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    IR Dry Lab

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    hima
    1. Infrared spectroscopy (IR) is used to identify organic compounds based on their characteristic absorption bands, which indicate the presence of functional groups like alcohols, alkenes, and ketones. 2. IR instruments direct IR light through a sample and detect the amount of light absorbed at different wavelengths, producing a spectrum that reveals the sample's functional groups. 3. Reference spectra of thousands of compounds allow samples to be identified by comparing their spectra to known standards. Major absorption bands indicate functional groups like C=O, O-H, and C=C that can identify compounds.

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    IR Dry Lab

    Uploaded by

    hima
    75 views17 pages
    1. Infrared spectroscopy (IR) is used to identify organic compounds based on their characteristic absorption bands, which indicate the presence of functional groups like alcohols, alkenes, and ketones. 2. IR instruments direct IR light through a sample and detect the amount of light absorbed at different wavelengths, producing a spectrum that reveals the sample's functional groups. 3. Reference spectra of thousands of compounds allow samples to be identified by comparing their spectra to known standards. Major absorption bands indicate functional groups like C=O, O-H, and C=C that can identify compounds.

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    1. Infrared spectroscopy (IR) is used to identify organic compounds based on their characteristic absorption bands, which indicate the presence of functional groups like alcohols, alkenes, and ketones. 2. IR instruments direct IR light through a sample and detect the amount of light absorbed at different wavelengths, producing a spectrum that reveals the sample's functional groups. 3. Reference spectra of thousands of compounds allow samples to be identified by comparing their spectra to known standards. Major absorption bands indicate functional groups like C=O, O-H, and C=C that can identify compounds.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    75 views17 pages

    IR Dry Lab

    Uploaded by

    hima
    1. Infrared spectroscopy (IR) is used to identify organic compounds based on their characteristic absorption bands, which indicate the presence of functional groups like alcohols, alkenes, and ketones. 2. IR instruments direct IR light through a sample and detect the amount of light absorbed at different wavelengths, producing a spectrum that reveals the sample's functional groups. 3. Reference spectra of thousands of compounds allow samples to be identified by comparing their spectra to known standards. Major absorption bands indicate functional groups like C=O, O-H, and C=C that can identify compounds.

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    Infrared Spectroscopy (IR)

    OBJECTIVE

    1. To learn various functional groups encountered in Organic Chemistry

    2. To learn of the important role of infrared spectroscopy in the study of structure of organic compounds
    3. To develop skill in the recognition of characteristic absorption bands
    4. To identify a compound by an investigation of its infrared spectrum

    INTRODUCTION
    During the course of this year we will study several different classes of compounds including alcohols, alkenes, and ketones.
    Each of these classes is distinguished by the presence of a "Functional Group" in the molecule. For example, all alcohols contain
    an 'O-H' group attached to an sp3 hybridized carbon atom. Alkenes contain a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C), and ketones
    contain a carbon-oxygen double bond (C=O).As you will learn, IR may actually be thought of as a Functional Group detector.The
    quickest and easiest way to determine the presence of one of these "Functional Groups" is to take the IR spectrum of the
    compound. The technique is simple and can often provide a definitive answer in less than ten minutes. Evidence provided by IR
    is widely respected. It is commonly used in judicial proceedings as much as fingerprints are used. In fact, the IR of a pure
    compound bears the same relationship to that compound as fingerprints do to an individual.To save space, we will not discuss
    the theory of IR Spectroscopy. Consult the index of your lecture text. Every modern Organic text discusses IR theory in some
    detail. Be sure to read that section of your text before doing your first IR so that you will understand what you are doing.

    Figure 1: IR Instrument


    An IR instrument consists of an IR light source, a sample holder, a means of selecting individual wavelengths or frequencies of
    the light, some means of detecting the amount of incident light that the sample absorbs, and a device for plotting the amount
    of light absorbed as a function of wavelength or frequency. This plot is referred to as the 'IR Spectrum.' Since IR light is
    absorbed by most materials, the optics of an IR Spectrophotometer requires special materials. Most frequently they are built of
    NaCl or KBr — water soluble salts. This requires that the IR spectrophotometers be protected from moisture of any form. The
    instrument is usually sealed, but the windows, and the sampling devices require special handling. Aqueous samples should
    never be used, and the sample holders must be cleaned with DRY organic solvents like reagent grade acetone.

    Figure 2: Close-up of the salt plates in the IR instrument, ready to take a sample

    Sampling
    IR spectra can be determined for solids, liquids, or gases.IR gas analysis is a common analytical tool for those involved in studies
    of atmospheric pollution. The only draw-back is that it is very expensive and delicate cells are needed.IR spectra of solids and
    liquids are usually obtained by dissolving the sample in a relatively IR transparent solvent such as CCl 4 and using simple liquid
    cells. A solid could also be ground to a fine paste with NUJOL TM (a mixture of highly purified hydrocarbons) and the resulting
    'mull' studied directly. The NUJOL exhibits only a very few well defined peaks that can be ignored when examining the spectrum
    of the mull. Solid spectra may also be obtained by mixing the solid with dry KBr, grinding to a fine, well mixed powder, and then
    forming a disk of the mixture by applying high pressure in a specially designed device. The resulting 'KBr Disk' will produce a
    spectrum free of almost all extraneous peaks.Liquids are the easiest to study by IR. A pure sample of the liquid (1-2 drops) may
    be placed between two disks of pure NaCl or KBr and the resulting 'sandwich' placed directly in the sample holder of the
    spectrometer. Excellent spectra can be obtained in a matter of a few minutes with minimum expense. This technique is called
    running a "neat" spectrum, meaning the spectrum is of the pure liquid only, without solvent.

    Reference Spectra
    The Infrared spectra of thousands of compounds have been determined and compiled by several different companies. Two of
    the most popular collections are the Sadtler Index of IR Spectra and the Aldrich Library of Infra-red SpectraBoth collections are
    easily accessible in 'hard copy' form in most major university libraries. They are also available in computer readable format for
    rapid searching and spectrum matching. All modern FT-IR spectrometers are controlled by computers. The operating system
    often has the capability of searching one or more databases of spectra and finding the spectra that most closely match the
    spectrum that was just run.It is always a good idea to compare your IR spectrum with an authentic spectrum of the material you
    think you have.ALL IR Spectra in this manual are reproduced with permission from: The Aldrich Library of FT-IR Spectra, Edition
    1, Charles J. Pouchert, Volume 1, 1985.

    Figure 3: Methyl formate - An ester


    Figure 4: Isopentyl acetate - An ester
    Figure 5: 3-Pentanone - A ketone
    Figure 6: 2-Octanone - A ketone
    Figure 7: 1-Hexanol - An alcohol
    Figure 8: 2-methyl-2-propanol
    Figure 9: 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene - An aromatic
    Figure 10: Benzene - An aromatic
    Figure 11: Cyclooctane An alkane
    Figure 12: Decane - An alkane

    Functional Groups
    We have seen that IR is really a "Functional Group Detector." As such, it will be a valuable tool throughout this year. You
    should become accustomed to examining an IR spectrum and looking for characteristic bands that indicate the presence of a
    Functional Group.This lab manual contains copies of spectra of various compounds. These will serve as the reference spectra
    for the infrared experiment. Study these spectra and become familiar with the regions that indicate the presence of -OH, C=O,
    C-H, etc. Where is the "Fingerprint Region" and what is its significance? Consult your lecture text for help with these
    questions.Make your own Table of Functional Groups and IR Frequency Ranges. (Consult your lecture text for these important
    numbers)Some IR stretching frequencies are located here.
    PRE-LAB

    Questions
    1. What part of the electromagnetic spectrum is known as the infrared region? Express your answer in terms of both

    frequency (wavenumbers) and wavelength (microns). You may need to consult the lecture text on this one.

    2. What is the frequency range of the characteristic absorption bands of the following bonds?

    (a) C=O _______________


    (b) O-H _______________
    (c) C=C _______________
    (d) C-C _______________

    3. Describe two significant differences between the infrared spectra of ethyl alcohol and ethylene.

    4. Which region in the IR spectrum could be used to distinguish between butanoic acid and 2-butanone?
    (a) 3200-3600 cm–1
    (b) 1600 cm–1
    (c) 1680-1750 cm–1
    (d) 2500-3300 cm–1

    5. Which is the order of increasing bond stretching frequency (lowest first)?

    (I) C-H
    (II) N-H
    (III) O-H
    (IV) F-H

    Lab Questions: Choice Two Unknowns

    Record the number of your unknown __________________

    Prepare a spectrum of your unknown and attach the spectrum to this report form (Given).

    Record the characteristic absorption bands for your unknown.


    Circle the functional group listed below which is suggested as a candidate for identification by a major absorption band in the

    spectrum of your unknown.


     alcohols
     benzyl alcohol
     2-pentanol
     aldehydes/ketones
     acetophenone
     2-chlorobenzaldehyde
     4-methyl-2-pentanone
     hydrocarbons
     toluene
     n-hexane
     1-hexyne
     cyclohexene
     amines/phenols
     aniline
     o-cresol
     di-n-propylamine

    Compare the spectrum of your compound with the spectra of the compounds in the functional group that you have circled.

    Reference spectra may be found in the lecture text or the laboratory manual. Identifying other major peaks may help you

    isolate the compound. Write the name of the compound you believe your unknown to be.

    .
    Unknown #1
    Unknown #2
    Unknown #3
    Unknown #4

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