrowed in increasing order.
35, 54, 58, 60, 97
The median is 58.
Example 2: Cora’s quizzes for the second quarter are 8, 7, 6, 10, 9, 5, 9, 6, 10, and 7.
Find the median.
Solution: Arrange the scores in increasing order.
5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10
Since the number of measures is even, then the median is the average of the two
𝟕+𝟖
middle scores 𝒙 ̃= = 𝟕. 𝟓
𝟐
The mode is another measure of position. The mode is the measure or value which occurs
most frequently in a set of data. It is the value with the greatest frequency. To find the mode for a
set of data :
- select the measure that appears most often in the set;
- if two or more measures appear the same number of times, and the frequency they appear
is greater than any other measures, then each of these values is a mode;
- if every measure appears the same number of times, then the set of data has no mode.

Example 1: The shoe sizes of 10 randomly selected students in a class are 6, 5, 4, 6, 4 1 , 5,

6, 7, 7 and 6. What is the2 mode?

Answer: The mode is 6 since it is the shoe size that occurred the most number of times.

Example 2: The sizes of 9 classes in a certain school are 50, 52, 55, 50, 51, 54, 55, 53 and
54.

Answer: The modes are 54 and 55 since the two measures occurred the same number
of times. The distribution is bimodal.

The Mean of Grouped Data Using the Class Marks

When the number of items in a set of data is too big, items are grouped for convenience. The
manner of computing for the mean of grouped data is given by the formula:

∑(𝑓𝑥𝑚 )
𝑥̅ =
where: 𝑥̅ is the mean 𝑁
f is the frequency of each class
𝑥𝑚 is the class mark
∑(𝑓𝑥𝑚 ) is the summation of the product of the frequency and the class mark
𝑁 is the sum of all the frequency
Examples:
Compute the mean of the scores of the students in a Mathematics test.
Class Frequency
46 – 50 1
41 – 45 5
36 – 40 11
31 – 35 12
26 – 30 11
21 – 25 5
16 – 20 2
11 – 15 1

The frequency distribution for the data is given below. The columns X and fX are added.
Class f 𝑥𝑚 𝑓𝑥𝑚
46 – 50 1 48 48 ∑(𝑓𝑥𝑚 )
41 – 45 5 43 215 𝑥̅ =
𝑁
36 – 40 11 38 418 1 549
31 – 35 12 33 396 =
48
26 – 30 11 28 308 = 32.27
21 – 25 5 23 115
16 – 20 2 18 36
11 – 15 1 13 13

The mean score is 32.27

The Median of Grouped Data
The median is the middle value in a set of quantities. It separates an ordered set of data
into two equal parts. Half of the quantities found above the median and the other half is
found below it.
In computing for the median of grouped data, the following formula is used:
𝑁
− 𝑐𝑓𝑏
𝑥̃ = 𝑥𝑙𝑏 + [ 2 ]𝑖
𝑓𝑚

where: 𝑥̃ = median
𝑥𝑙𝑏 = the lower boundary of the median class
N = total frequency
𝑐𝑓𝑏 = the cumulative frequency of the lower class next to the
median class
𝑓𝑚 = frequency of the median class
𝑖 = size of the class interval

𝑁 𝑡ℎ
The median class is the class that contains the ( 2 ) score. This can be located under

the column < 𝑐𝑓of the cumulative frequency distribution.

Examples:
1. Compute the median of the scores of the students in a Mathematics test.

Class Frequency
46 – 50 1
41 – 45 5
36 – 40 11
31 – 35 12
26 – 30 11
21 – 25 5
16 – 20 2
11 – 15 1
The frequency distribution for the data is given below. The columns for lb and “less than”
cumulative frequency are added.
Class f lb “<” cf 𝑁
Compute 2 , since
𝑁
=
48
= 𝑁
46 – 50 1 45.5 48 2 2 − 𝑐𝑓𝑏
41 – 45 5 40.5 47 24, then the class interval 𝑥̃ = 𝑥𝑙𝑏 + [ 2 ]𝑖
containing 24 in the less 𝑓𝑚
36 – 40 11 35.5 42
31 – 35 12 30.5 31 than cumulative frequency 24 − 19
will be the median class. In = 30.5 + [ ]5
26 – 30 11 25.5 19 12
21 – 25 5 20.5 8 this case the median class is = 32.58
16 – 20 2 15.5 3 the 31 – 35 class interval. =
11 – 15 1 10.5 1 The median score is 32.58.
The Mode of Grouped Data

The mode of grouped data can be approximated using the following formula:
∆1
𝑥̂ = 𝑥𝑙𝑏 + [ ]𝑖
∆1 + ∆2
where: 𝑥𝑙𝑏 is the lower boundary of the modal class.
∆1 is the difference between the frequencies of the modal class and the next
lower class.
∆2 is the difference between the frequencies of the modalclass and the next
upper class.
𝑖 is the class interval.
The modal class is the class interval with the highest frequency.
Example:

1. Compute the mode of the scores of the students in a Mathematics test.

Class Frequency
46 – 50 1
41 – 45 5
36 – 40 11
31 – 35 12
26 – 30 11
21 – 25 5
16 – 20 2
11 – 15 1

The frequency distribution for the data is given below. The column for lb is added.

Class f lb ∆1
Since class 31 – 35 𝑥̂ = 𝑥𝑙𝑏 + [ ]𝑖
46 – 50 1 45.5 ∆1 + ∆2
has the highest
41 – 45 5 40.5 12 − 11
frequency, the modal = 30.5 + [ ]5
36 – 40 11 35.5 (12 − 11) + (12 − 11)
31 – 35 12 30.5 class is 31 – 35.
= 30.5 + [0.5]5
26 – 30 11 25.5 = 30.5 + 2.5
21 – 25 5 20.5 = 32.5
16 – 20 2 15.5 The mode score is 33.
11 – 15 1 10.5
 THE QUESTIONNAIRE AND THE LIKERT SCALE
Likert-type question is used if the researcher wants to know the feelings or opinions of the
respondents regarding any topic or issues of interest.
Below are examples of Likert-type statements. The respondents will choose the number
which best represents their feelings regarding the statements. Remember that the statements are
grouped according to a theme.
Choices Likert-type Mean Interpretation

5 – strongly agree 4.50 – 5.00 – strongly agree

4 – agree 3.50 – 4.49 – agree

3 – Somewhat agree 2.50 – 3.49 - Somewhat agree

2 - disagree 1.50 – 2.49 - disagree

1 – strongly disagree 1.00 – 1.49 – strongly disagree

Items 1 – 3 refers to students’ personal confidence in learning statistics 5 4 3 2 1

1. I am sure that I can learn statistics.
2. I think I can handle different lessons in statistics.
3. I can get good grades in statistics.
Items 4 – 6 refer to the students’ perception on statistics as a subject
4. I think statistics is a worthwhile, necessary subject.
5. I will use statistics in many ways as a professional.
6. I’ll need a good understanding of statistics for my research work.
Items 7 – 9 re to students’ attitudes on the use of computer in learning
7. Computer makes learning fun and easy
8. I think working with computers would be enjoyable and stimulating
9. Computers help a lot in learning

The table below is the summary and interpretation of the mean responses in the Likert-type of
statements 1 - 3.
5 4 3 2 1 𝑥̅ Interpretation of 𝑥̅
1. 36 51 18 0 1 4.14 Agree
2. 18 44 37 8 1 3.65 Agree
3. 18 48 28 0 1 3.86 Agree
T 72 143 83 8 3 3.88 Agree
 MEASURES OF VARIABILITY

The first part of this module dealt with the concepts of measurements that describe
Definition
MEASURES or the middle or the center of the distribution. But the measures of central tendency
VARIABILITY OR
DISPERSION
do not describe how the observations spread out from the center of the
distribution. In this lesson, we will deal with the measures of variability or spread
These are
measures of the of a distribution. For the measures of skewness and kurtosis, it will be your task to
average distance
read about it a link will be provided for your reading.
of each
observation from
the center of the Consider the following measurements, in liters, for two samples of apple juice in a
distribution. They tetra packed by companies A and B.
measure the
homogeneity or Sample A Sample B
heterogeneity of a
particular group. 0.95 1.06

1.00 1.01

0.92 0.88

1.03 0.91

1.10 1.14

𝑥̅ = 1.00 𝑥̅ = 1.00

How far apart are the measurements from one another?

Company A
0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2

Company B

0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2

Both samples have the same mean, 1.00 liters. It is quite obvious that company A packed
apple juice with a more uniform content than company B. We say that the variability or the
dispersion of the observations from the mean is less for sample A than for sample B. Therefore,
in buying apple juice, we would feel more confident that the tetra pack we select will be closer to
the advertised mean if we buy from company A.

A small measure of variability A big measure of variability would

would indicate that the data are... indicate that the data are...
1. clustered closely around the 1. FAR AWAY FROM THE MEAN
mean 2. HETEROGENEOUS
2. more homogeneous 3. MORE VARIABLE
3. less variable 4. LESS CONSISTENT
4. more consistent 5. LESS UNIFORMLY
5. more uniformly distributed DISTRIBUTED

There are 4 major parts/measures under the measures of variability

These are:
1. Range (R): The difference between the highest value and the lowest value in a set of
data Formula: R = H - L
2. Standard Deviation (𝜎 for population and s for sample)
Calculator: 𝜎 or s
3. Variance (𝜎 2 for population and s2 for sample) The square of standard deviation
4. Coefficient of Variation (cv): It is to compare the variability of two or more sets of data
having different units.
Formula: cv = standard deviation divided by mean
Range
The range is the simplest measure of variability. It is the difference between the largest and
smallest measurement.

R = H - L

where R = Range, H = Highest measure, L = Lowest Measure

The main disadvantage of the range is that it does not consider every measure in the data.

Examples:

1. The IQs of 5 members of a family are 108, 112, 127, 118 and 113. Find the
range.

Solution: The range of the IQs is 127 - 108 = 19.

2. The range of each of the set of scores of the three students is as follows:
 H = 98 L = 92 R = 98 - 92 = 6
Student A

H = 97 L = 90 R = 97 - 90 = 7
Student B

H = 97 L = 90 R = 97 - 90 = 7
Student C

Observe that two students are “ tie.” This indicates that the range is not a reliable measure
of dispersion. It is a poor measure of dispersion, particularly if the size of the sample or
population is large. It considers only the extreme values and tells us nothing about the
distribution of numbers in between.

Variance
Since the range considers only two scores in the data set, it is an unreliable
Definition measure of variability, it cannot be used to directly compare two sets of data and
it is an unstable measure of variability especially for a very large sample.
Variance is the
average of the
squared deviation Consider the following
from the mean. The
formulas for finding For male group
the variance for
ungrouped data are: Sample A (𝑥 − 𝑥̅ ) (𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 a. Treating the data as
Population Variance: population, the variance is
∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2
𝜎2 = 65 -19 361 ∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2 820
𝑁 𝜎2 = =
𝑁 5
Sample Variance: 75 -9 81 = 164 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝑠2 =
𝑛−1 85 1 1 b. Treating the data as sample,
Where: the variance is
𝑥 = individual
value/score from 95 11 121 ∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 820 820
𝑠2 = = =
the raw data 𝑛−1 5−1 4
𝑥̅ = the sample mean = 205 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
100 16 256
𝑁 = total population
𝑛 =number of sample 𝛴 = 820
𝜇 = population mean
𝜎 2 = the population
variance
𝑠 2 = the sample
variance

For female group

1. Treating the data as
population, the variance is
2
 Sample B (𝑥 − 𝑥̅ ) (𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2

82 -2 4
83 -1 1
84
0 0
85 1
1
86 2 4
𝛴 = 10

Note this
Using the variance as a measure of variability for the two sets of grades, the males showed more variability in
performance. Note that the higher the variance, the more variable or far apart the values are from each
other.

Standard Deviation
Since the obtained variance is in squared units then the deviation from the
mean is squared. You cannot still picture out the true meaning of the data set.
Definition Hence, extract the square root of the variance, defining another measure of
standard deviation variability called the standard deviation.
is the square root of
the variance. For Male Group

Population Standard a. Treating the data as population, the standard deviation is

Deviation:
∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2 820
∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2 𝜎=√ =√ = √164 = 12.81
𝜎=√ 𝑁 5
𝑁
b. Treating the data as sample, the standard deviation is
Sample Standard
deviation: ∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 820 820
𝑠=√ =√ =√ = √205 = 14.32
∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 𝑛−1 5−1 4
𝑠=√
𝑛−1
For female group
Where:
𝑥 = individual
value/score from a. Treating the data as population, the standard deviation is
the raw data
𝑥̅ = the sample mean ∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2 10
𝑁 = total population 𝜎=√ = √ = √2 = 1.41
𝑁 5
𝑛 =number of sample
𝜇 = population mean
𝜎 = the population b. Treating the data as sample, the standard deviation is
standard deviation ∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 10 10
𝑠 = the sample 𝑠=√ =√ = √ = √2.5 = 1.58
standard deviation 𝑛−1 5−1 4
Based from the results, the male group are more dispersed than the female group.

Note this:

The computation of the variance and the standard deviation is far too easy if there only few cases; however, if
you have a larger set of data your calculator or your computer can do everything for you, all you have to do is
to input the data and interpret the result. To aide you in the computation of the variance and standard deviation
click the link below, be sure you have your calculator.
For casio fx 570ms and fx 991 ms https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WTUYZZXU1Ws
For casio 50f ms https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3m2bFJ43pWs

Coefficient of Variance
When comparing two sets of data with different units, you cannot use the variance or the standard
deviation. You have to use the coefficient of variance.

Definition

Coefficient of variance It is the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean. It is used to
compare the variability of two or more sets of data even when they are expressed in different
units of measurement.
𝑠𝑑
𝑐𝑣 = 𝑥̅
• 100%
Where:
𝑐𝑣 = Coefficient
of variance
𝑠𝑑 = standard deviation
𝑥̅ = mean

Example: The following are the time taken (in minutes) to complete a homework by the two
groups of students in a day:
Group A :24, 26, 33, 37, 29, 31
Group B : 26 , 28, 33, 35, 37, 29 , 27, 25
a. Find the range.
b. Find the coefficient of variation.

Solution;

a. Find the range.

24, 26, 29, 31, 33, 37 arrange the data in ascending/descending order
R=H–L
R = 37 – 24
R = 13

b. Find the coefficient of variation.

Step 1. Find the Mean
24+26+29+31+33+37
𝑥̅ = = 30
6
Step 2. Construct a table for easier computation later
x x-𝒙 ̅ ̅)2
(x - 𝒙
Follow this process and do the
24 24 – 30 = - 6 (-6)2 = 36
same for the next data
26 -4 16
29 -1 1
31 1 1
33 3 9
37 7 49
∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 = 112

Step 3. Solve for the Standard deviation

∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝑠𝑑 = √
𝑛−1

112
𝑠𝑑 = √
6−1
sd = 4.73

Step 4. Solve for the coefficient of variance or cv

𝑠𝑑
𝑐𝑣 = • 100%
𝑥̅
4.73
𝑐𝑣 = • 100%
30
cv = 16 %
Guiding Principle
The lesser the value of the measure, the more consistent, the more
homogeneous and the less scattered are the observations in the set of data.
ASSESSMENT
Perform what is asked for each given item.
1. Which division of statistics is based on facts?
_________ Descriptive
_________ Inferential
2. Which division is based on assumptions/inferences?
_________ Descriptive
_________ Inferential
3. If you are going to conduct a survey on the opinions of students regarding HB6875 or the proposed
Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020.

a. How many samples will you get at 𝑒 = 10% with 50% response rate, assuming that there
are 2 000 students?
b. What sampling technique will you use? Why?
c. What method will you use to gather data?
4.
Salary (pesos) f
1001-2000 7
2001-3000 12
3001-4000 10
4001-5000 6
5001-6000 5
Compute the following:
a. average weekly salary of the employees
b. median
c. mode
d. Standard deviation of their weekly salary
5. The following data are the ages of diabetic patient of a certain hospital. A are the ages of nine
female patients while B are the ages of 11 male patients.
A: 16, 19, 36, 20, 40, 48, 54, 61, and 12
B: 10, 8, 19, 43, 25, 6, 15, 22, 50, 18 and 20
Find the:
a. Mean
b. standard deviation
c. Which group is older? why?
d. Which group has a more uniform set of age? why?
6. My. Sy wants to find a new investment for his portfolio. He is looking for a safe investment that
provides stable returns. He considers the following options for investment:
Stocks: He was offered a stock of ABC Corp. It is a mature company with strong
operational and financial performance. The volatility (standard deviation or sd) of the stock
is 10% and the expected return (mean) is 14%

Exchange-Traded Fund(ETF): The ETF with strong financial performance offers an

expected return (mean) of 13% with a volatility (standard deviation or sd) of 7%
 Bonds: Bonds with excellent credit ratings offer an expected return of 3% with 2%
volatility.

What do you think is the most suitable investment opportunity for Mr. Sy? Why?

Note: In order to select the most suitable investment opportunity, you have to calculate the
coefficient of variation for each option using
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑐𝑣 = 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 where volatility is the standard deviation and expected
return is the mean

Note: In finance, the coefficient of variation allows investors to determine how much volatility, or
risk, is assumed in comparison to the amount of return expected from investments. The lower the
coefficient of variation, the better the investment opportunity.

PERFORMANCE TASK (Outcome-Based)

Gather three different sets of data from your classmates /Facebook friends/ family members
a. Age
b. Gender
c. Favorite Hobby during quarantine
Requirements:
1. Get data from your classmates /Facebook friends/ family members without going out of your own
home.
2. 𝑛 ≥ 10
3. Organize the data in a frequency distribution table with complete parts.
4. Write at least three relevant findings based on the results of the data gathered.
5. Give your conclusions based on the findings.
Rubric
Criteria (1-3 points) (4-5 points) (6 points)
Samples n<10; raw data are not shown in 𝑛 ≥ 10; raw data are not 𝑛 ≥ 10; raw data are
the presentation; nature and shown in the shown in the
sources of data are not presentation; nature and presentation; nature and
explained sources of data are not sources of data are
explained explained
Tables Tables are not labeled (no table Tables are not labeled Tables are properly
number/ no title); some (table number/title are labeled (table
columns have no headers; title misplaced); some number/title); all
is unclear and inconsistent with columns have no columns have headers;
the data gathered. headers; title is unclear title is unclear and
and inconsistent with the consistent with the data
data gathered. gathered.
Findings Only one or no finding is given Only two findings which At least three findings
are relevant to the title which are relevant to the
are given title are given
 Conclusions No conclusion is given At least one conclusion is At least one conclusion is
given given; conclusion is
consistent with the
findings
Overall Presentation Presentation is generally dull Presentation is not so Presentation is generally
and hurriedly done; appealing appealing, artistically
and neatly done
Total point: 30

REFLECTION
Statistics is a branch mathematics that deals with the collection, organization or presentation, analysis, and
interpretation of data. Its fundamental purpose is to describe and draw inferences about the numerical
properties of a population.
Two main parts of Statistics: Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics
Population – refers to a large collection of objects, places or things.
Parameter – is any numerical value which describes a population.
Sample – is a small portion or part of a population; a representative of the population in a research study.
Sampling is the process of selecting the elements of a sample from the population being
studied. The methods of sampling include simple random sampling, systematic random
sampling, and stratified random sampling.
Statistic – is any numerical value which describes a sample
Data - are facts, or a set of information gathered or under study.
Qualitative Data – are variables that can be placed into distinct categories, characteristic or
attributes.
Quantitative Data – are numerical and can be ordered or ranked.
Discrete Data – assume exact value and can be obtained through counting.
Continuous Data – assume infinite values within an interval and obtained through
measurement.
Constant – is a characteristic or property of a population or sample which makes the members similar to
each other.
Variable – is a characteristic or property of a population or sample which makes the members different
from each other.
 Dependent Variable – A variable that is affected by another variable.
Independent Variable – a variable which affects the dependent variable.
Scales of Measurement: Nominal level of measurement, Ordinal level of measurement, Interval level
of measurement, and ratio level of measurement.
Table is used to present a data in a systematic and organized manner to make its reading and interpretation
simple and easy.

Frequency Distribution is a distribution of the total number of measures or frequencies over arbitrarily
defined categories or classes. The number of measures falling under a class is called class frequency.
There are three measures of tendency, namely, mean, median, mode.
Measures of Variability or Dispersion

These are measures of the average distance of each observation from the center of the distribution. They measure
the homogeneity or heterogeneity of a particular group

1. Range - R=H–L
2. Standard Deviation (𝜎 for population and s for sample)
3. Variance (𝜎 2 for population and s2 for sample) The square of standard deviation.
4. Coefficient of Variation (cv): It is to compare the variability of two or more sets of data having
different units.

REFERENCES
Bluman, Allan G (2012). Elementary Statistics: a step by step approach. (8th Ed) New York: McGraw-
Hill,
Blay, Basilia e. (2007). Elementary Statistics. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing, Inc.,
Calmorin, Laurentina P.,Pledad Ma. Lauremelch (2008). Nursing Biostatistics with Computer. Manila:
Rex Bookstore,
Baltazar, E.C, Ragasa, C, Evangelista, J.(2018). Mathematics in the Modern World. C & E.
Publishing:Quezon City Philippines.
Concepcio, Benjamin P. et.al. Business Statistics with Computer Applications. Sta. Monica Printing
Corp.: Manila, Philippines.
Calano, Roel B., et.al. (2009). Biostatistics. (1st ed) Educational Publishing House: Ermita, Manila,
Philippines