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2/8/2020

Strength of Association in Cross-Tabulation


• Cramer's V is a modified version of phi correlation
coefficient & is used in tables larger than 2 x 2. Can be used
for rectangle table

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φ
V=
min (r-1), (c-1)

χ2/n
V=
min (r-1), (c-1)

Exercise

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Internet Usage Data


Respondent Sex Familiarity Internet Attitude Toward Usage of Internet
Number Usage Internet Technology Shopping Banking
1 1.00 7.00 14.00 7.00 6.00 1.00 1.00
2 2.00 2.00 2.00 3.00 3.00 2.00 2.00
3 2.00 3.00 3.00 4.00 3.00 1.00 2.00
4 2.00 3.00 3.00 7.00 5.00 1.00 2.00
5 1.00 7.00 13.00 7.00 7.00 1.00 1.00
6 2.00 4.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 1.00 2.00
7 2.00 2.00 2.00 4.00 5.00 2.00 2.00
8 2.00 3.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 2.00 2.00
9 2.00 3.00 6.00 6.00 4.00 1.00 2.00
10 1.00 15.00 7.00 6.00 1.00 2.00
11 2.00 4.00 3.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 2.00
12 2.00 5.00 4.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 2.00
13 1.00 6.00 9.00 6.00 5.00 2.00 1.00
14 1.00 6.00 8.00 3.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
15 1.00 6.00 5.00 5.00 4.00 1.00 2.00
16 2.00 4.00 3.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 2.00
17 1.00 6.00 9.00 5.00 3.00 1.00 1.00
18 1.00 4.00 4.00 5.00 4.00 1.00 2.00
19 1.00 7.00 14.00 6.00 6.00 1.00 1.00
20 2.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 2.00
21 1.00 6.00 9.00 4.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
22 1.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 4.00 2.00 1.00
23 2.00 3.00 2.00 4.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
24 1.00 7.00 15.00 6.00 6.00 1.00 1.00
25 2.00 6.00 6.00 5.00 3.00 1.00 2.00
26 1.00 6.00 13.00 6.00 6.00 1.00 1.00
27 2.00 5.00 4.00 5.00 5.00 1.00 1.00
28 2.00 4.00 2.00 3.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
29 1.00 4.00 4.00 5.00 3.00 1.00 2.00
30 1.00 3.00 3.00 7.00 5.00 1.00 2.00

Case Problem
• To find out frequency distribution of Familiarity with
Internet among sample.

• To find out
– Mean, Median & Mode;
– Standard deviation; &
– Skewness & Kurtosis of Familiarity rating with Internet
among sample.

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Case Problem: Cross Tabulation


• To make cross-table of gender and internet usage

• To find out
– Whether there is any association between theses
variables or not

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Parametric Test

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A Broad Classification of Hypothesis Tests

Hypothesis Tests

Tests of Tests of
Association Differences

Median/
Distributions Means Proportions Rankings

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Hypothesis Testing Related to Differences


• Parametric tests assume that variables of interest are
measured on at least on interval scale.
• Nonparametric tests assume that variables are measured on
a nominal or ordinal scale.

• Tests can be further classified based on whether one or two or more


samples are involved.
• Samples are independent if they are drawn randomly from different
populations.
• Samples are paired when the data for the two samples relate to the
same group of respondents.

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Snapshot of Hypothesis Testing for Difference

Hypothesis Tests

Parametric Tests Non-parametric Tests


(Metric Tests) (Nonmetric Tests)

One Sample Two or More One Sample Two or More


Samples Samples
* t test * Chi-Square
* Z test * K-S
* Runs
* Binomial

Independent Paired
Samples Independent Paired
Samples
Samples Samples
* Two-Group t * Paired
test t test * Chi-Square * Sign
* Z test * Mann-Whitney * Wilcoxon

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Parametric Test
• One Sample Test
• Two independent Sample test
• Paired Sample test

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One Sample Test

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Internet Usage Data


Respondent Sex Familiarity Internet Attitude Toward Usage of Internet
Number Usage Internet Technology Shopping Banking
1 1.00 7.00 14.00 7.00 6.00 1.00 1.00
2 2.00 2.00 2.00 3.00 3.00 2.00 2.00
3 2.00 3.00 3.00 4.00 3.00 1.00 2.00
4 2.00 3.00 3.00 7.00 5.00 1.00 2.00
5 1.00 7.00 13.00 7.00 7.00 1.00 1.00
6 2.00 4.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 1.00 2.00
7 2.00 2.00 2.00 4.00 5.00 2.00 2.00
8 2.00 3.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 2.00 2.00
9 2.00 3.00 6.00 6.00 4.00 1.00 2.00
10 1.00 15.00 7.00 6.00 1.00 2.00
11 2.00 4.00 3.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 2.00
12 2.00 5.00 4.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 2.00
13 1.00 6.00 9.00 6.00 5.00 2.00 1.00
14 1.00 6.00 8.00 3.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
15 1.00 6.00 5.00 5.00 4.00 1.00 2.00
16 2.00 4.00 3.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 2.00
17 1.00 6.00 9.00 5.00 3.00 1.00 1.00
18 1.00 4.00 4.00 5.00 4.00 1.00 2.00
19 1.00 7.00 14.00 6.00 6.00 1.00 1.00
20 2.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 2.00
21 1.00 6.00 9.00 4.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
22 1.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 4.00 2.00 1.00
23 2.00 3.00 2.00 4.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
24 1.00 7.00 15.00 6.00 6.00 1.00 1.00
25 2.00 6.00 6.00 5.00 3.00 1.00 2.00
26 1.00 6.00 13.00 6.00 6.00 1.00 1.00
27 2.00 5.00 4.00 5.00 5.00 1.00 1.00
28 2.00 4.00 2.00 3.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
29 1.00 4.00 4.00 5.00 3.00 1.00 2.00
30 1.00 3.00 3.00 7.00 5.00 1.00 2.00

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Problem: One Sample Test


• To test whether the familiarity with internet is high (>4) or
not.

• We can use one sample t-test or Z-test, depending on situation.

• Result will show whether the familiarity with internet is high


or not for the sample.

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Problem: One Sample Test


One-Sample Statistics
Std. Error
N Mean Std. Deviation Mean
Familiarity 29 4.72 1.579 .293

One-Sample Test

Test Value = 4

95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Mean
t Df Sig. (2-tailed) Difference Lower Upper
Familiarity 2.470 28 .020 .724 .12 1.32

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Two Independent Sample Test

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Problem: Two Independent Sample Test


• To test Whether the mean of familiarity with internet for
male & female is different or same,

• We can use two independent sample t-test or Z-test,


depending on situation.

• Result will show whether familiarity with internet is same or


different for male & female.

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Two Independent Sample Test


• In the case of means for two independent samples, the
hypotheses take the following form.

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Two Independent Sample Test: Variance Test


• An F test of sample variance may be performed if it is not
known whether the two populations have equal variance. In
this case, hypotheses are:

H0: 2 = 2
1 2

H1: 2 2
1 2

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