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 EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science
Vol. 3, No. 12, December 2018

Re-reflection Effect on Shock Waves in Two Phase Flows

through a Tube of Variable Cross Section
Kanti Pandey

 modified from conventional gas dynamics by characterizing

Abstract—In present paper Re-reflection effect on shock the temperature and velocity of the gas and particle
waves in two phase flows through a tube of variable cross separately. A single particle that is not in equilibrium with
section is considered when particle volume fraction appears as the gas flow simply represents a poor ‘tracer’ but if there are
an additional variable. It is concluded that re-reflected effects
enough particles to form a significant fraction of the mass of
reduces the cross sectional area. For two-phase flows when
equilibrium is eventually established, presence of particle the mixture, their interaction with the gas affects the gas
volume fraction, further reduces the cross sectional area. One flow, rather complicated flows can therefore develop as a
dimensional area relation for a non-uniform, steady flow ahead result of the relaxation processes. As in the case of pure gas
of a shock is obtained and concluded that all the results are flows, the rate at which deviations from equilibrium tend to
valid for the case when direction of the shock motion and the be eliminated may be fast or slow compared with the rate at
gas flow ahead of the shock is same. (In preparation of graphs
which flow changes take place. It is therefore possible to
Mathematica 7 is used).
consider ‘frozen’ flow in which no relaxation processes take
Index Terms—Cross Sectional Area; Re-reflection; Shock place, equilibrium flows for which relaxation is assumed to
Waves; Two Phase. be infinitely fast, and intermediate non equilibrium flows.
Along with advances in various flow fields mentioned
I. INTRODUCTION above, some earnest efforts have been made in
Flow of water, blood, gas and other fluids through a tube understanding the behavior of dusty gas, starting with many
or channel of variable cross-section is important for daily simplifying assumptions and modifications. The paper by
life, medicine, engineering, underground explosion, floods Marble [6] was an attempt in applying the modern
and other branches of science and social sciences. If a shock techniques of fluid mechanics to the analysis of dusty flows.
moves along a channel or a tube with a small area change, He has introduced many important concepts and parameters
the shock itself and the flow behind it are perturbed. When which can be served as strong via media in the development
re-reflected disturbances generated by non-uniformity of the fundamental equations of the mixture of gas and solid
behind the shock are neglected, flow is called a freely particles. Marble [7] provide an extensive study of the flows
propagating shock, as the shock wave is not affected by the of the dusty gas with example of shock formation. Rudinger
re-reflected disturbances. Chisnell [1] and Whitham [2] have [8] has presented the thermodynamic properties of shock
considered such type of problem separately using different waves, steady nozzle flow and general non steady one-
methods and have obtained the relation between area of tube dimensional flow of the gas particle mixture with various
or channel and Mach Number. examples depicting the importance of velocity and
Many researchers have studied the problem of re- temperature relaxations. Jena and Sharma [9] have studied
reflected disturbances in the flow behind the moving shock. the self-similar shocks in dusty gases. Following Whitham
Rosciszewski [3] has formulated the error involved in using [2], Pandey and Verma [10] have discussed the formation of
CCW approximation and obtained correction terms. Yousaf shock down a non-uniform tube in two phase flows.
[4] has presented an exact formulation of the strength of the The mathematical analysis of such two phase flow is
disturbances over taking the shock. Milton [5] has obtained considerably more difficult than that of pure gas flows and
a useful, simple relation between Mach number and area of one of the usual simplifying assumptions is that the volume
the tube or channel. occupied by the particles can be neglected. In many
The study of wave propagation in a mixture of gas and important cases, the particle represents less than one half of
dust particles has received great attention during the last the mass of gas particle mixture and the density of the
several decades. There are many engineering applications particle material is more than thousand times larger than the
for flow of a medium that consists of a suspension of gas density. Under such conditions the particle volume
powdered material or liquid droplets in a gas. Dusty gas fraction is of order of 10-4 and assumption of a negligible
flows have importance in engineering problems such as flow particle volume is then well satisfied. One more important
in rockets, nuclear- reactors, fuel sprays, air pollution, etc. consequence of this assumption is that equilibrium flow of
With the advancement of space technology, the dynamics of the mixture of particles with a perfect gas can be analyzed
fluid particle system has found applications in extra- like flow of perfect gas that has density and specific heats of
terrestrial field such as lunar-ash-flow and predictably in the mixture. Carrier [11] was first to study the motion of shock
studies of other planets. The dynamics of dusty gas is wave in dusty gases. Various aspects of two-phase flows
were studied by Soo [12], Kribe [13], Rudinger [14], Marble
Published on December 18, 2018. [15], Bailey [16], Kliegel [17], Gilbert [18], Kliegel [19].
K. Pandey has worked with Lucknow University, India (e-mail: At high gas densities (high pressure) or at high particle
pandey_kanti@yahoo.co.in).

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2018.3.12.933 67
 EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science
Vol. 3, No. 12, December 2018

mass fractions, the particle volume fraction may become temperature, pressure , specific heat at constant pressure and
sufficiently large, so that it may be included into flow at constant volume  p , u p , Tp , C ,  are particle
analysis without introducing significant error. Since the concentration, velocity, temperature, specific heat and
particles may be considered as incompressible in particle volume fraction and A is duct area.. A comma
comparison with the gas, the particle volume fraction enters followed by an index implies partial differentiation with
into the basic flow equations as an additional variable. The respect to that index.
interesting properties of such two phase flows is that even Equation of state in present case can be written as,
equilibrium flows cannot be treated as perfect gas flows.
There are many engineering problems in which dilute phase
 m RmT
of gas particles is a good approximation of actual p ,
conditions. In such cases due to the existence of solid 1 
particles in the gas, properties of mixture differ significantly
from those of gas alone. Such types of studies have where, m  (1   )(1  )  is density of mixture and
numerous applications in underground explosion [20], [21]. Rm  (1   ) R is effective gas constant for mixture ,  ,
In present paper Re-reflection effect on shock waves in being mass flow ratio and mass flow rate respectively.
two phase flows through a tube of variable cross section is Using above equation of state, (1) to (4) can be re-written
considered when particle volume fraction appeared as an in the following form,
additional variable. Firstly, Re-reflection effects on shock
wave in a tube of variable cross section is obtained and  u (1   )
secondly, one dimensional area relation for a non-uniform, (1   )  ,t u (1   )  , x   u, x  A, x  0 , (5)
steady flow ahead of a shock is obtained and concluded that A
all the results are valid for the case when direction of the
shock motion and the gas flow ahead of the shock is same.
1
u,t uu, x  p,  0 , (6)
 (1   )(1   ) x
II. BASIC EQUATIONS
We consider one dimensional formulation for flow in a p,t up, x ae 2 { ,t u  , x }  0 , (7)
tube of a given cross-sectional area A, where
A(x)=A0=constant, in x < 0, and the shock is initially
u
moving in this section with a constant Mach number. We  ,t u , x  u, x  A, x  0 , (8)
consider that the shock is to be produced by a piston moving A
with appropriate constant speed far back in the uniform
section. The piston is still providing the thrust to keep the
where a 2  p m and    (1   ) with   C are
shock moving, but there are no changes due to this and the e
 m (1   ) m
(1   ) Cp
changes are entirely due to the cross-sectional area. Though
equilibrium sound speed and ratio of specific heats for
the flow is not strictly one dimensional but if the cross
mixture.
section does not vary too rapidly, the equations obtained by
averaging across the tube will provide a good approximation
of one dimensional flow. Thus equations governing the
III. CONSERVATION LAWS AND SHOCK RELATIONS
motion are given by Rudinger [8],
Conservation of mass, momentum and energy for two
A(   p ),t ( uA), x ( p u p A), x  0 , (1) phase flows when equilibrium is established eventually and
particle volume fraction is taken as an additional variable
are given by Rudinger [22],
 (u,t uu, x )   p (u p ,t  uu p , x )  p, x  0 , (2)
(1   )  uA  (1   0 ) 0 u0 A  m , (9)
  u2   up 
2

A    CvT    p   CTp     p u p A   0  p u0 A   m ,
  2   2  (10)
   ,t
  u2   (3)
mu   mu p  Ap  m(1   )u0  Ap0 ,
 uA   C pT    (11)
  2  
 0 ,
u 2
 u2  u 2p p 
 u A  p  CT   p    C p T     CTp 
  2 
p   , x
p p p
  2  2  p  (12)
u02 p
A ,t ( A u), x  0 , (4) (1+ )  (C p   C )T0   0 ,
2 p

where  , u , T , p, C p , Cv are gas concentration, velocity,

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2018.3.12.933 68
 EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science
Vol. 3, No. 12, December 2018

u  u p  ue and p2  p3 2 m
 
At equilibrium, we can write
 M 2  M 02 , (25)
T  Tp  Te thus (9) to (12) reduces to following set of p1 m 1
equations,
where subscript e is dropped out for convenience.
(1   e ) e ue A  (1   0 ) 0u0 A  m , (13)
IV. FORMATION OF PROBLEM
 e ue A   0u0 A   m , (14) If a shock wave moves along a channel (or tube) with a
small area change, the shock itself and the flow behind it are
m(1   )ue  Ape  m(1   )u0  Ap0 , (15) perturbed. Chisnell [1] and Whitham [2] have considered
such a type of problem separately using different methods.
But in their methods re-reflected disturbances generated by
ue 2 p
(1   )  (C p   C )Te   e  non-uniformity behind the shock is not considered. Milton
2 e (16) [5] has modified the method of Whitham [2] by taking into
2
u0 p account the interaction term. He has described the flow
(1   )  (C p   C )T0   0 . pattern of the motion of a shock wave through a slowly
2 0
varying cross sectional area of tube as follows:
Shock conditions in present case are given by following
set of equations

ue ( m  1) M e 2  2  2 0 ( M e 2  1)
 , (17)
u0 ( m  1) M e 2

 e uo
 , (18)
 0 ue
Fig. 1. Milton’s Description
e  (1   0 )  u0
  , (19)
0  (1   e )  ue The incident shock is disturbed by the flow behind it and
a reflected shock, contact surface and Mach stem are formed
pe  u (u  ue )(1   )(1   o ) (Fig 1). In (Fig. 1) line 32 follows characteristic C+, but due
 1 0 0  to the interaction of the reflected shock and the contact
p0 a0 2 (20) surface values along it differ from those given by Whitham
2 ( M 2  1) [2].
1 m e ,
( m  1) Calculation of Correction term
In Fig. 1 line 31 is not a characteristic but connects and
where subscript e denotes the quantities when equilibrium is
arbitrary point 3 in the region just prior to the formation of
established.
the reflected shock to point 1. Thus according to Milton [5],
For present case moving shock relations are given by
the correction term on the shock front can be written as:
following equations

 2 M 2  m  1  ( )12  ( )32  ( )13 , (26)

p2  p1  m   , (21)
  m  1  m  1 where,
1 ua
1 ( m  1) M 2 d   du  dp  d (log A) , (27)
2  , (22) a ua
( m  1) M 2  2  21 ( M 2  1)
and u, a,  ,p are velocity, sound velocity, density, pressure
(1  1 )  1  of two phase flows and A is variable cross sectional area of
u2  2a1 M  , (23)
 m  1  M tube or channel .On line 31,the incident shock is undisturbed
and du ,dp ,d(logA) are zero, thus (26) reduces to,

a1 2 m M 2  ( m  1)  ( )12  ( )32 .

a2  , (24) (28)
M ( m  1) (
m  1) M  2  21 ( M  1)
2 2

In order to find the values, for the disturbance terms on the
line 32, the function (d  )is assumed as an approximation,
to be continuous, not zero. Integrating (28) between end

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2018.3.12.933 69
 EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science
Vol. 3, No. 12, December 2018

points (points 2 and 3) and differentiating with respect to s a3 3 u

, and 3
in the characteristic direction we have, s s s are all zero. Hence,

1
2
d d  d    d 

ds 3
d  2  3     ,
ds ds
(29)
    0 .
 dp 3  d log A 3
where,
At point 2, it is assumed that variation in the s direction
can be approximated by variations in the shock front
 1  ua
2 2
 ( )dp and  =  ( )d (log A) . (30) direction, hence Rankine-Hugoniot conditions on the shock
3
s  a 3
s ua front can be used to evaluate (33) or (34) and (35).
Thus under strong shock conditions we have,
At either end of 2 or 3, the line represents a true
1/2
characteristic and hence characteristic identity holds, thus 1  ( m  1)  21  1 dM
d 2 d  3 are equal to zero. In the undisturbed case     ( p2  p3 ) (36)
and 2 2 m  1 a1 M 2 ds
ds ds
d
d   0 or  0 ,holds for whole line23, which imply that and
ds
 and  also vanish. But in the disturbed case,  and  2a1

are not equal to zero, hence correction term or interaction ( m  1)
term is generated and can be given as, (37)
 {2 m ( m  1  21 )}1/2   m ( m  1  21 ) 
 
 [{2 m ( m  1  21 )}1/2  2]2 
( d  )12  (    ) ds (31)
  A2  dM 
log    ,
or,   A3  ds 

dp2 ua where subscript 1, represents the flow condition ahead of the

du2   2 2 d (log A)  (    )ds , (32) main shock, the subscript 2 represents the flow condition
2 a2 u2  a2 behind the disturbed shock (Mach Stem) whose Mach
number is M and subscript 3 represents the flow condition
where, subscript 2 represents the flow immediately behind ahead of the reflected shock, which just corresponds to the
the moving shock and can be substituted from Rankine- flow condition behind the incident shock, whose Mach
Hugoniot conditions, given by (21) to (24). number is M0.
From (30) we have, Equation (32) is valid along the moving shock, and
moving shock relations are given by (21) to (24).
 1 Considering the condition used by Miura and Glass [23],
d  ( )dp and
s  a (33) we have following relations,
 ua
d = ( )d (log A)
s u  a 2a1 (1  1 )  1 
du2  1  2  dM , (39)
m 1  M 
or,

d  1 4 p1 m MdM
  ( ) dp2  , (40)
dp s  a (34) m 1
1 a 1 
( 2) ( 2 )
 a s  a s 1 a1 M
2 a2  , (41)

and

d  ua
where
  ( )
d log A s u  a (35) ( m  1) M 2  2  2 0 ( M 2  1)
a u
= .
u2 ( )  a2 ( ) 2 m M 2  ( m  1)
s s .
(u  a) 2
Substituting values from (21)-(24) and Relations (39)–(41),
in (32) it reduces into following equation,
The quantities given by (34) and (35) can be evaluated in
the region upstream of the reflected shock and at the main
shock front. As at point 3,

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 EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science
Vol. 3, No. 12, December 2018

 m
dA  M  
    dM , p1  ( m  1) 2  ( m 1)
 ( M  1) g ( M ) M 
2
 1 1 
pT 
A , (48)
where
2 
(42)
1   m {( m  1)  21 }  1/2
 =.  (1  1 )   u1 u1 a1  (  1) 2 
2 m  2   1 1  m 1  , (49)
 aT a1 aT  2 
 M0 2
1 1 A 
 (1  2 )  log 0 
 M (1   ) 2 A dA (12  1) d1 (50)
1
 ,
A ( m  1)1 1
2

and 1
2
1

g (M ) 
1   1 
2   (1  1 ) 1  2  
where pT and aT are stagnation parameters , 1 is the
(1  1 )   M  flow Mach number in the region ahead of the shock.
1
  2(1  1 )  1     2 With help of (45) and (48) we have,
1    
    1  21      p2 
m (51)
and (42) represents the variation of area of tube when

 m 1  2 m  1
pT T (1 )  M2  m  ,
interaction term is included. 
 m  1  m 1

where
V. AREA RELATION FOR A NON-UNIFORM, STEADY FLOW
AHEAD OF A SHOCK
( m  1) 2
In this section for originally steady two phase flows, one T (1 )  1  1 .
2
dimensional area relation for a non-uniform, steady flow
ahead of a shock is considered when moving shock is Differentiating above equation we have,
propagating through a varying cross sectional area of tube or
channel. The compatible relation along the positive dp2 
characteristics behind moving shock is given by,
 2 m (  1) 
  m pT  M2  m 
2 a22 u2 dA  ( m  1) ( m  1) 
dp2   2 a2 du2  0 (43)
2 m 1
(52)
u2  a2 A 
 m 1
T (1 ) 1 d1

or, 4 m  m
 pT T (1 )  m 1 MdM .
( m  1)
dp2 du  dA
 2 2  2 0 . (44)
 m p2 u2  2  1 A Thus from (51) and (52),we have,

where, subscript 2 represents the state behind the moving dp2 4MdM  d
  1 1 . (53)
shock ,  is the flow Mach number behind the moving  m p2 [2 m M  ( m  1)] T (1 )
2

shock and other variables have the same meaning as given

in section two and four. Similarly, from (46) and (49), we have
Moving shock relation in present case is given as follows:

p2  p1 2 m  2( M 2  1) 
 ( M 2  1) , (45) u2  aT T (1 ) 1/2   1  . (54)
p1 m 1  ( m  1) M 

u2  u1 2 1 1 Differentiating (54), we have

 (M  ) , (46)
u1 ( m  1) 1 M
du2 
2   ( m  1)  M 2  1  
1  1   T (1 ) 
1 (55)
( m  1)  M 
( m  1)1 M  2( M  1) 2 (47) aT T (1 ) 1/2   d
.  (  1)  1
[2 m M  ( m  1)]1/2 [( m  1) M 2  2]1/2
2
 m
1 T (1 )
2 1

 2 
2aT T (1 ) 1/2  1 
The relations of homoentropic, steady flow ahead of the  1   dM ,
shock are expressed as, ( m  1)  M 2 

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2018.3.12.933 71
 EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science
Vol. 3, No. 12, December 2018

du2
2  1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
u2 M
 ( m  1)  M 2  1  
1  1   T (1 ) 
1
(56) 0.1
 2  ( m  1)  M   d
S  ( m  1) 2  1   0,   0, g (M )  7.43
 1 T (1 ) 1
 0.2
 2 
2 2  1    0,   0, g (M )  6.43
 1  2  dM
S ( m  1)  M  0.3
  0,   0, g (M )  5.43
where,
0.4
2( M 2  1) A
S  S ( M ,1 )   1 .
( m  1) M Fig 1. A graph between the Mach number M and Area A for different
values of g(M)

Substituting values in (44), with help of (47),(50),(53)

and (56), we have following relations for one dimensional 1
shock moving through a tube with non-uniform two phase
flows as,
2
dM  Gd1 and A
  4.85
dA (12  1) d1 (57)
 , 3
A (  1)1 1
2
1 m   3.85
2
4

where,   2.85

 1   m  1   2  2  12  1   2   1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

  1     
 T  2  T S  1T    2  1   M
G ,
 2 2  1  4M  Fig. 2. A graph between the Mach number M and Area A for different
 1  2    values of δ or fix particle volume fraction ε=0 and g(M)=5.43
 ( m  1) S  M  {2 m M  ( m  1)} 
2

M
when the direction of the shock motion is same as that of the 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
gas flow ahead of the shock, G>0.
Above relation shows that for supersonic flow ahead of 1
  0,   0
the shock in case of varying cross-sectional area of tube,
dA > 0, d 1 > 0, dM > 0 and dA < 0, d 1 < 0, dM < 0.
  0,   0.25
For subsonic flow dA > 0, d 1 < 0, dM < 0 and dA <0 , d 1 2
  0,   0.65
> 0, dM > 0.
Above conclusion is valid only under the condition that   0,   0.85
3
the shock wave and the flow ahead of it have same
  2.85,   0
direction.
4
  2.85,   0.25
  2.85,   0.65 A
5   2.85,   0.85
Fig 3. A graph between the Mach number M and Area A for different
values of particle volume fraction ε and δ for fix g(M)=5.43

VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this article a relationship between cross sectional area
(A) and Mach number (M) is obtained when re-reflection
effect is taken into account while a shock moves along a
channel or tube with a small area change. Various cases with
and without re-reflected effect have been considered and it

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2018.3.12.933 72
 EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science
Vol. 3, No. 12, December 2018

is concluded that re-reflection effect reduces the cross [12] S.L. Soo, “Gas dynamic processes involving suspended solids,”
A.I.Ch.E.J., vol.7(No.3), pp.384-391, (1961).
sectional area. It is concluded that if we increase the value [13] A.R. Kriebel, “Analysis of normal shock waves in particle laden gas,”
of particle volume fraction, the cross- sectional area gets J. Basic Eng., vol.86, pp.655-665, (1964).
further reduced (Fig. 3). If we take  =0, the problem [14] G. Rudinger, “Some properties of shock relaxation in gas flows
carrying small particles,” Physics of Fluid, vol.7, pp.658-663, (1964).
reduces to that considered by Pandey and Verma[10]. For [15] F.E. Marbel, “Nozzle contours for minimum particle- lag loss,”
  0 , it reduces into problem dealt by Milton[5] (Fig. 2). AIAAJ, vol., pp.2793-2801, (1963).
[16] W. S. Bailey and R. A.Serra “ Gas particle flow in an axis symmetric
If both  =0 ,   0 , problem reduces to that considered nozzle,” ARSJ, vol.3, pp, 793-799, (1961).
[17] J.R. Kliegel, “Gas particle nozzle flow symp. Combust,” 9th
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rocket nozzles,” ARSJ, vol.32(no.12), pp.1929-1930, (1962).
[19] J.R. Kliegel, “One dimensional flow of gas particle system,” IAS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Paper No. 60-5, 28th Annual Meeting of I. Aero. Sci., New York,
Author is grateful to UGC for providing financial (1960).
[20] F.K. Lamb, B.W. Collen, and J.D. Sullivan, “An approximate
assistance in the preparation of this article.
analytical model of shock waves from underground nuclear
explosion,” J. Geophys. Res., vol. 97, pp.515-535, (1992) .
[21] K. Nagayama, “Shock wave interaction in solid material,”A.B.
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[4] M. Yousaf, “The effect of overtaking disturbances on the motion of on 03 August 1949. The author has done her Masters
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577-59, (1974). followed by Ph.D from Banaras Hindu University
[5] B.E. Milton, “Mach reflection using ray shock theory,” AIAA Journal, (India) in 1977. Prof. Pandey has worked extensively
vol.13, pp.1531-1533, (1975). in the fields of Adavance Dynamics, Fluid Mechanics
[6] F.E. Marbel, “Dynamics of dusty gases,” Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech, vol.2, and Differential & Integral equations.
pp. 397-446, (1970). The author has worked as a Professor with
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AIAAJ, vol., pp.2793-2801, (1963). University (India) and was also UGC Emeratus
[8] G. Rudinger, “Relaxation in gas particle flow; Non Equilibrium Fellow during 2015-17. She has authored more than 46 Research Papers at
Author’s formal
Flows: Part I,” Ed. P. P. Wegener, Marcel Dekker Press, pp.119-159, both National
photo and International forums. She has authored three books titled
(1969). Text Book on Mechanics (Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Unitech House, 2004),
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(1999). Uttar Pradesh, Alok Prakashan, 2013).
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in two Phase Flow,” Journal of Mathematics Research, vol. 5 (No 3), instutions to include Indian Science Congress, Indian Mathematical Society
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[11] G.F. Carrier “Shock waves in dusty gas,” J. of Fluid Mech, vol.4,
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2018.3.12.933 73

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