THE KAVERY ENIGNEERING

COLLEGE
Mecheri, Salem- 636453.

ME 8511
Kinematics & Dynamics Laboratory
Observation note book
V Semester Mechanical Engineering 2020 - 2021

Name
Reg No
Roll No
Year
Branch
Section

Prepared By
Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D)
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
 Syllabus
OBJECTIVES:

To supplement the principles learnt in kinematics and Dynamics of Machinery.

To understand how certain measuring devices are used for dynamic testing.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. a) Study of gear parameters.

b) Experimental study of velocity ratios of simple, compound, Epicyclic and differential gear
trains.
2. a) Kinematics of Four Bar, Slider Crank, Crank Rocker, Double crank, Oscillating cylinder
Mechanisms, Double rocker.
b) Kinematics of single and double universal joints.
3. a) Determination of Mass moment of inertia of Fly wheel and Axle system.
b) Determination of Mass Moment of Inertia of axisymmetric bodies using Turn Table
apparatus.
c) Determination of Mass Moment of Inertia using bifilar suspension and compound
pendulum.
4. Motorized gyroscope – Study of gyroscopic effect and couple.
5. Governor - Determination of range sensitivity, effort etc., for Watts, Porter, Proell, and
Hartnell Governors.
6. Cams – Cam profile drawing, Motion curves and study of jump phenomenon
7. a) Single degree of freedom Spring Mass System – Determination of natural Frequency and
verification of Laws of springs – Damping coefficient determination.
b) Multi degree freedom suspension system – Determination of influence coefficient.
8. a) Determination of torsional natural frequency of single and Double Rotor systems.
Undamped and Damped Natural frequencies.
b) Vibration Absorber – Tuned vibration absorber.
9. Vibration of Equivalent Spring mass system – undamped and damped vibration.
10. Whirling of shafts – Determination of critical speeds of shafts with concentrated loads.
11. a). Balancing of rotating masses. (b) Balancing of reciprocating masses.
12. a) Transverse vibration of Free-Free beam – with and without concentrated masses.
b) Forced Vibration of Cantilever beam – Mode shapes and natural frequencies.
c) Determination of transmissibility ratio using vibrating table.

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

 CONTENTS
1. SPRING MASS SYSTEM

2. COMPOUND PENDULUM

3. GOVERNORS

4. BIFILAR SUSPENSION

5. WHIRLING OF SHAFT

6. BALANCING OF RECIPROCATING MASS

7. CAM ANALYSIS

8. MOTORISED GYROSCOPIC COUPLE

9. FLYWHEEL AND AXEL SYSTEM

10. TURN TABLE

11. MULTI DEGREE FREEDOM SYSTEM

12. SINGLE ROTOR SHAFT SYSTEM

13. CANTILEVER BEAM

14. TRANSVERSE VIBRATION

15. STATIC AND DYNANIC BALANCING SYSTEM

16. KINEMATICS OF UNIVERSAL JOINTS

17. KINEMATICS OF GEAR TRAINS

18. CRANK ROCKER MECHANISM

19. SLIDER CRANK MECHANISM

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

 INDEX
SI. Date of Page Date Of Staff
Name Of The Experiment Marks
No Expt SI. No No Sub. Sign

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Exp. No: Undamped Free Vibration of Spring Mass System
Date:
Aim:
To determine the Stiffness of the Helical Spring, natural frequency and damping
coefficient Undamped free vibration (longitudinal vibration) of spring mass system
experimentally and compare it with the theoretical values.

Apparatuses Required:
1. Spring mass system apparatus
2. Masses
3. Measuring scale
4. Stopwatch

Description of the setup:

It consists of an open coil helical spring of which one end is fixed to the screw rod and a
platform to the other end. This platform is used to add weights and a lock nut is also provided to
clamp the weights added.
Formulae:

1. DAMPING CO-EFFICIENT:

c = 2 x  x m x ωn, N/m/s

Where
 – Damping factor
m – Mass applied, kg
ωn – Undamped frequency, rad/s
2. DAMPING FACTOR:

= (1– (ωd / ωn) 2 )

Where
ωd – Damped frequency, rad/s
3. DAMPED FREQUENCY:

ωd = 2Π / td, rad/s

Where
td – Time taken for an oscillation of mass, s

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

 Mass Extension Deflection Force Stiffness Time Taken Time Time Natural Natural Damping
of Spring of Spring Period Period
S.NO Applied (F=mg) (s = F/) for ‘N’ Frequency Frequency Co-Efficient
Tabulation:

(L2) (=L2-L1) (tp-exp) (tp-the)

(m) N N/m Oscillations (c) N/m/s
m s s (fn-exp) (fn-the)
kg m (t) s
Hz Hz

Natural
Frequency

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Experimental
Hz
4. UNDAMPED FREQUENCY:

ωn = s / m , rad/s

Where
s – Stiffness of the spring, N/m

5. EXPERIMENTAL NATURAL FREQUENCY:

fn-exp = 1 / tp-exp, Hz

Where

tp-exp – Experimental time period, s

6. THEORETICAL NATURAL FREQUENCY:

fn-the = 1 / tp-the, Hz

Where

tp-the – Theoretical time period, s

7. EXPERIMENTAL TIME PERIOD:

tp-exp = t / n, s

Where
t – Time taken for ‘n’ oscillations, s
n – No of oscillations

8. THEORETICAL TIME PERIOD:

tp-the = 2 m/s ,s

9. STIFFNESS OF THE SPRING:

s = F / , N/m

Where
F – Force, N
 – Deflection of the spring, m

10. FORCE:
F = m x g, N
Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
 Where
m – Mass applied, kg

g – Acceleration due to gravity - 9.81, m/s2

11. DEFLECTION OF THE SPRING:

 = L2 – L1, m

Where
L1 – Free length of the spring, m
L2 – Extension of the spring, m
Experimental Procedure:

1. Determine the free length of the helical spring

2. Put some masses on the platform and find out the deflection
3. Stretch the spring through some distance and release
4. Count the time required for ‘n’ oscillations. Say 10 oscillations.
5. Thus determine the actual time period, frequency and damping co-efficient.
6. Repeat the procedure for different masses
Observation:

Length of the spring before loading = ,m

Graph:

Deflection vs Mass applied

Precautions:

1. Note down the time correctly.

2. Note down the oscillations properly.
3. Don’t stretch spring very much.

Model calculation:

Reading No. : ---------

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
Result:

Natural Frequency

i) Experimentally, fn-exp = , N/m

ii) Theoretical , fn-the = , N/m

The natural frequency and damping coefficient of Undamped free vibration (longitudinal
vibration) of spring mass system are determined experimentally and verified with the theoretical
values.

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
Exp. No: Compound Pendulum
Date:
Aim:
To determine moment of inertia by using compound pendulum and natural Frequency and
radius of gyration of the given steel bar experimentally and compare it with the theoretical
values.
Apparatuses Required:
1. Compound pendulum apparatus
2. Stop watch
3. Steel rule
4. Measuring scale

Description of the setup:

The compound pendulum consists of length and mm thick steel bar. The bar is
supported by the knife edge. It is possible to change the length of suspended pendulum by
supporting the bar in different holes.

Observation:

Length of the steel bar, L =

Number of holes =
Distance between two holes =
Mass of the steel bar =

Formulae:
1. EXPERIMENTAL RADIUS OF GYRATION:

Kexp = 2 ( (tp-exp2 x g x CG) – (CG x 2)2 ) ,m

(2)2

Where,

texp – Experimental time Period, s

2
g – Acceleration due to gravity – 9.81, m/s

2. THEORETICAL RADIUS OF GYRATION:

Kthe = L / (2 3 ), m

Where
L – Length of the bar, m

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

 Time Taken Time Natural Radius of Gyration
Period
For ‘N’ Frequency (k) m
Length of
(tp) s
Tabulation:

S.No CG Oscillations (fn) Hz

Rod (L)
m (t) s
m
(tp-the) (tp-exp) (fn-the) (fn-exp) (Kthe) (Kexp)
Mean s s
Trial Hz Hz m m

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

 3. EXPERIMENTAL TIME PERIOD:
tp-exp = t / n, s
Where
t – Time taken for ‘n’ oscillations, s
n – No of oscillations

4. THEORETICAL TIME PERIOD:

tp-the = 2 (Kthe2 +CG2) / (g x CG) ,s

5. EXPERIMENTAL NATURAL FREQUENCY:

fn-exp = 1 / tp-exp, Hz
Where
tp-exp – Experimental time period, s

6. THEORETICAL NATURAL FREQUENCY:

fn-the = 1 / tp-the, Hz
Where
tp-the – Theoretical time period, s
Experimental procedure:

1. Note the length of the suspended pendulum and find the CG

2. Support the bar on the pivot point
3. Allow the bar to oscillate and find the time period “tp” by taking the time required for
‘N’ oscillations. say 10 oscillations
4. Repeat the experiment for various lengths
5. Thus find the natural frequency and radius of gyration of the given compound
pendulum for various lengths.

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

 Model calculation:

Reading No. : ---------

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Result:
i) Moment of inertia of the given steel bar
ii) Mean experimental radius of gyration, Kexpm
iii) Mean Theoretical radius of gyration , Ktheom
Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
Exp. No: Porter Governor
Date:
Aim:
To determine the characteristic curves of the porter governor.

Apparatus Required:

1. Digital rpm indicator with sensor 3. Sleeve weights

2. Porter arm setup 4. Measuring tape.

Description of the setup:

The drive unit consists of a DC electric motor connected through belt and pulley
arrangement. Motor and test setup are mounted on a M.S. fabricated frame. The governor spindle
is driven by motor through V belt and is supported in a ball bearing.
The optional governor mechanisms can be mounted on spindle. Digital speed is
controlled by the electronic control unit. A rpm indicator with sensor to determine the speed. A
graduated scale is fixed to the sleeve and guided in vertical direction. Sleeve displacement is to
be noted on the scale provided.
The centre sleeve of the Porter and Proell governors incorporates a weight sleeve
to which weights may be added. The Hartnell governor provides means of varying spring rate
and initial compression level and mass of rotating weight. This enables the Hartnell governor to
be operated as a stable or unstable governor.
DC motor with drive: ½ HP motor and DC drive control for speed variation.
Separate linkages for governor arrangements (Porter, Proell and Hartnell) are provided using
same motor and base.
Formulae:

1. ANGULAR SPEED OF THE BALL OF THE GOVERNORS:

ω = 2 x N / 60, rad/s
where
N – Speed of the balls of the governor, rpm

2. HEIGHT OF THE GOVERNORS FOR EACH LIFT OF THE SLEEVE:

h = ho – x / 2, m
where
ho – Height of the governor, m
x – Llift of the sleeve of the govenor, m

3. ANGLE OF INCLINATION OF THE UPPER ARM LINK OF THE GOVENORS:

 = cos-1[h / L1], degree
where
L1 – Length of the upper arm link of the govenor, m
Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
 4. RADIUS OF ROTATION OF THE BALL OF THE GOVENORS:
r = 0.05 + L1sin, m

Observations:

Length of the upper arm link of the porter govenor (L1) – 0.127 m
Length of the lower arm link of the porter govenor (L2) – 0.125 m
Mass of each ball of the porter governor (m) – 0.35 kg
Mass of the sleeve of the porter governor (M) – Sleeve mass + Masses on the sleeve
– 2 + 1.5 = 3.5 kg
BG = 0.12 m; PG = 0.105 m; BH = 0.07 m; DH = 0.105 m

Tabulation:

Sleeve Speed Angular Radius of Controlling Sensitiveness Effort

Lift (x) (N) Speed (ω) Rotation Force (Fc) of the of the
S.NO of the
m rpm rpm N Governor (S) Governor
Balls (P) N
(r)
m

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

 5. CONTROLLING FORCE OF THE GOVERNORS:
Fc = m x ω2 x r, N
Where
m – Mass of each ball, kg

6. SENSITIVENESS OF THE GOVERNORS:

S = 2 (N2 - N1) / (N1 + N2)
Where
N2 – Maximum equilibrium speed, rpm
N1 – Minimum equilibrium speed, rpm

7. EFFORT OF THE PORTER AND PROELL GOVERNORS:

P = c x ((2m / 1 + q) + M) x g, N
Where
M – Mass of the sleeve of the governor, kg
g – Acceleration due to gravity – 9.81, m/s2
q – tanβ / tanα
tanβ – BH / DH
tanα – BG / PG
c – Percentage increase in speed

8. PERCENTAGE INCREASE IN THE SPEED OF THE GOVERNORS:

c = (N2 – N1) / N1

Experimental procedure:

1. Keep the knob of dimmer stat of the governor in zero position before switching on the
main supply

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

 2. Switch on the main supply and gradually go on increasing the speed of the motor. Due
to this, the centre sleeve will rise from the lower stop aligning with the marking on the
scale. This is initial lift of the sleeve of the governor.
3. Note down the reading of the sleeve position and speed to be measured by the contact
tachometer from the counter hole provided on the spindle
4. Then increase the speed in steps to the given suitable sleeve movement and note down
the reading of the sleeve displacement and corresponding speed
5. This procedure is adopted for all other governors
6. After completing the experiment bring the knob of dimmer stat of the governor to its
original position i.e. zero then slowly and gradually switch off the main supply.
Graph:

1. Radius of rotation of the balls (r) Vs Controlling Force (Fc)

2. Sleeve Lift (x) Vs Speed (N)

Model calculation:

Reading No. : ---------

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
Result:

Thus the characteristic curves of the porter governor are determined.

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Exp. No: Proell Governor
Date:
Aim:
To determine the characteristic curves of the proell governor.

Apparatus Required:

1. Digital rpm indicator with sensor 3. Sleeve weights

2. Porter arm setup 4. Measuring tape.

Description of the setup:

The drive unit consists of a DC electric motor connected through belt and pulley
arrangement. Motor and test setup are mounted on a M.S. fabricated frame. The governor spindle
is driven by motor through V belt and is supported in a ball bearing.
The optional governor mechanisms can be mounted on spindle. Digital speed is
controlled by the electronic control unit. A rpm indicator with sensor to determine the speed. A
graduated scale is fixed to the sleeve and guided in vertical direction. Sleeve displacement is to
be noted on the scale provided.
The centre sleeve of the Porter and Proell governors incorporates a weight sleeve
to which weights may be added. The Hartnell governor provides means of varying spring rate
and initial compression level and mass of rotating weight. This enables the Hartnell governor to
be operated as a stable or unstable governor.
DC motor with drive: ½ HP motor and DC drive control for speed variation.
Separate linkages for governor arrangements (Porter, Proell and Hartnell) are provided using
same motor and base.
Formulae:

1. ANGULAR SPEED OF THE BALL OF THE GOVERNORS:

ω = 2 x N / 60, rad/s
where
N – Speed of the balls of the governor, rpm

2. HEIGHT OF THE GOVERNORS FOR EACH LIFT OF THE SLEEVE:

h = ho – x / 2, m
where
ho – Height of the governor, m
x – Lift of the sleeve of the governor, m

3. ANGLE OF INCLINATION OF THE UPPER ARM LINK OF THE GOVENORS:

 = cos-1[h / L1], degree
where
L1 – Length of the upper arm link of the governor, m

4. RADIUS OF ROTATION OF THE BALL OF THE GOVENORS:

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
 r = 0.05 + L1sin, m
Observations:
Length of the upper arm link of the proell govenor (L1) – 0.127 m
Length of the lower arm link of the proell govenor (L2) – 0.135 m
Mass of each ball of the proell governor (m) – 0.35 kg
Mass of the sleeve of the proell governor (M) – Sleeve mass + Masses on the sleeve
– 2 + 1.5 = 3.5 kg
BG = 0.127 m; PG = 0.105 m; BH = 0.07 m; DH = 0.105 m
Tabulation:

Sleeve Speed Angular Radius of Controlling Sensitiveness Effort

S.NO
Lift (x) (N) Speed Rotation Force (Fc) of the of the
m rpm (ω) of the Balls N Governor (S) Governor
rpm (r) (P)
m N

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

 5. CONTROLLING FORCE OF THE GOVERNORS:
Fc = m x ω2 x r, N
Where
m – Mass of each ball, kg

6. SENSITIVENESS OF THE GOVERNORS:

S = 2 (N2 - N1) / (N1 + N2)
Where
N2 – Maximum equilibrium speed, rpm
N1 – Minimum equilibrium speed, rpm

7. EFFORT OF THE PORTER AND PROELL GOVERNORS:

P = c x ((2m / 1 + q) + M) x g, N
Where
M – Mass of the sleeve of the governor, kg
g – Acceleration due to gravity – 9.81, m/s2
q – tanβ / tanα
tanβ – BH / DH
tanα – BG / PG
c – Percentage increase in speed

8. PERCENTAGE INCREASE IN THE SPEED OF THE GOVERNORS:

c = (N2 – N1) / N1

Experimental procedure:

1. Keep the knob of dimmer stat of the governor in zero position before switching on the
main supply

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

 2. Switch on the main supply and gradually go on increasing the speed of the motor. Due
to this, the centre sleeve will rise from the lower stop aligning with the marking on the
scale. This is initial lift of the sleeve of the governor.
3. Note down the reading of the sleeve position and speed to be measured by the contact
tachometer from the counter hole provided on the spindle
4. Then increase the speed in steps to the given suitable sleeve movement and note down
the reading of the sleeve displacement and corresponding speed
5. This procedure is adopted for all other governors
6. After completing the experiment bring the knob of dimmer stat of the governor to its
original position i.e. zero then slowly and gradually switch off the main supply.
Graph:

1. Radius of rotation of the balls (r) Vs Controlling Force (Fc)

2. Sleeve Lift (x) Vs Speed (N)

Model calculation:

Reading No. : ---------

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
Result:

Thus the characteristic curves of the proell governor are determined.

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Exp. No: Hartnell Governor
Date:
Aim:
To determine the characteristic curves of the proell governor.

Apparatus Required:

1. Digital rpm indicator with sensor 3. Sleeve weights

2. Porter arm setup 4. Measuring tape.

Description of the setup:

The drive unit consists of a DC electric motor connected through belt and pulley
arrangement. Motor and test setup are mounted on a M.S. fabricated frame. The governor spindle
is driven by motor through V belt and is supported in a ball bearing.
The optional governor mechanisms can be mounted on spindle. Digital speed is
controlled by the electronic control unit. A rpm indicator with sensor to determine the speed. A
graduated scale is fixed to the sleeve and guided in vertical direction. Sleeve displacement is to
be noted on the scale provided.
The centre sleeve of the Porter and Proell governors incorporates a weight sleeve
to which weights may be added. The Hartnell governor provides means of varying spring rate
and initial compression level and mass of rotating weight. This enables the Hartnell governor to
be operated as a stable or unstable governor.
DC motor with drive: ½ HP motor and DC drive control for speed variation.
Separate linkages for governor arrangements (Porter, Proell and Hartnell) are provided using
same motor and base.
Formulae:

1. ANGULAR SPEED OF THE BALL OF THE GOVERNORS:

ω = 2 x N / 60, rad/s
where
N – Speed of the balls of the governor, rpm

2. HEIGHT OF THE GOVERNORS FOR EACH LIFT OF THE SLEEVE:

h = ho – x / 2, m
where
ho – Height of the governor, m
x – Lift of the sleeve of the governor, m

3. ANGLE OF INCLINATION OF THE UPPER ARM LINK OF THE GOVENORS:

 = cos-1[h / L1], degree
where
L1 – Length of the upper arm link of the governor, m

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

 4. RADIUS OF ROTATION OF THE BALL OF THE GOVENORS:
r = 0.05 + L1sin, m
Observation:
Length of the ball arm of the lever of the hartnell govenor (a) – 0.77 m
Length of the sleeve arm of the lever of the hartnell govenor (b) – 0.12 m
Mass of each ball of the hartnell govenor (m) – 0.35 kg
Mass of the sleeve of the hartnell governor (M) – 2 kg
Tabulation:

Sleeve Speed Angula Radius Controlling Sensitiveness Effort

S.NO
Lift (x) (N) r Speed of Force (Fc) of the of the
m rpm (ω) Rotation N Governor (S) Governor
rpm of the (P)
Balls N
(r)
m

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

5. CONTROLLING FORCE OF THE GOVERNORS:
Fc = m x ω2 x r, N
Where
m – Mass of each ball, kg

6. SENSITIVENESS OF THE GOVERNORS:

S = 2 (N2 - N1) / (N1 + N2)
Where
N2 – Maximum equilibrium speed, rpm
N1 – Minimum equilibrium speed, rpm

7. PERCENTAGE INCREASE IN THE SPEED OF THE GOVERNORS:

c = (N2 – N1) / N1

8. EFFORT OF THE HARTNELL GOVERNOR:

P = (S2 – S1) / 2, N
Where
S1 – Spring force exerted on the sleeve of the hartnell
governor at the minimum speed, N
S2 – Spring force exerted on the sleeve of the hartnell
governor at the maximum speed, N

9. SPRING FORCE EXERTED ON THE SLEEVE OF THE HARTNELL GOVERNOR AT THE

MINIMUM SPEED:
S1 = (2 x Fc1 x (a / b)) – (Mg), N
Where

Fc1 – Controlling force of the hartnell governor at

the minimum speed, N
Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
 a – Length of ball arm of the lever of the hartnell
governor, m
b – Length of the sleeve arm of the lever of the hartnell
governor, m

10. SPRING FORCE EXERTED ON THE SLEEVE OF THE HARTNELL GOVERNOR AT THE
MAXIMUM SPEED:
S2= (2 x Fc2 x (a / b)) – (Mg), N
Where
Fc2 – Controlling force of the hartnell governor at
the maximum speed, N

Experimental procedure:

1. Keep the knob of dimmer stat of the governor in zero position before switching on the
main supply
2. Switch on the main supply and gradually go on increasing the speed of the motor. Due
to this, the centre sleeve will rise from the lower stop aligning with the marking on the
scale. This is initial lift of the sleeve of the governor.
3. Note down the reading of the sleeve position and speed to be measured by the contact
tachometer from the counter hole provided on the spindle
4. Then increase the speed in steps to the given suitable sleeve movement and note down
the reading of the sleeve displacement and corresponding speed
5. This procedure is adopted for all other governors
6. After completing the experiment bring the knob of dimmer stat of the governor to its
original position i.e. zero then slowly and gradually switch off the main supply.
Graph:

1. Radius of rotation of the balls (r) Vs Controlling Force (Fc)

2. Sleeve Lift (x) Vs Speed (N)

Model calculation:

Reading No. : ---------

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
Result:

Thus the characteristic curves of the Hartnell governor are determined.

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
Exp. No: Bifilar Suspension
Date:
Aim:
To determine the moment of inertia and radius of gyration of a given bar by using bifilar
suspension.

Apparatuses Required:
1. Bifilar suspension apparatus
2. Masses
3. Stopwatch
4. Scale
Description of the setup:

A uniform rectangular section bar is suspended from the pendulum support frame by two
parallel cords. Top ends of the cords pass through the two small chucks fitted at the top. Other
ends are secured in the bifilar bar. It is possible to adjust the length of the cord by loosing the
chucks. The suspension may also be used to determine the radius of gyration of any body. In this
case the body under investigation is bolted to the centre. Radius of gyration of the combined bar
and body is then determined.

Formulae:

1. EXPERIMENTAL MOMENT OF INERTIA:

Iexp = (m x g x a2 x tp-exp2) / (L x 4 x π2), kg-m2

Where
2a – Distance between two wires, m

g – Acceleration due to gravity – 9.81, m/s2

m – Mass of the bar, kg

tp-exp – Experimental time period, s

L – Length of the wire, m

2. EXPERIMENTAL TIME PERIOD:

tp-exp = t / n, s
Where
t – Time taken for ‘n’ oscillations, s
n – No of oscillations
Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
Tabulation:

Length Distance No of Time Taken Time Moment of Radius of

S. of the Between Oscillations Period Inertia Gyration
wire For ‘N’ (I) (K)
NO Two (n) (tp-exp)
(L) Wires Oscillation s Kg-m2 m
m (2a)
s
m
(t) s Iexp Ithe Kexp Kthe

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

 3. THEORETICAL MOMENT OF INERTIA:
2 2
Ithe = m x (Kthe ), kg-m

Where

Kthe – Theoretical radius of gyration, m

4. THEORETICAL RADIUS OF GYRATION:

Kthe = L / (2 3 ), m

5. EXPERIMENTAL RADIUS OF GYRATION:

kexp = (tp-exp x a ) /(2π L / g ), m

Observation:

1. m – Mass of the bar – kg

2. L – Length of the wire – m
3. 2a – Distance between two wires – m
Experimental Procedure:

1. Suspend the bar from the hook. The suspension length of each rod must be the same
2. Allow the bar to oscillate about the vertical axis passing through the centre and find
the time period “tp” by taking the time required for ‘n’ oscillations. say 10 oscillations
3. Repeat the experiment by mounting the bar at the equal distance from the centre
4. Finally calculate the moment of inertia and radius of gyration of the given bar

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

 Model calculation:

Reading No. : ---------

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Result:
Radius of gyration of given bar:

i) Experimentally, Kexpm = , cm
ii) Theoretically, Ktheom = , cm

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
Exp. No: whirling speed of shafts
Date:
Aim:
To find the critical speed of the given shafts

Apparatuses Required:
1. Auto transformer
2. Shafts of different diameter
3. Critical speed shaft apparatus
4. Tachometer
5. Scale
Description of the setup:
The apparatus is used to study the whirling phenomenon of shafts. This consists of a frame in
which the driving motor and fixing blocks are fixed. A special design is provided to clear out the
effects of bearings of motor spindle from those of testing shafts.

Formulae:

1. NATURAL FREQUENCY OF THE TRANSVERSE VIBRATION:

fn = 0.5615 / , Hz
Where
 – Static deflection due to the mass of the shaft, m

2. STATIC DEFLECTION DUE TO THE MASS OF THE SHAFT:

 = (5 x m x g x L4) / (384 x E x I), m

Where
m – Mass of the shaft, kg
L – Length of the shaft between the bearings, m

E – Young’s modulus of the shaft material, N/m2

I – Moment of inertia of the shaft, m4

g – Acceleration due to gravity – 9.81, m/s2

3. MOMENT OF INERTIA OF THE SHAFT:

I = (π x 64) / d4, m4
Where
d – Diameter of the shaft, m

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Observation:
1. Shaft Material – Spring Steel

2. E – Young’s modulus of spring steel – 206x109 N/m2

3. ρ – Density of spring steel – 7870 kg/m3

4. d – Diameter of the shaft – m
5. L – Length of the shaft between the bearings – m

Tabulation:

Calculated Whirling Speed of Observed Whirling Speed of The

Length of the
the Shaft Shaft
Shaft (Nc) rpm (Nc) rpm
Between the
Bearings
(L) m Single Node Double Node Single Node Double Node

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

 4. MASS OF THE SHAFT:
m = ((π / 4) x d2) x L x ρ, kg
Where
ρ – Density of the shaft material, kg/m3

5. WHIRLING SPEED OF THE SHAFT - SINGLE NODE:

Nc = fn X 60, rpm

6. WHIRLING SPEED OF THE SHAFT - DOUBLE NODE:

Nc = 3 x fn X 60, rpm

Experimental Procedure:
1. Connect the motor to the dimmer shaft
2. Fix the shaft between the bearings
3. Run the shaft and gradually increase speed
4. Then determine the single node , double node
5. Finally find the natural frequency and critical speed by using formula
6. Repeat the experiment for different diameters
Precautions:
1. The shaft should be straight.
2. The shaft should be properly tightened.
3. Voltage should not be very high.
4. Reading should be taken properly.
Sources of Errors:
1. Rotor should run at a steady speed.
2. Rotor should rotate in a vertical plane.
Model calculation:

Reading No. : ---------

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

RESULT:
Thus the critical speed of the given shafts of different diameters is determined

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Exp. No: Balancing Of Reciprocating Mass
Date:
Aim:
To determine the angular position of the balancing mass to the unbalanced reciprocating
mass & balance the given reciprocating system dynamically.

Apparatuses Required:
1. Reciprocating mechanism setup
2. Motor
3. Auto Transformer
4. Tachometer

Formulae:

Fc1 = Fc2
Where

Fc1 – Horizontal component of the centrifugal force of the disturbing

Mass, kg-m

Fc2 – Horizontal component of the centrifugal force of the balancing

Mass, kg-m

1. HORIZONTAL COMPONENT OF THE CENTRIFUGAL FORCE OF THE DISTURBING

MASS:

Fc1 = M x R x cos ø1, kg-m

Where
R – Radius of the crank, m
M – Mass of the crank pin, kg

ø1 – Angle of inclination of the crank, degree

2. HORIZONTAL COMPONENT OF THE CENTRIFUGAL FORCE OF THE BALANCING

MASS:

Fc2 = m x r x cos ø2, kg-m

Where
r – Radius of the balancing mass, m
m – Balancing mass, kg

ø2 – Angle of inclination of the balancing mass, degree

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Tabulation:

Angle of
Disturbing Angle of Radius of Balancing Radius of Inclination
S.NO
Mass Inclination of Crank (R) m Mass (m) Balancing of
(M) kg Crank kg Mass (r) Balancing
(ø1 ) degree m Mass (ø2)
degree

Model calculation:

Reading No. : ---------

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Experimental Procedure:

1. First attach the balancing mass at any position with the inclination and radius to the
reciprocating mechanism
2. Connect the power cable to the auto transformer
3. Slowly increase the speed of the motor with the help of the auto transformer
4. Observe the vibration of hanged body
5. Stop the power supply
6. Calculable the radius of inclination of the balancing mass theoretically
7. Attach the balancing mass at the calculated radius of inclination
8. Start the power supply
9. Slowly increase the speed of the motor with the help of the auto transformer
10. Observe the vibration of hanged body
11. Finally balance the reciprocating mechanism

RESULT:
Thus the angular position of the balancing mass is found and the given reciprocating
system is balanced.

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
Exp. No: Cam Analysis
Date:
Aim:
To determine the jump speed and to draw the profile of the various cams

Apparatuses Required:
1. Cam analysis system
2. Dial gauge
3. Tachometer

Formulae:

1. THEORETICAL CAM JUMP SPEED:

Njt = 60 / 2π 1/e (((k x ) / m) + g) , rpm

Where
e – Eccentricity of the cam, m
k – Stiffness of the spring, N/m
g – Gravitational force – 9.81 N
m. – Mass of the follower, kg
 – Compression length of the spring, m

2. STIFFNESS OF THE SPRING:

K = Gd4/8D3n, N/m
Where
d – Coil diameter of the spring, m
D– Mean diameter of the spring, m
n – No of coils in the spring

G – Modulus of rigidity of the spring material, N/m2

3. COMPRESSION LENGTH OF THE SPRING:

 = c+ lift = c + (2 ×e)
Where
c – Initial compression, m

4. INITIAL COMPRESSION:
c = No of revolution of the bolt × Pitch of the bolt, m

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Observations:
1. Spring material – Steel

2. G – Modulus of rigidity of steel – 8 x 1010 N/m2

3. d – Coil diameter of the spring – 0.0027 m
4. D – Mean diameter of the spring – 0.0293 m
5. n – No of coils in the spring – 5
6. m. – Mass of the knife edge follower – 0.25 kg
7. m. – Mass of the roller follower – 0.225 kg
8. m. – Mass of the flat faced follower – 0.2 kg
9. e – Eccentricity of the cam with knife edge follower – 0.007 m
10. e – Eccentricity of the cam with roller follower – 0.023 m
11. e – Eccentricity of the cam with flat faced follower –0.0185 m
12. Bitch of M6 bolt – 0.0057 m

Tabulations:

Mass Initial Compression Actual Cam

S.NO Theoretical
(m) kg Compression Length of Jump Speed
Cam Jump
(c) m Spring (Njc) rpm
Speed (Njt) rpm
( ) m

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

 Displacement (x)
Angle (θ)
S.NO m
degree

Model calculation:

Reading No. : ---------

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
Experimental Procedure:
1. Cam analysis system consists of cam roller follower, pull rod and guide of pull rod.
2. Set the cam at 0° and note down the projected length of the pull rod.
3. Rotate the cam through 10° and note down the projected length of the pull rod above
the guide.
4. Calculate the lift by subtracting each reading with the initial reading.

Jump-Speed:
1. Run the cam at gradually increasing speed, and observe the speed at which the
follower jumps off
2. Observe the jump-speed for different loads on the follower.
3. Now fix the pillar and base frame assemble to the work table permanently
4. Fix the cantilever beam to the pillar by the damping foot and flat. see that the free
length of the beam from the fixed end
5. Place the mass in hanger on the cantilever beam to its extreme end
6. Measure all the initial deflection by the scale from the top of the base frame to the
weight hanger plate and enter it in the observation table
7. Put the mass in the hanger in stages of 0.5kg up to 3 kg one by one
8. Fill the observation table after removing all the masses

Graph:

1. Angle (θ) Vs Displacement (x)

2. Mass (m) Vs Actual cam jump speed ((Njc)

Precautions:
1. Cam should be rotate lowly and continuously.
2. Lubricant the can the roller bearing to decrease friction.
Sources of Errors:
1. Effect of clearance in the roller and cam spindle.
2. Effect of the elasticity of the links.
3. Lateral shift in the roller follower and cam.

Result:
Thus the jump speed of the various cams is determined and profile of the various cams is
drawn.

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Exp. No: Motorized Gyroscopic couple
Date:
Aim:

To determine the gyroscopic couple for the various loads and speeds

Apparatuses Required:

1. Gyroscope
2. Masses
3. Stop Watch
4. Tachometer
5. Auto Transformer.

Formulae:

1. EXPERIMENTAL GYROSCOPIC COUPLE:

Cexp = I x ω x ωp, N-m

Where

I – Mass moment of Inertia of the disc, kg-m2

ωp – Angular velocity of the precession of the disc, rad/s

ω – Angular velocity of the disc, rad/s

2. MASS MOMENT OF INERTIA OF THE DISC:

I = m x r2 / 2, kg-m2
Where
m – Mass of the rotor disc, kg
r – Radius of the rotor disc, m

3. ANGULAR VELOCITY OF THE PRECESSION OF THE DISC:

ωp = (dθ / dt) x (π / 180), rad/s

Where
dθ – Angular precession, rad
dt – Time taken for dθ, s

4. ANGULAR VELOCITY OF THE DISC:

ω = 2π x N / 60, rad/s
Where
N – Spinning speed, rpm
Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
Observations:
1. r – Radius of the rotor disc – 0.15 m
2. Rotor material – Mild steel
3. m – Mass of the rotor disc – 5.5 kg
4. L – Distance of the bolt from the rotor disc – 0.18 m

Speed Mass (m) Angular Time Precession Gyroscopic

S.NO
(N) kg Precision Taken for Angular Couple
rpm (dθ) dθ (dt) Velocity (ωp) (C) N-m
rad s rad/s
Cexp Cthe

Model calculation:

Reading No. : ---------

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
 5. THEORETICAL GYROSCOPIC COUPLE:

Cthe = m x g x L, N-m
Where
L – Distance of the bolt from the rotor disc, m
m – Mass applied, kg

g – Acceleration due to gravity – 9.81, m/s2

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Balance the rotor position on the horizontal frame and start the motor by using the
voltage with dimmer
2. Put the masses [1kg,2kg,5kg] till the disc attains constant speed in the mass pan and
start the stop watch on to note the time in seconds required for 900 to 1800 etc
3. Measure the Speed by the tachometer
4. Thus calculate the gyroscopic couple for the various loads and speeds

Precautions:
1. At starting the pointer should be at zero mark.
2. For comparison of Gyroscopic couple angular displacement for different loads should
be insured before conducting the experiment.
3. Proper lubrication should be placed gently and without impact.

Result:
Thus the gyroscopic couple is determined for the various loads and speeds.

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Exp. No: Flywheel and Axel System
Date:
Aim:
To determine the torsional frequency and damping coefficient of the flywheel.

Apparatuses Required:
1. Flywheel and axel system arrangement
2. Scale
3. Stop watch

Formulae:

1. TORSIONAL STIFFNESS OF THE SHAFT:

q = G J / L, N-m
Where

G – Modulus of rigidity of the shaft material, N/m2

J – Polar moment of inertia of the shaft, m4

L – Length of the shaft, m

2. POLAR MOMENT OF INERTIA OF THE SHAFT:

J =  x d4 / 32, m4
Where
d – Diameter of the shaft, m

3. MASS MOMENT OF INERTIA OF THE DISC:

I = m x r2 / 4, kg-m2
Where
m – Mass of the disc, kg
r – Radius of the disc, m

4. THEORETICAL TIME PERIOD:

tp-the = 2 I/q, s

5. EXPERIMENTAL TIME PERIOD:

tp-exp = t / n, s
Where
t – Time taken for ‘n’ oscillations, s
n – No of oscillations
Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
Observations:
1. Shaft Material – Steel

2. G – Modulus of rigidity of steel – 8 x 1010 N/m2

3. d – Diameter of the shaft – 0.004 m
4. L – Length of the shaft – 0.7 m
5. r – Radius of the disc – 0.125 m
6. m – Mass of the disc – 5.78 kg

Length of Depth of Time Time Torsional Damping

suspension immersion Required Period xn xn+1
Frequency Co-
of the (m) for ‘N’ ( tp) 
shaft (L) Oscillations s (fn ) Hz Efficient m m
m (t) s
(c) N/m/s

texp tthe fexp fthe

6. EXPERIMENTAL TIME PERIOD:

tp-exp = t / n, s
Where
t – Time taken for ‘n’ oscillations, s
n – No of oscillations

7. EXPERIMENTAL TORSIONAL FREQUENCY:

fn-exp = 1 / tp-exp, Hz
Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
8. THEORETICAL TORSIONAL FREQUENCY:

fn-the = 1 / tp-the, Hz

9. CRITICAL DAMPING FACTOR:

 = 4xIxq

10. DAMPING CO-EFFICIENT:

c = 2 x  x m x ωn, N/m/s
Where

ωn – Undamped frequency, rad/s

11. UNDAMPED FREQUENCY:

ωn = q / I , rad/s

12. LOGARITHMIC DECREMENT:

 = (1 / n) x loge [xn / xn+1]

Where

xn – Amplitude of the vibration at any position, m

xn+1 – Amplitude of the vibration after ‘n’ cycles, m

n – No of cycles

Model calculation:

Reading No. : ---------

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
Experimental Procedure:
1. With no oil in the container allow the flywheel to oscillate and measure the time taken for
‘n’ oscillations. Say 10 oscillations.
2. Put the thin mineral oil [No-10 or 20] in the drum and note the depth of immersion.
3. Put the sketching pen in its bracket.
4. Allow the flywheel to oscillate
5. Allow the pen to descend, see that the pen always make contact with the paper and record
the oscillations.
6. Measure the time for some oscillation by means of stop watch.
7. Determine xn i.e. amplitude at any position and xn+1 amplitude after ‘n’ cycles

Result:
Thus the torsional frequency and damping coefficient of the flywheel are determined.

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Exp. No: Turn Table Apparatus
Date:

Aim:

To find out the moment of inertia of a disc

Apparatuses Required:
1. M.S channel frame
2. Turn table assembly
3. Mass sets
4. Angle frame with measuring scale
5. Stainless steel Mass pan with pointer
6. Pulley
7. Stop watch

Formulae:

1. VERTICAL DISTANCE TRAVELED BY THE MASS PAN:

h1= U x t +1/2 x a x t2, m

Where
U – Initial velocity of the load, m/s
a – Linear acceleration of the load, m/s2
t – Time required, s

2. LINEAR ACCELERATION OF THE LOAD WHEN U = 0:

a = 2 x h1 / t2, m/s2

3. ANGULAR ACCELERATION:

 = a / r, rad/s2
Where
r – Radius of the drum, m

4. TENSION ON THE CORD:

T= m x (g-a), N
Where
m – Mass added in pan, kg

g – Acceleration due to gravity – 9.81, m/s2

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

TURN TABLE

Mass on h1 h2 Time Moment of

S.NO
Pan (m) Inertia of the
kg (m) (m) (t) Table
(Iexp-table )
s
kg-m2

TURN TABLE WITH DISC

Mass on h1 h2 Time Moment of Inertia

S.NO
Pan of the Table with
(m) (m) (m) (t) Disc
kg (Iexp-table with disc )
s
kg-m2

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

TURN TABLE WITH RING

Mass on h1 h2 Time (t) Moment of Inertia of

S.NO
Pan (m) (m) s the Table with Ring
(m) (Iexp-table with ring )
kg
kg-m2

TURN TABLE

S.NO Moment of Inertia Moment of Inertia

(Iexp ) (Ithe )
kg-m2 kg-m2

Iexp-table Iexp-table Iexp-table Iexp-disc Iexp-ring Ithe-disc Ithe-ring

with disc with ring

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

5. TORQUE PRODUCED BY THE CORD ON THE SYSTEM:

Tc = T x r, N-m
6. AVERAGE FRICTIONAL TORQUE DURING THE COURSE OF THE MOTION:

Tf = (m x g x r) ([h1 – h2] / [h1 + h2]), N-m

Where
h1 – Vertical distance traveled by the mass
pan from the upper mark to the lower
mark in the first acceleration, m
h2 – Vertical distance traveled by the mass
pan from the lower mark to the upper
mark in the next acceleration, m

7. EXPERIMENTAL MOMENT OF INERTIA:

Iexp= (Tc – Tf) /  , kg-m2

8. EXPERIMENTAL MOMENT OF INERTIA OF THE DISC:

Iexp-disc = Iexp-table with disc – Iexp-table, kg-m2

9. EXPERIMENTAL MOMENT OF INERTIA OF THE RING:

Iexp-ring = Iexp-table with ring – Iexp-table, kg-m2

10. THEORETICAL MOMENT OF INERTIA OF THE DISC:

Ithe-disc= (1/2) x md x rd2, kg-m2

Where

rd – Radius of the disc, m

md – Mass of the disc, kg

11. THEORETICAL MOMENT OF INERTIA OF THE RING:

Ithe-ring= (1/2) x mr x (ro2 + ri2), kg-m2

Where

ro – Outer radius of the ring, m

ri – Inner radius of the ring, m

mr – Mass of the ring, kg

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

 Model calculation:

Reading No. : ---------

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
Experimental procedure:
1. Attach the wire cord to the mass bar and add the mass in the mass pan
2. Rotate the turn table in such a fashion that the mass pan moves upward and hold the
table when the point of the mass pan reaches upward
3. Now release the turn table and mass pan to move downward
4. When the turn table is released, the mass pan starts to move downward. at this time
start the stop watch
5. The downward moving mass pan will reach the bottom position and stop the stop
watch and note down the time in seconds
6. Repeat the procedure 3 to 5 times and obtain the mean time “t”
7. Now fix the specimen disc on the turn table and follow the same procedure and note
down the readings.

Observations:
1. r – Radius of the drum – 0.03085 m

2. rd – Radius of the disc – 0.125 m

3. ro – Outer radius of the ring – 0.125 m

4. ro – Inner radius of the ring – 0.1025 m

5. md – Mass of the disc – 4.3 kg

6. mr – Mass of the ring – 1.4 kg

Result:
Thus the moment of inertia of the disc and ring are found

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
Exp. No: Multi Degree Freedom System
Date:

Aim:
To determine the natural frequency and damping co-efficient of the multi degree spring
mass system.

Apparatuses Required:
1. Base frame made of MS channel
2. Support shaft with lock nut
3. Bolts for fixing springs with nuts
4. Set of Springs
5. Meter scale 2m length
6. Stop watch
7. Mass sets

Formulae:

1. DAMPING CO-EFFICIENT:

c = 2 x  x mt x ωn, N/m/s
Where
 – Damping factor

mt – Total masses attached for the springs, kg

ωn – undamped frequency, rad/s

2. DAMPING FACTOR:

= 1– (ωd / ωn) 2
Where

ωd – Damped frequency, rad/s

3. DAMPED FREQUENCY:

ωd = 2Π / td, rad/s
Where

td – Time taken for an oscillation of masses, s

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Tabulation
Time
Deflection Required Time Natural Damping
S.NO
() m for ‘N’ Period
Frequency Co-Efficient
Oscillations ( tp) s
(t) s (fn ) Hz (c) N/m/s

texp tthe fexp fthe

Observations:
1. Spring Material – Steel

2. G – Modulus of rigidity of steel – 8 x1010 N/m2

3. Coil diameter of the spring -1(d1) – 0.003 m
4. Mean diameter of the spring -1 (D1) – 0.046 m
5. No of coils in the spring -1 (n1) – 15
6. Mass of the spring -1 (m1) – 0.46 kg
7. Coil diameter of the spring -2 (d2) – 0.00225 m
8. Mean diameter of the spring -2 (D2) – 0.0475 m
9. No of coils in the spring -2 (n2) – 14
10. Mass of the spring -2 (m2) – 0.38 kg
11. Coil diameter of the spring -3 (d3) – 0.002 m
12. Mean diameter of the spring -3 (D3) – 0.0485 m
13. No of coils in the spring -3 (n3) – 14
14. Mass of the spring -3 (m3) – 0.330 kg
15. Coil diameter of the spring - 4 (d4) – 0.0018 m
16. Mean diameter of the spring - 4 (D4) – 0.047 m
17. No of coils in the spring - 4 (n4) – 15
18. Mass of the spring - 4 (m4) – 0.27 kg
Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
4. UNDAMPED FREQUENCY:

ωn = seq / mt, rad/s

Where

seq – Equivalent stiffness of the springs, N/m

5. EQUIVALENT STIFFNESS OF THE SPRINGS:

1/seq = 1/s1 + 1/s2 + 1/s3 + 1/s4

Where

s1– Stiffness of the first spring, N/m

s2 – Stiffness of the second spring, N/m
s3– Stiffness of the third spring, N/m
s4 – Stiffness of the fourth spring, N/m

6. EXPERIMENTAL NATURAL FREQUENCY:

fn-exp = 1/ tp-exp, Hz
Where

tp-exp – Experimental time period, s

7. THEORETICAL NATURAL FREQUENCY:

fn-the = 1 / tp-the, Hz
Where

tp-the – Theoretical time period, s

8. EXPERIMENTAL TIME PERIOD:

tp-exp = t / n, s
Where
t – Time taken for ‘n’ oscillations, s
n – No of oscillations

9. THEORETICAL TIME PERIOD:

tp-the = 2 seq / mt , s

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

 Model calculation:

Reading No. : ---------

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
 10. STIFFNESS OF THE SPRING:

s = Gd4 / 8D3n, N/m

Where
d – Coil diameter of the spring, m
D – Mean diameter of the spring, m
n – No of coils in the spring
G – Modulus of rigidity of the spring material, N/m2

Experimental procedure:
1. Place the base frame on the floor in the lab in horizontal position. fix the base and
support frame vertically and fix the upper spring support to the vertical frame
2. Spring will be suspended vertically downward to the central spring support
3. Fix the spring with the heavy wire diameter to the spring support by bolt
4. Add the Mass to the bolt and spring assembly. Note down the first spring deflection
”11” in the observation table
5. Place the second spring to the bottom of the bolt fixed to the first spring and add some
Mass to the second bolt. Note down the deflection in the first spring as 21 & 21 in the
table
6. Repeat the above procedure for the third and fourth spring and note down the
deflection of the springs such as 31, 32, 33 and 41, 42, 43, 44 etc.
7. After measuring all the deflections by giving some pressure to the bottom spring
8. Make the system to oscillate and take the time required for ‘n’ oscillations say 10
oscillations
9. Repeat this procedure for 3 to 5 times and take the mean of those readings
10. Finally find out the time period, natural frequency and damping co efficient

Result:
Thus the natural frequency and damping co-efficient of the various springs are
determined.

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Exp. No: Single Rotor Shaft System
Date:

Aim:
To determine the torsional frequency and damping coefficient of the given single rotor
system.

Apparatuses Required:
1. Rotor
2. Shaft
3. Stop watch.
4. Scale

Formulae:

1. TORSIONAL STIFFNESS OF THE SHAFT:

q = G J / L, N-m
Where

G – Modulus of rigidity of the shaft material, N/m2

J – Polar moment of inertia of the shaft, m4

L – Length of the shaft, m

2. POLAR MOMENT OF INERTIA OF THE SHAFT:

J =  x d4 / 32, m4
Where
d – Diameter of the shaft, m

3. MASS MOMENT OF INERTIA OF THE DISC:

I = m x r2 / 4, kg-m2
Where
m – Mass of the disc, kg
r – Radius of disc, m

4. THEORETICAL TIME PERIOD:

tp-the = 2 I / q, s

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Tabulation:

Length of Time Time Torsional Damping

S.NO
Suspension Required Period
Frequency Co-Efficient
of The for ‘N’ ( tp)
Shaft (L) Oscillations s (fn ) Hz (c) N/m/s
m (t) s

texp tthe fexp fthe

Observations:
1. Shaft Material – Steel

2. G – Modulus of rigidity of Steel – 8x1010 N/m2

3. m – Mass of the disc – 3.43 kg
4. r – Radius of disc – 0.1125 m

5. EXPERIMENTAL TIME PERIOD:

tp-exp = t / n, s
Where
t – Time taken for ‘n’ oscillations, s
n – No of oscillations

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

 6. EXPERIMENTAL TORSIONAL FREQUENCY:

fn-exp = 1 / tp-exp, Hz

7. THEORETICAL TORSIONAL FREQUENCY:

fn-the = 1 / tp-the, Hz

8. CRITICAL DAMPING FACTOR:

 = 4xIxq

9. DAMPING CO-EFFICIENT:

c = 2 x  x m x ωn, N/m/s
Where

ωn – Undamped frequency, rad/s

10. UNDAMPED FREQUENCY:

ωn = q / I , rad/s

Experimental procedure:
1. Note shaft diameter, length of the cross arm and diameter of the disc
2. Adjust the length of the shaft
3. Give the twisting head to the shaft by oscillating the cross arm
4. Allow the disc to oscillate
5. Take the time required for ‘n’ oscillations. Say 10 oscillations
6. Repeat the same procedure for the different lengths of the shaft
Precautions:
1. The chuck should properly tighten the shaft.
2. Note down the time correctly.
Model calculation:

Reading No. : ---------

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
Result:
Thus the torsional frequency and damping coefficient of the given single rotor
system are determined.

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Exp. No: Cantilever Beam
Date:
Aim:
To determine the deflection of the cantilever beam.

Apparatuses Required:
1. Loading arrangement
2. Masses
3. Scale
4. Dial gauge

Formulae:

1. THEORETICAL DEFLECTION AT POINT – C IN FIRST MODE:

CTF = m g L3 / 3 E I, m
Where
L – Length of the beam, m

I – Moment of inertia of the beam, m4

E – Young’s modulus of the beam material, N/m2

m – Mass applied, kg

g – Acceleration due to gravity – 9.81, m/s2

2. MOMENT OF INERTIA OF THE BEAM:

I = b h3 / 12, m4
Where
b – Breath of the beam, m
h – Height of the beam, m

3. THEORETICAL MAXIMUM DEFLECTION AT POINT - C IN SECONG MODE:

CTS = (m x g x a3 / 3 E I) + (m x g x a2 / 2 E I) b, m
Where
a – Distance between A to B in the beam, m
b – Distance between B to C in the beam, m

4. THEORETICAL MAXIMUM DEFLECTION AT POINT – B IN SECONG MODE:

BTS = m x g x a3 / 3 E I, m

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Tabulation:

Beam Mass Deflection Distance Mass Maximum Maximum

Length applied at C - 1st m applied Deflection Deflection
(L) m (m) kg () (m) kg at B - 2nd at C - 2nd
m () ()
m m

(CEF) (CTF) (BES) (BTS) (CES) (CTS)

(a) (b)

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
 Model calculation:

Reading No. : ---------

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Experimental Procedure:
1. Place the base frame on the work table available in the lab in the horizontal position
2. Take the pillar and fix it on the base frame by the bolt & nut family
3. Now fix the pillar and base frame assembly to the work table permanently
4. Fit the cantilever beam to the pillar by the damping bolt and flat
5. Place the Mass hangar on the cantilever beam to its extreme end
6. Measure the initial deflection by scale from the top of the base in the observation
7. Repeat the same procedure as said and fill in the observation table
8. After completing the experiment remove the cantilever beam from the pillar and keep
it separately

Observations:
1. Shaft Material – Steel

2. E – Young’s modulus of steel – 200x109 N/m2

3. L – Length of the beam – 0.475 m
4. b – Breath of the beam – 0.025 m
5. h – Height of the beam – 0.006 m

Result:
Thus the bending moment of the cantilever beam is determined
Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
Exp. No: Transverse Vibrations
Date:
Aim:

To find the natural frequency of the transverse vibration of the cantilever beam

Apparatuses Required:
1. Displacement measuring system
2. Experimental setup
3. Paper roll

Formulae:

1. EXPERIMENTAL NATURAL FREQUENCY:

fn-exp = 1 / 2 (g / exp), Hz
Where

g – Acceleration due to gravity – 9.81, m/s2

exp – Experimental deflection of the beam, m

2. THEORETICAL NATURAL FREQUENCY:

fn-the = 1 / 2 (g / the), Hz
Where

the –Theoretical deflection of the beam, m

3. EXPERIMENTAL DEFLECTION OF THE BEAM:

exp = L1 – L2, m
Where
L1 – Free length of the spring, m
L2 – Extended length of the spring, m

4. MOMENT OF INERTIA OF THE BEAM:

I = b h3 / 12, m4
Where
b – Breath of the beam, m
h – Height of the beam, m
4. APPLIED LOAD :

W = s x exp, N

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Tabulation

Speed Amplitude Logarithmic Load (W) Natural Frequency

S.NO
m decrement N (fn) Hz
(N) rpm
()

xn xn+1 (fn-exp) (fn-the)

Specifications:
1. L1 – Free length of the spring - 0.08 m
2. n – No of coils in the spring – 11
3. d – Coil diameter of the spring – 0.004 m
4. L2 – Extended length of the spring – 0.110 m
5. Cutter diameter of the spring – 0.049 m
6. D – Mean diameter of the spring– 0.045 m
7. Spring / beam Material – Steel

8. G – Modulus of rigidity of steel – 8 x 1010 N/m2

9. E – Young’s modulus of steel – 200 x 1010 N/m2

10. b – Breath of the beam – 0.025 m
11. h – Height of the beam – 0.008 m
12. L – Length of the beam – 0.97 m

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

 5. STIFFNESS OF THE SPRING:

s = G d4 / 8D3n, N/m
Where
d – Coil diameter of the spring, m
D – Mean diameter of the spring, m
n – No of coils of the spring

G – Modulus of rigidity of the spring material, N/m2

6. THEORETICAL DEFLECTION OF THE BEAM:

 the = W L3 / 3 E I, m
Where
L – Length of the beam, m

E – Young’s modulus of the beam material, N/m2

7. LOGARITHMIC DECREMENT:
 = (1 / n) x loge [xn / xn+1]
Where

xn – Amplitude of the vibration at any position, m

xn+1 – Amplitude of the vibration after ‘n’ cycles, m

n – No of cycles

Experimental procedure:
1. Connect the sensors to the instrument using the connection cable.
2. Plug the main cord to 230v/50 Hz supply
3. Switch on the instrument
4. Keep the switch at a position from the potentiometer till the display read
5. Keep the switch again in the read position and ensure that the display show “0”.
6. Apply the load gradually
7. Find the deflection and frequency
Graph:

1. Speed (N) Vs Load (W)

2. Speed (N) Vs Amplitude

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

 Model calculation:

Reading No. : ---------

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
Result:
Thus the natural frequency of the cantilever beam is determined.

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Exp. No: Static and Dynamic Balancing System
Date:

Aim:
To determine the balancing mass and angle during the static and dynamic balancing
Apparatuses Required:
1. Scale
2. Ball
3. Protractor

Formulae:

1. CENTRIFUGAL FORCE:

Fc = m x r, kg -m
Where
m – Mass of the revolving parts, kg
r – Radius of rotation of the revolving parts, m
2. COUPLE:

C = m x r x L, kg-m2
Where
L – Distance from the reference plane to each plane, m
3. MASS OF THE REVOLVING PARTS:
m = No of the balls balanced in the cup x One ball mass, kg

Experimental Procedure - STATIC BALANCING:

Remove the drive belt and the value of mr (mass range) for each block is determined by
clamping each block in turn with shaft with the cord and container suspended over the
protractor disc. The numbers of stud bath which are of equal masses are placed into one of the

containers exactly. The number of balls ‘N’ will give the value “mr” for the block

For finding out “mr” during the static balancing proceed as follows
1. Remove the belt
2. Screw the combined hook to the pulley with groove
3. Attach the cord ends of the pans to the above combined hook

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Tabulation:

No of balls Mass of revolving parts (m)

S.NO
kg

S.NO
Planes Mass (m) Radius (r) Centrifugal Distance Couple / ω2
kg m From
Force / ω2 Reference (C) kg- m2
Plane To
(Fc) kg-m Each Plane
(L) m

Observations:
1. m - one ball mass – 0.0035 kg
2. G1st– Centre of gravity of the first bigger hole component(m1) – 0.046 m
3. G2nd– Centre of gravity of the second bigger hole component(m2) – 0.0465 m
4. G3rd– Centre of gravity of the third bigger hole component(m3) – 0.047 m
5. G4th– Centre of gravity of the fourth bigger hole component(m4) – 0.0475 m
6. Masses carrying Shaft diameter – 0.022 m

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

 Model calculation:

Reading No. : ---------

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

 4. Attach the block No-1 to the shaft at any convenient position and in the vertical down
ward direction

5. Put the steel balls that give the “mr” value of the block-1 when moving up to
horizontal position

6. Repeat this for 2-3 times and find the average “mr” value of the block -1
7. Repeat the procedure for the other blocks

Experimental Procedure - DYNAMIC BALANCING:

2. Select the mass No- 2, 6, 5 & 3 for balancing.
3. Keep the masses at angles as shown in the space diagram.
4. Assume the distance between 4 masses as shown in the position of planes
5. Now with the reference to the mass No 3 as the reference plane prepare the following
table
6. Now draw the couple polygon for the couple values found from the table and find out
one of the balancing mass and its angle
7. Now draw the force polygon for the centrifugal force values found from the table and
finally find out one of the other balancing mass and its angle.
8. After finding the balancing masses and angles, run the shaft and ensure that whether it
is in complete balancing or not.

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
Result:
Thus the balancing mass and angle are determined by using static and dynamic
balancing system.
Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
Exp. No: Kinematics of Universal Joints

Date:

Aim:
To study the universal joints for determination of angular velocity and acceleration

Apparatuses Required:
1. Arrangement of kinematics of universal joints

Formulae:

1. ANGULAR VELOCITY OF THE DRIVING SHAFT OF THE UNIVERSAL JOINT:

ω = ω1cos α / 1 - cos2 θ sin2 α, degree

Where
θ – Angle turned by the driving shaft, degree
α – Angle turned by the driven shaft, degree

2. ANGULAR VELOCITY OF THE DRIVEN SHAFT OF THE UNIVERSAL JOINT:

ω1 = ω cos α / 1 - cos2 θ sin2 α, degree

3. ANGULAR ACCELERATION OF THE DRIVEN SHAFT OF THE UNIVERSAL JOINT:

ω1 = ω2 cos α sin 2θ sin2 α / (1 - cos2 θ sin2 α) 2, degree

4. ANGULAR ACCELERATION OF THE DRIVING SHAFT OF THE UNIVERSAL JOINT:

ω = ω12 cos α sin 2θ sin2 α / (1-cos2 θ sin2 α) 2, degree

Description:
Hooke’s joint is used to connect two shafts, which are intersecting at a small angle, as
shown in Figure. The end of each shaft is forked to U-type and each fork provides two bearings
for the arms of a cross. The arms of the cross are perpendicular to each other. The motion is
transmitted from the driving shaft to driven shaft through a cross. The inclination of the two shafts
may be constant, but in actual practice it varies, when the motion is transmitted.
The main application of the Universal or Hooke’s joint is found in the transmission from
the gear box to the differential or back axle of the automobiles. It is also used for transmission of
power to different spindles of multiple drilling machines.
It is also used as a knee joint in milling machines. The initial position of the cross be such
that both arms (driving and driven shaft) lie in the plane of the paper in front view, while the arm
attached to the driving shaft lies in the plane containing the axes of the two shafts.

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

 KINEMATICS OF UNIVERSAL JOINTS

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

 When the driving shaft rotates through an angle θ. so that the arm moves in a circle to a
new position .The arm of driven shaft will also move in a circle of the same size.

This circle when projected in the plane of paper appears to be an ellipse. Therefore the arm
of driven shaft takes new position on the ellipse, at an angle θ. But the true angle must be on the
circular path. To find the true angle, project the point horizontally to intersect the circle.

Therefore the angle which is equal to φ is the true angle turned by the driven shaft. Thus
when the driving shaft turns through an angle θ the driven shaft turns through an angle φ. Thus
through these angles we can find the velocities and accelerations of driving and driven shafts
respectively.

Result:
Thus the kinematics of the universal joints for determination of angular
Velocity and acceleration is studied.

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Exp. No: Kinematics of Gear Train

Date:

Aim:

To study the various types of gear trains such as Simple, Compound

Epicyclical and Differential for determination of velocity ratio and torque.

Apparatuses Required:
1. Arrangement of the simple Gear train system
2. Arrangement of the compound Gear train system
3. Arrangement of the epicyclical Gear train system
4. Arrangement of the differential Gear train system

Formulae:

Velocity ratio of the simple gear train:

Vs = (N1 /N2) = (T2 /T1)

Where

N1 – Speed of the driver gear, rpm

N2 – Speed of the driven gear, rpm

T1– Number of teeth on the driver gear

T2 – Number of teeth on the driven gear

Train value of the simple gear train:

Tv = (N2 /N12) = (T1 /T2)

Velocity ratio of the compound gear train:

Vs = Speed of the first driver gear / Speed of the last driven gear

= Product of the number of teeth on the driven gears / Product of

The number of teeth on the driver gears

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

 SIMPLE GEAR TRAIN

COMPOUND GEAR TRAIN

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Train value of compound gear train:

Tv = Speed of the last driven gear / Speed of the first driver gear

= Product of the number of teeth on the driver gears / Product of the

Number of teeth on the driven gears

Torque of all gear trains of the driving shaft:

T1 = P1 x 60 /2π N1, N-m

Where

N1 – Speed of the driving shaft, rpm

P1 – Power developed by the driving shaft, Watt

Torque of all gear trains of the driven shaft:

T2 = P2 x 60 /2π N2, N-m

Where

N2 – Speed of the driven shaft, rpm

P2 – Power developed by the driven shaft, Watt

Description:

GEAR TRAIN:
A gear train is a combination of gears used to transmit motion from one shaft to another. It
becomes necessary when it is required to obtain large speed reduction within a small space. The
following are the main types of gear trains:
1. Simple gear train
2. Compound gear train
3. Epicyclical gear train
4. Differential gear train

SIMPLE GEAR TRAIN:

A series of gears, capable of receiving and transmitting motion from one gear to another is called
a simple gear train. In it, all the gear axes remain fixed relative to the frame and each gear is on a
separate shaft.

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

 DIFFERENTIAL GEAR TRAIN

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

 EPICYCLICAL GEAR TRAIN

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

COMPOUND GEAR TRAIN:
When a series of gears are connected in such a way that two or more gears rotate about an axis
with the same angular velocity, it is known as compound gear train.

EPICYCLICAL GEAR TRAIN:

When there exists a relative motion of axis in gear train, it is called a planetary or an epicyclic
gear train (or simply epicyclic gear). Thus in an epicyclic train, the axis of at least one of the
gears also moves relative to the frame. Consider two gear wheels S and P, the axis of which are
connected by an arm A. if the arm ‘A’ is fixed, the wheels S and P constitute a simple train.
However, if the wheel s is fixed so that the arm can rotate about the axis of S, the wheel P would
also move around S. therefore, it is an epicyclic train. Velocity ratio and train value of epicyclical
gear train can be calculated by tabulation method which is not shown here.

DIFFERENTIAL GEAR TRAIN:

When a vehicle takes a turn, the outer wheels must travel farther than the inner wheels. In
automobiles, the front wheels can rotate freely on their axis and thus can adapt themselves to the
conditions. Both rear wheels are driven by the engine through gearing. Therefore, some sort of
automatic device is necessary so that the two rear wheels are driven at slightly different speeds.
This is accomplished by fitting a differential gear on the rear axle. Velocity ratio and train value
of differential gear train can be calculated by tabulation method which is not shown here

Result:
Thus the various types of gear trains such as Simple, Compound, Epicyclical and
Differential are studied for determination of velocity ratio and torque.
Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
Exp. No: Crank Rocker Mechanism

Date:

Aim:
To study the Crank Rocker Mechanism for determination of velocity and acceleration

Apparatuses Required:
1. Crank Rocker Mechanism setup
2. Lens
3. Allen key
4. Divider

Formulae:
1. ANGULAR VELOCITY OF THE COUPLER ROD:

ωc = a ωa sin (φ – θ) / b sin(φ -β ), rad/s

Where
a – Length of the crank, m
b – Length of the coupler rod, m

ωa – Angular velocity of the crank, rad/sec

φ – Rocker arm Angle, degree
θ – Crank angle, degree
β – Coupler rod angle, degree
2. ANGULAR VELOCITY OF THE ROCKER ARM:

ωr = a ωa sin (β – θ) / c sin (β -φ ), rad/s

Where
c – Length of the rocker arm, m
3. ANGULAR ACCELERATION OF THE COUPLER ROD:

αc = a αa sin (φ – θ) – a ωa2 cos (φ – θ) – b ωc2 cos (φ – β ) + c ωr2 , rad/s

b sin (β -φ )
Where

αa – Angular acceleration of the crank, rad/sec2

4. ANGULAR ACCELERATION OF THE ROCKER ARM:

αr = a αa sin (β – θ) – a ωa2 cos (β – θ) – b ωc2 + c ωr2cos (β -φ ) , rad/s

c sin (β -φ )

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

 CRANK ROCKER MECHANISM

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

CRANK ROCKER MECHANISM:
The kinematics chain is a combination of four or more kinematics pairs, such that the
relative motion between the links or elements is completely constrained. The simplest and the
basic kinematics chain is a four bar chain or quadric cycle chain It consists of four links, each of
them forms a turning pair at A, B, C and D .
The four links may be of different lengths. According to Grashof ’s law for a four bar
mechanism, the sum of the shortest and longest link lengths should not be greater than the sum of
the remaining two link lengths if there is to be continuous relative motion between the two links.
A very important consideration in designing a mechanism is to ensure that the input crank makes a
complete revolution relative to the oscillating motion to other links.
The mechanism in which no link makes a complete revolution will not be useful. In a four
bar chain, one of the links, in particular the shortest link, will make a complete revolution relative
to the other three links, if it satisfies the Grashof ’s law. Such a link is known as crank or driver
AD (link 4) is a crank. The link BC (link 2) which makes a partial rotation or oscillates is known
as lever or rocker or follower and the link CD (link 3) which connects the crank and lever is
called connecting rod or coupler rod .the fixed link AB (link 1) is known as frame of the
mechanism. When the crank (link 4) is the driver, the mechanism is transforming rotary motion
into oscillating motion.

Result:
Thus the Crank Rocker Mechanism is studied for determination of velocity and
acceleration

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

Exp. No: Slider Crank Mechanism
Date:

Aim:
To study the slider crank Mechanisms for determination of velocity and
acceleration

Apparatuses:
1. Slider crank mechanism
2. Lens
3. Allen key
4. Divider

Formulae:

1. VELOCITY OF THE SLIDER:

vs = a ωa sin (β – θ) / cos β, m/s
Where
a – Length of the crank, m

ωa – Angular velocity of the crank, rad/sec

θ – Crank angle, degree
β – Coupler rod angle, degree

2. ANGULAR VELOCITY OF THE COUPLER ROD:

ωc = a ωa cos θ / b cos β, rad/s

Where
b – Length of the coupler rod, m

3. ACCELERATION OF THE SLIDER:

as = a αa sin (β – θ) – a ωa2 cos (β – θ) – b ωc2 , m/s2

c sin (β -φ )
Where

αa – Angular acceleration of the crank , rad/s2

c – Length of the slider, m
φ – Slider angle, degree

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

 SLIDER CRANK MECHANISM

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

 4. ANGULAR ACCELERATION OF THE COUPLER:

αc = a αa cos θ – a ωa2 sin θ – b ωb2 sin β , rad/s2

b cos β

Description:
A slider crank chain is a modification of the basic four bar chain. It consists of one sliding pair
and three turning pairs. It is, usually, found in reciprocating steam engine mechanism. This type of
mechanism converts rotary motion into reciprocating motion and vice versa.
In a slider crank chain, the links 1 and 2, links 2 and 3, and links 3 and 4 form three turning pairs
while the links 4 and 1 form a sliding pair. The link 1 corresponds to the frame of the engine,
which is fixed. The link 2 corresponds to the crank; link 3 corresponds to the connecting rod and
link 4 corresponds to cross-head. As the crank rotates, the cross-head reciprocates in the guides
and thus the piston reciprocates in the cylinder

RESULT:
Thus the slider crank Mechanisms is studied for determination of velocity and
acceleration.
Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC
 VIVA QUESTIONS

1. Explain how mass moment of inertia of connecting rod is determined by compound

pendulum method.
2. Why a flywheel is necessary when there is a variation in demand and supply of energies?
3. What is the need for balancing of rotating masses, particularly in high speed engines?
4. Why rotating masses are to be dynamically balanced?
5. What are the balancing machines are used?
6. State the function of governor. Can flywheel also carry out the function of governor?
7. Which part of the automobile is subjected to the gyroscopic couple?
8. Define Damping Coefficient.
9. Give an application of critical damping.
10. What is vibration isolation?
11. Discuss about the various types of Vibrations.
12. Define Transvers & Torsional Vibrations.
13. Define Damping Factor.
14. Difference b/w Damped & undamped Vibrations.
15. What is meant by Natural Frequency?
16. Define the Following Terms
a. Force
b. Deflection
c. Stiffness
d. Time Period
17. What is meant by Radius of gyration?
18. Define Moment of Inertia.
19. Define the following terms
a. Isochronism
b. Stability of governor
c. Hunting
d. Sensitiveness
e. Effort & Power of the Governor
20. Classify the Governors.
21. Difference b/w Porter & Proell Governor.
22. Define Coefficient of
23. Define Radius of Rotation.

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC

24. What is meant by Critical Speed?
25. Differentiate b/w Single node & Double node.
26. Why need for Balancing.
27. Discuss about the various types of Balancing.
28. Define the terms
a. Centrifugal Force
b. Angle of Inclination
c. Force polygon
d. Couple polygon
29. State the conditions for Static & Dynamic Balancing.
30. Define angular velocity of precision.
31. Define the terms:
e. Spin axis
f. Gyroscopic couple axis
g. Precession axis

Prepared By Mr.S.Duraisivam, M.E., (Ph.D) Asst.Prof / Mech, TKEC