CSR Module

Sibugay Technical Institute Inc.
Learner’s Module in Good Governance and Social Responsibility

MODULE 1 – WEEK 1
UNIT COVERAGE
LESSON TITLE: FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION

Learning Objectives:
1. Differentiate the forms of business organizations.
2. Give examples of the different forms of business organizations found in
your locality.
3. Show appreciation on how these organizations contribute to socio
economic development.
What I Know
I. Fill in the blanks.

Instructions: Below are the definitions of business and organization. Write BUSS
if it describes a business and ORG if it describes an organization.
1. is an activity of exchanging goods and services, for gaining profit.

2. is a group of people who work together to achieve common goals.
3. is a collection of people with particular purpose in the society.
4. is an organization where goods and service are exchange for one another or for
money.
5. social unit of people that is structured and managed to meet a need or to pursue
collective goals.
1
FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION
JOIN THE CLUB!
Have you ever been part of school organization or club? It was indeed a
happy and fulfilling day in your Junior High School years.
Are you a part of a music or glee club? Maybe, you are also a varsity player
of the school’s basketball and volleyball teams or are you a school paper writer
who participates in different journalism contests outside the school?
What is your position in the club? How many are you in the organization?
Who usually has the last say? Who are your leaders? What are you doing in
ensuring success in every activity?
Do you feel the fulfillment of being part of an organization? What did you
learn from being an officer or a member of a club?
1
What’s In
Activity 1: Business as usual.
Nowadays, many businesses are closed due to the COVID -19 pandemic
and only those businesses which are considered essential such as food
businesses and medical services remained.
Can you list down the name/s of business/es which is/are still in operation during the quarantine
period? Identify the services/ products they offer.
Name of the Business Products/services offered

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1
What’s New
The Success Story behind the National Bookstore
Socorro Ramos entered the publishing and retail industry by working as a

salesgirl at a bookstore. At the age of 19, she opened National Book Store in Escolta,
Manila with her husband with a capital of only P 200.00, selling books and school
supplies to students.
At that time, Manila was under Japanese occupation who imposed

censorship on books and periodicals. To augment their earnings, she and
her husband resorted to selling other items like candles and soaps.
After the post-war boom, the Ramoses opened a nine-story building along Avenida
which made their bookstore more profitable.
At 95, she still believes in the time-honored tradition of “hands-on approach”

in business. She even designed the company’s logo herself.
May this success story of Nanay Coring give inspiration and encouragement
to all. You need someone like her that will serve as a model to bring out the
best in yourselves to survive the crisis brought by COVID-19 pandemic. All
good things are blessings from the Almighty God and granted to anyone
whom He loves at His pleasure.
Source:
https://www.businessinquirer.net
From the story you have read, please answer the following
questions:
1. What form of business organization did they put up?

2. Aside from being hands on in your own business, what else do you think
is/are the key characteristic/s of the owner/s of National Bookstore in their
business success?
What is It
Forms of Business Organization according to ownership
Sole Proprietorship is the type of business entity owned and operated by a single
person.
A partnership is a business owned by two or more person who contribute

resources into the entity.
The partners divide the profits of the business among themselves.
Corporation is an enterprise chartered by law with most of the legal rights of a person
including to conduct a business, to own and sell property, to borrow money, to sue and
be sued. A corporation is a business organization that has a separate legal personality from
its owners.
Ownership in a stock corporation is represented by shares of stock.

Major Contributions of Forms of Business Organization in Socio Economic
Development
Business are considered the engine of the economy because they contributed
to the economy of our country through paying corporate taxes so that the
government can provide the promote social welfare of its citizens. Business also
provides job opportunities which compensates the people in the society.
What’s More
Independent Activity 1:
A. What form of business organization is best described by the

following statements?
1. “I am the only owner of my business”.

2. “I take all the risks of doing business”.
3. “I keep all the profits”.
B. Tony and Alex own a saloon together. They share equal responsibility, and each
receive 50% of the profits. What form of business organization is this?
C. These are examples of what form of business?
Independent Assessment 2:
Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which is NOT a form of business ownership?

a. Sole Proprietorship c. Corporation
b. Partnership d. Retail
2. Easy to start; owner is own boss; owner keeps all the profits and shoulders
losses. These are some descriptions of what type of business.

b. Partnership d. Franchise
3. What form of business consists of two or more people to carry on, as co-
owners of a business for profit?

b. Partnership d. Cooperative
4. Your mother has Php 100,000. She wants to invest her money in the form of
business that has the least amount of personal liability. What form of business
would you recommend?
a. Sole Proprietorship
b. Partnership
c. Corporation
d. Cooperative
5. How a corporation differs from a sole proprietorship?
a. Corporations are owned by only one person.
b. Corporations can sell stocks to large and small investors to raise money
for the business.
c. Sole proprietorships have limited liability for the owners.
d. Sole proprietorships require a legal charter to start the business.
What I Have Learned
Definition of terms
Business Organization refers to how a business is structured. Sole
Proprietorship is a business owned by one person.
Partnership is an association of two or more people as partners.

shares the profit and liabilities of a business venture.
Corporation is an entity created by law that is separate and distinct
from its owner and its continued existence is dependent

upon the corporate statues of the state in which it is
incorporated.
Comparative Analysis:
Forms of Business Organizations

Sole Proprietorship Partnership Corporation
Easiest to establish It could be easily to Hard to establish
establish like sole
proprietorship
Limited life Limited life Life is 50 years and can be
extended
Small amount of capital is Large amount of capital Large amount of capital
needed to start a business
Ownership of all Share of profit/losses Proportion to
eac
h
profits/losses stockholder’s percentage
of ownership interest
Unlimited liability Unlimited liability of the Stockholders have limited
partners liability
Minimum legal Subject to minimum Subject to numerous
requirements government regulations government regulations
Business secrecy Business secrecy Lack of secrecy
Personal interest in Each partner has a right to Lack of personal interest
managing the business participate
Tax savings Tax savings Several taxes to pay as
mandated by laws and
ordinances
What I Need to Reflect
How do you and your family cope up with the financial crisis that we
are encountering while we are trying to overcome the pandemic?
Even at home, you can organize any form of business ownership for you to
cope up with the financial crisis you are encountering. Look for the opportunities
brought about by the pandemic. Seize that opportunity. You will be surprised that
you turned the impossible to possible (if you will rely solely to Him who is in total
control of the unwelcome atmosphere).
As Book of Isaiah 41:10 says “Fear not, for I am with you; Be not
dismayed, for I am your God. I will strengthen you, Yes, I will help you, I will
uphold you with My righteous hand.”
God sees your heart and mind. He knows your needs, your worries,
your fears, so trust in His presence.
What I Can Do
Great Ideas! Think of a small business you can start amid the COVID-
19 pandemic on the level of your potential. Start finding out what problems
your community are facing. Focus your business around solving that problems

and be a part of the solution. Good luck
“Most successful men have not achieved their distinction by having some new talent or opportunity
presented to them. They have developed the opportunity that was at hand.” – Bruce Barton
Assessment
True or False
1. A Sole Proprietorship, owned by one person, is a form of business

organization that is small, requires little amount of capital and is
readily established under the control of one person.
2. A Partnership is a form of business in which two or more people
operate for the common goal of making a profit.
3. A Partnership is an artificial being created by operation of law.
4. A Sole Proprietorship has the advantage of least government
regulations.
5. A Corporation has powers, attributes, and properties expressly
authorized by law
References
BOOKS
 Medina, Roberto G., 2006. Business Organization and Management. pp. 34, 41,
42. Philippines. Rex Bookstore, Inc.
 Salvador, Samuel M. et.al. 2017. Principles and Practices of Management
nd
and Organization 2 Edition. Allen Adrian Books.
ONLINE AND ELECTRONIC RESOURCES
 https://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/organization. Retrieved June 8,

2020
https://business.inquirer.net/273445/eight-successful-filipino-entrepreneurs-
who-started-small#ixzz6OrdABxxg
MODULE 2 – WEEK 2
UNIT COVERAGE
LESSON TITLE: THE CORE PRINCIPLE OF GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
 The learners will illustrate how fairness, accountability, transparency, and stewardship is
observed in business and nonprofit organization.
 The learner’s will represent real life scenario to illustrate the following:
Analyze the given situation wherein you practice the
following characteristics:
o Transparency
o Fairness
o Accountability
o Stewardship
Understand the importance of possessing these traits in the success of both

business and non-profit organization
Let us start your journey in learning the different

behavior or character traits seen in a workplace
PRETEST
I. Answer the following. Write the letter on the space provided.
1. Rosa is a newly hired bookkeeper in an accounting firm. She sees to it that every
transaction is recorded in the journal and ledger entries. What character trait does Rosa
possess?
A. She is lax.
B. She is detailed.
C. She is frustrated.
D. She is complacent.
2. Paolo, a maintenance assistant caught the cashier in the supermarket taking
some money from the counter and putting it inside her pocket. What do you think he
should do?
A. Report immediately the incident to the manager.
B. Ignore because it is not his money.
C. Confront the cashier and tell her that you saw what she did.
D. Tell her you will not tell anyone unless she gives you a share on the money she
stole.
3. Ely is always late coming to work yet he has no recorded tardiness because he
and the timekeeper are best friends. What character trait does he possess?
A. He is dishonest.
B. He is decent.
C. He is hardworking.
D. He is friendly.
4. As an employee assigned in a baggage counter, Maggie always make sure

that all the items are in safe and in good condition, because of this, many customers are
really satisfied and secured in her service. What can you say about Maggie?
A. Maggie is very trustworthy and dedicated.
B. Maggie is very dependable.
C. Maggie is a good steward.
D. All of the above

5. The class adviser of Grade 12 – ABM 1, Mrs. Tamayo, always makes sure that
whenever there are school activities, she gives all the members of the class chance to
participate because she always believes that everyone has his/her own talents and
potentials. Based on the paragraph, what does Mrs. Tamayo want to imply to her
students?
A. Firmness
B. Gentleness
C. Fairness
D. Politeness
Great, you finished answering the questions. You may request your
facilitator to check your work. Congratulations and keep on
LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON learning!
Business Organization refers to how a business is structured. Sole

Proprietorship is a business owned by one person.
Examples: Sari-sari store, carinderia, flower shops, General Merchandising
Partnership is an association of two or more people as partners share the profit and
liabilities of a business venture.
Examples: restaurant, cafes, laundry shops, bars, bookstores
Corporation is an entity created by law that is separate and distinct from its owner
and its continued existence is dependent upon the corporate statues of the state in
which it is incorporated.
Examples: San Miguel Corporation, Jollibee Corporation, Globe Telecom

Match Column A to Column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on the blank.
A B
1. a business organization which is
easiest to establish and has unlimited liabilities. A. Corporation
2. a business organization of two or more people B. Sole Proprietorship

as partners who shares the profit and liabilities
of the company. C. Partnership
3. a business organization which is hard to establish and

is subject to numerous government regulations.
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
A Good Corporate Governance in all businesses and

even in non-profit organizations such as foundations
is very important in order to build trust and confidence the with
investors, donors, and the community in general.
A good corporate governance builds the integrity of the institution. Below
are the Core Principles of a Good Corporate Governance: FAIRNESS
Fairness comes from the old English word faeger, which means “pleasing or
attractive.” It is the quality of making judgments that are free from discrimination. Fairness
in the context of a business organization involves balancing the interests involved in all
decision-making including any decisions related to hiring, firing (including the investigatory
process), and the compensation and rewards system. Hiring the right people is one of the
most important decisions an organization makes.
ACCOUNTABILITY
Accountability is the obligation of an individual or organization to account for its
activities, accept responsibility for them, and to disclose the results in a transparent
manner.
Accountability in the context of a business organization is the obligation to

demonstrate that work has been conducted in compliance with agreed rules and
standards or to report fairly and accurately on performance results vis-à-vis mandated
roles and/or plans.
TRANSPARENCY
Transparency is defined as being authentic in the way an organization message

themselves externally – to stakeholders, to prospective customers and talent, and within
the community. It allows stakeholders to understand whether the activities of social
institutions provide a genuine service to civil society and whether money is used
appropriately.
Thus, transparency means there is lack of hidden agendas or conditions,
accompanied by the availability of full information required of collaboration, cooperation,
and collective decision-making.
STEWARDSHIP
In Biblical terms, stewardship is defined as utilizing and managing all resources
God provides for the glory of God and the betterment of His creation. That definition plays
a critical role in today’s business landscape. In the context of business organization,
stewardship refers to taking responsibility for the business and the effects it has on the
world around it. This involves considering more than just the bottom line and looking at
elements such as values, ethics, and morals
ACTIVITIES
Activity 1: TRUE OR FALSE
1. Fairness involves balancing the interests involved in all decision- making

including decisions related to employees’ hiring, firing, compensation, and
reward system.
2. Transparency allows stakeholders to understand whether the activities of
social institutions such as internet organizations and NGOs provide a
genuine service to civil society and whether money is used appropriately.
3. Transparency means to be liable to explain or justify one’s action
and decision.
4. Accountability is the quality of making judgment that is free from
discrimination.
5. Accountability implies responsibility.
Activity 2: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. You insert the exact amount into the vending machine at school for a can of soda.
Two cans are released from the machine. What will you do with the extra can of
soda?
a. Offer the can of juice to your classmate.
b. Keep the extra can of soda for you.
c. Report an incident to appropriate school personnel.
2. Employees expect that their employers will be transparent. What does this refer
to?
a. The need for an office space to use glass walls.
b. Employees are responsible for their employer’s actions.
c. Employers to provide honest and clear information to their employees.
3. Joseph found out his teacher’s password to open her Facebook account. What is
the ethically correct thing for him to do?
a. Give the password to all other students.
b. Tell the teacher so she may change it.
c. Keep it to himself and if someone finds out the password it is not his problem.
4. Arriving to work on time is an example of which characteristic of a good employee?
a. Timeliness
b. Personal accountability
c. Adaptability
5. Providing wrong information on the resume is an example of which of the following:
a. Lack of transparency on employee’s part.
b. Poor transparency on an employer’s part.
c. Lack of accountability on an employer’s part.
REMEMBER
Accountability means to be liable in explaining or justifying one’s action and one’s

decision.
Fairness is the quality of making judgements that is free from discrimination.
Stewardship is a practice wherein people are intrinsically motivated to work for
others or for organizations to accomplish the tasks and responsibilities
with which they have been entrusted.
Transparency is an important mechanism for granting social responsibility.
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Identify what principle (Accountability, Fairness or Transparency) is being applied in the

following situations.
1. Ms. Cruz uses rubrics in evaluating students’ task

performance.
2. Manuel L. Quezon High School implements guidelines in
conducting school activities like field trip.
3. Mrs. Delos Reyes entertains queries of students on the
computation of their grades.
4. Ms. Jimenez, the department head, reported the financial
statement of the department in full details.
5. The school’s guard reported the incident to the guidance office.
POSTTEST
I. Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. What is fairness?
a. Something that is beneficial for you.
b. Something that is beneficial for all of society.
c. The quality of treating people equally.
d. None of the above.
2. Stewardship is not limited to money. What other thing that God expects you
manage?
a. Education
b. Time
c. Health
3. What does accountability refer to?
a. Being responsible for one’s action.

b. Providing access to information.
c. The ability to hire and fire an employee
d. All of the above
4. Which is considered unethical business practice?
a. Training employees unfairly.
b. Selling quality product.
c. Good word of mouth from customers.
d. All of the above
5. All of the following are considered abusive conduct in the workplace EXCEPT
a. Invading the personal space of co-workers.
b. Insulting co-workers.
c. Receiving a performance review from a supervisor.
d. Giving nasty gestures at co-workers.
II. CASE STUDY:

MANG EUGENIO VENTURA: FILIPINO TAXI
DRIVER WITH A GOLDEN HEART
The story of Mang Eugenio Ventura, an

extraordinary cab driver, went viral in the social media
when a passenger spread the good work about him, not
rejecting passengers (despite heavy traffic in Metro
Manila) and declining tips. Apart from being fair and
honest, he is the jolly type – he
just laughs off the congestion on the main roads of the city. He got featured in an
episode of the TV Program “Mission Possible.”
Questions:
1. What do you think has molded the fair, honest and cheerful behavior of Mang
Eugenio?
2. What lesson have you learned from the good example of Mang Eugenio?
3. In school, how can you teach and train students in fair, honest and ethical
behavior?
Source: pinoystory.com/ scribd.com

REFLECTIVE LEARNING SHEET
As the country continues to deal with myriad COVID-19 pandemic, Filipinos need to
work to earn money to improve life as well as to help others.
Work is part of God’s design to humanity. It is a calling entrusted to man where it

requires stewardship of time, resources, and giftedness.
As an employee or worker, you should never steal from your company. You should
obey and honor the managers of your company. It is not only out of obligation, but for
personal growth as well.
As an employer, you are called to be a good steward of your resources especially the
people who work for you. You are blessed by God to be a blessing to others. As 1 John 3:17
says, “But if anyone has the world’s goods and sees his brother in need, yet closes his heart
against him, how does God’s love abide in him?”
The pandemic is now challenging you. What does it mean to be a steward in your
home? in school? in community? in workplace?
ACCOUNTABILITY
FAIRNESS
STEWARDSHIP
TRANSPARENCY
E-SITES
To further explore the concept learned today and if it possible to connect the
internet, you may visit the following links:
https: www// pinoystory.com/ scribd.com https:
www// investopedia.com
REFERENCES
Ahmed, A. (2029). Definition of stewardship. Retrieved on June 14, 2020 from

https://bizfluent.com/about-4612393-definition-of-stewardship.html
Business Dictionary.com. Accountability. Retrieved on June 14, 2020 from

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/accountability.html
Campbell, M. (2020). Transparency in business: mean what you say. Retrieved on June 14, 2020
from https://elementthree.com/blog/transparency-in- business-mean-what-you-say/
Christianity.com (2020). What are stewards in the Bible? Meaning and importance of
stewardship. Retrieved on June 14, 2020 from
https://www.christianity.com/wiki/christian-terms/stewards-in-the- bible-meaning-of-
stewardship.html
Encyclopedia of Corporate Social Responsibility. (2013). Stewardship theory.

Retrieved on June 14, 2020 from
https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-642- 28036-8_107
Pinoy Story.com. (2020). Filipino taxi driver: Mr. Eugenio Ventura with a golden heart. Retrieved on
June 14, 2020 from
http://pinoystory.com/filipino-taxi-driver-eugenio-ventura/
Racelis, A. (2017). Business ethics and social responsibility. 1st Ed. Rex Bookstore
Vocabulary.com. Fairness. Retrieved on June 14, from
https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/fairness#:~:text=Fairness%20co mes
%20from%20the%20Old,used%20to%20describe%20physical%20beau ty.
MODULE 3 – WEEK 3
UNIT COVERAGE
LESSON TITLE: CODE OF ETHICS IN BUSINESS

Learning Objectives
At the end of the module, you will be able to:

1. Understand the common practices in business organizations
2. Appreciate the importance of Code of Ethics in business organizations
3. Craft a simple “Codes of Ethics” or “Codes of Right Conduct”
Let us start with giving you an overview about

Ethics in Business.
PRETEST
I. Answer the following questions. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space
provided after each number.
1. Which of the following statements is true about Ethics?
a. It is the study of the wants and needs in business.
b. It is the study of what is right and wrong in human behavior and conduct in
business.
c. It is the study of the relationship between people in a business.
2. Which is considered an unethical business practice?

a. Treating employees fairly.
b. Selling a good quality product.
c. Hiring the most qualified applicants for vacant positions.
d. Buying substandard materials for production.
3. John is always late in his client’s meeting. What can you say about him?
a. John is very dedicated.
b. John is optimistic.
c. John is unprofessional.
d. John is busy.
4. A written set of rules that guide the employee in an organization on how to

conduct himself in accordance with the company’s ethical standards and values.
a. Mission Statement
b. Goals and Objectives
c. Executive Summary
d. Code of Ethics
5. What do you think is the benefit of practicing good business ethics?

a. Low morale of employees
b. Lack of trust
c. High employee retention rate
d. Decrease in product sales
Great, you finished
answering the Pre-Test. You may
request your facilitator to check your
work. Congratulations and keep on
LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON
learning!
Last time, you have learned the core principles of good corporate
governance. Let us review.
Fairness in the context of a business organization involves balancing the interests

involved in all decision-making including any decisions related to
25
hiring, firing (including the investigatory process), and the compensation and rewards
system.
Accountability in the context of a business organization is the obligation to
demonstrate that work has been conducted in compliance with agreed rules and
standards or to report fairly and accurately on performance results vis-à-vis mandated
roles and/or plans.
Transparency is defined as being authentic in the way an organization manage
themselves externally – to stakeholders, to prospective customers and talent, and
within the community.
Stewardship refers to taking responsibility for the business and the effects it
has on the world around it.
Identify what principle (Accountability, Fairness, Transparency, or

Stewardship) is being applied in the following situations.
1. Ms. Reyes keeps her class record organized and updated

because she is very objective in giving grades.
2. The ABC company holds monthly board meeting to ensure that
every member is well-informed about the current business
situations.
3. Company X hires external auditor to assess and evaluate their
financial statements. If the auditor finds out any discrepancy, the
company will make sure that the accountants and other financial
executives as part of their responsibilities in the company will
make the necessary adjustments
4. Mr. Roxas, the manager of the Treasury Department, reported the
savings of the company in all partner banks accurately.
5. The security guard of the building always makes rounds every 2
hours during his night shift to make sure that the company’s assets
are secured.
26
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Business and Ethics are always interrelated. Ethics guides us

that we are doing the right thing. In the conduct of our business, we
need to follow ethical standards of the company.
But first, let us define what is Ethics?
Ethics is derived from the Greek word “ethikos” which means “having to do
with character. The Latin word for ethos is “mos” (or “mores”). That is why we known
Ethics as the Moral Science or Moral Philosophy. It refers to the theory of morality of
right conduct.
Definitions of Business Ethics

1. Business Ethics is the study of what is right and wrong on human behavior
and conduct in business.
2. Business Ethics is the study of perceptions of people about morality, moral
norms, moral rules, and ethical principles as they apply to peoples and
institutions in business.
3. Business Ethics is the study, evaluation, analysis and questioning of ethical
standards, policies, moral norms, and ethical theories that managers and
decision makers use in resolving moral issues and ethical dilemmas affecting
business.
But how can business be considered as an ethical organization? Previously, you

learned about the core principles of good governance in business namely
accountability, fairness, transparency, and stewardship.
35
Ethical organizations are based on these core principles. A business with good
practice of accountability makes sure that all the financial obligations from its debtors
are paid on time. Accountability of a company can also be shown in proper planning,
hiring, and keeping employees, and budget management and reporting. An ethical
organization also based on the principles of fairness. Employees who feel secured,
because there is no impartiality, often stays with the company organization build.
Meanwhile, transparency and stewardship also are known characteristics of good
governance in an organization. Transparency in business builds the trust of the
employees to the company, and the stakeholders such as the suppliers, investors, and
of course the customers. Whereas stewardship is an ethical practice of managing the
resources of the company well.
To ensure that all those principles are practiced by all employees in the
organization, Code of Ethics, or Code of Conduct are crafted to be the guiding light of
the business in ensuring good ethical practice. What is Code of Ethics?
ETHICAL CODE OR CODE OF ETHICS are principles adopted by an

organization to assist those in the organization called upon to decide; it is about
understanding the difference between “right” and “wrong” and to apply this
understanding to their decision. In addition, Code of ethics is a written set of guidelines
issued by an organization to its workers and management to help them conduct their
actions in accordance with its primary values and ethical standards.
o CODE OF CONDUCT: it is a document designed to influence the behavior of
employees. They set out the procedures to be used in specific ethical situations
and delineate whether a violation of the code of ethics occurred and, if so,
remedies should be imposed.
o CODE OF PRACTICE: it is adopted by a profession or by a governmental or

non-governmental organization to regulate that profession. It may be styled as a
code of professional responsibility, which will discuss difficult
issues, difficult decisions that will often need to be made, and provide a clear
account of what behavior is considered “ethical” or “correct” or “right” in the
circumstances.
o CODE OF ETHICS is not written solely for the purpose of doing ethical
business practice. It can also be applied and practiced in school,
government, and even professional groups.
There is code of ethics for teachers, accountants, engineers, lawyers,

doctors, nurses, and all other professionals to ensure that they are following the
same ethical standards in their professional practice.
ACTIVITIES
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

Activity 1. What is Ethics all about?
1.
A. Morally correct behavior C. Making lots of money
B. An ethnic minority D. A fooolish person
2.
A. A set of criminal laws C. A set of classroom rules

B. A set of moral principles D. Telling half-truth
3.
A. It is a code of conduct for a particular profession and not related to

personal life.
B. It is a field of study that focuses on faith and religion
C. It is a branch of philosophy that deals with morality
D. It is what we do when others are watching
Activity 2: How ethical are you?
1. After finding a diamond ring in a hotel room. You:
a. Keep it because you believe in the finder’s keeper philosophy

b. Turn it over to the lost and found department of a hotel
c. Consider it yours unless the previous occupant looks for it and the front
desk calls your attention to turn over it.
2. After lunch, the waiter brings the check. Upon checking it, no dessert, and
drinks to the bill. You:
a. Pay the bill. It was their mistake.
b. Call the waiter and ask him to recompute the check and add the
dessert and drinks.
c. Pay the bill and give him the bigger tip since you saved money because of
the dessert and drinks that were not included in the bill.
3. In a team meeting, your boss congratulates you for a project that was done
by someone else from the team. You:
a. Stay silent in the meeting and later approach your co-worker you are sorry
the boss did that
b. Explain to boss immediately that it was not your work and give credit where
credit is due.
c. Never say anything about it.
4. Your company has a policy that prevents employees from accepting gifts. The
policy also requires that you inform your manager about the gift. A supplier you
have known for several years offers you a hotel gift certificate. You:
a. Accept the gift and tell your manager afterward.
b. Accept the gift and do not tell your manager about it.
c. Inform your boss and hope for approval.
5. You are with some friends at the park. There are three different bins in the area.
A friend threw an empty soda can in the paper bin. You:
a. Better not say anything.
b. Move the can into the correct bin.
c. Give him stick to take the can out and advise him to put it in the correct bin.
d. None of the above
REMEMBER
Ethics refers to the theory of morality of right conduct.

Business Ethics is the study of what is right and wrong on human behavior and
conduct in business.
Code of ethics is a written set of guidelines issued by an organization to its workers
and management to help them conduct their actions in accordance with its primary
values and ethical standards.
Activity 1: Finding the ETHICAL or UNETHICAL.

Directions: Write ETH if the statement is ETHICAL; UNETH if the statement is
UNETHICAL.
1. Obeying company’s rules and regulations.
2. Developing professional relationships with co-workers.
3. Taking credit for others hard work.
4. Using or taking company’s supplies for personal purposes.
5. Conducting personal business during working hour.
6. Engaging in negative gossip about someone you work with.
7. Extending lunch/ snack breaks.
8. Showing initiative without being told.
9. Lying inside and outside the workplace.
10. Using foul language on co-workers in and out of the workplace.
Activity 2: Finding the LIE and TRUTH.
Directions: Write LIE if the statement is FALSE; TRUTH if the statement is
TRUE.
1. Ethics is a set of principles of conduct governing an individual or group.
2. Code of Ethics is a written statement of policies and principles that guides the
behavior of all employees or members of an organization.
3. Employees should obey only written work rules.

4. Ethical character traits include integrity, honesty, and justice.
5. To enhance the profits of the business continuously is the objective
of the Code of Ethics.
POSTTEST
I. Multiple Choice.
Directions: Read carefully the given statements after each question. Encircle the
letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following are the functions of a Code of Ethics?
a. It can express a shared commitment on the part of a professional society’s members
to strive and to satisfy certain ethical standards and principles.
b. It can help foster an environment in which ethical behavior is the norm.
c. It can serve as a guide or reminder in specific situations.
d. All of the above.
2. Which of the following is a practice of fair treatment of workers at workplace?
a. Recreation facilities at the workplace.
b. Rights of workers to fairness and dignity.
c. Right of workers to have a share in company’s profit.
3. Ethical issues do not exist in accounting because the field involves primarily
objective data.
a. True
b. False
4. Which of the following is the study and practice of decisions about what is good
or right?
a. Law c. Ethics
b. Morals d. Business
5. A businessman who owns a medical store in a small town is the only outlet that sells
face mask. There is a great necessity and high demand for the use of the item due to
COVID-19 pandemic, so he charges irrational amount of doubling the price. The
community gets mad of the situation. This business practice is most likely:
a. Ethical because it is not illegal for the owner to set its prices based on
maximizing profits.
b. Ethical because the owner focuses only on the impact of decisions on his
business.
c. Unethical because business operates in a community and communities have
expectations for behavior of individuals, groups, and businesses.
II. CASE STUDY: Sarah-Matteo Wedding
Sarah Geronimo and Matteo Guidicelli have a

“secret marriage,” as the media described it, last
Feb. 20 at the Victory Christian Fellowship Church,
followed by a “secret” post-marriage dinner with
Matteo’s family and very close friends (including
Swatch Lady Virgie Ramos who reportedly
reserved the venue) at the Ministry of Crab
restaurant in Shangri-La at the Fort, BGC.
However, Atty. Romy Macalintal asserts that there is no such thing as ‘secret marriage’
because a marriage cannot be celebrated without at least two witnesses and the person authorized
to solemnize it. Hence, the Sarah-Matteo marriage cannot be secret because of the presence of
those witnesses aside from some friends or relatives who might have been invited to attend the
ceremony.
He added that it might be “secret” to the parents of the bride (Divine and Delfin)
but not to the entire world. It is a common knowledge that Sarah’s parents are against
Matteo (and all the other actors linked to her before).
Was Sarah’s decision to marry Matteo, morally right? Did she disobey her parents? In
Ephesians 6: 1-3 it says, “Children, obey your parents in the Lord, for this is right. Honor your father
and mother, which is the first commandment with promise: that it may be well with you and you
may live long on earth.”
Question: If you were Sarah, whom do you follow? Your heart or the law of God?
Expound your answer.
Source:
https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/290980/limits-of-parents-concerns-the- sarah-and-
matteo-wedding https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2020/03/04/1997836/no-
such- thing-secret-marriage https://journal.com.ph/entertainment/showbiz/brouhaha-
sarah-matteo- wedding
Everyday we make different decisions that will impact our future. Decisions that
will lead to actions; actions that promote a high level of standard of ethics at all times.
Action such as helping others.
The Book of Philippians Chapter 2 verses 3-5 says, “Do nothing out of
selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above
yourselves, not looking to your own interests but each of you to the interests
of the others.” Helping others is a good business. We are most likely to
succeed as an entrepreneur if we are motivated by helping solve other
people’s problems.
Assuming you are

starting a new
company. Write a
code of ethics for
the firm.
E-SITES
To further explore the concept learned today and if it possible to connect

the internet, you may visit the following links:
https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/290980/limits-of-parents-concerns-the- sarah-and-
matteo-wedding https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2020/03/04/1997836/no-
such- thing-secret-marriage https://journal.com.ph/entertainment/showbiz/brouhaha-
sarah-matteo- wedding
REFERENCES
Banoc, R. (2020). Limits of parents’ concerns: the Sarah and Matteo wedding.
Retrieved on June 18, 2020 from
https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/290980/limits-of-parents-concerns- the-sarah-
and-matteo-wedding
Roa, Floriano C. (2007). Business ethics and social responsibility.
Quezon City: Rex Bookstore, Inc
80
MODULE 4 – WEEK 5
PRELIM COVERAGE
LESSON TITLE: CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHIES AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO THE BUSINESS

PRACTICES
After going through this module, you are expected to:
 Illustrate how certain philosophies are reflected into business practices
 Relate the topic in real life experiences
 Demonstrate learning by presenting own works
PRETEST
DIRECTION: Write the letter of the correct answer that best completes the sentence.
1. This philosopher has the same name with the “Head Gamemaker in
Catching Fire, Hunger Games” movie.
A. Rufus B. Aristotle C. Plutarch D. Socrates E. Epicurus
2. This philosopher has the same name with a Congressman from

Cagayan De Oro City who is a graduate of the De La Salle University (Ab
Economics '75) and the University of the Philippines College of Law.
A. Plutarch B. Aristotle C. Rufus D. Socrates E. Epicurus
3. This man was a Greek philosopher and polymath during the

Classical period in Ancient Greece. Taught by Plato
A. Plutarch B. Rufus C. Aristotle D. Socrates E. Epicurus
4. This man was a Greek philosopher from Athens who is credited as one of the
founders of Western philosophy, and as being the first moral philosopher of the
Western ethical tradition of thought
A. Rufus B. Aristotle C. Socrates D. Plutarch E. Epicurus

5. This man was from Athens, a Greek philosopher, author of an ethical philosophy of
simple pleasure, friendship, and retirement. He founded schools of philosophy that
survived directly from the 4th century BC until the 4th century AD.
A. Plutarch B. Aristotle C. Epicurus D. Socrates E. Rufus
Great, you finished answering the Pre-

Test. You may request your facilitator
to check your work. Congratulations
LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON and keep on learning!
VISUAL THINKING APPROACH
Directions: Analyze the situations based on the pictures and its descriptions. Discuss based
on the hint or instructions in its opposite box, explain by writing on the space provided for.
Business Scenario Discussion
1
An employee realized that he gave a
shortchange to a customer who already left the store
premises. The right change is 694 pesos, but he only
gave 194 pesos. Discuss what business ethics issues
present on this situation. What can be done?
A pregnant employee who

violated several attendance rules due to her physical
conditions. She is about to get fire by the HR manager
of the company. Discuss what business ethics issues
present on this situation. What can be done?
3
A homeless who found
shelter and comfort within the Mc Do Store perimeter or
premises. Some customers complained on the smell.
Some give him food to eat. Discuss what business ethics
issues present on this situation.
What can be done?
4 Drinking session every

Friday night after work is normal in Company A. Those
who join the drinking session get to have a favor from the
management. Those who don’t join are already subjected
to heightened scrutiny on normal things that they do in the
workplace every day. Discuss what business ethics issues
present on this
situation. What can be done?
5
To get permits and licenses
renewed on time, Company Y availed the services of
fixers to do transactions in some government offices for
the speedy renewal of permits and licenses. Extra money
is paid then. Discuss what business ethics
issues present on this situation. What can be done?
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Business owners can always have something to learn from our classical
philosophers in terms of running their organizations.
Rufus, on keeping track of one’s ethical progress

Musonius Rufus was known as the Socrates of Rome. He was another Stoic, who
taught that philosophy cannot just be theoretical. If you want to be an ethical individual or
an ethical company, you can't just study ethics, you must practice it, every day, to get into
good habits. The ancient Greek word for ethics is the same word for habit. (The Guardian,
2020)
You also need to keep track of your progress, to see how you are performing. You
cannot just rely on your intuitions, because they are often wrong. So, the ancient Greeks
learned to keep accounts of themselves. They would track their daily behavior in journals,
keeping account of how many times they lost their temper, for example, or got too drunk.
Then they could see if they were really improving their behavior, or just going around in
circles. (The Guardian, 2020)
In organizational terms, keeping track of ourselves means trying to take an
evidence-based assessment of our performance. We might say we are a green company,
but how do we know if we are making progress? We might say we are a happy
organization, but how do we know? We can keep track of this, for example by asking our
employees (anonymously) how worthwhile they feel their job is. Then see if, in a year, we
have managed to enhance their sense of purpose. (The Guardian, 2020)
Today, we use balanced score card, where we keep track on our performance
from begging one cycle to the end.
Plutarch, on being a good role model

Plutarch, the ancient Greek historian and educator, understood that humans are
incredibly social creatures, who constantly observe the people around them and imitate
them. (The Guardian, 2020)
Unfortunately, people often grow up surrounded by bad role models. However, we
can steer people, by providing them with better patterns to imitate. That's what Plutarch
tried to do with his famous work, Parallel Lives, which offered biographical sketches of
some of the great Greek and Roman heroes – Cicero,
Caesar, Alexander the Great, Pericles – to give young people something to emulate. (The
Guardian, 2020)
In organizational terms, that means what you say to your employees is less
important than what you do. They will watch how you behave, how you treat others, how
you cope with pressure and whether you follow through on your promises. And they will
imitate you. If you talk about ethics and then cut corners at the first opportunity, they will
follow your lead. Set a good example and they will follow it. Plutarch would also warn that
your best young employees will use you as a bar to aim for and exceed. That's natural.
Let them compete with you and encourage them to go further. (The Guardian, 2020)
Aristotle, on letting people seek fulfillment

Aristotle was a great biologist as well as a great philosopher. He based his ethics
on a psychological theory of human nature, insisting that we are naturally virtuous,
rational, social and happiness-seeking. Governments and organizations need to build the
best systems to let humans fulfill their natural drives. Aristotle's philosophy was an
influence on Edward Deci and Richard Ryan's Self- Determination Theory, which
suggests that employees will work harder for you, and perform better, if you give them
tasks, they find meaningful and morally worthwhile. (The Guardian, 2020)
Humans want to believe in something and to serve it. Appeal to your employees'
best nature and they will answer that call. Our employees will also be more motivated if
you give them the opportunity to feed their natural curiosity through learning opportunities.
That could be vocational training, but it could also simply be learning about the world,
ideas, culture. Does your company have an evening or lunch-time lecture series, such as
Google Talks? Could it give credits for evening adult learning classes, as companies such
as Cadbury and Ford once did? (The Guardian, 2020)
Socrates, on daring to disagree

Socrates, one of the first philosophers, insisted on our right to think for ourselves.
Too often, he warned, humans sleepwalk through life, simply going along with the crowd.
(The Guardian, 2020)
This is dangerous in questions of morality, and particularly in corporate
governance. When corruption is uncovered, too often people say, "everyone else was
doing it". But our characters are our responsibility. Socrates was prepared to die rather
than go against his conscience. Does your organization encourage independent thinkers,
and people who follow their conscience? Does it allow
people to give critical feedback to managers? Does it create opportunities for good people to
blow the whistle on bad behavior? (The Guardian, 2020)
Epicurus, on the art of happiness
Epicurus was a fourth century Greek philosopher who taught, rather scandalously,
that the aim of life was simply to be as happy as possible here on Earth, before we die
and dissolve back into the atomic universe. He warned that humans are very bad at being
happy, and very good at inventing reasons to be miserable. Philosophy should teach us
how to be happy, he suggested. For example, it could teach us how to bring our attention
to the present moment, to savor it. It could also teach us to limit our desires to what is
easy to get, not inflating our needs with endless artificially stimulated desires. (The
Guardian, 2020)
Today, some companies are embracing Epicurus' philosophy, and trying to teach
their employees the art of happiness. Tony Hsieh, the CEO of American shoe company
Zappos, is so committed to the company's courses in happiness that he sold the
company to Amazon on the agreement it would be able to continue with its unique happy
culture. (The Guardian, 2020)
The Guardian Author Says that companies should be careful about forcing all their
employees to follow one philosophy of the good life. As we have seen, there are many
different approaches to achieving happiness or welfare. Perhaps companies could create
an ethical culture that embraces all these different ways of living. (The Guardian, 2020)
ACTIVITIES
Activity 1: Venn diagram activity

Objective: Demonstrate the learning on philosophies reflected in business
Materials: Pen and Paper
Procedure:
1. Draw two overlapping circles. Label each circle
2. In each circle, fill in the characteristics of each item.
3. Identify which characteristics appear in two circles. These characteristics go in
the intersection (where the two circles overlap).
4. What are the similarities and differences that the Venn diagram illustrates?
5. After comparing the ideas, come up with your own idea on which
philosophy is the soundest for the company and explain why?
Guide
a. Characteristics of the company in terms of keeping track ethical progress of
each applicant of the company.
b. Characteristics of the company in terms of keeping track ethical progress of
each individual member of the company.
c. M e company on how to promote each employee to a role model for everyone.
et d. How does the company deal with employees who seem to be unsatisfied
ho with the salaries and wages offered by the company?
ds e. How does the company deal with the employees who always oppose to
of suggestions and changes in the management or operations?
th f. How does the company manage to have a happy culture for all employees?
Company A: McDonalds Company B: Jollibee
Modify and be creative

Try your own activity! You may design and explore more to check your understanding.
Ex. You may do other similar activity, then answer the same question/s.
REMEMBER
Rufus, on keeping track of one’s ethical progress:

In organizational terms, keeping track of ourselves means trying to take an
evidence-based assessment of our performance. IPCRF for public school teachers,
OPCRF for offices and its heads in the Government, or Balanced Score Cards in the
private companies.
Plutarch, on being a good role model:

In organizational terms, that means what you say to your employees is less
important than what you do. They will watch how you behave, how you treat others, how
you cope with pressure and whether you follow through on your
promises. And they will imitate you. If you talk about ethics and then cut corners at the first
opportunity, they will follow your lead.
Aristotle, on letting people seek fulfillment:

Governments and organizations need to build the best systems to let humans
fulfill their natural drives. This suggests that employees will work harder for you, and
perform better, if you give them tasks where they find meaningful and morally
worthwhile.
Socrates, on daring to disagree:

It is about our right, as human beings, to think for ourselves. We oppose when we
think something is wrong. We see oppositions rally on the streets against the
government, or employees rally outside of the workplace against the management.
Epicurus, on the art of happiness:

Some companies are embracing Epicurus' philosophy, and trying to teach their
employees the art of happiness. It is about work-life balance and the organization is
providing both monetary and non-monetary benefits to employees including family time,
and travel.
Freedom of Speech Work- Life Balance Corruption
Critical Thinking Questions
1. In your own words, discuss as to how philosophies are reflected into business practices.
Give concrete examples. Develop it into a paragraph with at least 300 words.
2. Given the problem on proper waste disposal in our city, how does your learning of this
lesson can be of help to solve this environmental problem?
3. How does learning this lesson can shape your life and can create an impact to the lives of
your family? Be Specific. Ask an elder at home to comment on your answers and it being
useful in your daily life as a student.
4. How does learning the concept of marketing research or market research make you a
better member of your community?
5. ICT integration. Using a multimedia equipment like a computer or a mobile phone. Create
your own Audio Video Presentation (AVP) of this topic. Be sure to use wholesome
materials.
POSTTEST
DIRECTION: Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provide after each number.
1. This philosopher has the same name with the “Head Gamemaker in
Catching Fire, Hunger Games” movie.
A. Rufus B. Aristotle C. Plutarch D. Socrates E. Epicurus
2. This philosopher has the same name with a Congressman from Cagayan
De Oro City who is a graduate of the De La Salle University (Ab Economics
'75) and the University of the Philippines College of Law.
A. Plutarch B. Aristotle C. Rufus D. Socrates E. Epicurus
3. This man was a Greek philosopher and polymath during the

Classical period in Ancient Greece. Taught by Plato
A. Plutarch B. Rufus C. Aristotle D. Socrates E. Epicurus
4. This man was a Greek philosopher from Athens who is credited as one of
the founders of Western philosophy, and as being the first moral
philosopher of the Western ethical tradition of thought
A. Rufus B. Aristotle C. Socrates D. Plutarch E. Epicurus
5. This man was from Athens, a Greek philosopher, author of an ethical

philosophy of simple pleasure, friendship, and retirement. He founded
schools of philosophy that survived directly from the 4th century BC until the
4th century AD.
A. Plutarch B. Aristotle C. Epicurus D. Socrates E. Rufus

practices guide me to ponder on…
Philosophies reflect in business
this lesson?
What learnings have I found from
Directions: Write a reflective learning on the (topic) by answering the questions inside
the box. You may express your answers in a more critical and creative presentation of
your great learning. Have fun and enjoy!
What learnings can I share What good character have I What is my conclusion
other on I
examples can
with my family and peers? developed from this lesson? contribute
the lesson?to explore and
think more?
E-SITES
https://slideplayer.com/
REFERENCES
https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/business-learn-from- ancient-
philosophers
MODULE 5 – WEEK 6
PRELIM COVERAGE
LESSON TITLE: THE IMPACT OF BELIEF SYSTEM IN THE BUSINESS PRACTICE

Here in the Philippines, we have so many religious groups where people go to or join in to express their
deep faith and love of God, while also influencing their business principles or practices. Try to familiarize
yourself with these because in this lesson, you are expected to:
1. Define belief system in business;
2. Enumerate examples of belief systems that affect business practices; and
3. Give examples of how belief system affects business practices.
What I Know
A. Directions: Match the terms in Column A to their corresponding description in Column B.

Write the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
A B
1. Islam a. It follows the Old and the New Testaments.
2. Christianity b. It was founded on the teachings of Buddha.
3. Hinduism c. Its written law relies on Torah.
4. Judaism d. They believe in Brahman.
5. Buddhism e. Its source of rules is the Qur’an.
B. Directions: For 6-15, identify what practice/principle is described in each number. Choose
your answers from the box and write the letter of your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
a. Islam b. Christianity c. Hinduism

d. Judaisme. Buddhism
__ _6. They have a positive attitude towards business and wealth creation.
7. Wealth is not their ultimate goal.
8. They pursue right livelihood.
9. Charity and justice in business must be exercised.
10. They comply with the regulations and strictly adhere to contracts.
11. Business should be conducted in accordance with the rules of nature which
God governs.
12. Fair pricing and good business relations should be applied.
13. Businessmen should really care for the environment.
14. They apply market honesty.
15. They put restrictions on misleading advertisements.
Belief Systems and Their
Influence in Business
Practices
What’s In
Directions: Name at least three philosophers and explain how each of their
philosophies has influenced business practices. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
1.
2.
3.
What’s New
Directions: Read the situation below and answer the given questions on a
separate sheet of paper.
One day, you and your female friend went to the market to buy washable
face masks. The stall owner, who was wearing hijab* approached the two of you.
Your friend could not control her giggles while the Muhaajaba** was talking. As a
response, the stall owner got mad and shouted at you and your friend.
What are you going to tell the stall owner? (5 points)
What advice would you give to your friend? (5 points)

.
What is It
The unseen force underlying our actions is our belief system. Throughout our
lives, human beings accumulate thousands of beliefs on all facets of life. We obtain
them from things other people tell us, things we hear on the news, things we read, or
any other external influences we are subjected to. All of these beliefs interact with
each other, affect each other, and create a system together.
Along with other influences such as our personality, genetic set-up, and
behaviors, our belief system, such as religion, is one of the greatest forces
influencing every decision we make.
Religion highly affects our lives, whether personal or not. Some of the world’s
major religions are Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism. Each
has its own organized system of beliefs, ceremonies, and worship, and each one
offers prescriptions for a positive effort in both life and business.
1. Christianity
The Christian religion follows the Hebrew Bible by taking a positive view of
physical and human creation and by seeing God as deeply concerned with the
ethical behavior of human creatures towards one another. It also teaches that in the
persona of Jesus of Nazareth, Christ entered history to redeem humanity from the
self- inflicted wounds of sin and to create a new age in which humanity will come to
live God's own life of love, peace, unity and justice. The Old and the New
Testaments serve as the foundation of this religion.
In Christianity, human dignity and concern for people are crucial. This religion
also emphasizes a sense of justice in business such as strict adherence to contracts,
compliance with regulations, and working for the benefit of the common good.
Christians ought to focus on how business impacts individuals, the workers in
particular. They should be well-paid and they should find their work meaningful and
inspiring.
A trading Christian does not try to win another's products or services for less
than it is worth. One should not want to get a decent deal for his own wares by using
extortion. If a person buys from a poor seller, that buyer must exercise charity and
justice. He/she must pay the full price that the goods are worth. If friends and
relatives are not interested in what a Christian vendor sells, the latter should not
break off connection with them when they decided to choose differently.
Christians should be transparent and honest with their dealings, products, and
services. They should not push people to buy goods or services because it does not
reflect the heart of the Father, but that of mammon’s (according to Webster
Dictionary, mammon means material wealth or possessions especially as having a
debasing influence).
2. Judaism
Jews believe there is one God, who not only created the world, but who every
Jew should have an intimate and interpersonal relationship with. They believe that
God works continuously in the world and affects all that people do. Further, there is a
covenant relationship between God and the Jews in exchange for the many good
deeds God has done for the Jewish people and continues to do.
Judaism, which for its written law relies on the Torah, has greatly influenced
marketing and business ideology. Jewish culture, values and ideas, including the
modern market, have penetrated many aspects of modern life. Some important
points include market honesty, fair pricing, and business relationships.
Honesty on the market. It is illegal for traders to falsify the weight and
measurement of the goods or products.
Fair pricing. There should be good value for money. You shall not cheat
each other when you sell something to your neighbor or buy something from him or
her. Likewise, if a person is ignorant of the true worth of an item and wants to sell it,
the buyer should not take advantage of the confusion and underpay the seller. The
Talmud (comprehensive written version of oral laws of the Jews) cares much about
price control.
Business relations. Employers are obligated to pay workers on schedule.

One of the guiding principles for business ethics highlighted in the Jewish tradition is
the legitimacy of business activity and profit, conducted within a framework of
religious and ethical norms.
Truly, business ethics occupies such important place in Jewish laws, culture,
and tradition that at the final judgment, the Talmud has this to ask an individual:
"Were you honest in your business dealings?"
In Judaism, work, including manual in nature, is held in great esteem like a

sort of human partnership with the divine.
3. Islam
Muslims believe in the Oneness of God—- that all things are created by God
and that He is all-powerful and all-knowing. They further believe that God has no
offspring, sex, class, body, and He is not affected by human life's characteristics.
For Islam, the source of rules is the Qur'an. Islamic teachings place great
emphasis on respect for ethical and moral codes in human behavior. Islamic
principles prevent abusing people through putting restrictions on misleading
advertisements. Under Islamic law, if a seller sells an item by making false
statements, the buyer shall have the right to cancel the transactions.
Additionally, according to Hayes (1998), the following principles are expected

among Muslim businessmen:
a. Contracts must be fair to both or all parties.
b. Speculation, such as gambling, is not allowed. If the money comes from the gambling
industry, one will not be allowed to invest in the Islamic Mutual Fund.
c. Interest is prohibited. That is probably the most common thing that is identified with
Islamic finance. One moral practice is that one is not allowed to charge or take
interest.
d. When a business is in trouble, compassion is required. In every country that has
Islamic traditions in its legal system, when anyone is in bankruptcy or is suffering
financial reversals, one should not put pressure on them. Because when someone is
down, it is not the right thing to do. When they are down, one does not kick them.
Muslims also believe that business should be conducted in accordance with

the rules of nature which God governs.
4. Buddhism
Founded on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, who is called “Buddha” or
“the enlightened one”, is Buddhism.
From the beginning, the basis of Buddhist practice was meditation and the
observance of moral precepts. The five fundamental moral precepts practiced by
members of the monastic orders and the laity are: refraining from taking property,
behaving unchastely, speaking wrongly, stealing, and drinking intoxicants.
In business, Buddhists are guided by the following principles:
a. The goals should be defined.

The clearer the goal is, the easier it is to be defined. Is it about gain? Is
it giving satisfaction to your customers?
b. The principle of cause and effect should be followed.
We need to use intuition in the case of a business proposal to work out
the factors that would take us to our ultimate aim. The process resembles
reverse engineering. We begin to trace back the logical sequence of acts
which would contribute to a given goal. This framework helps identify the
steps needed to accomplish the aim and provides a clear basis for a project
roadmap.
c. Empathy and compassion for the customers have to be developed.

It is crucial to understand the challenge that our potential customers
may encounter, and to have an empathic approach towards it. We need to
recognize and always keep in mind the problem that our target customers
have in their life and try to solve this issue in the best possible way based on
that understanding. Compassion is the basis for a customer-first or a user-
centered approach in business.
d. Be flexible, innovative, and mindful of impermanence.

Buddhist theory puts into practice another useful insight: everything is
constantly changing—we ourselves, the world, and all the people around us. It
is very easy to get caught with an idea that seems logical and solid, but it
often becomes a trigger for narrow-minded thinking, stubbornness, and
inflexibility in a rapidly changing reality.
e. Your team, yourself and the consumer have to be respected.

The Buddhist ethics is based on the non-violence principle. They know
everyone deserves to be happy and does not want to struggle. If we base our
actions on that understanding and try not to harm others, we gain their
respect and confidence. It brings trust and understanding in the team if we
respect our colleagues. We try to stop doing something offensive behind or in
front of people and make ourselves transparent.
The Buddhist business code and professional ethics are also closely tied
to being environment-friendly. Buddhists pursue the "right livelihood" and are
usually against businesses that do not really care for the environment or harm
animals. Essentially, according to Buddhist teachings, the principles of ethics and
morals are governed by examining a certain action that must avoid any harm.
5. Hinduism
Hindus believe in one true, formless, boundless, all-inclusive and eternal God
called Brahman. He is not an abstract concept but a real entity that everything in the
universe (seen and unseen) encompasses.
Hinduism is not an organized religion, and its value system has no single,
systematic approach to teaching nor do Hindus have a simple set of rules, like the
Ten Commandments to follow. Whatever practices (local, regional, caste and
community-driven)—throughout the Hindu world influence the interpretation and
practice of beliefs.
Hindus have a positive attitude towards business and wealth creation, yet
wealth is not the ultimate goal. What is more important are ethics (dharma), and
salvation (moksha).
For business, prices and profits should be fair. Tax system should give
reasonable rates, should be economical in its implementation, and should not have
adverse impact on economic growth. There must be high taxes on luxury goods.
Workers should receive fair and just wages, depending on their ability and
productivity.
It is worth noting, overall, that every faith has its own biases. Nevertheless,
each of them has the core concept that faith would give rise to a commitment to
maintain a desirable work climate. This is why our society cannot remove the effect
of religion on modern business. We should be mindful of disparities in beliefs among
various cultures and accept them. While there are global ethical standards, we must
also show respect for each community's different values.
What’s More
A. Directions: Write the business practices or principles of each religion in the table below.
The first given will serve as your guide. Copy the table and write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.
Religion Business practices/principles

Strict adherence to contracts;
Compliance with regulations;
Work for the benefit of the common good; No
Christianity
use of extortion;
Charity and justice must be exercised; and
Fair wages to workers.
Judaism
Islam
Buddhism
Hinduism
B. Directions: Using your answer in activity A, answer the question below in at least two
sentences. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Which religions are similar? In what way?
C. Directions: Choose one belief system and create an acrostic for its business practices or
principles. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Example: Christianity (CROWN)
C- omply with regulations

R- espectfully and strictly adhere to contracts
O- nly get a decent deal
W- ork for the benefit of common good
N- o use of extortion
What I Have Learned
Directions: Answer each of the following tasks in two to three sentences. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Define belief system using your own words. (5 points)
2. Complete these statements: (5 points each)
I have learned that the business practices of Christianity are _
I have learned that the business practices of Judaism are
I have learned that the business practices of Hinduism are
I have learned that the business practices of Islam are
I have learned that the business practices of Buddhism are

What I Can Do
Directions: Considering your religious affiliation, write at least two practices in

business that you follow as its active member. You may get your ideas from What Is
It to serve as your guide. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
(two points each)
(My Religion)
Two best practices that I follow:

1. _ _
2. _ _
Assessment
A. Directions: Write the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Jews believe that there is one God, and their written laws rely on the _ _.
a. Qur’an c. Holy Bible
b. Torah d. Talmud
2. Buddhists follow the teachings of .

a. Indira Gandhi c. Siddhartha Gautama
b. Pratimoksa d. Brahman
3. Hindus believe in .
a. Indira Gandhi c. Siddhartha Gautama
b. Pratimoksa d. Brahman
4. Christians follow the .

a. Holy Bible c. Torah
b. Qur’an d. Talmud
5. The source of rules for the Islam is called .

a. Holy Bible c. Torah
b. Talmud d. Qur’an
B. Directions: For 6-15, Identify which practice/principle is described in each number.

Choose your answers from the box. Write the letter of your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.

d. Judaisme. Buddhism
__ 6. They have a positive attitude towards business and wealth creation.

__ 7. Charity and justice in business must be exercised.
8. Business should be conducted in accordance with the rules of nature which
God governs.
9. Fair pricing and good business relations should be applied.
___10. Businessmen should really care for the environment.
___11. They apply market honesty.
12. They put restrictions on misleading advertisements.
13. Wealth is not their ultimate goal.
14. They pursue right livelihood.
___15. They comply with the regulations and strictly adhere to contracts.
Additional Activities
Directions: You have already learned the good practices of the different belief
systems. This time, your task is to choose one good business practice that you like
best from each belief system. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. (one
point each)
Christianity:
Islam:
Hinduism:
Judaism:
Buddhism:
MODULE 6 – WEEK 7
PRELIM COVERAGE
LESSON TITLE: FILIPINO VALUE SYSTEM AND THEIR INFLUENCE IN THE BUSINESS
PRACTICES
Filipinos are known worldwide for these values: love of God and family, hard work, perseverance,
adaptability, generosity, loyalty to friends, care, and respect for the elderly, etc. These are all normally
observed in the day-to-day living. But then, there are some values that result to disappointment or
frustration.
As you go through this module, you will learn about the various Filipino values. You are expected
to:
1. explain and describe the different Filipino values; and
2. infer how Filipino values influence business practices.
What I Know
Directions: Match the terms in Column A to their corresponding

definition/description in Column B. Write the letter of your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.
A B
1. Delicadeza a. One gets support through family affiliation,
friendship, etc.
2. Bayanihan b. Always remember the goods acts that others did.
3. Mañana habit c. Sense of social propriety
4. Frugality d. Shared understanding of the other
person’s personality
5. Niñgas cogon e. Spirit of unity within a group
6. Utang na loob f. Economical management of resources
7. Padrino system g. Sensitivity to personal insult
8. Pakikisama h. Eager at the beginning then losing interest
9. Amor Propio i. Absolute obedience to what is right, legal,
or ethical
10. Hiya j. Putting off something until another time
Filipino Value System and
Their Influence in Business
Practices
What’s In
Directions: Recall the different belief systems that you have learned. Analyze the
statements below and choose the letter of the belief system where they belong.
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

d. Judaism e. Buddhism
1. They follow the regulation and adhere strictly to contracts.

2. They believe that fair pricing and good business relations should
be applied.
3. They impose restrictions on misleading advertisements.
4. Their ultimate goal is not wealth.
5. They believe that businessmen should really care for
the environment.
What’s New
Directions: Read the situation below and answer each question in two to three
sentences on a separate sheet of paper.
Pia, the proprietress of XYZ Enterprises, had to borrow extra capital from her
friend, Bea, for her business expansion. Bea willingly lent her friend the money with
no interest. The business grew and had several branches that Pia had to hire more
workers and, she had even paid Bea in full! One day, Bea approached Pia and
asked for a favor. Bea had cancer and she needed money for medication. Pia
declined and told Bea that all her money was in the business and that she came at a
wrong time.
What kind of friend is Pia?
If you were Bea, what would you do?
What is It
Filipino value system is characterized as an effect of one's own culture by the

way people live their lives. This refers to the collection of values or the structure of
values that majority of Filipinos have traditionally kept in their lives as important as:
common beliefs, moral principles, ethical standards, etiquette, and cultural and
personal values that their society encouraged them to have. Here are some Filipino
values that we live by:
1. Bahala na
There is no exact English translation for Bahala Na. However, there are
several interpretations for this. The first one is that Bahala was derived from the word
Bathala, who was worshipped by the Filipinos during the Pre-Spanish period. This
belief in putting life in the hands of God may be a symbol of how devout Filipinos can
be. They just leave everything to God, including their problems and their sufferings.
They are fatalistic, putting their lives in the hands of fate.
On the other hand, according to Lagmay (1977, as cited in Pe-Pua et al.,

2000), Bahala Na is determination and risk-taking. He said that when Filipinos say
“bahala na”, they are ready to face every difficult situation and are determined to
achieve their goals or objectives. When they mention those words, it is like they are
getting courage or strength into their system, and they will not surrender.
In business, you cannot just put its life in the hands of fate. Everything has to
be carefully studied or planned; otherwise, all of your efforts will go down the drain.
2. Utang na loob
Gratitude or utang na loob is typically embedded in the Filipino culture. One
should not forget to consider the good acts others may have done particularly in
times of great need. Many times, this debt of appreciation is violated by others who
have served us good. With this system, people are forced to do something in
exchange for favors that others did.
Business is affected by this so-called utang na loob especially if the

businessman has faced ethical issues.
3. Ningas-cogon
Ningas is a noun that means flame, burning, or fire, while cogon is a plant that
can be quickly burnt with its presence. Ningas cogon means the swift burning of
cogon, which connotes the eagerness of the Filipinos just at the beginning, but then
rapidly lose interest shortly after it begins, or lack of follow-up.
Same thing could happen in business. The enthusiasm is there at the start of
the venture but since it is not one’s inclination, then he/she gradually loses his/her
interest.
4. Padrino system (palakasan/patronage system)
Padrino system, or patronage in Filipino culture and politics, is the system of
value in which one gets support, endorsement, or political appointment through
family affiliation (nepotism) or friendship (cronyism), as opposed to one's worth.
Meaning, the owner or manager hires friends or relatives regardless of their
qualifications. This could cause conflict inside the enterprise and eventually could
also be the reason for losing the more qualified employees or workers. This system
in the Philippines is the root cause of numerous scandals and corruption.
Businessmen can quickly get business deals using padrino system if the
padrino poses as go-between presenting and vouching his character to close the
deal.
5. Amor propio / self-respect

Amor propio is a Spanish term meaning caring for oneself, or self-love. It is a
feeling of self-esteem or self-respect that prevents a person from swallowing his or
her pride. Sensitivity to personal insult or offending situation is included.
In business, Filipino customers are normally sensitive to hear a No for an

answer, hence, one will get a Yes, but might be disappointed afterwards.
6. Mañana habit
The Spanish word mañana means tomorrow or the future. It is also known in
English as procrastination and as mamaya na in Filipino. It might just as well mean
putting off something until another time. This habit has made Filipinos less efficient
and less energetic in doing the task.
In business, mañana habit could lead to less efficient workforce. It could also
lead to losing customers in case one is into delivery business. When he/she always
postpones doing something, his/her loads of work could pile up and that could give
him/her (and his/her co-workers) too much stress.
7. Delicadeza
Delicadeza is a Spanish term which when translated into English means
daintiness. It is defined as acting in a manner which is refined or being delicate in
taste. Often, it may mean good decorum or absolute obedience to what is right,
legal, or ethical. Perhaps it can be better understood by saying walang delicadeza
or makapal ang mukha (thick-faced) for those who do not have it.
In business, it is best to do what is right, what is legal, and what is ethical.

After all, goodwill attracts good vibes!
8. Hiya
Shame or hiya is a common Filipino value. This is a sense of social propriety
and it conforms with established cultural standards. Filipinos feel they ought to live
up to agreed moral expectations and if they fail to do so, they add dishonor not just
to themselves, but also to their families. If anyone is publicly humiliated, insulted or
fails to meet standards, they may feel ashamed and they lose their self-esteem.
Shame or hiya also happens in business. For example, one is selling rice and
other consumables. Now here comes his/her close friend requesting for one sack of
rice to be paid at the end of that month. On the due date, it is the seller who is even
ashamed to remind his/her close friend of the latter’s obligation.
9. Pakikisama/pakikipagkapwa-tao
Another Filipino characteristic is loyalty, or pakikisama. That is a shared
understanding of the other person's personality and consciousness. It is treating
others as equal, and with respect and integrity.
This is simply a realistic translation of the pakikipagkapwa-tao in industry

since the aim is to deliver useful products and services to others so that their
standard of living would get better.
In business, for example, Pedro is a sole proprietor. His cousin approached

him and was trying to borrow P5,000 for an emergency reason. Because he had no
personal cash that time, out of pakikisama, he got the amount of P5,000 from his
business collection and lent it to his cousin.
10. Family orientation

Philippines is recognized as a family-centered country. The Filipinos consider
their family as an important social structure which they have to look after. They put
premium on their family's safety and unity. The practice of nepotism is evident
(members of the same family employed in the same enterprise). It is the closeness of
the Filipino families that makes them the model of most business organizations.
However, in business, it is said that it is not advantageous to hire relatives

because one cannot just easily fire them even though he/she is dissatisfied with their
work performance.
11. Suki system

Suki is a Tagalog term which means loyal customers. Here, there is a
customer-supplier relationship that is built. Normally, the supplier would give
discounts, good quality products or service, or even “credit line” once the trust is
earned.
12. Bayanihan/team spirit
The bayanihan is a Filipino term which originated from the word bayan
meaning town or community. Later on, bayanihan meant "being a bayan" and is
being used to refer to a spirit of unity within a group, or individual cooperation and
joint efforts.
The adage "no man is an island" is even more true, and even critical in
business world – where interactions and the willingness (or unwillingness) to
collaborate with others will make or break a business. It is in bayanihan where one's
local environment is a vital tool. And that it will help his/her people and his/her
company get ahead by harnessing the strength of his/her own people.
13. Palabra De Honor

Palabra de Honor is a Spanish word meaning "Word of Honor". This is an
individual's unwritten promise to someone to do or not to do something.
Palabra de honor needs a sense of truthfulness and honesty in every Filipino.

We have to respect our words by upholding our promises, even without any legal
document.
In business, for example, when one promised his/her employees of a salary

increase after six months of working in his/her enterprise, then he/she should really
give them an increase when they have reached six months.
14. Lakas ng loob

Courage or lakas ng loob, is the strength of mind or spirit that enables a
person to meet challenges, situations, or pain bravely or without fear.
For example, in one’s desire to expand his/her business, he/she got a loan
from a commercial bank payable in five years.
15. Pakikipagsapalaran
Pakikipagsapalaran or being venturous is the ability of a person to take risks,
even if they are prone to a potential loss. For example, even without an experience
in selling, one ventured into an online business this time of pandemic by just
following some ideas coming from his/her friends.
16. Frugality/pagtitipid
This is known as economical management of resources, being careful in
spending, and avoiding unnecessary expenses.
For a small business, frugality is really important. One will save his/her money
effectively by living frugally and by managing his/her spending. When business starts
to succeed, there is a tendency to overspend so it is an advantage if he/she knows
how to control his/her expenses.
What’s More
A. Directions: Read and analyze the situation and choose from the box the business practice
that each presents. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Lakas ng Loob DelicadezaAmor Propio Padrino

Utang na loob SystemHiya
Business
Situations
practices
1. The daughter of a prominent businessman fell into the pool and
drowned. Good thing, a man saw the incident and quickly saved
the young girl. The businessman-father hired
him as his personal driver.
2. Melvin, the clerk, was caught by the treasurer while opening the
vault. He just walked away as if nothing had happened
and acted innocently the days thereafter.
3. There was a job vacancy at LMN Corporation. Two applicants (A
and B) submitted their resume, and only A was qualified.
However, it was B who was hired, being the godson of the
accounting manager.
4. Cindy wants to ask for a discount from the boutique owner but is
hesitant because she is thinking other customers
could hear and might think that she is poor.
5. Solly lent P5,000 to her friend Beth to be paid on the 30th of
the month. On the due date, Solly did not have the courage to
approach Beth because they are close friends.
B. Directions: You must have experienced bahala na, ningas-cogon, and mañana habit
as a student. Recall what happened or in what situation did you experience each of
these. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Bahala Na
Ningas-cogon
Mañana Habit
What I Have Learned
Directions: Complete the given phrases to form a good definition or description of

the Filipino values that you have learned. Write your answers on a separate sheet
of paper.
Pakikisama means
Family Orientation means _
Suki System means
Bayanihan spirit means
Palabra de Honor means

What I Can Do
Directions: Compose a three-stanza poem using the ideas taken from our Filipino
value system (a comedic type is preferred). Your poem should not exceed three
stanzas. Write your poem on a separate sheet of paper.
Rubrics for the poem
Scoring criteria 5 4 3 2 1
Organization Ideas are logically arranged.
Appropriate organizational pattern is observed.
Transitions are smooth.
Content Content is relevant and well-developed.
Introduction captures attention at once.
5 - Very good
4 - Good
3 - Fair
2 - Poor
1 - Very poor
Assessment
Directions: Write True if the idea is correct, and False if it is not. Write your answers
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Pakikisama is shown when there is a spirit of unity within a group.

2. A person practices ningas-cogon when he/she is eager at the beginning but is quick
to lose interest.
3. Padrino system means always remember the good acts that others did.
4. Manana habit is practiced when one put-off something until another time.
5. Frugality means wasteful management of resources.
6. Pakikipagsapalaran is shown when a person ventured into a business without any
idea or experience.
7. Palabra de honor means father with honor.
8. Suki means loyal customers.
9. It is said that in business, goodwill attracts good vibes.
10. Amor propio is a Latin word which means caring for oneself or self-love.
11. Delicadeza means daintiness.
12. Pakikipagkapwa-tao is done so that the standard of living of a person would get better.
13. Amor Propio means love for others.
14. Bahala Na attitude means putting the person’s life in the hands of fate.
15. Ningas Cogon means tomorrow or the future.
Directions: Using the poem that you wrote, choose one of your favorite songs and
substitute the poem as its lyrics.
Record your song and send it to your teacher.
Rubrics:
Choice of song 5 pts.
(very good-5, good-4, fair-3, poor-2, very poor-1)
Fitness of poem to the song 2 pts.
Rendition of the song 3 pts.
(very satisfactory-3, satisfactory-2, not quite satisfactory-1) _
Total 10 pts.
MODULE 7 – WEEK 9
MIDTERM COVERAGE
LESSON TITLE: WAYS TO IMPROVE BUSINESS PRACTICES GUIDED BY THE

PHILOSOPHIES, BELIEF SYSTEM OR FILIPINO VALUES
Socio-economic challenges in the Philippines develop a sustainable business. From the past modules,
you have learned about Philosophies, Belief Systems, and Filipino Value System Influencing Our Business
Practices. As you go through this module, you will learn about ways to improve business practices guided by
philosophies, belief systems, or Filipino values. You are expected to:
1. Enumerate ways to improve business practices;
2. Explain how philosophies, Filipino belief systems, and values contribute to the improvement of business;
and
3. Describe how the Filipino value system affects the attitudes of business constituents.
What I Know
Directions: Given the position of a manager in a restaurant, you were assigned

to make your plan regarding “New Normal” set up. Consider the aspects below
and write in one to two sentences on a separate sheet of paper.
A. Safety Protocols
B. Dine-in Meals
C. Pricelist
D. Events
E. Take-out Meals
F. Method of Payment
Ways to Improve Business
Lesson
Practices Guided by the
Philosophies, Belief System, or
Filipino Values
What’s In
Directions: Given the Filipino value systems that you have learned, choose
five from the box and define briefly. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.
A. Bahala na I. Pakikisama/pakikipagkapwa-tao
B. Utang-na-loob J. Family orientation
C. Ningas-cogon K. Suki system
D. Padrino system L. Bayanihan/team spirit
E. Amor propio/ self-respect M. Palabra de honor
F. Maňana habit N. Lakas ng loob
G. Delicadeza O. Pakikipagsapalaran
H. Hiya P. Frugality/pagtitipid
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
_
What’s New
Directions: Assuming that you are a proprietor of a car company, what are the
strategies/ways to make your business unique from other car companies?
How can you be a S.M.A.R.T. proprietor? Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.
What is It
As a business owner, you are probably aware of where your business

could improve. Sometimes business owners want to improve their business
but are not sure how to begin. This is an overview of some key steps you can
take to start improving your business.
Assess your situation

Before you start making changes, it is a good idea to make sure you
have a full understanding of the factors affecting your business success.
These may include your current business practices, market trends, or changes
to the wider environment in which you operate.
Tools that can help you assess your business' situation include:
 SWOT-analysis — helps you identify your business' strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities, and threats.
 Benchmarking — measures your business’ performance against similar-
sized businesses in your industry.
 Market research — investigates your business' market and industry to
identify trends, changes, and customer or client demands.
 Trend analysis — uses business data collected over time to identify
consistent results or trends.
 Webinars (web-based seminars) — provide useful information to help
develop your business skills.
Set clear goals

Business goals can be as broad or as specific as you want them to be.
Writing down your goals clearly will make it easier for you to achieve them.
Make sure your goals are S.M.A.R.T.:
 Specific — state clearly what you want to achieve.
 Measurable — make sure you can evaluate the success.
 Achievable — check if your objective is something you have the time and
resources to meet.
 Relevant — make sure your objectives improve profit drivers and improve
some part of your business.
 Timely — set a specific date for completion.
Once you have written down your goals, you should prioritize them to
decide which ones to focus on first. Some goals may need to be more urgent
than others. It is also important to recognize that some goals will need to be
addressed with a long-term strategy as you will not be able to meet them
immediately because of resources, finances, or time.
Identify strategies for achieving your goals
Review your goals and list the factors you think are creating your
current circumstances. Think about what strategy you could use to improve
the situation. Depending on the goals you are trying to meet, you may want to
think about using the services of a business professional such as a
professional trainer, contractor, or business adviser. Think realistically about
what you can do yourself and where you may benefit from some support.
Develop a plan for implementing your strategies

To achieve your goals, you need to work out how to implement your
strategies. Strategies often include several specific actions or tasks. It is a
good idea to develop a plan on how you will do this.
Write your plan in a format that suits you. It should include:
 a time frame — how long a task will take to complete as well as the start and
finish dates.
 actions — state the individual actions as precisely as you can.
 responsibilities — assign accountability for each action so everyone knows
precisely what you expect from them and who is responsible for ensuring the
work is done.
 resources — list budget, staff, or supplies needed to complete each action.
 a desired outcome — state how you will know that the action has been
completed.
When you have developed your plan, you might want to also update
your overall business plan.
Measure the results

Establishing how you will measure the results that you want to achieve
may be as simple as checking what you have completed. With larger goals,
you may have to establish a more complex measurement process like
increasing profit by a set percentage, or gaining a particular number of new
clients. With these types of goals, it can also be useful to set points to
measure their success as you are working on them. This will help you keep
your plan on track.
Consider how often you want to measure your business achievements.
This can also help you set new goals regularly. Learn more about measuring
the success of your innovation.
What’s More
Directions: Match the terms in Column A to their corresponding

definition/description in Column B. Write the letter of your answer on a
A B
1. Specific A. investigates your business' market and industry to
identify trends, changes, and customer or client
demands
2. SWOT-analysis B. measures your business' performance against similar

sized businesses in your industry
3. Timely C. states clearly what you want to achieve
4. Trend analysis D. check if your objective is something you have the time
and resources to meet
5. Market research E. uses business data collected over time to identify
consistent results or trends
6. Relevant F. provide useful information to help develop your
business skills
7. Achievable G. set a specific date for completion
8. Benchmarking H. helps you identify your business' strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities, and threats
9. Webinars I. make sure you can evaluate success
10. Measurable J. make sure your objectives improve profit drivers and
improve some part of your business
What I Have Learned
Directions: Complete the sentence below and write your answers on a

I have learned that in order to improve business practices, the key steps are _
What I Can Do
Directions: Assuming that you are a seller in a famous e-commerce platform in

the Philippines, think of at least one way to improve your business guided by
philosophies and Filipino belief system or values. Write your answers on a
Assessment
Directions: Based on the steps/ways of improving business practices. Write ten

(10) ways to improve business practices in your own words on a separate
sheet of paper.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Directions: Write True if the idea is correct and False if it is not. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.
11. Business goals can be as broad or as specific as you want them to be.
12. Think realistically sometimes about what you can do yourself and where you may
benefit from some support.
13. To achieve your goals, you need to work out how to implement your strategies.
14. Before you start making changes, it is a good idea not to make sure you have a
full understanding of the factors affecting your business success.
15. Consider how often you want to measure your business achievements - this can
also help you set new goals regularly.
Directions: Given a chance to be a businessman, make a business plan and

strategy you may use to have a successful business. Write your answers on a
MODULE 8 – WEEK 10
MIDTERM COVERAGE
LESSON TITLE: THE CORPORATE IMAGE: AN EXPRESSION OF CHANGING

RESPONSIBILITIES
1. Discover the definitions and applications of corporate social responsibility
2. Examine and be able to appreciate the CSR Framework.
MODULE OVERVIEW:
In this module, it presents the corporate image as exists in the minds of people. It is a loose structure
of knowledge, belief, and feeling. It may be vague or clear, weak or strong. It differs from person to person,
from company to company- in part it is based on facts and figures, such as a company’s sales volume, its
product activities, the amount of its profits, the price of its stock, the location of its plants, and so forth.
Additionally, it is rooted in a variety of social attitudes and value systems which people carry in their minds.
The corporate image, then, may be defined as a composite of knowledge, feelings, ideas and beliefs
associated with a company as a result of the totality of its activities.
SELF-LEARNING LESSON:
1. CORPORATE IMAGES FOR CORPORATE “PUBLIC”. Peter Drucker sees the essence and purpose of
the corporation” not in its performance or in its formal rules, but in the human relationships both between
the members of the corporation and between the corporation and the citizens of it”.
The modern corporation is an instrument for conducting a profitable business enterprise through the pooling
of venture capital. Stress on this fact argues that the Board of Directors’ prime responsibility is to return a
profit on the investment, that all other responsibilities are purely secondary.
2. THE CORPORATE IMAGE FOR EMPLOYEES. Employees of any organization have an image of that
organization. It may be good, bad or indifferent. Simply the fact that people are people means they have
some thoughts about the places where they work and the products services which they produce.
Corporations seem anxious to have their image in the minds of employees develop along certain lines they
deem desirable.
The creation of the employee’s image of the corporation is top management’s responsibility. The task
presumably is not an easy one. To produce a set of principles, guides, or beliefs from which an image can be
developed takes considerable time and thought. It should be sufficiently clear and firm to provide a suitable
and comfortable framework in which to work, but not so specific as to become obsolete tomorrow.
Management’s growing interest in creating for employees an image showing a corporate sense of social
responsibility and responsibility toward the employees themselves is evidence in its credo or “ we believes”.
a company can give convincing proof that it accepts broad responsibilities to its employees by practicing
what it preaches in its credo.
3. THE CORPORATE IMAGE FOR THE TRADE. In our complex modern society personal contact
between suppliers and buyers has all but been obliterated. The corporate image that the trade sees and thinks
it knows comas from opinions they have of a corporation’s salesmen, advertising, sales or trade policies, and
the corporate trademark.
The contact between a manufacturing company and the middlemen who distribute that company’s products
is in a overwhelming number of cases the company’s salesman. The responsibility for selecting the right
representative rests squarely with the manufacturer, who must select the type and kind of people he wants to
represent the company and present the company’s philosophy and principles. This philosophy and these
principles flow down from the top and, hopefully, are projected by the salesmen.
Image building has become a very important concept in trade relations. It plays an important part in building
long lasting loyalty towards a company and its products. More and more companies are marketing their
products.
4. THE CORPORATE IMAGE FOR THE LOCAL COMMUNITY. Since the end of World War II, the
importance of establishing a company’s reputation as a “good citizen” of the community has become
increasingly evident. Benefits which presumably accrue to corporations when good relations are established
are:
A. The recruitment of better workers.
B. The reduction of turnover and absenteeism.
C. The improvement of job satisfaction and morale.
D. Increased sales.
E. The creation of a better local understanding and acceptance of the company.
The case for community relations programs can also be put on the basis of mutual obligations between
company and community. The corporate responsibilities extend to local communities has become widely
recognized in public statements of business leaders and in company policies. Cultivation of an effective
community relations program has to become an indispensable function of prudent management.
Good industrial citizenship, therefore, consists of becoming a part of the community and cultivating
genuinely friendly relationships with the citizens living within it.
That corporate responsibilities extend to local communities has become widely recognized in public
statements of business leaders and in company policies. The largest companies are gradually adapting their
public and external relations policies to these obligations.
Cultivation of an effective community relations program has to become an indispensable function of prudent
management.
5. THE CORPORATE IMAGE FOR GOVERNMENT.The development of moral responsibilities and

sanctions tying local and private business to large political communities quickened during the New Deal.
Then and later the principles of economic rationality gave way to varying kinds of moral beliefs and values
that were made part of the formal system of American government. Enormous power is now exercised over
private enterprise by relatively new administrative bureaus and regulatory agencies.
= While the businessman, like any other citizen, may shrink from or ignore politics, he does so at his own
peril for politics will most certainly not ignore him. Too many of our businessmen, while contributing
handsomely to various lobbying groups or political parties, have scorned personal participation in politics
and dodged direct political responsibility.
Perhaps the modern corporation is accepting its responsibilities to its public primarily because it wants to
continue in business and not ultimately become a part of the State. Managers and owners may feel that if
they misbehave, not only could they lose control of their corporations, but the corporations themselves could
disappear becoming a part of the State.
6. THE CORPORATE IMAGE FOR THE INVESTING COMMUNITY. The prime purpose of projecting a
favorable image to the financial community is to inspire confidence in management policies, confidence that
can result in a decision to invest. It has been said that this means convincing the potential financiers that a
company is well run, progressive, and farsighted, with good prospects for continuous growth. It must be
asked, however, what image in fact inspires such confidence.
As in any case of any of the corporate “public”, an image may seek to offer assurance of broad, social
responsibility or it may stress only a profit orientation. To evaluate the situation with respect to the financial
community we must ask what benefits are sought from having a “favorable” image.
The following tangible benefits may be derived from securing favorable investor recognition:
A. a fair and accurate market appraisal of a company’s business, industry position and prospects.
B. Continuing stockholder support for managements long-range plan and policies.
C. Improved public acceptance of newly issued securities.
D. A preferred position with respect to possible acquisition.
E. Prestige in trade, industry, and customer relations through an improved standing in the financial
community.
Lewis D. Gilbert, a leader of this movement, lays down the major planks of his platform in these terms.
1. More democratic, better attended, better located regional and annual meetings.
2. Full disclosure of corporate financial affairs through proper annual and post-meeting reports.
3. Strengthening of the SEC’s proposal rule.
4. Equitable pensions, option control and executive compensation with reasonable ceilings and periodic
shareholder review.
5. Cumulative voting to give the minority representation and the majority the benefit of the minority’s
criticism.
6. Preemptive rights to purchase new stock.
7. The elimination of the stagger system of electing board directors.
8. The election of auditors by shareholders.
9. The elimination of the millions of automatic, uninstructed proxy votes cast by fiduciaries for
management.
10. The stipulation by SEC order of a maximum sum that can be spent in a proxy contest.
11. The nomination of independent directors in the company proxy statement.
12. Ownership of stock by directors in the companies on whose boards they sit.
13. The election of qualified women to boards of directors,
14. Impartial and factual press reports on corporate affairs,
15. The right of a secret corporate ballot as inviolable in its privacy as political vote.
It is interesting to note that most of these suggestions call for reforms within each corporation, without
additional legislative action. Since demands for legislative reform continue, it would appear that corporate
leadership is under both public and private pressure to accept responsibility to security holders and other
elements of the financial community.
7. CORPORATE IMAGE MEASUREMENT. We have examined the various corporation “ public” and
related how a “ responsible” image can influence each of these groups. However, can some concrete
evidence be found to indicate how interested corporations really are in projecting a favorable image they are
in fact, trying to project? Let us look at the research that is being directed toward the measurement of the
corporate personality for answers to these questions and for evidence of actual acceptance of social
responsibilities to the various “public”.
SELF-Quiz
I.If the statement is true, write the word “TRUE”; if the otherwise, write the word, “FALSE”, opposite the
corresponding number.
________1. Today the principal limitations on business are moral and practical, not economic.
________2. Corporate image is measurable and that the modern corporation is concerned with the type of
image projected to its public would tend to imply that the corporation has a life of its own, a life apart from
stockholders, making it rational to maximize considerations such as survival or size rather than profits.
________3. The increased concern of the modern corporation for winning long-lasting loyalty from the
trade by projecting an image of reliability, integrity, honesty, and trustworthiness would also tend to indicate
an acceptance of social responsibilities to this “public”.
________4. Peter Ducker sees the essence and purpose of the corporation in the economic performance or in
its formal rule.
________5. Employees of any organization have an image of that organization.
MIDTERM COVERAGE
LESSON TITLE: WHAT IS GOOD GOVERNANCE

1. Determine and be able to appreciate the SEC requirements on Corporate Social Responsibility
1. DEFINITION OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE.

Corporate Governance is the set of processes, customs, policies, laws and institutions affecting the
way a corporation is directed, administered or controlled. Corporate governance also includes the
relationships among the many stakeholders involved and the goals for which the corporation is governed.
The principal stakeholders are the shareholders, management and the board of directors. Other stakeholders
include employees, suppliers, customers, banks and other lenders, regulators,the environment and the
community at large.
Corporate governance is a multi-faceted subject. An important theme of corporate governance is to
ensure the accountability of certain individuals in an organization through mechanisms that try to reduce or
eliminate the principal-agent problem. A related, but separate thread of discussions, focus on the impact of a
corporate governance system in economic efficiency, with a strong emphasis on shareholders welfare. There
are yet other aspects to the corporate governance subject, such as the stakeholders’ view and the corporate
governance models a round the world.
2. WHAT IS CORPORATE GOVERNANCE?

The Philippine SEC defines corporate governance as a system whereby shareholders, creditors and
other stakeholders of a corporation are assured that the management enhances the value of the corporation as
it competes in an increasingly global market place.
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has a broad definition of corporate
governance as the system by which business corporations are directed and controlled.
The Financial Times narrowly defines corporate governance as the relationship of a company to its
shareholders or, more broadly, as its relationship to society.
Corporate governance can simply be defined as that set of rules that govern the internal relations of various
stakeholders within the corporate organization and in the community where it operates, in order to provide
for integrity and honesty in decision making and to ensure transparency and accountability in the system.
3. HOW IS CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AFFECTING THE RULES AND THE

ENVIRONMENT OF DOING BUSINESS?
In the Philippines, the SEC has issued new rules on the subject. Listed companies are now required
to adopt a Manual on Corporate Governance (Manual) and a Code of Conduct. These companies were also
required to submit a corporate governance rating form indicating their level of compliance with the new
rules, as well as annual certifications on the companies’ compliance with their respective Manuals. Others
are more cautious and passively waiting for the next developments. A few are cynical and are questioning
whether adopting new securities rules is the appropriate response to the problem.
4. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHAREHOLDERS, BONDHOLDERS, BANKERS AND

DIRECTORS; THE POTENTIAL FOR COMPLICTS OF INTEREST; THE EFFECT OF THE
AGENCY THEORY ON CONCEPTS OF GOVERNANCE.
Corporate governance is an expansive topic that refers to the power-sharing arrangement between a
company’s shareholders, its board of directors, and its senior management. The actual power-sharing
arrangement of a corporate entity depends upon its rules of governance, the rules that define and protect the
rights, responsibilities, and claims of the three relevant parties: shareholders, directors, and management.
Corporate governance rules are established by firm-specific charters and bylaws, as well as by statutes and
regulations promulgated by state and national governments. The Federal and state judicial systems likewise
play a major role in corporate governance matters through an on-going process of litigation, interpretation,
and enforcement.
The essence of a corporate governance failure is where the managers of a firm, acting as agents for the
shareholder, seek to improve themselves at the expense of the shareholders.
5. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION OF THE PHILIPINES MODEL.

Securities and Exchange Commission of the Philippines issued model manual on Corporate
Governance.
SELF-Quiz
I.TRUE or FALSE:If the statement is true, write the word “TRUE”; if the otherwise, write the word,
“FALSE”, opposite the corresponding number.
________1. Corporate governance is the set of processes, customs, policies, laws, and
institutions affecting the way a corporation is directed, administered or controlled.
________2. The Philippine SEC defines corporate governance as a system whereby
shareholders, creditors and other stakeholders of a corporation are assured that management
enhances the value of the corporation as it competes in an increasingly global market place.
________3. An important theme of corporate governance is to ensure the accountability of certain
individuals in an organization through mechanisms that try to reduce or eliminate the principal-
agent problem.
________4. Corporate governance is not a fad but an actual improvement in the manner by which
companies are directed and controlled.
________5. Corporate governance clarified the role of the board of directors vis-a-vis that of
management, resulting in more active and proactive boards.
________6. The fiasco of Enron, WorldCom and the like is shaping a new regulatory landscape in
the world business resulting to numerous reportorial certifications and requirements, hopefully to
enable the regulators to monitor compliance, deviations and violations in a timely manner and act
with dispatch.

PREFINAL COVERAGE
LESSON TITLE: LEADERSHIP EFFECTIVENESS

At the end of this lesson, the students must be able to:
1. Explain the importance of having a good vision, purpose and mission statement
2. Determine and develop formulation of vision, purpose and mission statement.
3. Improve your own organization’s Vision, Purpose and Mission Statement
1. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT.

Leaders have been characterized as inspiring or charismatic, but one rarely hears of
inspiring or charismatic managers. In the minds of many, management is associated with
words such as efficiency, planning, procedures, control and consistency. Leadership is
associated with words such as vision, creativity, dynamism, change, and risk-taking.
A. Managers are concerned with the present-leaders look to the future.
B. Managers make sure details are taken care of- leaders set broad purposes and directions.
C. Managers exercise control to make sure that things work well-Leaders create commitment
that things may work better.
D. Managers solve today’s problems by addressing difficulties caused by changing events-
Leaders creates a better future by seizing opportunities stimulated by changing events.
E. Managers focus on the process- leaders focus on the product.
F. Managers focus on problem behavior and try to improve it through counseling, coaching,
and nurturing-Leaders focus on what is right and praise it.
G. Managers make sure people put in an honest day’s work for their pay- leaders inspire
people to do their best.
H. Managers organize and plan to meet this year’s objectives-leaders create a vision of the
years down the road.
I. Managers create efficient policies and standard operating procedures-leaders go beyond
the need for standard procedures and create a more efficient system.
J. Managers focus on efficiency- leaders focus on effectiveness.
* Warren Bennis
* john Kotter’s A Force for Change.
2. LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT SKILLS- A COMPARISON.

Genevieve Capowski’s “ Autonomy of a leader” Management Review ( March 1994) made a
comparison between a leader and a manager, such as:
LEADER
1. VISIONARY
2. PASSIONATE
3. CREATIVE
4. FLEXIBLE
5. INSPIRING
6. INNOVATIVE
7. COURAGEOUS
8. IMAGINATIVE
9. EXPERIMENTAL
10. INDEPENDENT
MANAGER
1. RATIONAL
2. CONSULTING
3. PERSISTENT
4. PROBLEM-SOLVING
5. TOUGH-MINDED
6. ANALYTICAL
7. STRUCTURAL
8. DELIBERATIVE
9. AUTHORITATIVE
10. STABILIZING
3. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROACTIVE AND REACTIVE LEADERSHIP.

PROACTIVE LEADERSHIP MEANS:
1. TAKING CHARGE IN A CONSCIOUS, DELIBERATE, ACTIVE MANNER;
2. LOOKING AHEAD AND ANTICIPATING THE DESIRED FUTURE.
3. PLANNING FOR WHAT WILL BE ACCOMPLISHED
4. STRATEGIZING TO PREVENT POTENTIAL PROBLEMS SO AS TO SPEND LESS
TIME ON FIRE- FIGHTING AND MORE TIME ON FIRE-PREVENTION.
REACTIVE LEADERSHIP MEANS:
1. LIVING IN AN AFTER-THE-FACT MODE;
2. SPENDING MOST OF THE TIME REACTING TO EVENTS AFTER THEY HAVE
OCCURED;
3. WAITING PASSIVELY FOR THINGS TO HAPPEN AND RESOLVING PROBLEMS
TO ARISE;
4. FIRE-FIGHTING THAT KEEPS LEADERS SO OCCUPIED THAT SOMETIMES
THEY DON’T HAVE TIME TO THINK ABOUT WHAT CAUSED THE FIRES.
Anthony D’ Souza state characteristics, attitudes and behaviors of reactive and proactive
leadership.
4. FUNCTIONS OF PROACTIVE LEADERSHIP.

1. The proactive leader provides a visions for the organization.
2. The proactive leader communicates the organizational vision in such a way that it inspires
others to follow and motivates them to action.
3. The proactive leader assumes responsibility and exercises initiative in obtaining the
desired results.
4. The proactive leader is highly goal- oriented, self-motivated and self-disciplined.
5. The proactive leader sets an example for others, personifies the ideal for the group and
express the core values of the organization.
5. VISION- DRIVEN LEADERSHIP. A vision is an ideal and unique future state

crystallized as an image or brief declaration. An organization’s vision gives a crystal-clear
depiction of what an organization wants to become.
A statement of vision is also unique. It takes into account a specific milieu, a particular
group of people with their talents and gifts, and with a special sense of direction. And so, the
vision becomes unique and idealized.
6. PEOPLE’S INVOLVEMENT AND INTERACTION. Leaders recognize that great
dreams and grant visions are not realized through his actions alone. A vision must be clearly
articulated and shared and many others are needed to create, produce and support it.
Involvement, interaction and mobilization are keys to making those dreams and visions
significant realities. leaders encourage collaboration and work in ways that maximize the
commitment of people.
One of the major functions of a shared vision is to align education, upbringing, information
and perceptions influence us to move in different directions. A shared vision captures the
attention and emotion of people.
Creating a shared vision allows a leader to secure a commitment to a common purpose so
that innovation and improvement prevail over inertia and stagnation.
There are leaders who have visions that could be highly successful but are unable to convey
their visions to others.
Developing a shared vision is both difficult and complex. It is essential to:
-communicate and stress open communications;
-be accessible and visible
-involve people to help plan for change; and
- build a climate of trust.
SELF-QUIZ
.TRUE or FALSE:If the statement is true, write the word “TRUE”; if the otherwise, write the word,
_________1.Leaders have been characterized as inspiring or charismatic, but one rarely hears of
inspiring or charismatic managers.
_________2. According to Bennis managers innovate while leaders administer.
_________3. Both leadership and management skills are needed to build a successful
organization.
_________4. The proactive leader provides a visions for the organization.
_________5. The proactive leader is lowly goal oriented, self-motivated and self- disciplined.
PREFINAL COVERAGE
LESSON TITLE: THE POWER OF VISION, PURPOSE AND MISSION

STATEMENTS
1. Explain the importance of having a good vision, purpose and mission statement
2. Determine and develop formulation of vision, purpose and mission statement
3. Improve your own organization’s Vision, Purpose and Mission Statement
MODULE OVERVIEW:
In this module, it presents the Vision, purpose and mission are very powerful motivators
among individuals in the organization. Martin Luther King’s, “I have a dream,” did not only
talk about rights, equality and freedom. He painted word pictures so his audience could see
and feel them. He talked of his view from the mountain. He visualized the promised land. He
described black children and white children playing together and black people and white
people living in harmony. His audience could see the pictures and feel their significant
impact in the organization.
SELF-LEARNING MODULE:
1. PURPOSE OF A VISION STATEMENT.

According to Anthony D’ Souza, a vision statement should reflect the following:
A. Pictures of the promised land to give the journey a destination.
B. Sounds a clarion call to rally the troops to the mission
C. Lights a flame to inspire and excite them to action;
D. Provides visible evidence of the organization’s commitment and priorities
E. Stands as a visible reminder to focus people’s minds and efforts.
F. Declares the standard by which the organization would like to be judged.
2. MOTIVATIONAL POWER OF VISION STATEMENT.

A vision statement may be expressed in captivating way.
o A vision must be simple, comprehensible and motivating.
o A vision, by its very nature, is futuristic.
o A vision is a rallying cry.
3. DEVELOPING THE VISION.

Ideally a vision statement should be encapsulated in one line; initially it may need to
be much more comprehensive. The full and comprehensive statement should be made
available to all, but the one-liner should be permanently visible.
4. VISION AND THE ORGANIZATION’S HISTORY.

While it is true that vision focuses on the future, it also honors the past and is made possible
by the past. The history of an organization, to a great extent, shapes:
1. Where it is;
2. Why it is here;
3. What are its opinions for the time?
5. COMMUNICATING THE VISION.

In order to gain consensus and commitment throughout the organization, even a
compelling vision requires effective communication. “ only through good communication
can a good leader convey and preserve a common corporate vision. Communication can
sharpen, embody, and help enact that vision” (Max DePree, Leadership is an Art:
Doubleday, New York, 1989).
Communicating the vision to all key personnel is very important. To build a great
corporation, “takes endless articulation and reinforcement of what the institution honors,
values, and believes” (Richard T. Pascale and Anthony G. Athos, The Art of Japanese
Management; Simon & Schuster, New York, 1981).
Fr. Theodore Hesburg, former president of the University of Notre Dame, served as
the chief architect of Notre Dame’s aspiration into a leading university. His thoughts on the
role of vision are very clear: “ The very essence of leadership is you have a vision. It’s got to
be a vision you can articulate clearly and forcibly on every occasion. You cannot blow an
uncertain trumpet” (His Trumpet Was Never Uncertain; “ Time, May 28, 1987).
FORMULATING A VISION.
Leaders are people to whom others are drawn because they have a vision, a dream, an
agenda, or a frame of reference. Clearly, when we are with these individuals, we sense an
extraordinary focus of commitment that attracts us to them. It is often said of these leaders
that they make us want to join with them. They enroll us their vision.
A vision can be seen with the mind’s eye. It can be pictured-it has a substance, form
and color.
6. IMPORTANCE OF THE PURPOSE-AND-MISSION STATEMENT.

The purpose-and -mission statement tells the world why you and your team are
making the effort to act and to succeed. It identifies the motivation for your organization’s
actions. It tells your reason for existence, your unique contribution potential and gives
guidance and direction in a number of ways:
1. It helps everyone focus on why they exist as an organization.
2. It creates an energizing feeling that their work makes a difference.
3. It provides the foundation for the organization’s policies, methods, procedures and
decisions.
4. It is the starting point for both strategic planning and related operational planning.
7. DEVELOPING THE MISSION STATEMENT.

Involving people, particularly senior personnel in developing and updating the
organization’s mission is the best way to gain their commitment. A. D’Souza suggested
some steps to determine a mission statement:
1. The Top-Management Team must come to an agreement on their own sense of mission for
the organization.
2. Middle Management is the key to promoting and managing the mission. A mission from
the top in itself will be useless unless middle managers feel they can own it and have an
opportunity to contribute to it.
3. Front liners deliver the mission.
8. COMMUNICATING THE MISSION.

After developing your purpose-and-mission statement, plan you will share it and how
you will use it. Very member of the organization has the responsibility for the
accomplishment of the mission.
9. SETTING GOALS AND OBJECTIVES.
Goals are broad long term strategic plans of what you want to accomplish. They must
be both realistic and challenging. Objectives are more technical and spell out specific time
bound activities that must be undertaken and met in order to achieve your goals. Goals and
objectives pin down what will be accomplished, when and by whom. A clear vision of the
mission makes setting goals and objectives an easy, interactive and effective process
SELF-Quiz
_________1. according to Anthony D’ Souza a vision statement should reflect pictures of the
promised land to give the journey a destination.
_________2.according to R.K Greenleaf, a powerful vision is a mental picture of the preferred and
meaningless future one seek to create.
________3. the purpose-and- mission statement tells the world why you and your team are
making the effort to act and to succeed.
_______4. goals are broad long term strategic plans of what you want to accomplish.
________5. Goals and objectives does not define the end result the organization wants to achieve
within the given time frame.
FINAL COVERAGE
LESSON TITLE: ARTICULATING THE VISION, MISSION AND VALUES

1. Determine the importance of aligning your workforce
2. Explain the importance of building and enhancing commitment
3. Discover the sense of belongingness in the workplace
* The genius of a leader in articulating a vision statement is to make it simple enough to

evoke commitment and credible enough to be accepted as realistic and attainable. Leaders
must shape a clear, achievable and compelling vision. The vision must convey where the
organization is going, where the members are heading, and why they should be proud of the
direction.
* An effective mission must be right for the times, right for the organization and right for the
people who are working in it.
1. ALIGNING YOUR WORKFORCE.

The process of setting a clear direction is one of the prime functions of leadership. An
effective leader must have the skills to create the compelling vision, a sound awareness of
the present situation, together with an analysis of trends and the practical ability to carry out
certain actions that would lead the vision to reality. It is a mix of leadership skills rather than
personality that holds the key to effective leadership.
Strategic visionary leadership implies that the leader is able to develop a long-range vision of
what his organization should become while at the same time creating pathway of medium
and short -range milestones along the way. This vision must be communicated in such a way
that people accept it and are committed to translating it into reality.
2. THREE PILLARS FOR BUILDING COMMITMENT.
According to A.D’ Souza, there are three major pillars for building commitment in the
workplace:
1. A sense of belonging to the organization builds the essential spirit of loyalty necessary to
overcome barriers between “them and us”.
2. A sense of enthusiasm and excitement motivating people to perform.
3. Confidence on leadership provides the right climate for commitment to flourish.
3. ENHANCING COMMITMENT.
The organization benefits in many ways when there is high commitment in the work-place.
Highly committed employees have the following characteristics.
1. Care about corporate goals and objectives.
2. Are eager to offer creative ideas on how to improve systems and the quality of goods and
services.
3. Are less likely to quit their jobs.
4. Are happy in their work.
4. SENSE OF BELONGING AND ENTHUSIASM.

A sense of belonging gives them a feeling of satisfaction, whereas excitement about the work
they do motivates them to perform better.
> personal morale vs. Professional morale.
According to A.D’ Souza, in order to gain the commitment of your people, the following
guidelines should be taken in consideration.
1. Communicate candidly.
2. Empower your people.
3. Develop your people both professionally and personally.
4. Lead with honesty, integrity and impartiality.
Warren Bennis and John Goldsmith highlight four qualities of leadership that, when
practices, engender trust and commitment. They are vision, empathy, consistency and
integrity.
FINAL COVERAGE
LESSON TITLE: ORGANIZATION’S VISION, VALUES AND MISSION

1. Discover the process of visioning.
2. Determine the tenets of formulating vision, mission, and goals of the organization
3. Explain the impact of vision, mission, values system to success of organizations
1. THE PROCESS OF VISIONING.
Visioning is a journey from the known to the unknown, which helps create the future
from a montage of facts, hopes, dreams, dangers and opportunities. It involves a process of
clarifying one’s values and is accomplished over a period of time. More so, it provides
creative solutions to business challenges and eventually leads to the organization’s
continuous evolution and learning.
Elements of the visioning process:
1. Values.
2. Scanning
3. Mission
4. Visioning
5. Implementation.
Five-Step Visioning Sequence

STEP 1: clarify values. Define key values and what they mean in action
STEP 2: scan the current situation. Examine the current environment internally and
externally
STEP 3: define the mission. Clarify the basic purpose.
STEP 4:create a vision. Generate a clear image of the preferred future.
STEP 5: implement the vision. Create the strategic plans, action plan and feedback loops to
implement the values, vision and mission.
2. ORGANIZATIONAL RENEWAL CYCLE. Organizations go through cycles as part of

their growth and development. They choose different times to revisit and revise their inner
identity. Most organizations start out with a clear purpose, a lot of energy and a compelling
vision that propels them to make things happen.
After its initial period of creative activities, the organization will experience their stability or
managed growth.
> visionary leadership
> start anywhere- Person, Team or Organization
> creating alignment
3. VISIONARY LEADERSHIP.
How visioning fits into the planning sequence. The processes of clarifying values,
revitalizing the mission and creating a vision are key to this strategic planning process.
Visioning does not substitute for strategic and tactical plans; organizations move from
visioning to strategic planning, to yearly plans and measurements.
I.visioning is emotional.
II. Visioning is an organizational change process.
III. Visioning requires involvement
IV. Visioning hits the wall.
# STEP 1. CLARIFY VALUES-IDENTIFYING VALUES

#STEP 2. LINKING PERSONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL VALUES
#STEP 3. DEFINE THE MISSION.
SELF-ASSESSMENT:
_______1.Visioning is a journey from the known to the unknown, which helps create the future
from a montage of facts, hopes, dreams, dangers and opportunities.
_______2. An organization that is formed around a deep sense of values, missions, and vision is
called an essence- driven organization.
______3. Mission is the core purpose for which a person, team or organization is created.
_______4. Vision is picturing excellence- what the person, team or organization wants to create in
its best possible future.
_______5. Values are the principles, the standards, and the actions that people in an organization
represent.
_______6. Implementation includes the strategy, plans, procedures, and key actions that will put
all of the above into action.
_______7.When groups engage in visioning, emotions will not come into play.
_______8. The visioning process uses different steps to provide clarity of focus.
_______9. Visioning is not an Organizational change process.
_______10. Visioning do not require involvement.

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Sibugay Technical Institute Inc.

Learner’s Module in Good Governance and Social Responsibility

LESSON TITLE: FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION

I. Fill in the blanks.

1. is an activity of exchanging goods and services, for gaining profit.

JOIN THE CLUB!

Activity 1: Business as usual.

Name of the Business Products/services offered

The Success Story behind the National Bookstore

Socorro Ramos entered the publishing and retail industry by working as a

At that time, Manila was under Japanese occupation who imposed

At 95, she still believes in the time-honored tradition of “hands-on approach”

1. What form of business organization did they put up?

Forms of Business Organization according to ownership

A partnership is a business owned by two or more person who contribute

Ownership in a stock corporation is represented by shares of stock.

A. What form of business organization is best described by the

1. “I am the only owner of my business”.

C. These are examples of what form of business?

Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which is NOT a form of business ownership?

a. Sole Proprietorship c. Corporation

a. Sole Proprietorship c. Corporation

What I Have Learned

Partnership is an association of two or more people as partners.

Corporation is an entity created by law that is separate and distinct

from its owner and its continued existence is dependent

Forms of Business Organizations

What I Need to Reflect

1. A Sole Proprietorship, owned by one person, is a form of business

ONLINE AND ELECTRONIC RESOURCES

 https://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/organization. Retrieved June 8,

LESSON TITLE: THE CORE PRINCIPLE OF GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Understand the importance of possessing these traits in the success of both

Let us start your journey in learning the different

I. Answer the following. Write the letter on the space provided.

A. Report immediately the incident to the manager.

B. Ignore because it is not his money.

4. As an employee assigned in a baggage counter, Maggie always make sure

A. Maggie is very trustworthy and dedicated.

B. Maggie is very dependable.

C. Maggie is a good steward.

D. All of the above

Business Organization refers to how a business is structured. Sole

Examples: Sari-sari store, carinderia, flower shops, General Merchandising

Examples: restaurant, cafes, laundry shops, bars, bookstores

Examples: San Miguel Corporation, Jollibee Corporation, Globe Telecom

2. a business organization of two or more people B. Sole Proprietorship

3. a business organization which is hard to establish and

A Good Corporate Governance in all businesses and

Accountability in the context of a business organization is the obligation to

Transparency is defined as being authentic in the way an organization message

Activity 1: TRUE OR FALSE

1. Fairness involves balancing the interests involved in all decision- making

Activity 2: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

Accountability means to be liable in explaining or justifying one’s action and one’s

Identify what principle (Accountability, Fairness or Transparency) is being applied in the

1. Ms. Cruz uses rubrics in evaluating students’ task

I. Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.