Fundamentals of

Computer
TBC-Lecture Slide 1
Subject: Computer Fundamentals and
Network
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 Who is the father of computer?
◦ Charles Babbage

 What did he develop?

◦ Analytical Machine
 Analytical Machine

It was proposed in 1837. It is a mechanical general purpose

computer
 From where the word computer derived
from ?
◦ It is derived from Latin word “Computare”
which means to calculate.

 What are the four basic functions

performed by computer?
◦ Input (Accepting data)
◦ Processing
◦ Output generation
◦ Storing result
 How does a computer compute?
◦ It does its work through the set of
instruction given by us known as
Program.

 How can we write the program?

◦ Through the help of language
 How many categories of
languages?
◦ High level language : Very easy
as it is developed using natural
language
◦ Assembly level Language: uses
the concept of mnemonics like
◦ ADD
◦ SUB
◦ MUL
◦ Low Level Language: uses just 0
and 1 to program
 Which is the language of computer?
◦ Low level language
 Howdoes a High level Language
and Assembly language is
converted to low level language?
◦ Through the help of compilers and
Interpreters
 Compilers: translates whole program at a
time
 Interpreters: translates one line at a time
History of Computer
 First Generation (1946-1954)
 used valves or vacuum tubes as their
main electronic component.
 They were large in size, slow in
processing and had less storage
capacity.
 They consumed lots of electricity and
produced lots of heat.
 Their computing capabilities were
limited.
 They were not so accurate and reliable.
 They used machine level language for
programming.
 They were very expensive.
 Example: ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC, IBM
650 , IBM-701 etc
History of Computer

 Second Generation (1955-1964)

 Transistors were used instead of Vacuum Tube.
 Processing speed is faster than First Generation
Computers (Micro Second)
 Smaller in Size (51 square feet)
 The input and output devices were faster.
 Example: IBM 1400 and 7000 Series, Control Data 3600 etc.
History of Computer
 Third Generation (1965-1977)

 Integrated circuits were used

instead of individual transistors
 Use High-level languages(
FORTAN-II TO IV,COBOL,PASCAL
PL/1,BASIC,etc..
 Magnetic storage

– They have very high speed of processing; they are

highly accurate, reliable, diligent and versatile.
– Example: IBM 360/370, PDP-8, PDP-11, CD6600
History of Computer
 Fourth Generation(1978-1990)
 Incorporated many millions of transistors
& electronic circuits on a single chip
 Large Scale Integration (LSI) and Very
Large Scale Integration (VLSI) were also
developed
 Semi conductor memory devices were
used.
– The size was greatly reduced, the
speed of processing was high, they
were more accurate and reliable and
portable.
– They used high level language for
programming.
• IBM PC, Apple/Macintosh, 8086, 80286
SX, 80386 SX etc..
 History of Computer
 Fifth Generation (1991-Continued)
 Uses the concept of ULSI (Ultra Large
Scale Integration)
 Similarly, the concept of biochips are
used
 Perform large no. of parallel processing
 It follows Artificial Intelligence, Neural
Network, and all soft computing
techniques
Basic organization of the computer system
General Block diagram of Computer
 Input Unit
Computer receive data and instructions through the Input
Unit.
The input unit consists of one or more input devices.
Keyboard
Mouse
Joystick
Scanner

Functions of Input Unit

Accept the data and instructions from the outside world.
Convert it to a form that the computer can understand
Supply the converted data to the computer system for
further processing
 Output Unit
Computer provides information and results of computations
to the outside world through the Output Unit.
The Output unit consists of one or more input devices.
Monitors
Printers
Speakers

Functions of Input Unit

Accept the results produced by the computer. (Thee are in a
coded form).
Convert it to a form that the outside world can
understand.(OR converts it into human readable form)
Supply the converted result to the outside world
 Central Processing Unit
It is the brain of the computer.
The ALU and the Control Unit (CU) of
a computer system are jointly known
as the central processing unit.
CPU performs actual processing of
data, according to instructions from
programs.

Function of CPU
It performs all calculations
It takes all decisions
It controls all units of the computer.
 Control Unit
It controls all other units in the computer.
It is the central nervous system of the computer that
controls and synchronizes its working
Function of Control unit
Coordinating and controlling various parts of computer system
such as main memory, arithmetic unit and peripheral devices by
using appropriate control signal.
Controlling transfer of data to, from and within, the working
storage
Retrieving and decoding program instructions from the internal
storage, in their correct sequences, interprets these instructions
and makes the computer to execute these instructions
Basic computer organization
 Arithmetic Logic Unit

All calculations are performed in the Arithmetic

Logic Unit (ALU) of the computer

Function of ALU

It perform all arithmetic operations( addition, subtraction,

multiplication and division)

It perform all logic operations.( Can compare and evaluate

the conditions like greater, less , equal to , not equal to etc
 Storage Unit
The storage unit of the computer holds data and
instructions that are entered through the input unit,
before they are processed. It store data for later use.

Storage devices are divided into two categories:

Primary Memory or Main Memory
Secondary Memory
 Super computer

o Super computers were

introduced in the 1960s.
o Most supercomputers use
the Linux operating system.
o It’s performance is measured
in floating-point operation
per second.
 Characteristic of Super
computer
 Physically the largest computer on size.
 It is fastest, most expensive and most
powerful computer.
 Especially made to process complex and
time consuming calculations.
 It supports fully parallel processing.
 It has extremely large storage capacity
than other computers.
 Application areas of Super
computer
• It can be used to forecast the weather and global climate.
• It is used in military research and defense system.
• It is used in automobile, aircraft and spacecraft
designing.
• It is used for encoding and decoding the sensitive
information.
• It is used in seismograph, plasma and nuclear research.
• It is used for the study of DNA and genetics engineering.
Some disadvantages of Super
computer

• Can be expensive
• Takes up a lot of space
• Only good for specific applications
• Does not replace physical testing
• Requires trained staff
 Examples of Super computer

Memory :
1.34 PiB

Storage:
12.4 PB

Speed:
33.86 PFLOPS
Power
consume:
17.6 MW Tianhe -2 , China
 Facts about Binary Numbers
-Each “digit” of a binary number (each 0 or 1) is called a bit

-1 byte = 8 bits
-1 KB = 1 kilobyte = 210 bytes = 1024 bytes (≈1 thousand bytes)
-1 MB = 1 Megabyte = 220 bytes = 1,048,580 bytes (≈ 1 million bytes)
-1 GB = 1 Gigabyte = 230 bytes = 1,073,741,824 bytes (≈1 billion bytes)
-1 TB = 1 Tetabyte = 240 bytes = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes (≈ 1 trillion bytes

-A byte can represent numbers up to 255: 11111111 (base 2) = 255 (base

-The largest number represented by a binary number of size N is 2N - 1
 Big Data: Volume
One page One song One movie 6 million 55 storeys Data Data NSA
of text books of DVD up to in 2011 data center
30KB 5 MB 5 GB 1 TB 1 PB 2003 1.8
ZB 1 YB
5 EB

Byte Kilobyte Megabyte Gigabyte Terabyte Petabyte Exabyte Zettabyte Yottabyte

KB MB GB TB PB EB ZB YB
1000 bytes 1000 KB 1000 MB 1000 GB 1000 TB 1000 PB 1000 ZB 1000YB
 Examples of Super computer
10 millions +
CPU cores
Memory : 1.31 PB
Storage: 20 PB
Speed: 96
PFLOPS
Power consume:
15 MW
Sunway TaihuLight, in China
Cost : $273 Fastest Super Computer
million
 Mainframe Computer

It is also large computer which

covers about 1000 sq. feet. It is a
general computer which has been
designed for large scale data
processing. It is also very high
speed computer system. It supports
large numbers of computer
terminal, in each terminal that
about 100 or more persons can
work in the same time.
 Characteristic of Mainframe
computer

• Bigger in size than mini computers.

• Very Expensive
• Support a few hundred users simultaneously(Multi-
User)
• Difficult to use
• More computing powers than minicomputers.
• Have to be kept in a special air-conditioned room
• Used in big business organizations and government
departments.
Application areas for
Mainframe computer

• Use in large organization such as banks, educational

institutions and Government departments etc.
• Airline use these computers to maintain flight schedules
and ticket reservation.
• Mainframe computer plays a central role in banking,
finance, health care and other private enterprises.
• Becoming a popular computing platform for: Data
mining, warehousing, electronic commerce applications.
Some disadvantages of
Mainframe computer
• Prominent drawback is its cost. Hardware and
software are clearly expensive
• Hardware occupies larger amount of space than other
computers
• High-end killed staff are required
 Examples of Mainframe
computer

left is IBM z
Systems z13 &
Right is IBM Linux IBM 704
IBM System z9
ONE Rock hopper

Honeywell H-800
 Mini computer

It is the medium-sized general purpose

computer which was first released in
1960s. Minicomputer got its name
because of small size in comparison to
other computer of those days. The
capabilities of a minicomputer are
somewhere between those of mainframe
and personal computers. It covers about
10sq. Ft. Its CPU can be connected up to
50 terminals so that up to 5o persons can
work in this computer at a time.
 Characteristics of Mini
computer

• A midsized computer. In size and power, it is less than

mainframes.
• Is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting
from 4 to 200 users simultaneously.
• Can handle a great amount of data
• Can support a number of terminals.
• Slower than mainframes but support as many
terminals as a mainframe can.
Application areas of Mini
computer

• Control of Automated Teller Machine(ATMs).

• Payroll
• Hospital Patient Registration
• Inventory Control for supermarket
• Insurance Claim processing
• Small bank accounting and customer details
tracking
 Some disadvantages of
Minicomputers

• Generally there is not much storage onboard

• Some do not have USB ports
• No cd/dvd disk drive
• Keyboard can be small for fast typists or those
with large fingers.
• The operating system may not be familiar or may
be a cut down version of a "normal" operating
system.
 Examples of Mini computer

Data General
Nova
First
generation Dig
ital Equipment
Corporation (D PDP-11,
EC) PDP-8 model 40
 Characteristics of computer

Accuracy
Memory Diligence

Characteristics

Speed Versatility
Uses of Computer

?
 Thank you

Any Questions?????