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 Problem 1.1. A rod 150 cm long and of diameter 2.0 cm is
subjected to an axial pull of
20 kN. f the modulus of elasticity of the material of the rod is 2 x 10" NImm'; determine:
() the stress,
() the strain, and
(i2) the elongation of the rod.
 cm
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 150
L =

20
mm

rod, =

ofthe
cm
2.0
Length D=
Sol.
Given
100t mm
of the rod,
=

Diameter
(20)2
A 4 N
20,000
=
kN
Area, P=20
N/mm?

x
105
2.0
Axial pull, E =

as
Modulus of elasticity, (1.1)
equation
(o) is given
by Ans.
Ans.

() The stress N/mm*.

20000 =
63.662

100T obtained
as
strain is
equation (1.5), the
(7) Using

E-
63.662 0.000318. Ans.

Strain, eE 2x 10 (1.2) as
is obtained byy using equation
(0U1) Elongation
dL
e =

xL
Elongation, dL = e Ans.
=
=0.0477 c m .
0.000318 x 150
raise load
which 1s used to a
steel wire,
Find the minimum diameter of a
Problem 1.2.
the rod is not to exceed 95 MNÍm*.
of 4000 N if the stress in
Sol. Given: Load, P = 4000 N
( M = Mega = 10)
O = 95 MN/m2 = 95 x 105 N/m
Stress, 106 N/m = 1 N/mm)
95 N/mm
Let D = Diameter of wire in mmn

Area, A= D
Load P
Now stress =
Area A
4000 4000 x 4 4000x 4
95 = or D2= 53.61
TD TX 95
D4
D 7.32 mm. Ans.
Problem 1.3. Find the Young's Modulus
of a brass rod of diameter 25 and
length 250 mm which is subjected to a tensile load
of 50 kN when the
mm of
is equal to 0.3 mm. extension of the rod
Sol. Given: Dia. of rod, D =
25 mm

Area of rod, A =
(25)= 490.87 mm
Tensile load, P
Extension of rod,
50 kN 50 x 1000 50,000 N
=

dL =
0.3 mm
Length of rod, L =
250 mm
10
 STRAINS
SIMPLE STRESSES AND
Stress (o) is
given by equation (1.1), as

50,000 = 101.86 N/mm.

Strain (e) is given by equation (1.2),
490.87
as

e = dL 0.3
= 0.0012.
L 250
Using equation (1.5), the Young's Modulus (E) is obtained, as

E = Stress 101.86 N/mm" = 84883.33 N/mm

Strain 0.0012 105 N/m2)
=
84883.33 x 10 N/m2. Ans. ( 1 N/mm2 =

=
84.883 x 10° N/m2 = 84.883 GN/m. Ans. ( 10 G)
=

data w s
roDlem 1.4. A tensile test was conducted on a mild steel bar. The following
obtained from the test
) Diameter of the steel bar = 3 cm
(ii) Gauge length of the bar = 20 cm
iii) Load at elastic limit 250 kN
iv) Extension at a load of 150 kN = 0.21 mm
(v) Maximum load 380 kN
(ui) Total extension 60 mmn
(vii) Diameter of the rod at the failure 2.25 cm.
Determine: (a) the Young's modulus, (6) the stress at elastic limit,
c)the percentage elongation, and d) the percentage deerease in area

Sol. Area of the rod, A=D? = (3) cm2

= 7.0685 cm2 = 7.0685 x 1 0 m2. . m2 = 100 m
(a) To find Young's modulus, first calculate the value of stress and strain within elastie
limit. The load at elastic limit is given but the extension corresponding to the load at elastie
limit is not given. But a load of 150 kN (which is within elastie limit) and corresponding
extension of 0.21 mm are given. Hence these values are used for stress and strain within
elastic limit
Load 150x 1000 ( 1 kN =1000 N)
Stress TN/m2
Area 7.0685 x 10
21220.9 x 104 N/m2
rease in length (or Extension)
and Strain
Original length (or Gauge length)
0.21 mm
= 0.00105
20x 10mm
Young's Modulus,
Stress 21220.9 x 104
E = 20209523 x 104 N/m2
Strain 0.00105

11
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
202.095 x 10° N/m ( 10= Giga G =

202.095GN/m, Ans
(6) The stress at the elastie limit is given by,
Load at elastic linmit 250 x 1000
Stress= 7.0685x10
Area
35368 x 10 N/m
353.68x 10 N/m2 (10 Mega-M)
353.68 MN/m. Ans.

(e) The percentage elongation is obtained as,

Percentage elongation
Total increase in length 100
Original length (or Gauge length)
60 mm x 100= 30%. Ans.
20 x 10 mm
(d) The percentage decrease in area is obtained as,
Percentage decrease in area
(Original area Area at thefailure) 100
Original area

x3-x2.25
x 100

x33
3-2.252 x 100
(9-5.0626 x 100 43.75%. Ans.
-5.0625)

a hollow steel columnn which carries an axial load of

Problem 1.5. The safe stress, for
external diameter of the column is 30 cm, determine the
2.1 x 10 kN is 125 MNIm?. If the
internal diameter

Sol. Given: N/m2

Safe stress", G 125 MN/m2 = 125 x
10
2.1 10* kN = 2.1 x 106 N
Axial load, P x

D = 30 cm = 0.30 m
External diameter,
d = Internal diameter
Let
cross-section of the column,
A r e a of

A=(D-d)= 4 (.302-d) m
P
(1.1), d =

Using equation A
elastic limit.
stress which is within
Safe stress is
a
 NMPES TREE AND TAIN

0T 12510 21x10 4x21x10

P (30 R125 10
20-d
or 0.09-f-2139 or 0.09-0.02130-d

Ans
d yo09-0.021390.2619 m-26.19 em.
ial fond
Problem 1.6. 77he ultimate streas, for a holloe steel column which carries an axial
of 1.9 MN is 480 Nimm 1f the esternal diameter the column ie 200 mm, determina
of
internal diameter. Take the factor of safety as 4
Sol. Given:
Ultimate stress 480 N/mm? ( M- 10
Axial load, P 1.9 MN= 1.9 x 10N
1900000N

External dia., D= 200 mm

Factor of safety
d=Internal diameter in
mm
Let
Area of cross-section of the column,
A-D-d)= (200-d) mm
Using equation (1.7), we get
Ultimate stress
Factor of safety Permisible stre8s
Working stress o r
480
4 Working stress

Working stress
480120 N/mm
or
O = 120 N/mm2

Now using equation (1.1),

we get
1900000 1900000x4
P
oG A or 120=- z40000-d)
(200-d)

40000 d = 1900000x420159.6
Tx 120
or
19840.4 35 kN
d= 40000-20159.6
or Ans.
d =140.85 mm.

2 cm
1.6 is subjected to
an
bar shown in Fig. DIA
Problem 1.7. A stepped 35 kN, Find the maximum and
load of 3 cm
compressive
axially applied DUA
minimum stresses produced.

Sol. Given 10 N Fig 1.6

P 35 kN= 35
x

Axial load,
D, 2 cm= 20
mm
=

Dia. of upper part, 13

 Area of upper part, A, = (20 ) = 100 T mm

Area of lower part, A D,2=(30) = 225 Tmm

Hence stress will be maximum where area
The stress is equal to load divided by
area.
and minimum in lower part.
1s minimum. Hence stress will be maximum in upper part

Load 35x
35 103
x 10= 111.408 N/mm. Ans.
Maximum stress
A 100 x T
35 x 103
Minimum stress
Load 35x 10 = 49.5146 N/mm2. Ans.
225 x TT
Ag