LUCAN CENTRAL COLLEGES, INC.

V.M CERILLES STREET, SAN FRANCISCO DISTRICT

PAGADIAN CITY

A COURSE MODULE
OF
CONTEMPORARY WORLD
2ND SEMESTER MODULE

NAME OF STUDENTS: _______________________

CONTACT NUMBER: ________________________

EMAILL ADDRES S: _________________________

FB ACCOUNT: __________________________

CLASS SCHEDULE: _________________________

INSTRUCTOR: NINA MARIZ ANN M. BAGOLCOL

PREFACE
 The contemporary world addresses this challenge by offering readable and practical guide that
integrates content with example, capturing the essence and elegance of theory manner. In addition,
resulting in a thoughtful and appropriate learning pace. In this module we will exert effort to
achieve the following objectives:

- Familiarize students with the principles and central ideas of important globalization theories
that they are likely to encounter in the social science discipline.
- Demystify the concept of globalization and help students see the application of global
structures and processes in their everyday activities.
- Help students become more systematic and thoughtful critical thinkers.
- Provide students with an overview and brief history of how globalization as an intellectual
topic is developing.

Course Syllabus
This is an open-ended, self-paced course. The recommendation is to work through one
module each week, but you may do more or less as your schedule allows. You should work
through the lessons in order, however, as ideas and concepts are built upon throughout the
course in a fairly linear fashion.

HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

1. Read and understand the lesson and the directions in every exercise.
2. Observe honesty in answering the test and exercises and in checking your answers.
3. Avoid unnecessary mark on any part of this module.
4. Try to finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next. Submit as scheduled.

MATERIALS
There is no textbook required for the course. All materials are contained within the course
modules and the external links document.
You will need a blank journal of some kind for the course. This can be a hard-copy item that
you purchase or you can create a digital journal on your computer.

TIME COMMITMENT
Time to complete each lesson will vary depending upon your interest in the content for that
lesson, the time that you spend on the narrative section (reading, looking at images,
exploring links and videos), and the time that you spend writing (and the number of journal
prompts you decide to complete). If you want to get the most out of the materials
presented, you should plan to spend at least 4 - 5 hours on each module.
PREREQUISITE
There is no official prerequisite for this course although a writing course (such as English
101) is recommended.

PRE ASSESSMENT
NAME: ___________________________________________________
COURSE: __________________________________________________

DIRECTIONS: Read the question carefully and write your answer on the space provided below.

Answer neatly, and state your own idea as possible.

1. What is globalization?
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2. Why do we need to study globalization?
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3. How globalization starts?
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4. How was globalization affect our daily lives?
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5. How do we integrate globalization in our daily living?
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 1
 Defining Globalization
Much has changed since time immemorial. Human beings have encountered many changes
over the last cent,' especially in their social relationships and social structures. Of these
changes, one can say that globalization is a very Important change, if not, the "most
important" (Bauman, 2003). The reality and omnipresence of globalization makes us see
ourselves as part of what we refer to as the “global age" (Albrow, 1996). The Internet, for
example, allows a person from the Philippines to know what is happening to the rest of the
world simply by browsing Google. The mass media also allows for connections among
people, communities, and countries all over the globe.
So what is globalization? This question is probably an easy one to answer. However, ma,
scholars gave and tried to formulate its definitions. This resulted in different, sometimes
contradicting views about the concept. It cannot be contained within a specific time frame,
all people, and all situations (Al-Rhodan, 5006). Aside from this, globalization encompasses a
multitude of processes that involves the economy, political systems, and culture. Social
structures, therefore, are directly affected by globalization.
Over the years, globalization has gained many connotations pertaining to progress,
development, and integration. On the one hand, some view globalization as a positive
phenomenon. For instance, Swedish journalist Thomas Larsson (cool) saw globalization as
"the process of world shrinkage, of distances getting shorter, things moving closer. It
pertains to the increasing ease with which somebody on one side of the world can interact,
to mutual benefit with somebody on the other side of the world" (p. 9). On the other hand,
some see it as occurring through and with regression, colonialism, and destabilization. In the
mid-199os, Martin Khor, the former president of Third World Network (IWN) in Malaysia,
once regarded globalization as colonization. In this chapter, different definitions of
globalization will be discussed. The task of conceptualizing it reveals a variety of
perspectives. To understand further the concept, different metaphors will be used. These
metaphors will also allow an appreciation of earlier epochs before globalization and the
present globalized world.

The task of defining Globalization

The Task of Defining Globalization Since its first appearance in the Webster's Dictionary In
tg6t, many opinions about globalization have flourished. The literature on the globalization
revealed that definitions could be classified as either (I) broad and inclusive or (2) narrow
and exclusive. The one offered by Ohmae in 1992 stated, ‘’globalization means the onset of
the borderless world..." (p. 1.0. This an example of a broad and inclusive type of definition. If
one uses such, it conclude a variety of issues that deal with overcoming traditional
boundaries. However, does not shed light on the implications of globalization due to its
vagueness. Narrow and exclusive definitions are better justified but can be limiting, in the
sense that their application adhere to only particular definitions. Robert Cox, definition suits
best in this type: "the characteristics of the globalization trend include the internationalizing
of production, the new international division of labor, new migratory movements from
South to North, the new competitive environment that accelerates these processes, and the
internationalizing of the state... making states into agencies of the globalizing world" (as
cited in RAWOO Netherlands Development Assistance Research Council, 2000, p. 14). Other
definitions of globalization are shown in chronological order in the Appendix. Each could fall
to either one of the two types of definitions. No matter how one classifies a definition of
globalization, the concept is complex and multifaceted as the definitions deal with either
economic, political, or social dimensions. In fact, in a comprehensive study of 114 definitions
by the Geneva Center for Security Policy (GCSP) in 2006, 67 of them refer to economic
dimension. These definitions include political and social dimensions as well. The sheer
number and complexity of definitions do not mean that there is a remarkable improvement
in every definition given by scholars. Kumar (2003) took on a different argument about the
issue. To him, the debate about what can be done about globalization and that it is are
similar. This is in relation to that some academics have claimed about defining globalization
—it is a useless task. A more recent definition was given by Ritzer (zoi5), "globalization is a
transplanetary process or a set of processes involving increasing liquidity and the growing
multidirectional flows of people, objects, places, and information as well as the structures
they encounter and create that are barriers to, or expedite, those flows ..."Generally, this
bring either or both integration and/or definition assumes easily in a global world,
hindrances Although things could blocks could slow down one's activity structural blocks
are also present. These blocks could slowly slow down one's activity in another country or
could even limit the places a person can visit.
If so, why are we going to spend time studying this appreciate these definitions? How can
these help us understand globalization? First, the perspective of the person who defines
globalization shapes its definition. The overview of definitions implies that globalization is
many things to many different people. In 1996, Arjun Appadurai said, "globalization is world
of things' that have 'different speeds, axes, points of origin an, varied relationships to
institutional structures in different regions, nations, or societies' " (as cited in
Chowdhury,2oo6, p.137). In a more recent Al.Rhodan (2oo6) wrote that definitions suggest
the perspective of the author on the origins and the geopolitical implications of
globalization. It is a starting point that will guide the rest of any discussions. In effect, one's
definition and perspective could determine concrete steps in addressing the issues of
globalization. For example, 'if one sees globalization as positive, the person can say that it is
a unifying force. Nations, On the other hand, it is deemed as creating greater inequalities
among globalization is negatively treated.
Second, to paraphrase the sociologist Cesare Poppi: Globalization is the debate and the
debate is globalization. One become part and parcel of the other. As Poppi (1997)
wrote...The literature stemming from the debate on globalization has grown in the last
decade beyond any individual's capability of extracting a workable definition of the concept.
In a sense, the meaning of the concept is self-evident, in another, it is vauge and obscure as
its reaches are wide and constantly shifting. Perhaps, more than any other concept,
globalization is the debate about it’’ (as cited in Kumar, 2003).
Third, globalization is a reality. It is changing human society develops. It has happened
before is still happening today. We should expect to continue to happen in the future, the
future of globalization is more difficult to predict. What we could expect in the coming years
is what has happened in the past 50 years and that is fluidity and complexity of globalization
as a concept, which more debates, discussions, and definitions than agreements on it.
Overall globalization is a concept that is not easy to define because in reality, globalization
has a shifting nature. It is complex, multifaceted, and can be influenced by the people who
define it. Moreover, the issues and concerns involving globalization have a wide range-from
the individual to society, from small communities to nations and states, and from the
benefits we can gain from it to the cost it could carry.

Metaphors of Globalization
In order for us to better understand the concept of globalization, we will utilize metaphors.
Metaphors make use of one term to help us better understand another term. In our case,
the state of matter-solid and liquid- will be used. In addition, other related concepts that are
included in the definition such as structures and flow will be elaborated.

Solid and Liquid

Solidity- refers to barriers that prevent or make difficult the movement of things.
Furthermore, solids can be a natural or manmade. Examples of natural solids are landforms
and bodies of water.
Manmade barriers include the Great Wall of China and Berlin Wall. An imaginary line such as
the nine-dash line used by the People’s Republic of China in their claim to the South China
Sea. Obviously, this examples still exist. However, they have the tendency to melt. This
should not be taken literally, like an iceberg melting period instead, this process involves
how we can describe what is happening in today's global world. It is becoming increasingly
liquid. Liquid, as a state of matter, takes the shape of its container.
Moreover, liquids are not fixed. Liquidity, therefore, refers to the increasing ease of
movement of people, things, information, and places in the contemporary world. First,
today's liquid phenomena change quickly and their aspects, spatial and temporal, are in
continuous fluctuation. This means that space and time are crucial elements of
globalization. In global finance, for instance, changes in the stock market are a matter of
seconds. Another characteristics of liquid phenomena is that their movement is difficult to
stop. For example, videos uploaded and youtube or facebook or and stop double once they
become viral. The so-called internet sensations become famous not only their homeland but
also to the entire world. Finally the forces made political boundaries more permeable to the
flow of people and things. As the most important characteristics of liquid is it tends to melt
whatever stands in the path especially solid. The clearest example is the decline, If not
death, of the nation state. Liquidity and solidity are in constant interaction. However,
liquidity is the one increasing and proliferating today. Therefore, the metaphor that could
best describe globalization is liquidity. Liquid slow flow and this idea of flow will be the focus
of the next discussion. Also, it could be expected that this concept will appear in the
succeeding lessons. The literature on globalization make use of the concept of flows.

Flows
Flows are the movement of people, things, places, and information brought by the growing
"porosity" of global limitations. Think of the different foreign cuisines being patronized and
consumed by the Filipinos. Aside from local dishes, many of us are fond of eating sushi,
ramen, hamburger, and French fries foods introduced to us by foreign cultures. Clearly, food
are being globalized. Another example of flaws is global finances crisis. A concrete example
is the Filipino communities abroad and the Chinese communities in the Philippines.

Activity 1- The World Made Closer

In this activity, you are to see the actual applications of globalization on the different
aspects of daily life such as politics, music, sports, film, celebrity, and disaster.

1. Answer the following questions.

a. Enumerate at least three of the most recent songs you have listened. Where did
they originate? Identify the nationality of the writer and/r artist for each music.
b. What gadgets or devices do you usually use to listen to music?
c. Where were these gadgets or devices made? Where is the company based?
d. How did you access these music? Did you purchase them online or listen them on
through YouTube, Spotify, and other music channels?
2. What metaphors are you going to use in order to improve your own definition of
globalization? Enumerate and explain one of them.
 Globalization Theories
This section will give you a glimpse of important theories on globalization. We will analyze
globalization culturally, economically, and politically and this book as reflected in the
succeeding chapters. In the meantime, it would be helpful to assert that the theories see
globalization as a process that increases either homogeneity or heterogeneity. Homogeneity
refers to the increasing sameness in the world as cultural inputs, economic factors, and
political orientations of societies expand to create common practices, same economies, and
similar forms of government. Homogeneity in culture is often linked to cultural imperialism.
This means, a given cultural influences other cultures. For example, the dominant religion in
our country is Christianity, which was brought to us by the Spaniards. The global flow of
media is often characterized as media imperialism. Tv, music, books and movies are
perceived as imposed on developing countries by the west. Media imperialism undermines
the existence of alternative global media originating from developing countries, such as well
as the influence of the local and regional media. The internet can be seen as an arena for
the alternative media. Cultural imperialism denies the agency of viewers, but people around
the world often interpret the same medium insignificantly different ways. Global media are
dominated by a small number of large corporations. As Mcchesney put it, this is being
extended from old media to new media such as Microsoft, Facebook, Twitter, Google, and
Apple's Itunes. As a result, in the long run, the internet could end up being less diverse and
competitive. Independent media center, associated with the alter globalization movement,
helps to counter this trend. It disseminates information to facilitate global participation of
activists. Hacktivist extend activism to the internet by hacking into computer programs to
promote a particular cause. On the other hand, heterogeneity pertains to the creation of
various cultural practices, new economies and political groups because of the interaction of
elements from different societies and the world.
Heterogeneity refers to the differences because of the lasting differences or of the hybrids
or combinations of cultures that can be produced through the different transplanetary
process. Contrary to cultural imperialism heterogeneity in culture is associated with cultural
hybridization. Amore specific concept is “glocalization” coined by Roland Robertson in 1992.
To him, as global forces interact with local factors or specific geographic area, the global is
being produced. Economic issues or not exempted from heterogeneity. The, defecation of
cultures and “glocal” markets are example of differentiation happening in many economies
around the world. The same goes with political institution. Although homogeneity and
heterogeneity give us idea about the effects of globalization, had the feature is not yet
complete. The theories about globalization will be clarified as we look closer at each of them
in the succeeding chapters.
 Dynamics of Local and Global Cultures
Global flows of culture tend to move more easily around the globe than ever before,
especially through non-material digital forms. There are three perspectives on global
structures flows. These are differentialism, hybridization, and convergence.
Cultural differentialism emphasizes the fact that cultures are essentially different and are
only superficially affected by the global flows. The interaction of cultures is deemed to
contain the potential for “castrophic collision”. Political economic differences were
overshadowed by new fault lines, which were primarily cultural in nature. Increasing
interaction among different “civilization” would lead to intense clashes, especially the
economic conflict between the Western Islamic civilization. This theory has been critiqued
for a number of reasons, especially on its portrayal of Muslims as being “prone violence”.

The Cultural Hybridization approach emphasizes the integration of local and global cultures.
Globalization is considered to be a creative process which gives rise to hybrid entities that
are not reducible to either the global and local resulting in unique outcomes in different
geographic areas. Another key concepts is Arjun Appadurai’s “scapes” in 1996, where global
flows involve people, technology, finance, political image, and media and the disjunctures
between them, which lead to creation of cultural hybrids.The cultural convergence
approach stresses homogeneity introduced by globalization. Cultures are deemed to be
radically altered by strong flows, while cultural imperialism happens one culture imposes
itself on and tend to destroy at least parts of another culture. One important critique of
cultural imperialism is John Tomlinson’s idea of “deterritorialization” of culture.
Deterritorialization means that it is much more difficult to tie culture to a specific
geographic point of origin.

The Globalization of Religion

Globalization has played a tremendous role in providing a context for the current revival and
a resurgence of religion.
Today, most religious or not really gated to the countries where they began. Religious have,
in fact, spread and scattered on a global scale.
Mobilization provided religions of fertile milieu to spread and thrive. As Scholte made clear:
"Accelerated globalization of recent times has enabled co-religionist across the planet to
have greater direct contact with one another. Global communications, global organizations,
global finance, and light have allowed ideas of the Muslim and the universal Christian church
to be given concrete shape as never before". Information technologies, transportation
means, and the media or deemed important means on which religion is rely on the
dissemination of their religious ideas. For instance, countless websites to provide
information about religious have been created. This makes pieces of information and
explanations about different religions to ready at the disposal of any person regardless of
his or her geographical location in addition, the internet allows people to contact each other
worldwide and therefore hold forums and debates that allow religious ideas to spread.
Furthermore comma media also play an important role in the dissemination of religious
ideas. In this respect, a lot of television channels, radio station, and print media are founded
solely for advocating religion. Modern transportation has also contributed considerably to
the emergence, revivalism, and fortification of religion. In this respect turner cited that the
case of Islamic revivalism in Asia which is related to the improvement in transportation that
has allowed many Muslims to travel to mecca and returned with reformist ideas.
Modern technology, therefore, has helped religions of different forms, such as
fundamentalist, orthodox, or modernist to cross geographical boundaries and can be
present everywhere. Globalization has also allowed religion or faith to gain considerable
significance and importance as a non-territorial touchstone of identity. Being a source of
identity and pride, religion has always been promoted by its practitioners so that it can
reach the level of Globality and be embraced by the many people as possible. Muslims, for
instance, as part established Islamic, Ummah, a community of believers. By paving the way
for religious to come in contact with each other and providing a context for their flourishing
and thriving, globalization has brought such relations to a circle of competition and conflicts.
The challenges of globalization to religion link automatically to the challenges of religion to
globalization in other words , why religion takes caution against the norms and values
related to globalization , it challenges the latter since religion does not approve its
hybridizing effects . The idea of the hybridizing effect of religions is approved also by Samuel
Huntington clash of civilization, which maintains that such d hybridizing upshots spring also
from the religious partitioning and clashes.

Globalization and Regionalization

The process of globalization and regionalization remerged during the 1980s and heightened
after the end of the Cold War in 1990s. At first, it seems that these two processes are
contradicting- the very nature of globalization is, by definition, global while regionalization is
naturally regional.
The regionalization of the world system and economic activity undermines the potential
benefits coming out from a liberalized global economy. This is because regional
organizations prefer regional partners over the rest. Regional organizations respond to the
states’ attempt to reduce the perceived negative effects of globalization. Therefore,
regionalism is a sort of counter-globalization.
The argument concerning the relationship between the globalization and regionalization is
perfectly summarized in this claim:
The age of economic globalization has also been the age of regionalization, and much of the
analysis of the new regionalism has been devoted to the links between the two tendencies.
Thus, regionalism is seen critical part of the political economy of globalization and the
strategies that states have adopted in the face of globalization…. The emergence of
regionalism needs to be understood within the global reconstructing of power and
production. The many worlds are very closely intertwined with the character and fate of the
one. The core driving force is global even if the manifestation is regional.

Activity 2 – Process Questions

1. Are societies in the world becoming more similar (homogenous) or more different
(heterogenous)?
2. What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages of homogenization of
culture? About heterogenization?
3. Which of the aforementioned views on the history of globalization you find most
appealing? Why?
 Chapter 2
The Global Economy
The United Nation tried to address the different problems in the world. Their efforts are
guided by the eight millennium Development Goals, which they created in the 1990s.
among this eight goals, the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger ranked as first. The
other seven goals include; achieving universal primary education, promoting gender equality
and women empowerment, reducing child immorality, improving maternal health,
combating diseases like HIV/AIDS and Malaria, ensuring environmental sustainability, and
having a global partnership for development.
It was three years ago and the result were in. the UN reported that 836 million people still
live in extreme poverty but is down from 1.9 billion, so there is success or at least a lot of
progress. The World Bank predicted that by 2030 the number of people living in extreme
poverty could drop to less than 400 million. Of course that assumes everything will keep
improving as it has been. However, climate changes has to be considered since it is a threat
to these improvements in global poverty.
So why is extreme poverty falling? The answer to this is really complicated. A set of factors
like better access to education, humanitarian aid, and the policies of international
organizations like the UN have made difference. However, the greatest contributor is
economic globalization. The world’s economies have become more interconnected and free
trade has driven the growth of many developing economies.

Economic Globalization and Global Trade

There are two different types of economies associated with economic globalization-
protectionism and trade liberalization.
Protectionism means’ a policy of systematic government intervention in foreign trade with
the objective of encouraging domestic production. This encouragement involvers giving
preferential treatment to domestic producers and discriminating against foreign
competitors’ trade protectionism usually comes in the form of qoutas and tariffs.
Tariffs are required fees on imports and exports. For instance, a pen that cost 1 dollar in
Country A and in Country B, it would be given 5 dollar tariff. The pen would become 6
dollars in Country B. this policy was practiced during the mercantilist era, from sixteenth to
seventeenth centuries until the early years of industrial Revolution. The great Depression of
1929 marked the peak of protectionism. Until today, protectionism exist in the world
economy despite the growth of trade liberalization. Countries such as China, Japan, and the
United States are being accused practicing protectionism.
Free trade agreements and technological advances in transportation and communications
means goods and services move around the world more easily than ever.
 Activity 3: Follow the Product
The products that we consume and use-foods, clothing, and gadgets- are part of our way of
life. Globalization allows for a worldwide exchange of these commodities and exposure to
different cultures as well. This activity will allow the students to investigate the origin and
spread of the products and services sold in our country. They will also be able to know the
countries involved in the production, distribution, and consumption of the products being
sold and consumed in the country. The following are the steps to accomplish the activity:
1. Choose a specific brand of this product:
a. Coffee
b. Sports Car
c. Laptop
d. Hamburger
e. Wristwatch
f. Shoes

2. List down the main ingredients or raw materials in manufacturing the chosen
product. Identify the corresponding country from which each ingredient or raw
materials came from.
3. Identify the countries involved in the manufacturing of the chosen product. Indicate
the corresponding service the country does for the product. (e.g., Costa Rica-planting
of coffee beans).
4. Aside from Philippines, list other countries in which the product is being sold.
5. Cite the kinds of technology that made the creation of the product possible. Consider
communications and transportations.
 Economic Globalization and Sustainable Development

Development has to be ensured in and for the future generations. One significant
global response or approach to economic globalization is that of sustainable
environment. The relationship between globalization and sustainability is
multidimensional-it involves economic, political, and technological aspects.

The continuous production of the world’s natural resources such as water and fossil
fuel allows humanity to discover and innovate many things. We were able to utilize
energy, discover new technologies and make advancements in transportation and
communications. However these positive effects of development put our
environment at a disadvantage. Climate change accelerated and global inequality
was eradicated. This means that development, although beneficial at one hand,
entails costs on the other.

Environmental degradation
Development especially economic development, was hastened by the Industrial
Revolution. This a period in human history that made possible the cycle of efficiency.
Efficiency means finding the quickiest possible way of producing large amount of
products. This process made buying of goods easier for the people. This cycle harms
the planet in a number of ways.
Previous experience in dealing with environmental issues indicates that a global view
of the problem is required. A focus on specific regions, such as Europe, overlooks
impacts in other regions. Instead dealing with the causes of global warming, there is
some interest in “technological fixes” such as geoengineering.

Food Security
The demand for food will be 60% greater than today and the challenge of food
security requires the world to feed 9 billion people by 2050. Global Food security
means delivering sufficient food to the entire world population. It is therefore, a
priority of all countries, whether developed or less developed. The security food also
means the sustainability of society such as population growth, climate change, water
scarcity, and agriculture.

Agriculture accounts for 18% of the economy’s output and 47% of its workforce.
India is the second biggest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world. Yet
accordingly to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations,
some 194 million Indians are undernourished, the larger number of hungry people in
any single country. As estimated 15.2% of the population of India are too
 malnourished to lead a normal life. A third of the world’s malnourished children live
in India.

There are different models and agendas pushed by different organizations to address
the issue of global food security. One of this is through sustainability. The United
Nations has set ending hunger, achieving food security and improved nutrition, and
promoting sustainable agricultures as the second of its 17 sustainable Development
Goals for the year 2030. The World Economic Forum also addressed this issue
through the New Vision for Agriculture in 2009 wherein public-private partnerships
were established. It has mobilized over 10 billion dollars that reach smallholder
farmers. The Forum’s initiatives were launched to established cooperation and
encourage exchange of knowledge among farmers, government, civil society and the
private sector in both regional and national levels.

Economic Globalization, poverty and Inequality

Economic and Trade globalization is the result of companies trying to outmaneuver their
competitors. Will you search for the cheapest place to buy shoes, company search for the
cheapest place to make those shoes. They find the cheapest sources of leather, dye, rubber,
and of course labor. The result is that labor intensive products like shoes are often
produced in countries with the lowest wages and the weakest regulations. This process
creates winners and losers. The winners include corporations and their stockholders who
earn more profit. They also include consumers get products at a cheaper price. The losers
are high wage workers we used to make those shoes. Their jobs move overseas. But what
about the low wage foreign workers? Are they winning or losing? A lot of workers are
thrown into hazardous working conditions but it is also true that many workers in
developing countries or at least making more money. These jobs pay above average wages.
People want this jobs and over the pay would be unacceptable in developed countries, they
are often the best alternative. The multiplier effect means an increase in one economic
activity can lead to an increase in other economic activities. For instance investing in local
business will lead to more jobs and more income. In the absence of regulation it is still
possible that workers would not be horribly mistreated. First, public awareness is growing
along with the pressure from the international community to take steps to protect workers.
For example the United States produces an annual publication called the list of goods
produced by child labor or forced labor. If a company is buying products from that list they
are likely to be blasted by officials and the media. So awareness is the first step to
improvement. The second step came from those that support globalization. The pro
globalization set argues that as developing economies grow there are more opportunities
for workers which lead to more competition for labor and higher wages. Economic
globalization has helped millions of people get out of extreme poverty but the challenge of
the future is to lift up the poor while at the same time keep the planet livable. One of the
best way to help those in extreme poverty is to enable them to participate in the economy.
This applies to developing countries in the global marketplace and to individuals at the local
level. A perfect example is microcredit. In 2006, a Bangladeshi professor named Muhammad
Yunus won the novel peace prize for implementing a simple idea. He gave small loans on
average around $100 to low-income people in rural areas. The borrowers who are mostly
female often used the money to fund plans that could raise their income. For example they
started small businesses. Microcredit was a success and has since spread to developing
countries throughout the world. Private lenders, governments and nonprofit organizations
have jumped on board to loan billions of dollars to the World's most disadvantaged.
Microcredit when it works allows people to improve their lives by participating in the
economy on their own terms. But we cannot forget that a lot of people who participate in
the global economy are not doing it on their own terms. Many of the people who have
emerged from extreme poverty in the last 25 years have jobs and wages and working
conditions that would be and thinkable in the developed world. Economist say that it is all
right but it is progress that is very hard to achieve.

Globe Income Inequality

Globalization and inequality are closely related. We can see how different nations are
divided between the north and the south develop and less develop and the core and the
periphery. This differences may reflect one key aspect of inequality and the contemporary
world global economic inequality. There are two main types of economic inequality: wealth
inequality and income inequality. Wealth refers to the net worth of a country. It takes into
account all the assets of a nation may they be natural, physical, and human- less the
liabilities. In other words, wealth is the abundance of resources in a specific country. This
means that will inequalities speaks about distribution of assets. Access to the technology
also contributed to worldwide income inequality. It complemented skilled workers but
replaced many unskilled workers. In modernized economies, jobs are most technology-
based generally require a new skills. This is what economies referred to us skill-based
technological change. As a result workers who are more educated and more skilled would
drive in those jobs by receiving higher wages. On the other hand than skilled workers will
fall behind. They will be left or over taken by machines or more skilled workers. In addition
manufacturing jobs that require low skills are moved overseas. The result is a widening gap
between the rich and the poor as well as between high skilled and low skilled workers.

The Global City

The rural- urban different station has a significant relationship to globalization. Globalization
has deeply altered north-south relations in agriculture. For instance the relations of
agricultural production have been altered to the rise of global agribusiness and factory
farms. In this scenario the south produces non-traditional products for export and become
increasingly dependent on industrialized food export from the north. Consequently this
leads to a replacement of a staple diet as well as the displacement of local farmers. Rural
economies are exposed to low prices and mass migration. Although cities are major
beneficiaries of globalization, Bauman claimed that they are also the most severely affected
by global problems. Therefore the city faces is peculiar political problems wherein it is often
fruitless lee seeking to deal locally with global problems and local politics has become
hopelessly overloaded.

Activity 4: Process Questions

1. What is the impact of global flows on the global South?
2. Examine the gap between rural and urban areas across the globe. How is that gap
affected by globalization?
3. What do you think is the impact of urbanization and the rise of global city on the
agricultural sector?
 Chapter 3
Market Integration
The social institution that has one of the biggest impacts on society is the economy. You
might think of the economy in terms of number of unemployed gross domestic product or
whatever the stock market is doing today. While we often talk about it in numerical terms
the economy is composed of people. It is the social institution that organizes all production,
consumption and trade of goods in the society. There are many ways in which products can
be made, exchanged, and used. Think about capitalism or socialism. This economic systems
and the economic revolution that created them shape the way people live their lives.
Economic system vary from one society to another. But in any given economy production
typically splits into three sectors. The primary sector extracts raw materials from natural
environment. Workers like farmers or miners fit well in the primary sector. The secondary
sector gains the raw materials and transforms them into manufactured goods. This means,
for example, that someone from the secondary sector extract oil from the earth then
someone from the secondary sector extracts petroleum to gasoline. Whereas, the tertiary
sector involves services rather than goods. It offers services by doing things rather than
making things. Thus, economic system is more complicated or atleast, more sophisticated
than the way things used to be for much of human history.

International Financial Institutions

World economies have been brought closer together by globalization. It is reflected in the
phrase ”When the American Economy sneezes, the rest of the World catches a cold”. But it
is more important to remember that it is not only the economy of the United States but also
the other economies in the world that have a significant impact on the global market and
finance. For instance, the financial crises experienced by Russia and Asia affected the world
economy. The strength of a more powerful economy brings greater effect on other
countries. In the same manner, crises on weaker economies have less effects on other
countries. For example, Argentina’s serious financial crisis in the late 1990s and early 2000s
had a comparatively small impact on the global economy.

History of Global market Integration

Before the rise of today’s modern economy, people only produced their family. Nowadays,
economy demands the different sectors to work together in order to produce, distribute,
and exchange products and services. What caused this shift in the way people produce for
their needs? In order to understand this, we will be going back in time 12,000 years ago.

Capitalism and Socialism

There were two competing economic models that sprung up around the time in the
Industrial Revolution, as economic capital became more and more important to the
production of goods. These were capitalism and socialism.
Capitalism is a system in which all natural resources and means of production are privately
owned. It emphasizes profit maximization and competition as the main drivers of efficiency.
This means that when one owns a business, he needs to outperform his competitors if he is
going to succeed. He is incentivized to be more efficient by improving the quality of one’s
product and reducing its prices. This is what economist Adam Smith in the 1770s called
‘’invisible hand” of the market. The idea is that if one leaves a capitalist economy alone,
consumers will regulate things themselves by selecting good and services that provide the
best value.

Activity 5: Weighing the Market

1. List below are the scenarios that have to do with the economy. Discuss the major
impacts of these scenarios whether they are positive or negative. The Case by Case
Column can be used. Justify your answers.

Scenario Positive Negative Case-by-case

Scenario A. agriculture is the main source of employment in your home province.

The government has recently decided to develop the farmlands into real estate and
exclusive subdivision in order to attract foreign investors to the country.

Scenario B. You decided to purchase a new T-shirt through an online shop based on
London.

Scenario C. the Philippine government is being pressured by the current economic

crisis to import rice from Taiwan and other nearby countries in the region.
 The Global Corporations
The increase in international trade has both created and been supported by
international regulatory groups like WTO, and transnational trade agreements, like
NAFTA. There is not a single country that is completely independent. All are
dependent to some degree on international trade for their own prosperity. Without
international trade, there would be no need for international trade at the current
massive scale would be impractical. The trade regulatory groups and agreements
regulate the flow of goods and services between countries. They reduce tariffs which
are taxes on imports and make customs procedures easier. This makes trading across
national boarder much more feasible.

Global corporations often locate their factories in countries which can provide the
cheapiest labor in order to save up for expenses in the making of a product. As a
result, developing nations will provide incentives, like tax-free trade zones or cheap
labor. The companies will set up shop in their country in hopes of bringing jobs and
industry to beleaguered agricultural areas. This promotes more rapid advances in the
developing nation because of the ideas and innovations brought over from the
industrialized nations. It is also makes nations around the world more
interdependent, which minimizes the potential for conflict,

International trade and global corporations, along with the Internet and more global
processes, contribute to globalization because people and corporations bring their
own beliefs, their traditions, and their money with them when they interact with
other countries. These ideas and capital can then be incorporated in other countries,
and thus, change the cultures and economies of this foreign languages.

Activity 6- Film Viewing- the Corporation

The corporation is an award winning documentary film that examines the modern-
day corporation. It assess the corporation as a person and provides criticism to
corporate business practices. It is also describes the contemporary corporation with
a clinically diagnosed psychopath.
This film serve as a learning experience for you. Since corporations are large entities,
this documentary can help you appreciate the nature of these organizations through
a simple and more understandable manner.
 Chapter 4
The Global Interstate System
The state has traditionally been the subject of most interest to scholars of global politics
because it is viewed as “Institution that creates warfare and sets economic politics for a
country”. Furthermore, the state is a political unit that has authority over its own affairs. In
other words, its boarders are recognized by the other countries. It is assumed that whoever
in charge of those boarders has the right to determine exactly what is going to happen in
their country. The Treaty of Westphalia of 1648 established the notion of the nation-state
and the idea of state sovereignty, government control, and the state policies are challenged
from all sides.
With globalization, some scholars suggest a decrease in the power of the state and that
other actors are actually becoming powerful. These actors include multinational
corporations and global civil society organizations, like the Red Cross, that cross national
boundaries.

Global Governance in the Twenty-First Century

There is a series of specific factors behind the emergence of global governance. The first on
the list most be the declining power of nation-states. If states themselves were "highly
contingent and in flux" (Cerny, 2007, p.854, it would open the possibility of the emergence
of some form of to fill the void.
A second factor is the vast flows of all sorts of things that run into and often right through
the borders of nation-states. This could involve the flow of digital information of all sorts
through the Internet. It is difficult, if not impossible, for a nation-state to stop such flow and
in any case, it is likely that such action would be politically unpopular and bring much
negative reaction to the nation-state involved in such an effort. For example, China's
periodic efforts to interfere with the Internet have brought great condemnation both
internally and externally. Then, there is mass migration of people and their entry, often
illegally, into various nation-states. If states are unable to control this flow, then there is a
need for some sort of global governance to help deal with the problem. The flow of criminal
elements, as well as their products (drugs, laundered money, those bought and sold in sex
trafficking, etc.), is a strong factor in the call for global governance (Levy and Sznaider,
2006). In these cases and others, there is the need for some degree of order, some sort of
effective authority, and at least some potential for the improvement of human life. These
are but a few of the things that can be delivered by some form of global governance.
Then, there are global problems that single nation-state cannot hope to tackle on their own.
One is the global financial crises and panic that sweep the world periodically, which nations
are often unable to deal with on their own. Indeed, some nation have often been and are
being victimized by such crises. Unable to help themselves, such nations are in need of
assistance from some type of global governance.
Nation-state have long struggled to deal with problems like these through various interstate
systems but the more recent trend is toward the development of more truly global
structures and methods of dealing with various sorts of issues and problems.

Effects of Globalization to Governments

One of the key aspects of state sovereignty is the government. It is a group of people who
have the ultimate authority to act on behalf of a state. Each state has its own right to self-
determination and that other country should not intervene in the affairs of the state unless
there are extraordinary reasons to do so. Other countries must recognize sovereignty or the
right to govern one's own territorial borders. Each state is autonomous and to itself and
responsible within its own system of government to those who are governed. The decisions
the conflict and the resolution of the conflict or done through the institution of government
established and con defined in that particular state whether or not through elections.
Elections, especially democratic society provide the leadership of the state. In addition, the
policy is developed and implemented in the interest of the people of a state by a specific
government. A civil society within state can also act as a counterweight or as a supplement
to government. Civil society includes the private economy, educational institution, churches,
hospitals, fraternal organizations and other non-profit organizations. There have been
several challenges to the government and ultimately to state autonomy. We can divide this
challenges into 4: traditional challenges, challenges from the national or identity
movements, global economics and global social movements.

Traditional Challenges
External intervention can generally be described as invasion by other countries. For example
when Saddam Hussein who was the ruler of Iraq in 1990 he decided he was going to take
over the oil fields of Kuwait. He invaded Kuwait and took it over. As a result he was
dislodged by international coalition led by the United States. Internal political challenges can
also happen. For example, after the Arab spring in Egypt a new constitution was created and
a government was elected. That government was more fundamentalist and rejected the
notion of a plural society that included religious diversity. The military stage a coup that
disposed the government in order to restore stability. There are also regional organizations
challenging state autonomy. The United Nations intervened war Sudan because of the
several years of civil war. More recently in Europe, specifically in Greece, it also interfered in
the Greek debt crisis.
 Challenges from National/Identity Movements
The next challenge are part of a national identity or movement. It is important to know that
a nation has a cultural identity that people attached to, while a state is definite entity due to
its specific boundaries. However, different people with different identities can live in
different states. For example, the Kurds reside in several different countries including Iraq,
Iran, and Turkey. The Catalans live primarily in Spain but we can also find some of them in
France.
Global movements, such as the Al-Qaeda and ISIS, are not example of national or identity
movements. In this case, they are structured around the fundamentalist version of Islam.

Global Economics
Global Economy demands the states to conform to the rules of free-market capitalism.
Government austerity comes from developments of organizations that cooperates across
countries, such as WTO and regional agreements, such as NAFTA, the European Union, and
the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.
Neoliberal economics or neoliberal capitalism started in 1980s. It focuses on free trade and
dismantling trade barriers. It made sure that governments did no impose restrictive
regulations on corporate presence, as well as on the free flow of capital and jobs. Free trade
was seen as an ideal or the normative belief, that it is the best economy is one where there
is free trade everywhere. Laws and standards that would interfere with the flow of capital in
a particular country, including environmental regulations, were deemed to discourage
economic growth. Neoliberal economics requires a state to cooperate in the global market
through the free flow of capital, the privatization of services, and the fiscal austerity or
constraint. In turn, the government’s role is diminished as it relates to the market.
Neoliberal economics is seen as a threat, in general, because a state cannot protect its own
economic interest as a threat, in general, because a state cannot protects its own economic
interest as a sovereign state.

Global Social Movements

Finally, we have global social movements. Most of the time, they are not as seen as a threat
but they definitely challenge state sovereignty. Social movements are movements of people
that are spontaneous or that emerge through enormous grassroots organization. These
social which means they occur across boarder. Therefore, states have less control over
them.
For example, human rights movements create a public • and agenda. The idea is that there
are certain rights that states value neglect or generally, what we call human rights. If a
country decides that they are going to have a particular policy and if that policy violates the
international standard of human rights, there Is a challenge to the ability of states to fully
implement it. An example is the United States' position on the death penalty. There is an
international consensus, with a few dissenting countries like China, South Africa, and Russia,
against the death penalty. This means that if somebody is sentenced by death penalty and
somehow he is in a country around the world, there are roles against that state extraditing
into the United States.
The environmental movement is another example of global social movements related to
public policy. A specific case is the so-called Blockadia or the state where social movements
emerging in local areas fight back as a response to the controlling efforts by the apparatus
of government to protect the interest of neoliberal capitalists. Consensus on women's rights
is another example in many countries. Arguably, the biggest conflict between the West and
the fundamentalist Islam is over the role of women in society, as well as women's
autonomy. Rights of personal autonomy are another example and this includes issues on
homosexuality, same sex marriage, and gender equality.
There is also an increased role in international organizations like the United Nations and the
international Criminal Court in Hague, the role of non-governmental organizations like
Doctors without Borders or Amnesty international, and the role of global media.

The Relevance of the State amid Globalization

The state is a distinctive political community with its own set of rules and practices and that
is more or less separate from other communities. It has four elements: people, territory,
government, and sovereignty. The first elements of a state is a permanent population. This
population does not refer to nomadic people that move from one place to another in an
indefinite time. This permanent presence in one location is strengthened by the second
element of a state, a defined territory. A territory has clear boundaries. A territory is
effectively the, controlled by the third element, government. The government regulates
relations among its own people and with other states. This means that the state is a
formally constituted sovereign political structure encompassing People, territory, and its
institutions on the one hand, and maintaining its autonomy from other states on the other
hand.
It is important to differentiate the idea of nation from state. Nation refers to a people rather
than any kind of formal territorial boundaries or institutions. It is a collective identity
grounded on a notion of shared history and culture. If we talk about the Philippines as a
state, we may refer to the Philippine government, the Philippine territory, and its internal
and external sovereignty. If we talk about the Philippines as a nation, we refer to our shared
collective notion of democracy, our history, and our collective identity. In other words, the
state is a political concept, while a nation is a cultural concept. States, through its formalized
institutions, more or less reflect nations. This would allow states to have a certain people
with their own collective identity. In turn, they should be allowed to form their own political
state. This is the principle of national self-determination.
This brings us to the concept of the nation-state. It is a territorially bounded sovereign
institution that governs individuals sharing a collective history, identity, and culture. In
reality, it is difficult to think of any nation as ha national identity. The Philippines, although
formally a state, has a variety of ethnic traditions.

Activity 8- Debate
The issue of whether or not the nation state is relevant today in the era of globalization has
gained different reactions. Some scholars would argue that its role in global politics is
diminishing. On the other hand, others would say that it still remains to be the primary actor
in political affairs. In this activity, you should be able to point out contending views about
such issue through a debate.
1. Divide the class in two groups- affirmative side and negative side.
2. The central issue would be: the state remains to be relevant amid in the process and
structures of globalization.
3. Each side would be given 20 minutes to prepare the arguments.
4. The affirmative side will present their main arguments within 10 minutes. The same
rule applies for the negative side.
5. After the presentation of arguments, each side will be given 2 minutes to ask the
opposing side.
6. The opposing side will have 2 minutes to construct the answers. Then, they should
be able to answer within 3 minute.
7. Finally, both sides will have 3 minutes each to present their final statement about
the issue.
 Globalization and Globalism
You probably think about links, connections, and interrelatedness of things, people,
and countries when you encounter the word "globalization." However, when
compared to the term "globalism," globalization would be better described as the
"increase or decline in the degree of globalism" (Nye, 2002, p. 1). What then is
globalism? Globalism refers to the network of connections that transcends distances
of different countries in the world. In other words, the links among countries and
people are better associated with globalism while the speed in which they become
linked with one another is globalization.

If we are to make a stark contrast between globalism and globalization by saying that
globalization means connectedness while to a confusion that the present is the only
which people got connected while in the past they were not. But even before the
Industrial Revolution, the world was already connected. Through the conquests of as
those of the Romans, many parts of the world became under one rule. Today,
however, the contemporary world is characterized by being connected through the
Internet, modem transportation, and advanced communication technologies. This is
to say, therefore, that societies in the world have always been connected; what
makes the contemporary world different from the past is the type and speed of
connection that people and societies experience.

We can also differentiate globalism and globalization in terms of its "thickness" (Nye,
zoos). Globalism is thin. As it becomes thicker, globalization happens. This means
that being able to connect countries in the world through a more dynamic and faster
way is globalization. Let us take global trade as an example. In the past, the Silk Road
served as the trade routes among countries in Europe and in Asia. Aside from the
trade of silk between the continents, other products, even illegal ones, were
exchanged among traders and consumers. In addition, cultural interactions among
people were made through their trades. However, they were felt by a relatively small
group of people, most especially those who were actually on the road and did the
trades. The connections were not intense not "thick." In contrast to the
contemporary world, "globalism becomes increasingly thick" (Nye, 2002, p1).

This is where globalization comes in. If we look at the global trade today, it has
reached a greater number of people around the world. For example, the selling
products are not solely done through physical transactions but can be done online as
well. This allows one, who has access to computers and the World Wide Web, to be
connected with millions of people around the world. Aside from the number of
people, the speed was also affected by the transition from thin globalism to thick
globalization. In the past, if you were a European trader taking the Silk Road going to
China. It would take you days or weeks to sell your products. But today. It would only
take a few seconds or minutes to sell, buy, and exchange products and services with
other people even if they are a thousand miles away from you. A concrete example
of this is the change in the price of oil which can happen overnight depending on its
price in the world market.

Although globalism and globalization are often understood in terms of the economy,
Nye (2002) gave “four distinct dimensions of globalism: economic, environmental,
and (p. 2). Like economic globalism, the three other dimensions also become thicker
and faster as globalization intensifies. The enormous speed of potential conflict and
threat of nuclear war is an example of military globalism. In terms of environmental
globalism, global warming continuous to accelerate. The last dimension, social and
cultural globalism, "involves movements of ideas, information with them”’. For
instance, religious ideas have spread throughout the world at greater scope and
speed. Religious teachings are delivered today through the mass media, such as
Televisions, radio, and the internet. Unlike before, religious leaders walk by foot and
had to deliver their message in the face-to-face manner.

With the advent of modern mass communication, computers, and social networking
sites, it seem, that the connections made through the exchange of information
creates a new kind of network in this contemporary world. It is at this point that the
concept of informationalism will be helpful for us to discuss.

Informationalism
Globalism is tied to the notion of networks. For Castells (2000), "networks constitute
the fundamental pattern of life, of all kinds of life" (p. 3). It was previously
mentioned that in the present and even in the past, the world is connected. The
difference between globalism and globalization is the speed and thickness or
intensity of connections. Nevertheless, people are connected with one another
whether as a small community or as a large country. The question now is about the
type of connection that exists and begins to increase in the contemporary world. The
answer lies on the growth of information as the binding force among people, things,
and places around the globe. This technological paradigm, associated with computer
science and modern Telecommunication that replaces industrialism is called
informationalism (Castelis, 2004). These are technology, the media, and the Internet.
This is not to say that we do not need to produce material goods such as factories,
clothes, and food; rather, exchanging information and knowledge, which is clearly
immaterial goods, becomes central in the contemporary world (Hardt & Negri,
2000). This is due to the "three of the most cutting-edge aspects of the social world
in general Internet and globalization in particular" (Ritzer, 2015, p. 134), technology,
media, and the creation of the world's first container ship the expansion in 1956 and
the expansion of airfreight greatly hastened the transport of goods all around the
World. But a notable example of technological advancement is the founding of
Federal Express in the 1970s. It make use of computer technology founding in its
deliveries. Computer technology is used to check our health through the invention of
magnetic resonance Imaging (MR1s), ultrasound, and CT or CAT scans. Space-based
technologies were also made possible through the use of computers (Ritter, 20t5).
The launching of satellites for military surveillance, the use of global positioning
systems (GPS), and the operation of global navigation systems (OS) are some
remarkable examples.

McLuhan and Fiore (2005) argued that in the New Media Age, the importance lies in
the medium, the way in which the message is transmitted, not necessarily in the
medium. This means that televisions, radios, and newspapers have been shaping
"individual subjectivity and culture, not only locally but globally" (Ritter, 2015, p.
143). In addition, the French social theorist Guy DeBord (1994) emphasized in his
idea of media spectacle the sophistication and ubiquity of spectacular visual in
televisions. This made TV news a form of entertainment. Although content matters
in television broadcasts, visual spectacle or significance is an important element and
perhaps the primary key to catch the attention of the audience.

When one mentions online social networking, spam, and computer viruses, it is the
Internet that binds them all. The Internet is a mark of the contemporary world.
According to Ritzer (2015), "The Internet has prompted a flat world thesis; anyone
can be involved in it, at least theoretically" (p. 150). Having a computer today in our
homes, our schools, our workplaces, and accessing the Internet through our personal
cellphones allow us to be connected with the rest of the world. We can gain
information by accessing different websites, such as Facebook and Wikipedia,
through the Internet. In the same manner, the information about ourselves that we
share is also exposed. In order to control Internet access and use, there are
mechanisms such as personal passwords or in the case of Chinese government, the
"Great Firewall."

While globalization allowed the expansion of information, access to modern

technologies is not a universal matter that is available to every person around the
world. The Internet and other technologies are limited by certain barriers. These
barriers include lack of electricity, illiteracy, weak financial systems, and government
regulations.

Activity: Collecting Posts, Connecting the World

We live in a world where we are surrounded by vast amount of information. It is all around
us. We can get information from books, television, newspaper, and online websites. The
World Wide Web has made us familiar with digital technology and allows us to
communicate with other people around the world.
Moreover, our collective learning could also be aided by modern technology. Social media
is one of the ways in which information is exchanged today. In this activity, we will realize
how connected we are in terms of the posts that we see in the Web. Although we do not
have a face-to-face interaction, we could somehow relate with others in this virtual space—
the Internet—which largely shaped the flow of information in the contemporary world.
1. Using your social media account (e.g., Facebook or Twitter accounts), browse your
home page and observe the posts of your friends.
2. Choose and list down at least 3o randomly selected posts. The names of your friends
can sbe excluded.
3. Group the posts according to theme. Some of the themes may be about a product, an
educational post, a movie, an opinion, a religious verse, or a status about one's personal
life. Feel free to construct your own title for the posts that you are going to group
together.
4. Share the themes you have created with a classmate and answer the following
questions:
a. Which theme has the most number of posts?
b. Which post has the most number of shares?
c. What are the common themes that you and your classmate have identified?
d. Have you posted anything in the past that is similar with the posts you listed down?