SHS

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Understanding Culture, Society & Politics

Module 9: Concept, Characteristics
and Forms of Stratification Systems
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Understanding Culture, Society & Politics
SHS-Module 9: Concept, Characteristics and Forms of Stratification
Systems
First Edition, 2020

Copyright © 2020
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form
without written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Marybeth Nudas Garcia, T-II

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team

Reviewer: Mario V. Mario Jr.

Mario B. Paneda, Ed.D., EPS in Charge of Araling Panlipunan

Belen C. Aquino, Ph.D., EPS in Charge of English

Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P II

Layout Artist: Ernesto Ortiza Jr., TIII

Management Team:

ATTY. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent

Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, Ph.D

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

German E. Flora, Ph.D, CID Chief

Virgilio C. Boado, Ph.D, EPS in Charge of LRMS

Mario B. Paneda, Ed.D, EPS in Charge of Araling Panlipunan

Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II

Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II
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SHS

Understanding Culture, Society & Politics

Module 9:
Concept, Characteristics and Forms of
Stratification Systems
www.shsph.blogspot.com

Target

Society is composed of different groups with different social structures, that

is some groups are higher or lower than other groups. All societies of any size, large
or small have a social structure. Though, as societies grow larger, more often
different groups are formed within them. Social stratification results when one
group has a functional importance in the community while others do not.

In the previous lesson, you have examined the functions and importance of
educations in the society. You have learned that education is an essential part of
any society because this is the primary way of enlightening an individual with each
aspect of life. It is therefore a must that the school system delivers to society
individuals whose abilities have been developed sufficiently so that they are able to
assume positive and productive societal roles. Moreover, for the preservation and
enhancement of knowledge and the development of character within our given form
of society which will best prepare the individual for the conditions of extreme
novelty the near future is bringing.

This lesson will provide you with information and various activities that will
help you understand the concept, characteristics and forms of stratification
systems using sociological perspective.

After going through this lesson, you are expected to examine the concept,
characteristics and forms of stratification systems using sociological perspective.

Specific Learning Objectives:

1. explain the meaning and nature of social stratification
2. distinguish social stratification and social differentiation
3. identify the indicators of social stratification
4. differentiate the characteristics of the systems of social stratification
5. analyze the claims and explanations of the structural-functionalists,
conflict theorists, and symbolic-interactionists on social stratification

Before going on, answer the activities below to check on what you
know about the topic. Have fun and good luck!

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Jumpstart

Directions: Analyze each statement below. Write TRUE if it is correct, otherwise

FALSE. Place your answers in a separate sheet of paper.

1. Social stratification the process where a society determines a person'sworth

based on their income and wealth, as well as other characteristics like
gender,class and age, and distributes social rewards accordingly.
2. Social stratification is only found in industrialized socieities.
3. From a structional-functinalist perspective, poverty may serve positive
functions for society.
4. A class system is more closed than a caste system.
5. Ethnicity is constructed from cultural traits, whereas race is constructed from
biological traits
6. Estate systems of social stratification have two classes.
7. Different societies have different explanations of why people should be
unequal
8. Caste systems are characterized by a high level of equality.
9. The idea that social inequality plays a vital role in the smooth operation of
society is consistent with the structural-functional approach.
10. The caste system is a more open straification system than a class system

Discover

Inequality is found in all societies irrespective of time or place. All human

societies from the simple to the most complex have some form of social inequality.
In particular, power and prestige are unequally distributed between individuals and
groups. Societies may differ in the degree of inequalities and nature of
stratification.

In all societies people differ from each other on the basis of their age, sex
and personal characteristics. Human society is not homogeneous but
heterogeneous. Apart from the natural differences, human beings are also
differentiated according to socially approved criteria. Society is divided based on
economic, social, religious and other aspects. Heterogeneity in society is called
social stratification.

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Social stratification is an inherent character of all societies. It is historical
as we find it in all societies, ancient and modern; and it is universal as it exists in
simple or complex societies. The social differentiation on the basis of high and low
is the historical heritage of all societies.

Meaning and Nature of Social Stratification

Sociologists use the term social stratification to describe the system of

social standing. There are various meanings of social stratification and is defined
as follows:
 It refers to what sociologists call it as “ institutionalized inequality” of
individual or “social injustice” due to social categories (Ariola, 2012).
 It is an institutionalized pattern of inequality in which social categories
are ranked on the basis of their access to scarce resources Brinkerhoff
& White, 1988).
 It is the way people are ranked and ordered in society (Cole, 2019).
 It is a system whereby people rank and evaluate each other as superior
or inferior and, on the basis of such evaluation, unequally reward one
another with wealth, authority, power, and prestige. One result of each
differentiation is the creation of a number of levels within the society.
(Hebding & Glick, 1992)
 It is the hierarchical arrangement and establishment of social
categories that evolve into a social group together with statuses and
their corresponding roles. (Panopio el al., 1994)
 It is the differentiation of a given population into hierarchically
superposed classes. It is manifested in the existence of upper and lower
social layers. Its basis and very essence consist in an unequal
distribution of rights and privileges, duties and responsibilities, social
values and privations, social power and influences among the members
of a society (Sorokin, 1927).

Social Stratification is Distinguished from Social Differentiation

Social differentiation refers to how people can be distinguished from one

another. People in a group may differ in skin color, hair color, race, mental and
physical ability, and the like.

Social stratification refers to the ranking of people in a society. In closed

stratification, people cannot change their ranks while those in open social
stratification, people can change their ranks. In short social stratification is the
separation of people into social categories and these categories are ranked as higer
or lower.

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Indicators of Social Stratification

There are some people that are treated in another way because of the social
status, power, income, prestige and among others that they hold in their society
(Arcinas, 2016).

The individual’s position in the social structure is called status. The higher
or lower positions that come about through social stratifications are called
statuses. Statuses are not the same. One may get different statuses in different
ways. They can be ascribed or achived. Ascribed statuses are assigned or given by
the society or group on the basis of some fixed category, without regard to a
person’s abilities or performance. These include sex, family background, race, and
ethnic heritage. You did nothing to earn these statuses; you have no control over
these characteristics and no opportunity or chance to choose your family, your sex,
and your race. In the Philippines, the children of Ayala’s and the Zobel’s have
ascrived statuses (Zulueta, 2006). Whereas, achieved statuses are earned by the
individual because of his or her talent, skills, occupation and persevernace. These
include, degree or educational attainment, promotion, position, earned wealth and
the like. For example, Nora Aunor has moved up in the social ladder because of her
beautiful voice and singing talent. Prestige refers to the evaluation of status. You
have prestige according to your status. For example, being the president of the
Supreme Student Government of your school, you have the prestige of a president
whether or not you perform and carry out well the duties and responsibilities of
SSG president (Baleña et.al., 2016).

According to Max Weber, most societies would favor those with power,
prestige, status, wealth or class. According to Weber’s Component Theory on Social
Stratification, these three would determine a person’s standindig in his/her
community:

1. Power refers to the ability to influence other people. It is getting what

they want despite the unwillingness of others to give in to their desires.
2. Prestige refers to the person’s position in the society. This refers to
having a certain status that enables someone to have resources or
opportunities.
3. Wealth refers to the amount of resources that a person has (Arcinas,
2016).

As mentioned by Ariola (2012) in his book, one may be viewed as belonging

to the upper social strata or lower social strata depending on the following
dimensions:

1. Sources of Income. There are different sources of income. These are

the inhereted wealth, earned wealth, profits, professional fees, salaries,
wages, private relief, among others. Wealth is everything that is owned
by a person. Inherited wealth is acquired since birth and without effort.

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Acquired wealth is achieved through ones effort either by talent, income
or by marriage. Income refers to the amount of money a person
receives.

2. Occupation. What people do for a living determines, to a large extent,

the social position of the person. Occupation may be classified into
professionals, non-professionals (clerks, drivers, etc) proprietors of
small business, skilled workers, semi skilled workers, and unskilled
workers.

Examination of the mentioned occupations indicates disparities in

prestige, income and power.

3. Education. Educational attainment of a person may be categorized as

masteral or doctoral degree holder, college graduate, high school
graduate, elemetary school drop-out, among others. Possession of the
person of any of these educational backgrounds may characterize the
person’s status in the community.

4. Types of house dwellings. Dwellings can be categorized as permanent

house (concrete and excellent in appearance), semi-permanent house
(semi-concrete and very good in appearance and construction),
temporary house (wood and fair in appearance and construction), and
poorly constructed house (houses found in squatter areas, or those
considered below-the-bridge houses).

5. Location of residence. Power, prestige and wealth are also attached to

the location of residence. There is disparity of social status when one
residence is located in Forbes Park, White Plains, squatter area,
mountainous-rugged area, in subdivision and non-subdivision area.

6. Kinship or family. In the Philippines, when a person belongs to the

Ayala’s, Soriano’s, Zobel’s, Villar’s, that person is regarded as belonging
to the upper class (rich) status. Children of sultans and datus are
hgihly regarded as rich. If a person is from a family whose house is
situated in the squatter’s area, that person is regarded as poor or
belonging to lower class status.

Types of Social Stratification and their Characteristics

Generally, there are three (3) known types of social stratification: open
systems, closed systems and ethnic systems ( Ariola, 2012).
Sociologists distinguish between two types of systems of stratification –
open system and closed system. For the anthropologists, they include ethnic system
as another type of social stratification.

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A. Open System
General
Categories
Characteristics
The class structure 1. Upper Class – The people in this class have great
is an open system. It wealth and sources of income. They constitute the
encourages people to elite wealthy group in the society. They have high
strive and achieve reputation in terms of power and prestige. They live in
something. People exclusive residential area, belong to exclusive private
belonging to one clubs, and may have strong political influence in the
social class have system of government. They own several cars and
similar opportunities, properties and their children may study in exclusive
similar lyfestyles, schools.
attitudes, behavior
and possibly similar 2. Middle Class – The people in this class may belong to
socio-economic the upper-middle class which is often made up of
positions. highly educated business and professional people
It is based on with high incomes, such as doctors, lawyers,
aachievement, allow stockbrokers, and CEOs or to the lower-middle class
movement and often made up of people with lower incomes, such as
interaction between managers, small business owners, teachers, and
layers and classes. secretaries. Aside from generally command of high
One person can move income, people belonging to the upper-middle class
up or down to class often have college education, live in comfortable
through homes, own properties, have some money savings,
intermarriages, and active in community activities. People in the
opportunities, or lower-middle class have not achieved the same
achievement. People lifestyle of the upper –middle class but somehow have
have equal chance to modest income and live in simple life.
succeed. Whether
people do something 3. Lower Class –The lower class is typified by poverty,
to improve their lives homelessness, and unemployment. The people in this
or not this greatly class belong to the bottom of socio-economic ladder.
depends on them. They may be categorized into two: upper-lower class
and lower-lower class. In the upper-lower class,
people are considered as the working class or
laborers. They have acquired little education, little
time to be involved in civic and community activities.
Some of them are underemployed, have many socio-
economic problems, with lttle or no luxuries at all.
The people in the lower-lower class are unemployed,
or no source of income except by begging or
dependent from private and government relief. Many
of them live in squatter areas, under the bridge, in
street corridors, or with no house at all. Many of them
are liabilities of society because they may be involved
in drug addiction and criminaliities.

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B. Closed Systems
General
Categories
Characteristics
Closed system 1. Caste System – It is regarded as closed stratification
accommodates little system in which people can do little or nothing to
change in social change their social standing. Social contact is rigid
position. They do not and clearly defined. People are born and die in their
allow people to shift caste. Contact between and among the caste is
levels and do not minimal and governed by a set of rules – especially
permit social those who belong to the lower degree, as this will tend
relationships between to bring them down.
levels. We do not practice caste sytem in the
Philippines. It existed for centuries in India and this
includes the Brahmans who are associated with the
priesthood, the Kahatryias (the warriors), the
Vaishyus (the businessmen and traders), and the
Shudrus (the servants).

2. Estate System – It is somewhat a closed system in

which the person’s social standing is based on
ownership of land, birth, or military strength.
Individuals who were born into one of the estates
remained there throughout life but in extreme cases
there is social mobility, that is people could change
their status. In the middle ages there are three (3)
major estates in Europe – nobility, clergy, and the
peasants.
C. Ethnic System
General Characteristics
This type of social stratification is based on national origin, laguage and
religion. Ethinicity sets segments of society apart and each group has a sense of
identity. People interact more freely with those people belonging to the same
ethnic category. During the Spanish and American colonial systems in the
Philippines, the colonizers perceived themselves to be occupying the upper social
class than the Filipinos or the natives whom they called as Indios.
Immigrants usually belong to a lower status than the inhabitants. The
Gaddangs, Itawis, Ituweraw, Ilonngots, and other ethnic minority groups are
considered inferior than the others.

Social Stratification and Social Mobility

Social mobility refers to the movement within the social structure, from one
social position to another. It means a change in social status. All societies provide
some opportunity for social mobility. But the societies differ from each other to
extent in which individuals can move from one class or status level to another.

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Thus, people in society continue to move up down the status scale. This movement
is called ‘social mobility’. For example, the poor people may become rich, the bank
peon may become bank officers, farmers may become ministers, a petty
businessman may become a big industrialist and so on. At the same time a big
businessman may become a bankrupt and ruling class may be turned out of office
and so on.

Kinds of Social Mobility

In a democratic state like the Philippines, a person can improve his social
status but the degree of mobility varies. In an open system, every individual is
provided equal opportunities to compete for the role and status derived regardless
of gender, race, religion, family background and political inclination. There are
three (3) types of social mobility: social mobility, geographical mobility, and role
mobility.

1. Social Mobility refers to the movement upward or downward among the

social positions in any given social stratification. It may be upward
(vertival) mobility and downward (horizontal) mobility. Vertical mobility
refers to the movement of people of groups from one status to another. It
involves change in class, occupation or power. For example, the
movement of people from the poor class to the middle class. Horizontal
mobility is a change in position without the change in status. It indicates
a change in position, within the rage of the status. A change in status
may come about through one’s occupation, marrying into a certain
family and others. For example, an engineer working in a factory may
resign from his job and join another factory.

2. Geographical Mobility is otherwise known as physical mobility. It may

be a vluntary movement of people from one geographical area to another
due to change in residence, communiting fro home to office, making
business trips, and voluntary migration from one country to another. It
may be also a forced migration which include forced relocation or
residence, eviction, dispossession of unwanted people, and
transportation of slaves.

3. Role Mobility is the individual’s shifting from role to role. Every member
of a society has roles to play. Different situations call for enactment of
various roles. For example, the father is the bread earner of the family
but may be a teacher in school, or the leader at home or a follower in the
school or office. A daughter may be submissive at home but very active
and active as a campus student leader. A teacher may have varied roles
such as being a mother, a wife, a guidance counselor, a community
leader and many more (Ariola, 2012).

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Theoritical Perspective and Analysis of Social Stratification

Social stratification can be examined from different sociological
perspectives—structural-functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic-
interactionism.

Theoretical Perspective Major Assumptions/Analysis

Stratification is necessary to induce people with

special intelligence, knowledge, and skills to enter
Structural - Functionalism
the most important occupations. For this reason,
stratification is necessary and inevitable.

Stratification results from lack of opportunity and

from discrimination and prejudice against the
Conflict
poor, women, and people of color. It is neither
necessary nor inevitable.
Stratification affects people’s beliefs, lifestyles,
Symbolic - Interactionism
daily interaction, and conceptions of themselves.

In sociology, the functionalist perspective examines how society’s parts

operate. It is a macroanalytical view that focuses on the way that all aspects of
society are integral to the continued health and viability of the whole. Structural-
Functionalism recognizes that all societies maintain some form of social
stratification, and therefore, social stratification must have important functional
consequences. According to Davis & Moore (1945), different aspects of society exist
because they serve a needed purpose. They argued that the greater the functional
importance of a social role, the greater must be the reward. The theory posits that
social stratification represents the inherently unequal value of different work.
Certain tasks in society are more valuable than others. Qualified people who fill
those positions must be rewarded more than others.
Conflict theory focuses on the creation and reproduction of inequality.
Conflict theorists are deeply critical of social stratification, asserting that it benefits
only some people, not all of society. Conflict theory’s explanation of stratification
draws on Karl Marx’s view of class societies and incorporates the critique of the
functionalist view mentioned above. Many different explanations grounded in
conflict theory exist, but they all assume that stratification stems from a
fundamental conflict between the needs and interests of the powerful, or “haves,” in
society and those of the weak, or “have-nots” (Kerbo, 2009). The former take
advantage of their position at the top of society to stay at the top, even if it means
oppressing those at the bottom. At a minimum, they can heavily influence the law,
the media, and other institutions in a way that maintains society’s class structure.

Symbolic-interactionism is a theory that uses everyday interactions of

individuals to explain society as a whole. Symbolic interactionism examines
stratification from a micro-level perspective. This analysis strives to explain how
people’s social standing affects their everyday interactions. Consistent with its
micro orientation, symbolic interactionism tries to understand stratification by

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looking at people’s interaction and understandings in their daily lives. Unlike the
functionalist and conflict views, it does not try to explain why we have stratification
in the first place. Rather, it examines the differences that stratification makes for
people’s lifestyles and their interaction with other people. In most communities,
people interact primarily with others who share the same social standing. It is
precisely because of social stratification that people tend to live, work, and
associate with others like themselves, people who share their same income level,
educational background, or racial background, and even tastes in food, music, and
clothing. The built-in system of social stratification groups people together. This is
one of the reasons why it was rare for a royal prince like England’s Prince William
to marry a commoner. Symbolic interactionists also note that people’s appearance
reflects their perceived social standing. Housing, clothing, and transportation
indicate social status, as do hairstyles, taste in accessories, and personal style.

Explore

Here are some enrichment activities for you to work on

to master and strengthen the basic concepts you have learned
from this lesson.

Enrichment Activity 1
Directions: Complete the table by listing down the assumptions of the three
theoretical perspectives (Structural – Functionalism, Conflict Theory, Symbolic-
Interactionism) on social stratification. Write your answer in a separate sheet of
paper.

Theoretical
Assumptions
Perspectives
Structural -
Functionalism

Conflict Theory

Symbolic-Interactionism

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Enrichment Activity 2
Directions: Differentiate the three social classes under open system by completing
the graphic organizer below .Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

Upper Class Middle Class Lower Class

Great job! You have understood the lesson. Are you

ready now to summarize?

Deepen

Activity 1
Directions: Answer the following questions briefly but substantially. Write your
answer in a separate sheet of paper. Your answers will be scored based on the
rubrics below.

Criteria Score
Content 2
Mechanics 2
Neatness 1

1. How is social stratification differ from social differentiation?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. How is open system of social stratification differ from closed system of social
stratification?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

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3. Does inequality of prestige exist in the Philippines? Explain.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Activity 2
Directions: Look for a person (a local figure) whom you consider very successful
today, that is he/she started as a poor person until he/she succeeded in life
(political, education, business, religious field). Write his/her success story. Use a
separate paper for your output. You will be graded based on the rubrics below.

Criteria Score
Content 2
Mechanics 2
Neatness 1

PHOTO

Name of the Successful Person: __________________________________

Residence: __________________________________
Present Position: __________________________________
Nature of Work: __________________________________
Sources of Information: __________________________________

Success Story
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

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Process Questions:
1. Describe the life/life situation of the person above before he becomes
successful.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. Is the status of the successful person above ascribed or achieved? Why?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

3. Does social stratification affect life chances of an invidual? Explain.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Great job! You are almost done with this lesson.

Gauge

Directions: Read very carefully the questions below and choose the letter that
corresponds to your answer. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following defines social stratification?

A. Social isolation of people from each other
B. System in which everyone is equal but perform very different tasks
C. System by which a person's place in society is defined by birth
D. None of these

2. Which of the following best describes how social class is related to social
stratification?
A. Each layer has many layers of social stratification
B. Each layer of social stratification constitutes a social class
C. The terms social stratification and social class mean the same thing
D. Social stratification exists in caste systems, whereas social classes only
exist in noncaste systems

3. What is the key distinction between a caste system and a class system?
A. a marriage within a specific group
B. occupational prestige
C. educational opportunity
D. social mobility

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4. What is Social Stratification?
A. The division of society into categories, ranks, or classes.
B. The unequal sharing of scarce resources and social rewards
C. A social structure in which classes are determined by ascribed status.
D. A social structure in which classes are determined by achieved status.

5. The unequal sharing of scarce resources and social rewards is known as _____.
A. Social Inequality
B. Social Mobility
C. Social Sharing
D. Social Stratification

6. The most distinguishing characteristic of a caste system (where class is based

on birth) is that _______
A. People can only move intergenerationally
B. People can move vertically, but not horizontally
C. Social status is inherited and cannot be changed
D. Social status can be changed by education and hard work

7. A factory worker's son earns his way through college and eventually becomes a
physics engineer. This is an example of _______
A. Horizontal mobility
B. Intergenerational mobility
C. Role mobility
D. Vertical mobility

8. Isidra moves from a job as a computer programmer to a job as a Web page

designer. This is an example of _________
A. Horizontal mobility
B. Intergenerational mobility
C. Role mobility
D. Vertical mobility

9. Which of the following perspective states that "inequality exists because some
people are willing to exploit others"?
A. Conflict perspective
B. Structural-Functionalist
C. Social Exchange
D. Symbolic-interactionist

10. A politician describes inequality as a motivator of people to fill the different and
necessary positions in society. He is using example of _________.
A. Conflict theory
B. Social Exchange theory
C. Structural-Functionalist theory
D. Symbolic-interactionist theory

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11. Which of the states that stratification assures that the most qualified people fill
the most important positions, that these qualified people perform their tasks
competently, and that they are rewarded for the effort?
A. Conflict theory
B. Structural-Functionalism
C. Symbolic interactionism
D. None of the choices

12. Which of the following best describes the structural-functionalist theory of

social stratification?
A. Inequality exists because some people are willing to exploit others.
B. Social stratification will eventually be eliminated when the workers revolt.
C. Children are taught that a person's social class is the result of their talent
and effort.
D. The inequality of social classes helps assurre that the most qualified people
fill the most important positions.

13. Which of the following best describes the symbolic-interactionist perspective of

social stratification?
A. Inequality exists because some people are willing to exploit others.
B. Social stratification will eventually be eliminated when the workers revolt.
C. Children are taught that a person's social class is the result of their talent
and effort
D. The inequality of social classes helps assure that the most qualified people
fill the most important positions

14. Which describes a society where people frequently can, by acquiring skills and
working hard, move from one level of social stratification to a higher level of
social stratification.
A. closed system
B. open system
C. ethnic system
D. estate system

15. The child of an office clerk becomes a physician. This is an example of _______.
A. Geographical mobility
B. Intergenerational mobility
C. Social mobility
D. Role mobility

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Gauge Jumpstart
Assessment 1 Activity 1
1. D 11. B 1. True
2. B 12. D 2. False
3. A 13. C 3. True
4. A 14. B 4. False
5. A 15. C 5. True
6. C 6. False
7. D 7. True
8. A 8. False
9. A 9. True
10. A 10. False
Answer Key
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References
Printed Materials
Arcinas, Myla M. (2016). Understanding Culture, Society and Politics. The Padayon
Series. Quezon City, Philippines: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Ariola, Mariano M. (2012). Sociology and Anthropology with Family Planning.
Manila, Philippines: Purely Books Trading and Publishing Corp.
Baleña, Ederlinda D. et.al. (2016). Understanding Culture, Society and Politics for
Senior High School. Quezon City, Philippines: Educational Resource
Corporation
Brinkerhoff, David B. and White, Lyn K. (1988). Sociology. St. Paul: West
Publishing.
Cole, Nicki L. (2019). What Is Social Stratification, and Why Does It Matter??
retrieved on October 18, 2020 (https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-social-
stratification-3026643)
Davis, Kingsley, and Moore, Wilbert E. (1945). “Some Principles of
Stratification.” American Sociological Review 10(2):242–249. Retrieved
October 16, 2020 (http://www.jstor.org/stable/2085643)
Glick, Leonard and Hebding, D. E. (1980). Introduction To Social Problems,
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Website:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-
introtosociology/chapter/introduction-to-theoretical-perspectives-on-
stratification/
https://opened.cuny.edu/courseware/lesson/153/overview
https://open.lib.umn.edu/sociology/chapter/8-1-systems-of-stratification/
https://open.lib.umn.edu/sociology/chapter/8-2-explaining-stratification/
https://www.mcgill.ca/iris/files/iris/Panel8.2Haller.pdf
https://www.scribd.com/document/318148460/Meaning-and-Nature-of-Social-
Stratification

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