Lesson 1. EMOTION: Desirable Things Are Wanted, But Only One Option Can Be Chosen)

Chapter 4
Lesson 1. EMOTION
Emotion is associated with mood, temperament, personality and disposition.
Theories of Emotion
1. James- Lange Theory by William James and Carl Lange

 Emotional experience is largely due to the experience of bodily changes. This
theory and its derivatives state that a changed situation leads to a changed
bodily state. As James says “the perception of bodily changes as they occur is
the emotion”.
2. Cannon- Bard Theory by Walter Cannon and Philip Bard
 This suggests that people feel emotions first and then act upon them. These
actions include changes in muscular tension, perspiration, etc.
 This is based on the premise that one reacts to a specific stimulus and
experiences the corresponding emotion simultaneously.
Stimulus (Bear) Emotion (Fear) Reaction (Run Away)
Lesson 2. CONFLICT
Conflicts are the result of the presence of two opposing or incompatible drives or action
system. It also refers to the simultaneous arousal of two or more incompatible motives
resulting in unpleasant emotions. It is the most common of the four sources of frustrations.
Types of Conflict
1. Psychological Conflict (Internal Conflict)

This type of conflict could be going on inside the person and no one would know.
2. Social Conflict
Kinds of Social Conflict
a) Interpersonal Conflict- two individuals me against you
b) Inter- Group Struggles- us against them
c) Individual Opposing a group- me against them, them against me
d) Intra- group conflict- members of group all against each other on a task.
3. Approach Avoidance
a) Approach- Approach Conflict (Double- Approach Conflict)- a person is motivated
to engage in two desirable activities cannot pursue simultaneously. (Two
desirable things are wanted, but only one option can be chosen).
b) Avoidance- Avoidance Conflict (Double- Avoidance Conflict)- two unattractive
alternatives.
c) Approach- Avoidance Conflict- attractive and unattractive parts to both sides.
d) Multiple- Approach- Avoidance- Conflict- most difficult to resolve. For
example, between two jobs, one offers a high salary with prestigious organization
but requires long working hours and moving to a miserable climate while other
boasts plenty of opportunity for advancement and good fringe benefits, in a
better climate, but offers lousy pay and an unpredictable wok schedule.
Lesson 3. DEPRESSION
Depression is an illness that causes a person to feel sad and hopeless much of the time.
Types of Depression
1. Major Depressive Disorder

A major depressive episode occurs with symptoms that last for most of the day.
It is also known as Major Depression or Clinical Depression.
2. Dysthymic Disorder (also referred to as Dysthymia)
Nearly constant depressed mood for at least 2 years accompanied by at least two
(or more) of the following:
1. Decrease or increase in eating
2. Difficulty sleeping or increase in sleeping
3. Low energy or fatigue
4. Low self- esteem
5. Difficulty concentrating or making decisions
6. Feeling hopeless
3. Manic Depression (now known as Bipolar Disorder)
This kind of depression includes periods of mania and depression. A manic
episode consists of a persistent elevated or irritable mood that is extreme, which lasts
for at least one week. At least three (four if only irritable mood) other features are also
present:
1. Inflated self- esteem or self- importance
2. Decreased need for sleep
3. More talkative than usual or compelled to keep talking
4. Experiencing racing thoughts or ideas
5. Easily distracted
6. Increase in goal oriented activity or excessive movement
7. Excessive involvement in potentially risky pleasurable behaviour.
Other Types of Depressive Categories
1. Post Partum Depression

Major depressive episode that occurs after having a baby. Depressive symptoms
usually begin within four weeks of giving birth and can vary in intensity and duration.
In rare cases, a woman may have a severe form of depression called Postpartum
Psychosis. She may act strangely, see or hear things that aren’t there, and be a danger
to herself and her baby.
2. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
A type of depressive disorder which is characterized by episodes of major
depression which reoccur at a specific time of the year.
3. Anxiety Depression
Not an official depression type. However, anxiety often also occurs with
depression. In this case, a depressed individual may also experience anxiety symptoms
or an anxiety disorder.
4. Chronic Depression
Major depressive episode that lasts for at least two years.
5. Double Depression
Someone who has dysthymia and also experiences a major depressive episode.
6. Endogenous Depression
Endogenous means from within the body. This type of depression is defined as
feeling depressed for no apparent reason.
7. Situational Depression or Reactive Depression (also known as Adjustment disorder
with depressed mood)
Depressive symptoms developing in response to a specific stressful situation or
event. These symptoms occur within 3 months of the stressor and lasts no longer than
6 months after the stressor has ended. Depression symptoms cause significant distress
or impairs usual functioning and do not meet the criteria for major depressive disorder.
8. Agitated Depression
Characterized by agitation such as physical and emotional restlessness,
irritability and insomnia, which is the opposite of many depressed individuals who have
low energy and feel slowed down physically and mentally.
9. Psychotic Depression
Major depressive episode with psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and
delusions.
Lesson 4. STRESS
Stress is a term in psychology and biology, first coined in the 1930s which has in more
recent decades become a common place of popular parlance. It refers to the consequence of the
failure of an organism- human or animal- to respond appropriately to emotional or physical
threats, whether actual or imagine.
Two types of Stress
1. Eustress (Positive)
The prefix derives from the Greek eu meaning either “well or good”. When
attached to the word stress it literally means “Good Stress”.
A stress that is healthy, or gives one a feeling of fulfilments or other positive
feelings.
2. Distress (Negative)
It is known as the negative stress. Persistent stress that is not resolved through
coping or adaptation, deemed distress, may lead to anxiety or withdrawal behaviour.
GENERAL AROUSAL SYNDROME (GAS)
Three Stages of Stress
1. Alarm- is the first stage. When the threat or stressor is identified or realized, the body’s
stress response is a state of alarm. During this state adrenaline will be produced in
order to bring about the flight - or- flight response.
2. Resistance- the second stage. If the stressor persists, it becomes necessary to attempt
some means of coping with the stress. Although the body begins to try to adapt to the
strains or demands of the environment, the body cannot keep this up indefinitely, so its
resources are gradually depleted.
3. Exhaustion- it is the third and final stage in the Gas model. At this point all of the body
resources are eventually depleted and the body is unable to maintain normal function.
Stressor- anything that produces stress is considered stressor.
Lesson 5. FRUSTRATION
It refers to the unpleasant feelings that resulted from the blocking of motive
satisfaction- that is, the feelings we experience when something interferes with our wishes,
hopes, plans and expectation. It is considered as universal experience.
Lesson 6. COPING MECHANISM
Defense Mechanism
Defense Mechanism are unconscious psychological strategies brought into play by

various entities to cope with reality and to maintain self- image.
The purpose of the Ego Defense Mechanisms is to protect the mind/ self/ ego form
anxiety, social sanctions or to provide a refuge from a situation with which one cannot
currently cope.
Classifications Defense Mechanism
1. Aggressive Reaction
These takes form of destructive or hostile attacks, done physically or verbally,
and directly on the obstacle blocking him.
Forms of Aggressive Reaction to Frustration
a. Displaced Aggresive- a defense mechanisms in which a person transfers and diverts

his aggressive behaviour against himself or some other persons or object causing
frustrations such as the following:
a. 1. Scapegoating- is a form of behaviour resorted to by a person who blames
another person or object directly for his own fault or failure.
a. 2. Free- Floating- in this type of anger, hostility becomes generalized so that
hostility is directed at most anything or anybody. A person with prolonged anger
which he cannot express towards the person concerned may go around in a very
bad temper so that he gets provoked into quarrels and fight easily. Young people
with great deal of resentment towards their status in life commit vandalism,
destroy public property without apparent reasons.
a. 3. Suicide- is self- directed displacement of aggressive.
b. Identification- the individual enhance his feeling of importance by imitating or

acquiring the characteristics of a person whom he admires.
c. Introjection- refers to a threat- reducing type of identification whereby the frustrated

individual incorporates into his personality the achievements or qualities of those who
threaten him.
d. Projection (Little Hans’ Complex) - an individual projects or assigns his own

undesirable characteristics, problems, impulses, desires, or thoughts to others to reduce
his own anxiety.
2. Withdrawal Reactions
This involves retreating or running away from threatening situations. This is not
wholesome reaction to frustration, but persistent failure to resolve conflict may give rise to
withdrawal techniques.
a. Fantasy or Daydreaming- is a satisfying imaginative fulfilment of desires. It provides

relief from frustrations. Two types re the following:
a.1 Conquering Hero Type- the individual sees himself as confident, poise,
successful.
a.2 Suffering Hero Type or Martyr Type- is frequently resorted to by the individual
who pities himself.
b. Repression- is a defense mechanism by which threatening or painful thoughts and

desires are excluded from consciousness.
c. Regression- a person returns to an earlier stage of development in response to some

perceive threat.
d. Nomadism- is another kind of withdrawal mechanism in which a person continually

wanders from place or situation in his attempt to get away from a frustrating.
e. Reaction Formation- it is a process of denial where the individual’s own desirable

impulses are countered by an opposite characteristics which is often highly exaggerated,
extreme and intolerant.
3. Compromise Reactions
These involve the lowering of one’s level of aspiration of the acceptance of a substitute
goal for one that is desired. In this reaction to frustration, the person partially gives into the
frustrating barrier but does not give completely his original devices for goals. Compromise may
take the following nature:
a. Sublimation- forbidden impulses are directed toward the pursuit of socially desirable
goals.
b. Compensation- a constructive defense mechanism whereby a person attempts to
overcome what he feels is personal limitation by emphasizing the desirable ones.
c. Intellectualization- is a compromise reaction in which the individual escape from
threat into words.
c.1 Rationalization- a defense mechanism in which plausible but false reason are
devised by the individual to explain and justify his behaviour that is deemed to result in
loss of self- esteem or social approval.
c.2 Isolation- a form of reaction frustration whereby a person avoids conflict between
two opposing desires or attitudes by keeping them apart in consciousness.
c.3 Undoing- form of intellectualization in which the individual divests himself of
painful feelings by making use of cleansing ritual after doing something which causes
him to feel guilty.

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Chapter 4

Emotion is associated with mood, temperament, personality and disposition.

1. James- Lange Theory by William James and Carl Lange

Stimulus (Bear) Emotion (Fear) Reaction (Run Away)

1. Psychological Conflict (Internal Conflict)

1. Major Depressive Disorder

Other Types of Depressive Categories

1. Post Partum Depression

GENERAL AROUSAL SYNDROME (GAS)

Three Stages of Stress

Stressor- anything that produces stress is considered stressor.

Lesson 6. COPING MECHANISM

Defense Mechanism are unconscious psychological strategies brought into play by

Forms of Aggressive Reaction to Frustration

a. Displaced Aggresive- a defense mechanisms in which a person transfers and diverts

b. Identification- the individual enhance his feeling of importance by imitating or

c. Introjection- refers to a threat- reducing type of identification whereby the frustrated

d. Projection (Little Hans’ Complex) - an individual projects or assigns his own

a. Fantasy or Daydreaming- is a satisfying imaginative fulfilment of desires. It provides

b. Repression- is a defense mechanism by which threatening or painful thoughts and

c. Regression- a person returns to an earlier stage of development in response to some

d. Nomadism- is another kind of withdrawal mechanism in which a person continually

e. Reaction Formation- it is a process of denial where the individual’s own desirable

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