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Introduction To Computer Network

Computer networks connect two or more computers together allowing them to share resources and communicate. Networks can be local area networks within a building or campus, metropolitan area networks within a city, or wide area networks spanning countries or globally. Common network topologies include star, bus, ring and mesh. The Internet is a worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that uses common communication standards to link billions of devices globally. Websites and web pages on the Internet are accessed using browsers and servers over the TCP/IP protocol suite. Intranets operate privately within an organization like a smaller version of the Internet.

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310 views

Introduction To Computer Network

Computer networks connect two or more computers together allowing them to share resources and communicate. Networks can be local area networks within a building or campus, metropolitan area networks within a city, or wide area networks spanning countries or globally. Common network topologies include star, bus, ring and mesh. The Internet is a worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that uses common communication standards to link billions of devices globally. Websites and web pages on the Internet are accessed using browsers and servers over the TCP/IP protocol suite. Intranets operate privately within an organization like a smaller version of the Internet.

Uploaded by

Utpal Kant
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Computer Networks

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
NETWORKS
Introduction to Computer Networks

Computer Networks
Computer network connects
two or more autonomous
computers.

The computers can be


geographically located
anywhere.
Introduction to Computer Networks

LAN, MAN & WAN


Network in small geographical Area (Room, Building or a
Campus) is called LAN (Local Area Network)

Network in a City is call MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

Network spread geographically (Country or across Globe) is


called WAN (Wide Area Network)
Introduction to Computer Networks

Applications of Networks
Resource Sharing
Hardware (computing resources, disks, printers)
Software (application software)
Information Sharing
Easy accessibility from anywhere (files, databases)
Search Capability (WWW)
Communication
Email
Message broadcast
Remote computing
Distributed processing
Introduction to Computer Networks

Network Topology
The network topology
defines the way in which
computers, printers, and
other devices are
connected. A network
topology describes the
layout of the wire and
devices as well as the
paths used by data
transmissions.
Introduction to Computer Networks

Bus Topology
Commonly referred to as a
linear bus, all the devices
on a bus topology are
connected by one single
cable.
Introduction to Computer Networks

Star & Tree Topology


The star topology is the most
commonly used architecture in
Ethernet LANs.
• In a star network, the nodes (
workstations) are connected to a
central computer called the host
computer. The nodes cannot
communicate directly. Each node can
communicate with the host
computer. The host computer takes
the message and routes it to the
other node or nodes.
Introduction to Computer Networks

Star & Tree Topology


Larger networks use the extended
star topology also called tree
topology. When used with network
devices that filter frames or packets,
like bridges, switches, and routers,
this topology significantly reduces
the traffic on the wires by sending
packets only to the wires of the
destination host.
Introduction to Computer Networks

Ring Topology
• In a ring network the computers can
communicate directly with each other
and also with the central computer. The
nodes are connected to a line that is
closed like a loop.
• The ring network is more reliable than
star network. Even if the central
computer in the network fails, the other
computers can continue to
communicate with each other
Introduction to Computer Networks

Mesh Topology
The mesh topology
connects all devices
(nodes) to each other for
redundancy and fault
tolerance.
It is used in WANs to
interconnect LANs and for
mission critical networks
like those used by banks
and financial institutions.
Implementing the mesh
topology is expensive and
difficult.
Introduction to Computer Networks

Network Components
Physical Media
Interconnecting Devices
Computers
Networking Software & Applications
Introduction to Computer Networks

Networking Devices
NIC, HUB, Switches, Routers,
etc.
• A Network Interface Controller
(NIC) or network card is a
hardware device that handles
an interface to a computer
network and allows a network-
capable device to access that
network.
HUB
• A common connection point for devices in a
network. Hubs are commonly used to connect
segments of a LAN. A hub contains multiple
ports. When a packet arrives at one port, it is
copied to the other ports so that all segments
of the LAN can see all packets
HUB
Switch
• A switch gives you more options for network
management, as well as greater potential to
expand.
• A switch filters the data packets, and only
sends the packet to the port which is
connected to the destination address of that
packet.
Switch
Router
• Network router is a device or a piece of
software in a computer that forwards and
routes data packets along networks.
• A network router connects at least two
networks, commonly two LANs or WANs or a
LAN and its ISP network. A router is often
included as part of a network switch.
Router
Firewall
• A firewall can either be software-based or
hardware-based and is used to help keep a
network secure.
• Its primary objective is to control the incoming
and outgoing network traffic by analyzing the
data packets and determining whether it
should be allowed through or not, based on a
predetermined rule set.
Introduction to Computer Networks

Networking Media
Networking media can be
defined simply as the
means by which signals
(data) are sent from one
computer to another
(either by cable or wireless
means).
Example
Twisted pair cable
Fibre optical cable
Physical Media

Copper Media: Twisted Pair


Twisted-pair is a type of cabling
that is used for telephone
communications and most
modern Ethernet networks.
A pair of wires forms a circuit
that can transmit data. The pairs
are twisted to provide protection
against crosstalk, the noise
There are two basic types,
shielded twisted-pair (STP) and
unshielded twisted-pair (UTP).
Physical Media

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)


Physical Media

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)


Physical Media

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)


Consists of 4 pairs (8 wires) of insulated
copper wires typically about 1 mm thick.
Twisting reduces the interference between
pairs of wires.
Flexible and cheap cable.
Category rating based on number of twists
per inch and the material used
CAT 3, CAT 4, CAT 5, Enhanced CAT 5 and
now CAT 6.
NETWORK BANDWIDTH
• Bandwidth describes the maximum, data
transfer rate of a network or Internet
connection. It measures how much data can
be sent over a specific connection in a given
amount of time.
• expressed in bits per second (bps); modern
networks have speeds measured in the
millions of bits per second (megabits per
second, or Mbps) or billions of bits per second
(gigabits per second, or Gbps).
INTERNET AND INTRANET
The Internet

• The Internet is a global, interconnected


computer network in which every computer
connected to it can exchange data with any
other connected computer.
The Internet and Web: What’s the
Difference?
• The Internet is the physical connection of
millions of networks.
• The Web uses the Internet for its existence.
• The Web consists of hypertext embedded on
Web pages that are hosted on Web sites.
The Web Site
• A Web site is a
collection of related
Web documents that are
made available to the
public.
• The index page, or
home page, is the first
page of a Web site.
• Web pages are
individual Web
documents.
The Hypertext Concept
• Hypertext is a way of presenting information
so that the order in which it’s read is left up to
the reader.
• Hyperlinks are underlined or highlighted
words that can be used to view another
document or Web page.
Web Browsers and Servers

• Web browsers display a Web document and


enable users to link to other Web pages.
• Mosaic was the first graphical browser.
• Web servers respond to the requests of
browsers. They find and send requested
resources back to the browser.
Web Addresses (URLs)
• Web addresses are an addressing system that identifies
where a Web resource is located.
• The uniform resource locator (URL) is the standard used
to identify Web resources.
• The URL consists of:
Protocol Server contains Path Resource
identifies the domain identifies the specifies the
the means name of the location of the filename of the
of access Web server document resource

URL http://www.yahoo.com/ help/shop/ shop-01.html


Web Page Design
HTML
Document

• Authors use a markup language called


Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) to create
Web pages.
How the Internet Works
• The Internet provides immediate and direct
contact with all computers on the network.
– All Internet computers have an Internet address
(IP address).
– Internet service providers (ISPs) sell subscriptions
to the public.
How the Internet Works
• Large organizations maintain the Internet.
– Many private and public networks are linked
together to provide a worldwide networking
system.
• Packet switching technology is used to
transmit data.
Internet Protocols
• Transmission control protocol (TCP) – A
standard that defines how one computer can
communicate and exchange data with another
computer on the Internet.
• Internet protocol (IP) – Defines the Internet’s
addressing scheme.
• IP address – Each computer connected to the
Internet is given an address composed of
numbers and periods. Example: 209.234.456.8
Intranets and Extranets
• Intranet – An internal
networking system within a
company
– They function like the
Internet
– They are for internal use only
and are not available to those
outside the company
• Extranet – An intranet that can
be used by outside sources
who access it over the Internet

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