Basic Sentence Patterns

Kata Benda Kata Ganti Gerund /Frasa To lnfinitive Klausa

/Frasa Benda [l,you,we,They Gerund /Frasa To inf Benda
[Lucy,book,air,history He,She,it [V-ing] [To+V1]
]

Contoh:

1.Knowledge is something we get by an experience or a study.

KB

2.The bus schedule has changed since last week.

Fr.B

3.Accidentally,She dropped the glass on the floor.

kG

4.Reading detective novels is fun.

Fr.Gerund

5.To learn history is very important.

To lnfinitive

6.What the man did was not very polite.

Kl.KB

Predikat=Kata Kerja+ Objek/Pelengkap/Kata Keterangan

Kata kerja yang mengungkapakan informasi tentang subjek
Lingking Be Lingking Verb Kata Kerja Transitif Kata Kerja
[KK.Penghubung [KK.Penghubung] [Butuh Objek] Intransitif
Be] Appear,look,seem,feel,sm Need,enjoy,build,eat, [Tanpa Objek]
Is,am,are,was,were ell,sound,taste,become,get find,like,make,send,us Agree,arrive,come,f
,keep,prove,remain,stay e ly,cry,exist,o,happe
n,live,occur,rain,ris
e
Exercise 1.

1.The doctor bringing his wife and children......in Ambarukmo hotel.

A. Stay
B. Stays
C. Staying
D. Are staying

2.Either the staffs or their director.......happy to join the first meeting.

A. Was
B. Were
C. Having
D. Tobe

3.The competition for young singers......going to be held on Sunday.

A. Have been
B. Is
C. Are
 D. To be

4.Each of the participants........received an invitation.

A. Having
B. Have
C. Has
D. Be having

5.Producing fine paintings.......skill and creativity.

A. Require
B. They require
C. Is requiring
D. Requires

6.l know Dodi as an awfully loyal employee and.........

A. A very hard worker

B. He works very hard
C. A person who works very hard
D. A person working very hard

7.A taxy driver who witnessed the accident took my injured brother to the hospital and then....my

Parents.

A. Call
B. Called
C. Was calling
D. Calling

8.The increase in the sales of new cars......expected to make traffic jams worse.

A. Is
B. To be
C. Being
D. are

9................to go to the grocery store every day.

A. People in your country like

B. Do people in your country like
C. Many people in your country liked
D. Have people in your country like

10.Political demontration on American campuses have abated.........

A. After 1970
B. In 1970
C. For 1970
D. Since 1970

11.Robert E.Lee......the conference Army to General Grant in 1865 at the Appomatox Courthouse.

A. Surrendering
B. He surrendered
C. Surrendered
D. Surrender

12.By the end of nineteen century,Basket makers of the Aleutian islands had develop a particularly
A B

fine weave from beach grasses.

 C D
13. A milky way object that erupted in the contellation Scorpius has provides information to
A B

astronomers since July.

C D
14.By 1627,Plymouth had became a viable and growing communityof fifty families,twenty two
A B C
goats,fifteen cows,and more than fifty pigs.
D
15.The first steamship to cross the Atlantic in 1819 is the Savannah.
A B C D
16.The sun raises in the east and sets in the west.
A B C D
17.The research for the book roots taking Alex Haley twelve years
A B C D
18.On December 17,1903,the flyee it took off near kitty Hawk,North Carolina,with Orville wright as
A B C D

pilot.
19.The unit of measuring called the foot originally based on the length of the human foot.
A B C D
20.Hot and drought had continued for more than three months.
A B C D

Nouns Exercise
1. He did not give me................
A. Much information
B. Much informations
C. Many informations
D. Many information
2. Jan is a married woman with three young .....
A. Child
B. Children
C. Childs
D. Childes
3. Much of the....in our office needs updating.
A. Computers
B. Tools
C. Utensils
D. Equipment
4. Some ....are really sharp,So you have to be careful when using them.
A. Knife
B. Knive
C. Knives
D. Knifes
5. During an eclipse,....the sun and the moon are pretty much exactly oppposite.
A. Both
B. Every
C. Each
D. Several
6. Some theatres receive a small......from the state.
A. Number of funding
B. Number of fundings
C. Amount of fundings
D. Amount of funding
7. Two people were taken to hospital after an upset customer sprayed....with pepper at a west Edmonton Walmart
A. Several people
B. Less people
C. Much people
D. Every people
8. Mature red blood cells in.....lack a nucleus.
A. Several mammal
B. All mammals
C. Each mammals
 D. Few mammal
9. The...is defined those persons who work for the affilate and who have a contract of employment.
A. Number of employee
B. Amount of employee
C. Number of employees
D. Amount of employees
10. Studying......can unclock vital clues about disease and lead to improved health care
A. Every single cell
B. Single every cell
C. Every cell single
D. Single cell every

11. Modern computers can hold huge amounts of informations

A B C D
12. Cone shells live in much differet seas and feed mainly on small fish and worms
A B C D
13. The leaves of the common sun flower are rough to the touch on both side.
A B C D
14. Hemoglobin enables the red blood cells to carry oxygen and small numbers of carbon dioxide
A B C D
15. Those with narcolepsy experience the uncontrollable desire to sleep,perhaps several time in
A B C
one day.
D
16. Another great artists of the time and possibly the most gifted silversmith in the colonies was
A B C D
Paul Revere.
17. Alzheimer’s disease afflicts two in ten person over the age of seventy in the United States
A B C D
18. The red cardinal spends many of its time feeding on the ground.
A B C D
19. In the 1920s,Tulsa had a higher number of millionare than any other U.S.city.
A B C D
20. Because Washington is a district and not a state,its residents have less rights than other
A B C D
Citizens

SUBJECT –VERB AGREEMENT

EXERCISE
1.Sari .....to school with her friends at 06.30 a.m.tomorrow.
A. Walks
B. Is going to walk
C. Will be walking
D. Will have walked
2.........discussed before the director proposed it.
A. The economic crisis had been
B. The economic crisis being
C. The economic crisis has already been
The economic crisis is already
3.She ....at me when she saw me at the airport
A. Waves
B. Waved
C. Is waving
D. Has waved
21. Berta : ‘Can l have your report soon?
Jono :’ Sure,l ......it before you go to the meeting.
A. Will finished
B. Will have finished
C. Am going to finish
D. Am finishing
22. “Where is fred?l haven’t seen him.”
“well,he........the reports when l arrived.”
A. Had typed
B. Was typing
C. Is typing
 D. Has typed
23.your train was delayed ,wasn’t it?”
“yes ,therefore,when l arrived,the driver picking me up........for more than an hour.”
A. Waited
B. Would wait
C. Was waiting
D. Had been waiting
24.Windy has stayed with us since her father.....
A. Sends abroad by his company.
B. Sent abroad by his company.
C. Was sent abroad by his company
D. Is sent abroad by his company
25.A ; l think we’re going to be here for a while.”
B:”But we....in line for almost an hour”
A. Are standing
B. Have stood
C. Stand
D. Have been standing
26.Look!Somebody......the purse from the woman’s bag
A. Picks
B. Pick
C. Is picking
D. Picked
27.l.....since l was at the first grade of senior hig school.
A. Used to swim
B. Am used to swimming
C. Swam
D. Had swam
28.l...to school by bicycle when l was child.
A. Go
B. Am going
C. Have gone
D. Used to go
29.Water always......down from the higher place.
A. fall
B. falls
C. fell
D. is falling
30.”How long have you ben a consultant for our firm?”
“Well,l......for this firm for 5 years next month!”
A. have been working
B. worked
C. am working
D. will have worked
CAUSATIVE
POLA 1.

A. S + Have/ has /had+ Orang + infinitive

Example:
1.l have someone clean my room
2.He had someone clean my room
3.She has him repair her car

POLA 2.
S +Have /has / had + Benda + V3

Example:
1.l have my room cleaned by someone
2.He had my room cleaned by someone
3.She has my car repaired by him.
POLA 3.
S + Get + orang + to infinitive [ aktif]

Example:
1.l get someone to clean my room [ aktif ]
 2.She got him to repair her car. [ aktif ]
POLA IV.
S + Get + Benda + V3

Example :
1.l get my room cleaned by someone [ Passive ]
2.She gor her car repaired by him. [Passive ]
Exercise
1.The curtains are dirty,We.....at the dry cleaners
A. must have washed them
B. Have washed them
C. Must have them washed
D. Washing them
2.l don’t know how to arrange these flowers: l’d rather.......
A. Do it
B. Have to do it
C. Have it done
D. It has been done
3.The curtains are dirty;We....at the dry cleaner.
A. Must have washed them
B. Have washed them
C. Must have them washed
D. Washing them
4.We are going on a long trip,So we must....
A. Have checked the car
B. Have had the car checked
C. To have the car checked
D. Have the car checked
5.We have our neighbour check our house whenever we go on vacation.
This means;that every time we go on vacation,....
A. We first check the house with our neighbour
B. We don’t let our neighbour check our house
C. Our neighbour comes to check our house
D. We ask someone to check our neighbour’s house
6.The fact that he was put into prison for something that he had not done made his wife....
A. Cry
B. Crying
C. To cry
D. To be crying
7.Rudi broke his leg in an accident;therefore....drive him to work.
A. He doesn’t have to ask Amir to
B. He won’t have to get anybody
C. Amir has asked Rudi to
D. He will have Amir
8.’Andi,Will you close the windows.Please ! l am busy right now”
“l am busy my self,but l...anyhow
A. Will close them
B. Will have to close them
C. Will have them closed
D. Will have closed them
9.”Do l have to go to the post office to get my package?”
“No ,You can......
A. Have delivered it
B. Deliver it
C. Have it to be delivered
D. Have it delivered
10.”This English text on Biology is too diffcult for me to read.”
“Well ,you ‘d better......
A. Translate it
B. Have it translated
C. Have to translate it
D. Have translated it
E. Have translated it

CLAUSES
 Clause [kalausa ]: bagian kalimat yang memiliki subject: N] dan verb [ kata kerja]
  Jenis klausa
 Independent Clause [ klausa independen] atau Main Clause [ klausa utama]
→Klausa yang dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat utuh dan bermakna.
 Dependent Clause [Klausa dependen ]atau sub –Calause[anak kalimat]
→Klausa yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat.
 Ada tiga jenis dependent clauses [ anak kalimat],yaitu:
1.ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
 Adjective Clause : Klausa yang memberikan informasi tambahan mengenai noun [ kata benda].
 Relative pronoun : [ kata ganti ]yang menghubungkan induk kalimat dan klausa itu
sendiri[ who,whom,which,that,whose, and where]
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTOR
That Which Wh Whos Whom Where
o e
S + V + O Adjective connector + S + V

He knows a guy whom/that l met last night

I like a book which / that you recommended.
I saw a man whose car was stolen
The place where she lives is far from here
The book which/that you recommended was interesting
He meets a girl who/that wears a white skirt.
The girl who/that wears a white skirt is not here
Reduced Adjective Clause
 Menyederhanakan klausa menjadi bentuk frasa
 Hanya adjective clause yang memakai penghubung who,which,atau that
[a] Cls : The man who is talking to john is Korean
Phr : The man who is talking to john is Korean
[b] Cls : The ideas which are presented previously are good
Phr : The ideas which are presented previously are good
[c] Cls :English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters
Phr : English has an alphabet that consisting of 26 letters
[d] Cls : Paris,which is the capital of France ,is an exciting city.
Phr :Paris,which is the capital of France ,is an exciting city.

Exercise
1.He is the student...always arrives late.
A. Who
B. Whom
C. Which
D. Whose
2.We visited the building....famous for its unusual design.
A. Who is
B. Which are
C. Which is
D. Whom are
3.There was a story in the paper about the man.....car was stolen
A. Who
B. Whom
C. Which
D. Whose
4.Rina’s marriage has been arranged by her family.She is marrying a man....
A. That she hardly knows him
B. Whom she hardly knows him
C. Who she hardly knows
D. Whom she hardly knows
5.Algebra problems contain letters.....for unknown numbers.
A. Stand
B. Stands
C. Standing
D. Which standing
2.ADVERB CLAUSE
 Adverb Clause digunakan untuk memberi keterangan pada main clause .keterangan tersebut dapat menunjukan
waktu[time],sebab[cause]kebalikan[contrast],syarat[condition].
[a] When the phone rang,the baby woke up
Adv.Clause Main Clause
  ReducedAdverb Clause
[b]While l was walking to class,l saw an old friend
While walking to class,l saw an old friend.

[c]Before l left for work,l ate breakfast

Before leaving for work,l ate breaskfast
Exercise :
1.John insisted that he didn’t need any help,....l helped him anyway.
A. And
B. So
C. For
D. But
2.....l get angry and upset,l try to take ten deep breath.
A. Until
B. Whenever
C. Whereas
D. For

3.After seeing the movie Twilight,...

A. The book was read by many people
B. The book made many people want to read it
C. Many people wanted to read the book
D. The reading of the book interested many people
4.Since....to a warmmer and less humid climate,I’ve had no trouble with my astma.
A. Moved
B. Move
C. Moving
D. I moving
5.......to be on –time,Rio drove his motorcycle fast.
A. He has
B. He having
C. Having
D. Because

3.NOUN CLAUSE
 Noun Clause mempunyai fungsi seperti kata benda[noun] dalam sebuah kalimat.
 Klausa ini dapat berfungsi sebagai subject,object,maupun complement[pelengkap].
NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTOR

 What,where,when,  Whatever,whenever  Whether  That

why,how ,if
 I know what you did
 I think that he is a good actor
 She does not know where l live
 The girls do not know whether/if they would come to party.

Exercise :
1.Do you know...?l myself have no idea
A. Where does she work
B. Where she does work
C. Where she works
D. Where she work does?
2......he will go or stay is his own choice.
A. What
B. Where
C. Who
D. Whether
3.....do not study is bad news for the teachers
A. That most students
B. Most students
C. Whether most students
D. If most students
4.The Consumer Price Index lists....
A. How much costs every car
B. How much does every car cost
 C. How much every car costs
D. How much are every car costs
5.Most botanist have observed....a period of dormancy,even when conditions may be favorable for growth.
A. That seeds exhibiting
B. That seeds exhibit
C. Seeds that exhibiting
D. Seeds that they exhibit
6.We sometimes miss the neighbourhood......we grew up.
A. In which
B. In where
C. That
D. Which
7.”That woman over there looks confused.”
“Why don’t you ask her.......?
A. Does she need help
B. She needed help
C. Whether she needs help
D. She needs help or not
8.”How could Juli afford to go abroad at least twice a year?”
“l am also wondering........
A. That she has earned her living
B. Why does she earn her living
C. Does she earn a living
D. How she earns her living
9.”Has mother finally decided what to buy for herself?”
“l don’t know ,let’s ask her what.......”
A. Does she want to buy
B. To buy
C. Is buying
D. She wants to buy
10.”Did you tell your parents that you failed in two subjects this semester?”
“Well,of course.l even told them....
A. Why l failed
B. l failed
C. Did l fail
D. Why did l fail?
11.She wanted the children to come to the dining room,so that.....can have dinner together.
A. She
B. We
C. You
D. They
12.The victims of flood...we have collected money and clothes are now housed in barracks outside the town.
A. Which
B. Whose
C. For whom
D. Whom
13.There tourists,......are japanese,were among the crowd participating in the”dangdut”dance.
A. There are many
B. Many of them
C. Whose many
D. Many of whom
14.”Have you met the students?”
“Not yet.We must know what......in the canteen”.
A. Do they do
B. They had done
C. They do
D. Will they do
15........to life imprisonment,the murderer of this wife appealed to the Higher Court Justice.
A. Sentencing
B. He was sentenced
C. To be sentenced
D. Sentenced
16.........After working for the companyfor more than twenty,Alan started taking up farming seriously
A. Retiring
B. To retire
C. Retired
 D. To be retired
17.”What about eating out? I don’t feel like cooking dinner.”
“Ok.Just let me know.......
A. Where do you want to go
B. Where you want to go
C. Whether you want to go
D. How do you want to go
18.This is the room....Churchill was born.
A. That
B. Which
C. In which
D. Whose
19.Digitalis is a drug......from the seeds and leaves of a plant with the same name and is used as a cardiac stimulant.
A. Prepares
B. Which prepares
C. Is prepares
D. Which is prepared
20.When Tomoko,a japanese student,was asked.....of the museum,She quickly replied that it had taught her agreat deal about the
history of Kraton Jogja.
A. What did she think
B. About thinking
C. What she thought
D. If she was thinking

PARTICIPLES
e
P
r]a
sng
Im
y
-b
[V
G
N ld
ip
ct/ti
v

Fungsi Participles
Kata Sifat Kata Kerja
Tanpa Be Be +V-ing = Continous
She is doing her homework now.
The boy standing there is my little brother. KK
KS I am having my lunch alone.

The dancing girl is from Bali. They are discussing their group assignment.
KS
Be + V-ed= Passive
The book published that year are expensive I am invited to Bob’s birthday party.
KS KK
The sung song is our national anthem. Mike was hit by a car yesterday.
KS KK
Exercise
1.The boy is......on the corner.
A. Eats
 B. Eating
C. Was eating
D. Ate
2.The pizza......in this restaurant is the tastiest in the country.
A. Served
B. Is serving
C. Serving
D. Serves
3.The child.....playing in the yard is my son.
A. Is
B. He
C. Was
D. Now
4.You should not wake up the.....baby
A. Sleep
B. Sleeps
C. Sleeping
D. Slept
5.The......treasure has not been found yet.
A. Hidden
B. Hiding
C. Hide
D. Hid
6.The companies.......the lowest prices will have the most customers.
A. Offer
B. Offering
C. Offered
D. Will offer
7.The poem....by Paul appeared in the magazine.
A. Was written
B. Writing
C. Written
D. Was writing
8.The artisans.....various handicrafts at booths throughout the fair
A. Were demonstrating
B. Were demonstrated
C. Demonstrating
D. Demonstrates
9.The ports.......by the sailors were under the control of a foreign nation.
A. Were reached
B. Reached
C. Reaching
D. Which reached
10.Simple sails were made from canvas......over a frame.
A. A stretch
B. Strecthed
C. Was stretched
D. It was stretched
11.The picture painting by Karen is now in a museum.
A B C D
12.The car was listed in the advertisement had already stalled.
A B C D
13.The first team won four games is awarded the championship.
A B C D
14.The speaker was trying to make his point was often interrupted vociferously.
A B C D
15.The advertisements were announcing the half –day sale received a lot of attention.
A B C D

MODALS
A.Kata kerja bantu yang langsung diikuti V1
The pattern of Modal: Modal + V1

Modals Sentence
Will She will go to Medan tomorrow.
 Would Kate would do the exercise
Can The teacher can explain the lesson clearly.
Could Michael Jackson could sing very well.
May Alan may not come to the class today.
Might They might never understand the situation.
Must Students must learn hard to finish their study.
Should I should go to dentist tomorrow.
Ought to You ought to drive carefully in bad weather.
Has /have to/had to We have to come early before the class start.

B.SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS

Selain modal yang telah disebutkan sebelumnya,terdapat beberapa ekspresi yang dapat digunakan sebagai kata kerja
bantu,seperti be going to,be able to,used to,had better,be supposed to,have to,have got to.
Ekspresi ini digunakan untuk contoh
menyatakan
Be going to untuk kepastian 100% The train is going to be here at 5.
[prediksi]
Be able to untuk kemampuan I am able to handle this problem.
Used to untuk keadaan di masa lampau I used to live in Beijing.Now l live in Jakarta.
yang sudah tidak diulang ulang
Had better untuk sesuatu yang disarankan You had better be on time.
Be supposed to untuk harapan She is supposed to be here soon.
Have to untuk keperluan I have to attend a meeting
Have got to untuk keperluan I have got to go to class today.

Exercise.
1.Drinking water containing excessive amount fluorides........a stained or mottled effect on the enamel of teeth.
A. To leave
B. Be leaving
C. May leave
D. May be left
2.Lichens grow extremely well in very cold parts of the world where few other plants....
A. Can survive
B. Can be survive
C. Can survival
D. To survive
3.Simple photographic lenses cannot......sharp,undistortedimages overa wide field.
A. To form
B. Are formed
C. Forming
D. Form
4.The setting of Eudora Welty’s stories....rather limited,but what she exposes about human nature is quite broad.
A. May been
B. May be
C. To may be
D. May being
5.Critical thinkers are.....main issues,recognize underlying assumptions,and evaluate evidence.
A. Able to identify
B. Able in identify
C. To be able to
D. Enable to identify
6.Cinderella....long hours all alone talking to the cat.
A. Used to spent
B. Used to spending
C. Used to spend
D. To spend
7.The picture is not here any more;it must have......
A. Being taken away
B. Took away
C. Taken away
D. Been taking away.
8.He told me a lot about the Philippines.
He.......there for a long time.
A. Must have lived
 B. Might be living
C. Ought to have lived
D. Should be living
9.My brother is in the intensive care unit now.l....him to the doctor earlier before he got worse.
A. May have taken
B. Should have taken
C. Might have taken
D. Must have taken
10.”look at all those broken street lamps.They....a long time ago.”
A. Should repair
B. Should have been repaired
C. Ought to repair
D. Must have been repaired

INVERSION
Inversion merupakan suatu pola kalimat dimana subjeck terletak dibelakang kata kerja ,dengan syarat tertentu.Ada tiga jenis:
A.inverted Subject with Adverb of place
Apabila keterangan tempat mengawali sebuah kalimat,maka pola penulisan inversinya adalah:
Keterangan tempat +kata kerja+ subjek
Contoh: Here come the cops!
There goes another Suv.
Contoh keterangan tempat yang sering dipakai:
Here,there,nowhere,down the hill,around the corner,and located at.
Exercise :
1.There is many good reasons to study language.
A B C D
2.Around the corner are several small shop.
A B C D
3.Located at the edge of the Hill Country are Austin,Texas.
A B C D
4.Here come the most beautiful girl in the world.
A B C D
5.A long the beach was several small boats that had been washed ashore.
A B C D
B.Inverted Subject With Negative Expressions
Apabila ungkapan negatif mengawali sebuah kalimat ,maka pola penulisan inversinya adalah:
Ungkapan Negatif + Kata Kerja Bantu +S +Kata Kerja
Contoh :
[a] Never will l do that again [Tidak akan lagi saya melakukannya]
[b] Rarely have l eaten delicious food.[ Jarang sekali saya makan makanan enak.]
Contoh ungkapan negatif yang sering dipakai:
Never,not only,seldom,hardly,barely,scarcely,not only,neither,nor,no,dan so.
Exercise
1.Hardly ever has.......to the class on time.
A. He come
B. He came
C. Come he
D. He
2.On no occasion......that to me.
A. Did they say
B. That they say
C. Said they
D. Said they
3.Steve did not win the prize,nor......to do so.
A. He did not expect
B. Did he expect
C. Does he expect
D. Expect he did
4.Only for a short period of time.....run at top speed.
A. Cheetahs
B. Do cheetahs
C. That a cheetah can
D. Can
5.......unhappy with his behaviour,but l frankly just do not understand it.
A. Not only l am
B. Not only am l
 C. A m l not only
D. Not only
C.Inverted Subject with Conditional Sentences
Kalimat inversi bisa juga ditemukan pada kalimat bersyarat yaitu menghilangkankata if pada kalimat bersyarat yang
mengandung should,were,dan had.
Kata Kerja Bantu + Subjek + Kata Kerja,Subjek + Kata Kerja

If l should leave for only a minute to attend something,l would be fired

should l leave for only a minute to attend something,l would be fired

If l were in a position to help,l would help you

Were l in a position to help,l would help you

If he had taken more time,the result would have been better

had he taken more time,the result would have been better

Exercise
1.......of the decision,we might have had something to say abou it.
A. If had we been informed
B. If had been we informed
C. Had we been informed
D. That we had been informed
2........busy ,l would accompany you.
A. Was l not
B. Were l not
C. If l was not
D. If were l not
3.Should.......her,she might be here.
A. I invited
B. I invite
C. Invite l
D. If l invite
4.Were....,they would visit her
A. Was she at home
B. If she at home
C. Should she at home
D. She at home
5.....visit this town again.l would be delighted to show you arround.
A. Should would you ever
B. Should you ever
C. If should you
D. If you
6.At the end of tube.....,one which gathers light and one which magnifies the image.
A. Are two lenses there
B. Two lenses are
C. Are two lenses
D. Two lenses there
7.....live another 30 years,l would be 55.
A. Were l
B. If were l to
C. If l to
D. Were l to
8.Not until 1865......the first antiseptic treatment on a compound fracture.
A. Did Joseph Lister tried
B. Did Joseph Lister try
C. Joseph Lister tried
D. Joseph Lister try
9.......been for your foolishness,we wouldn’t have got lost.
A. Had it not
B. Had not
C. It had not
D. It not had
10.......the article mention the names of people involved.
A. Nowhere do
 B. Nowhere does
C. Nowhere
D. Does nowhere

Conjunction

1.Sebab akibat
A.Karena,sebab [Because Because of,as result of,due to]
=The days were short,as/for/since it was not Desember/The days were short because of not December.
B .Makanya,oleh karena itu,jadi[So,therefore,thus,consequently,hence]
=There is fog at Cijoho;therefore,the place has been diverted.
C.Begitu...Sehingga [so......that...atau such....that]
=He gave such a good advice that l passed the test easily.

2.Tambahan Informasi
A.Selain itu,Lagipula,Terlebih-lebih Besides,in addition,futhermore,moreover
=Besides doing the cooking,l look after the garden.

B.Tidak hanya...tapi juga Not only...but also

C.Baik...maupun Either...or....untuk ungkapan positif dan neither...nor untuk ungkapan negatif
=Either She or l will go to Bandung this afternoon
=Neither she nor l will go Bandung this afternoon.

3.Prasyarat
A.Jika,Bila,Andaikan [If provided that,as long as ]
=If /provided that/As long as you come with me for a joyride,you will have a great fun.
B.Jika tidak [Unless,Otherwise ]
=Unless l had decided to hurriedly get married six years ago,l wouldn’t have had such regrets
=l am married already and have children,Otherwise,l would marry you.

4.Pertentangan
A.Kalaupun[Even if]
B.Kontra harap,Walaupun,kendatipun[though/although,even though [Subject+predikat]
In spite of,despite
=Despite /in spite of the wind,he continued the cruise
=Although she is wrong,l will help you
C.Namun demikian [however,Nevertheless ]
=l’d like to go,however,l don’t have time.
=l want to buy the luxurious furniture,nevertheless,l don’t have enough money for it
D.Padahal[whereas]
=She can’t travel whereas she has a lot of money.
E.Sementara[ while]
=Mother was cooking while/as father was fixing the car.
F.Ketika,pada saat[when,As]
=My father came when/as l was studying.
G.Akhirnya [Finally,at last,after all]
= Finally,at last,after all,She comes
Exercise
1. I am going to go to the river _____ lake tomorrow morning.
a. or
b. but
c. and
d. so
2. I am hungry _____ I eat.
a. so
b. but
c. and
d. or
3. You have to study hard _____ you cannot pass the examination.
a. or
b. so
c. and
d. but
4. Let’s watching a movie _____ going outside! I am bored.
a. or
b. but
c. and
d. so
5. Do you like pizza _____ hamburger?
a. or
b. but
c. so
d. and
1. Learning to play a musical instrument often motivates a child to be disciplined and focused, ______ it can
impart a feeling of social worth.
    A. because
    B. and
    C. so
    D. moreover

Jawaban : D
Keyword : often motivates
Pembahasan : Kalimat tersebut menunjukkan penyangatan (moreover = terlebih).

2. ______ the bad weather, he still chooses to go by air plane.

    A. Although
    B. However
    C. Despite
    D. While

Jawaban : C
Keyword : the bad weather
Pembahasan : Kalimat ini menunjukkan sesuatu yang berlawanan, jadi pilihannya adalah despite.

3. The play performed by Theater EMWE was good, _____ it could have been improved by adding the sound
effects.
    A. thus
    B. and
    C. but if
    D. or

Jawaban : C
Keyword : it could have been improved
Pembahasan : Arti kalimat tersebut adalah “Drama yang dimainkan oleh Teater EMWE bagus, _____ dapat
diperbaiki dengan menambahkan efek suara.” Jadi kata sambung yang tepat adalah but (tetapi).

4. Yosi continued playing game ______ he heard his mother calling.

    A. although
    B. as soon as
    C. after
    D. because

Jawaban : A
Keyword : continued playing; his mother calling
Pembahasan : Kalimat tersebut merupakan kalimat pertentangan sehingga yang tepat adalah although
(meskipun).
5. The concept of lift in aerodynamics refers to the relationship among the increased speed of air over the top of
a wing and the higher pressure of the slower air underneath.

Jawaban : B
Keyword : the relationship among; and
Pembahasan : Karena menunjukkan hubungan di antara dua hal, maka kata sambung yang tepat adalah
between, bukan among.

6. The farmers exterminate rodents in their farmland ______ they damage the cropA. if
    B. though
    C. however
    D. as

Jawaban : D
Keyword : exterminate rodents; they damage
Pembahasan : Kalimat di atas berarti “Petani membasmi hewan pengerat di tanah pertanian mereka …
binatang itu merusak tanaman.” Jadi kata sambung yang tepat adalah karena (as), karena pilihan jawaban
yang lain adalah jika (if), meskipun (though), dan akan tetapi (however).

7. ______ the global economy crisis, many labors lost their job.
    A. because of
    B. because
    C. despite
    D. in spite of

Jawaban : A
Keyword : the global economy crisis
Pembahasan : Dari kalimat tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa klausa kedua merupakan akibat dari klausa
pertama. Jadi kata yang tepat adalah because of.

8. It is generally considered unwise to give a child ______ he or she wants.

    A. that
    B. whatever that
    C. whatever is it
    D. whatever

Jawaban : D
Keyword : to give a child
Pembahasan : Ini adalah contoh kalimat afektif. Karena itu kata sambung yang tepat adalah whatever.

9. Since there are many complaints about the new products, the company _____ the products now.
    A. is recalling
    B. recalls
    C. recalled
    D. has recalled

Jawaban : A
Keyword : now
Pembahasan : Penggunaan kata keterangan now menunjukkan bahwa kalimat ini berbentuk present continous
tense. Karena itu jawaban yang menunjukkan tense ini adalah is recalling.

10. Before ______, they used horse-drawn wooden carts.

    A. farmers have had tractors
    B. tractors owned by farmers
    C. having tractors farmers
    D. farmers had tractors

Jawaban : D
Keyword : before
Pembahasan : Klausa kedua berbentuk past tense (used), karena itu klausa pertama juga harus berbentuk past
tense yaitu had.

11. Salmon lay their eggs and die in fresh water, although they live in salt water when most of their adults live.

Jawaban : C
Keyword : in salt water
Pembahasan : Pada kalimat dibutuhkan kata untuk merujuk pada salt water yang merupakan tempat. Kata
untuk merujuk tempat adalah where.

12. The prices of homes are as high in urban are as that most young people cannot afford to buy them.

Jawaban : B
Keyword : that
Pembahasan : Penggunaan that pada kalimat menandakan bahwa sebelumnya terdapat so
untuk membandingkan kata/klausa. Jadi penggunaan as tidak tepat, seharusnya diganti so.

13. Though Pablo Picasso was primarily a painting, he also became a fine sculptor, engraver and ceramist.

Jawaban : C
Keyword : Pablo Picasso was primarily a painting
Pembahasan : Penggunaan painting pada kalimat tidak tepat karena berarti “lukisan” padahal mengacu pada
Pablo Picasso yang merupakan subjek orang. Karena mengacu pada orang, seharusnya yang digunakan adalah
painter (pelukis).

14. Despite of rain or snow there are always more than fifty thousand fans at the OSU football games.

Jawaban : A
Keyword : despite of
Pembahasan : Bentuk despite tidak diikuti of, seharusnya cukup despite.
s.
Tipe Kalimat Pengandaian dalam Bahasa Inggris
Kalimat pengandaian (conditional sentence) adalah kalimat untuk mengandaikan suatu hal yang belum terjadi, tidak
terjadi, atau sudah terjadi. Kalimat ini terdiri dari dua bagian, yaitu klausa bebas (independent clause) yang menjadi
induk kalimat dan klausa if (anak kalimat) yang memiliki peryataan pengandaian.

Klausa bebas adalah klausa yang berdiri sendiri karena mempunyai arti lengkap, sedangkan klausa if adalah klausa
yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri karena artinya tidak lengkap (dependent clause) yang diawali if.
Jika Anda masih bingung dengan kedua klausa ini, perhatikan contoh kalimat berikut.
If I were Jokowi, I will select honest ministers. [Jika saya Jokowi, saya akan memilih menteri-menteri yang jujur.]
 If I were Jokowi = klausa if
 I will select honest ministers = klausa bebas/induk kalimat
Dalam bahasa Inggris, ada 3 tipe kalimat pengandaian, yaitu:
1. Kalimat pengandaian tipe I
Kalimat pengandaian tipe I menyatakan pengandaian yang mungkin terjadi. Pola kalimat pengandaian tipe ini: klausa
if dalam waktu sekarang (simple present, present continuous, dan present perfect) dan klausa bebas dalam bentuk
simple present atau simple future.
Contoh:
1. If you are ready, we can begin the test. [Jika Anda siap, kita dapat mulai ujian ini.]
2. If I have much spare time, I will watch the Mahabarata series. [Jika saya punya banyak waktu luang, saya akan
menonton serial Mahabarata.]
3. If he has received my email, he will come to work early tomorrow. [Jika dia telah menerima email saya, dia
besok akan datang bekerja lebih awal.]
4. If she is cooking dinner now, she won’t want to go out to dinner with us. [Jika dia sedang memasak makan
malam sekarang, dia tidak akan mau keluar makan malam bersama kita.]
5. If my car doesn’t start, I will call a tow truck man. [Jika mobil saya tidak hidup, saya akan menelepon seorang
petugas truk derek.]
6. If I pass the exam, my mother will be very happy. [Jika saya lulus ujian, ibuku akan sangat senang.]
Keterangan:
 Contoh a): klausa if = simple present, klausa bebas= simple present
 Contoh b): klausa if = simple present, klausa bebas = simple future
 Contoh c): klausa if = present perfect tense, klausa bebas = simple future
 Contoh d): klausa if = present continuous, klausa bebas = simple future
 Contoh e): klausa if = simple present, klausa bebas = simple future
 Contoh f): klausa if = simple present, klausa bebas = simple future
2. Kalimat pengandaian tipe II
Kalimat pengandaian tipe II menyatakan pengandaian yang tidak mungkin terjadi karena bertentangan dengan
kenyataan sekarang. Tipe kalimat pengandaian ini memiliki pola: klausa if dalam waktu lampau (simple
past atau past continuous) dan klausa bebas mengandung would atau could.
Contoh:
 If I were a Spiderman, I would protect the world. [Jika saya Spiderman, saya akan melindungi dunia.]
 If I had a million dollars, I would use the money to buy luxury cars. [Jika saya punya satu juta dolar, saya akan
menggunakan uang itu untuk membeli mobil-mobil mewah.]
 If I were you, I would stop smoking. [Jika saya kamu, saya akan berhenti merokok.]
 If your car were working, you could pick up Maya at airport. [Jika mobil Anda sedang baik, Anda dapat
menjemput Maya di bandara.]
3. Kalimat pengandaian tipe III
Kalimat pengandaian tipe III menyatakan pengandaian yang tidak mungkin terjadi karena waktunya sudah berlalu
(menyatakan penyesalan). Pola kalimat pengandaian tipe ini adalah klausa if dalam bentuk past perfect dan klausa
bebas mengandung would + have + verb 3.
Contoh:
 If you had called me earlier, I would have attended your party first. [Jika Anda menghubungiku lebih awal,
saya akan menghadiri pesta Anda terlebih dahulu.]
 If Maya had met Andri at that concert, she would have confessed her love. [Jika Maya bertemu Andri di konser
itu, dia akan mengakui cintanya.]
 If I had finished high school, I would have gotten a better job. [Jika saya tamat SMU, saya akan mendapatkan
pekerjaan yang lebih baik.]
 If we had left home earlier, we would have arrived on time. [Jika kita meninggalkan rumah lebih awal, kita
akan tiba tepat waktu.]
 If you had paid attention to the traffic, you would not have had an accident. [Jika Anda memperhatikan lalu
lintas, Anda tidak akan mengalami kecelakaan.]
Catatan:
Klausa bebas/induk kalimat dalam kalimat pengandaian dapat ditempatkan sebelum klausa if. Perhatikan contoh
kalimat berikut.
 If I pass the exam, my mother will be very happy. [Jika saya lulus ujian, ibuku akan sangat senang.]
 My mother will be very happy if I pass the exam. [Ibuku akan sangat senang jika saya lulus ujian.]

1. If I passed the final examination, I (continue) to Gunadarma University.

a. will continue c. would continue
b. continue d. continued
2. If I had been a millionaire, I (travel) around the world.
a. will travel c. traveled
b. would travel d. would have traveled
3. If I (to be) you, I would take that chance.
a. was c. is
b. were d. am
4. If I (to be) a TV reporter, I will interview Mr. President.
a. is c. are
b. am d. was
5. If I have much money, I (travel) to Bali and Lombok.
a. travel c. will travel
b. traveled d. travels
6. If he (study) harder, he would pass in his examination.
a. study c. would study
 b. studying d. studied
7. Jenny isn’t here. If she (to be) here, we will continue discussing what to do.
a. am c. is
b. are d. were
8. If Rina were still alive, she (be) seventeen.
a. will be c. would be
b. were be d. being
9. You will be sick if you (not) eat.
a. does not c. can not
b. do not d. will not
10. If Rose continued her study, she (become) a doctor.
a. becomes c. would become
b. became d. will become
11. If she had come to the meeting yesterday afternoon, she ... involved in decision making.
A. were
B. would be
C. had been
D. would have been
12. The truth implied by the sentence in problem no. 1 is ....
A. She isn't coming to the meeting.
B. She came to the meeting.
C. She didn't come to the meeting.
D. She had come to the meeting.
13. If you had invited her to your party, I ... with her.
A. had come
B. would come
C. would have come
D. will come
14. The truth implied by the sentence in problem no. 3 is ....
A. She came to the party to your party.
B. You invited her to your party.
C. You didn't invite her to your party.
D. You had invited her to your party.
15. There would be a risk of accident if you ... that cable on the floor.
A. would leave
B. left
C. were left
D. would have left
16. Annie ... you if she had had your phone number.
A. had called
B. would call
C. calls
D. would have called
17. The truth implied by the sentence in problem no. 6 is ....
A. Annie doesn’t have your phone number.
B. Annie had your phone number.
C. Annie wouldn’t have your phone number.
D. Annie didn’t have your phone number.
18. We would meet Mr. Woodhead, the famous speaker, if we ... earlier to the hall.
A. would come
B. will come
C. came
D. had come
19. If it rains this afternoon, I ... at home.
A. will stay
B. would stay
C. would have stayed
D. had stayed
20. If our team ... for the match more intensively, we would have won it.
A. prepare
B. had prepared
C. have prepared
D. prepared
21. The sentence in problem no. 10 implies that ....
A. We didn’t prepare intensively but we won the match.
 B. We had prepared intensively and, therefore, we won the match
C. We didn’t prepare intensively, we lost the match.
D. We prepared intensively in order to win the match.
22. If the EXIT doors ... locked, those people would have escaped easily from the burning hall.
A. had not been
B. would not be
C. have not been
D. were not
23. The sentence in problem no. 12 implies that ....
A. The people could not escape easily because the EXIT doors were locked.
B. The people could not escape easily although the EXIT doors were not locked.
C. The people cannot escape easily because the EXIT doors are locked.
D. The people cannot escape easily because the EXIT doors aren't locked.
24. Had she known about the story, she ... us about it.
A. told
B. has told
C. would tell
D. would have told
25. I … (ask) you some help if I need it.
A. will
B. would
C. asks
D. asked

PENGERTIAN DAN CONTOH DERIVATION

 

Sebagian besar kata dalam bahasa Inggris adalah bentuk yang paling sederhana atau hanya terdiri dari single
root,  sehingga tidak dapat diuraikan lagi. Contoh dari bentuk tersebut adalah house, study, fast, type, write, inform,
hard, dll. Adapun sebagian kata lainnya merupakan turunan atau hasil derivation. Derivation adalah suatu proses
pembentukan kata melalui penambahan imbuhan (affix), yang dapat berupa awalan (preffix) dan/atau akhiran (suffix).
Kata baru yang dihasilkan akan memiliki makna yang berbeda dari kata dasarnya.
BEBERAPA CONTOH DERIVATION
 

Postgraduate (pasca sarjana) = post (prefix) + graduate (root)

Activity (aktivitas) = active (root) +  ity (suffix)
Interchangeable (dapat bertukar tempat) = inter (prefix) + change (root) + able(suffix)
CONTOH KATA TURUNAN DARI KATA INFORM
 

Berikut contoh kata turunan dari kata inform (menginformasikan) (kata kerja/ verb) dan active (aktif) (kata
sifat/ adjective) :
 + ‘-ation’ = Information (informasi) menjelaskan (noun)
 + ‘-ative’  = Informative (informatif) menjelaskan (adjective)
 + ‘--ative’ dan ‘-ly’ = Informatively (secara informatif) menjelaskan (adverb)
 + ‘--ate’ = Activate (mengaktifkan) menjelaskan (verb)
 + ‘-ation’ = Activation (aktivasi) menjelaskan (noun)
 + ‘-ly’ = Actively (secara aktif) menjelaskan (adverb)
MACAM-MACAM DERIVATION
 Derivation  memiliki empat macam pada part of speech, yaitu :

1. Noun derivation , contohnya :

 Freedom (kebebasan) = free (root) + dom (suffix)
 Imagination (imajinasi/ khayalan) = imagine (root) + ation (suffix)
2. Adjective derivation, contohnya :
 Talkative  (senang berbicara) = talk (root) + ative (suffix)
 Friendly (bersahabat) = friend (root) +  ly (suffix)
3. Verb derivation, contohnya :
 Endanger (membahayakan) = en (prefix) + danger  (root)
 Validate (mensahkan) = valid (root) + ate (suffix)
4. Adverb derivation, contohnya :
 Away (pergi) = a (prefix) + way (root)
 Backward  (mundur) = back (root) + ward (suffix)

1. This flower can be _____ grouped into type depending upon how often they bloom.
    A. convenient
    B. convenience
    C. conveniently
    D. conveniences

Jawaban : C
Key word : can be _____ grouped
Pembahasan : Kalimat ini memerlukan sebuah adverb karena verb (grouped) hanya dapat diawali/diikuti dengan adverb.

2. A list of key beliefs of world class performers is the important material in coaching mental ______.
    A. tough
    B. toughful
    C. toughment
    D. toughness

Jawaban : D
Key word : in coaching mental
Pembahasan : Karena mental merupakan adjective (kata sifat) maka dibutuhkan noun yaitu toughness. Fungsi adjective adalah
menerangkan noun dan letaknya pasti sebelum noun (kata benda).

3. The little girl is taking care of the puppy with ______.

    A. patient
    B. patience
    C. patiently
    D. patients

Jawaban : B
Key word : with
Pembahasan : Pada kalimat ini ada paralelisme penggunaan kata benda.

4. _____ angles of any triangle always add up to 180 degrees.

    A. If three
    B. The three
    C. Three of
    D. Three are

Jawaban : B
Key word : angles of any triangle
Pembahasan : Karena dalam soal sudah ada predikat dan sudah merupakan fakta bahwa segitiga mempunyai 3 sisi, jadi jawaban
yang tepat adalah the three.

5. The bodies of living creatures are organized into many different systems, each of which has _____ function.
    A. Certainly
    B. A certain
    C. It is certainly
    D. To be certain

Jawaban : B
Key word : function
Pembahasan : Karena menerangkan kata benda function, maka kata yang digunakan adalah adjective “certain”.

6. _____, Carl Sandburg is also well-known for his multi volume biography of Lincoln.
    A. An eminent American poet
    B. He is an eminent American poet
    C. An eminent American poet who is
    D. Despite an eminent American poet
Jawaban : A
Key word : Carl Sandburg
Pembahasan : Karena menerangkan Carl Sandburg, maka jawaban yang paling tepat adalah An eminent American poet.

7. The Hawthorne studies, _____ the monotonous working conditions of factory personnel, were a major contribution to
industrial psychology.
    A. In which the investigation of
    B. Were they investigated
  C. Which were investigation
    D. An investigation of

Jawaban : C
Key word : studies
Pembahasan : Kalimat yang dibutuhkan berfungsi sebagai appositive yang menerangkan studies (jamak).
8. Vaporization in connection with general _____ has a marked effect on long-term climate.
    A. Atmospheric conditions that
    B. Conditions are atmospheric
    C. Are atmospheric conditions
    D. Atmospheric conditions

Jawaban : D
Key word : with general; has
Pembahasan : Karena dalam soal sudah ada predikatnya maka isiannya berupa kata benda.

9. _____ discussion of group personality would be complete without a consideration of national character.
    A. None
    B. Not
    C. No
    D. Nothing

Jawaban : C
Key word : without
Pembahasan : No di sini berfungsi sebagai adjective yang menerangkan discussion.

10. The javelin used in competition must be between 260 and 270 centimeters _____.
      A. In length
      B. It is long
      C. Whose length
      D. Lengthily

Jawaban : A
Key word : 260 and 270 centimeters
Pembahasan : Karena menerangkan panjang, maka jawaban yang paling sesuai adalah in length.

11. The statement will be spoken just one time; therefore, you must listen very careful in order to understand what the speaker
has said.

Jawaban : B
Key word : listen
Pembahasan : Karena menerangkan verb yaitu listen, maka harus menggunakan adverb of manner yaitu carefully.

12. Quality control studies show that employees work the most efficient when they are involved in the total operation rather
than in only one part of it.

Jawaban : A
Key word : work
Pembahasan : Karena menerangkan kata kerja work maka dibutuhkan adverb yaitu efficiently.

13. Although the “Lake Poets” Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southney were friends, they did not really form a group since
Southney’s style differed wide from that of the other two.
Jawaban : B
Key word : since
Pembahasan : Karena menggunakan kata penghubung since (karena) dan menerangkan kata kerja differed maka dibutuhkan
adverb yaitu widely.

14. Nutritionists recommend that foods from each of the four basic groups are eaten on a regularly daily basis.
Jawaban : D
Key word : a regularly daily basis
Pembahasan : Karena menerangkan noun “daily basis” maka seharusnya menggunakan adjective yaitu regular.

15. Clare Boothe Luce wrote and productioned her first play while she was in high school.

Jawaban : B
Key word : wrote; productioned
Pembahasan : Penggunaan kata productioned sebagai kata kerja tidak tepat, kata yang tepat seharusnya produced.
Macam-Macam Degree of Comparison
Degree of comparison dalam bahasa Inggris dibagi menjadi 3 jenis tingkatan: Positive, Comparative dan Superlative.

1. Positive adalah membandingkan dua atau lebih orang atau sesuatu yang mempunyai kualitas kerja atau sifat
yang sama.
Contoh:
– Tono walks as fast as Toni (adverb).
– Tini is as tall as Tina (adjective).
2. Comparative adalah membandingkan dua atau lebih orang atau sesuatu yang mempunyai kualitas kerja atau
sifat yang tidak sama, dimana salah satunya lebih jika dibanding yang lainnya.
Contoh:
– he is taller than me (adjective)
– Jono plays piano as well as Joni (adverb)
Superlative untuk membandingkan seseorang atau sesuatu dengan group atau kelompoknya.
Contoh:
– I am the most handsome in Gembiraloka zoo (adjective)
– Captain America runs the slowest super hero I ever see (adverb)
Peraturan Degree of Comparison
1. Penggunaan comparative dan superlative tergantung dari jumlah suku kata adjective-nya (kata sifatnya). e.g:
Tall (1 suku kata), Famous (2 suku kata), Beautiful (3 suku kata)
o 1 suku kata: tinggal nambahi -est/-er di belakangnya.
Contoh: I am slimer than you. My father is oldest in my family.
o 2 suku kata. Ada yang menggunakan more ada yang menggunakan -er untuk comparative. Untuk
superlative ada yang menggunakan -est ada yang menggunakan most.
Contoh: Tukul more famous than Gogon atau boleh juga Tukul cleverer than Gogon; We are the
cleverest/most clever creation of God.
o 3 atau lebih. Musti wajib bin harus pake Most dan More.
Contoh: She is the most beautiful girl in my life.
2. Pengecualian:
o beberapa kata sifat dalam comparative dan superlative akan mengalami pen-double-an huruf terakhir.
seperti: big>bigger dan biggest; sad> sadder dan saddest.
o Kalau kata sifat diakhiri dengan huruf “y”, maka diganti dengan “i”. Seperti: Happy>Happiest dan
Happier
o Pengecualian alias khusus kata-kata di bawah ini perubahannya adalah sebagai berikut:
1. The speed of light is _______ the speed of sound.
(A) faster
(B) much faster than
(C) the fastest
(D) as fast

Jawab: B

Pembahasan: Soal di atas merupakan bentuk perbandingan antara dua hal berbeda yakni speed of light dan speed of
sound. Jawaban yang cocok adalah comparative degrees pada pilihan (A) dan (B). Dari kedua jawaban ini pilihan (B)
dilengkapi dengan than yang berfungsi sebagai kata pembanding. Maka jawaban (B) lebih tepat.

2. The use of detail is _______ method of developing a controlling idea, and almost all students employ this method.
(A) more common
(B) common
(C) most common
(D) the most common

Jawab: D

Pembahasan: Soal di atas menyatakan penggunaan sesuatu yang dibandingkan dengan banyak hal atau bukan satu hal
saja. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah (D).

READING SKILL

Main Idea Questions

Setiap bacaan pada TOEFL berisi pertanyaan tentang ide pokok.Jenis pertanyaan ini berkisar 10% dari 50 pertanyaan
Reading skill.Pertanyaan tersebut dapat ditampilkan dalam beberapa istilah,misalnya Anda diminta untuk
mengidentifikasi topik,subjek,judul,gagasan utama,atau ide pokok.Pertanyaan-Pertanyaan tersebut pada dasarnya
menanyakan gagasan/ide yang ingin penulis jabarkan.Letak ide pokok suatu bacaan terdapat diawal,diakhir ataupun
menyimpulkan dari bacaan.
Perhatikan contoh berikut ini:
Passage:
In the Philosophyof John Dewey,a sharp distinction is made between intelligence and reasoning.According to
Dewey,intelegence is the only absolute way to achieve a balance between realism and idealism,between practicality
and wisdom of life.intelligence involves “interacting with other things and knowing them”while reasoning is merely
the act of an observer”,..a mind that beholds or grasps objects outside the world of things.....”wih reasoning,a level of
mental certainty can be achieved,but it is through intelligence that control is taken of events that shape on’s life.
Questions:
What is the topic of the passage?
A.The intelligence of John Dewey
B.Distinctions made by John Dewey
C.Dewey’s idea on the ability to reason
D.How intelligence differs from reasoning in Dewey’s works
Analisa Jawaban berikut ini:
 Pilihan jawaban A,terlalu luas karena hanya menyebutkan intelligence,jadi bukan merupakan topik
 Pilihan jawaban B juga terlalu luas karena menyebutkan perbedaan yang dibuat oleh John Dewey,tetapi tidak
menyebutkan secara rinci jenis perbedaanya.
 Pilihan jawaban C terlalu spesifik karna hanya menyebutkan reasoning,oleh karena itu jawabanya tidak
lengkap.
 Pilihan jawaban D merupakan jawaban yang benar karena telah disebutkan dikalimat pertama.
Main Idea Questions
a.Pahami jenis pertanyaan a.What is the main topic of
b.What is the main idea of
c.What is the main purpose of
d.What is the author’s main point
 b.Temukan letak jawabanya Jawaban untuk pertanyaan jenis ini pada umumnya
dapat melihat kalimat pertama setiap paragraf.
c.Tentukan langkah dalam menjawab pertanyaan 1.Baca kalimat pertama dan terakhir dari setiap
paragraf
2.Carilah tema umum atau tema utama dalam baris
tersebut
3.Bacalah dengan cepat sisa bagian bacaan untuk
memeriksa bahwa Anda benar –benar telah
menemukan kalimat topik.

Stated Detail Questions

Pertanyaan rinci tersurat atau Stated detail questions adalah sebuah pertanyaan yang menanyakan informasi yang
ada atau yang terstera dalam bacaan .Jenis pertanyaan ini berkisar 25% dari 50% pertanyaan Reading Skill.
Jawaban untuk pertanyaan jenis ini biasanya dapat ditemukan secara berurutan didalm bacaan dan jawaban yang
benar biasanya merupakan pertanyaan ulang dari informasi yang ada dalam bacaan .Hal ini mengandung arti bahwa
jawaban yang benar adalah jawaban yang menyatakan ide atau gagasan yang sama dengan yang tertera dalam
bacaan,tetapi menggunakan pilihan kata yang berbeda.Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh pertanyaan rinci
tersurat.Perhatikan contoh dibawah ini:
The Passage:
Flutes have been around for quite some time,In all sorts of shapes and sizes and made from a variety of
materials.The oldest known flutes are about 20,000 years old;they were made from hollowed –out bones cut in
them.In addition to bone,older flutes were constructed from bamboo or hollowed out wood.
Today’s flutes are generally made of metal,and in addition to the holes they have a complicated system of
keys,levers,and pads.The instruments belonging to well known flautist James Galway is not just made any metal;it
is made of gold.
The questions:
1.According to the passage,the oldest flutes......
A. Had holes cut in them
B. Were made of metal
C. Were made 200,000 years ago
D. Had a complicated set of levers and pads.
2.The passage indicates that James Galway’s flute is made of.......
A. Bones
B. Bamboo
C. Wood
D. Gold
Jawaban untuk pertanyaan pada Reading Skill section dapat ditemukan secara berurutan pada bacaan.Oleh karena
itu,Anda harus mencari jawaban untuk pertanyaan pertama pada bagian awal bacaan.Pertanyaan pertama menanyakan
tentang the oldest flutes,Anda dapat melihat bahwa jawaban untuk pertanyaan ini dapat ditemukan pada kalimat
kedua.Dalam bacaan tersebut disebutkan bahwa seruling pada masa dahulu terbuat dari tulang dengan lubang-lubang
didalamnya[they were made from hollowed –out bones with holes cut in them],maka jawaban yang tepat untuk
pertanyaan pertama adalah pilihan [A]had holes cut in them.
Jawaban untuk pertanyaan kedua kemungkinan besar terdapat pada bacaan setelah jawaban untuk pertanyaan pertama
ditemukan.Karena pertanyaan kedua menanyakan tentang James Galways’s flute,maka Anda harus membaca cepat
bacaan untuk menemukan bagian dari bacaan yang membahas topik ini[James Galway’s flute].Jawaban untuk
pertanyaan ini dapat ditemukan pada pertanyaan The instrument belonging to well known flautist James Galway is not
just made of any metal;it is made of gold ,oleh karena itu,jawaban yang tepat untuk pertanyaan ini adalah pilihan [D]
gold.
STATED DETAIL QUESTIONS
Strategi
a.Pahami jenis-jenis pertanyaan
 According to the passage.....
 It is stated in the passage that.....
 The passage indicates that......
 The author mentions that.....
 Which of the following is true...?
b.Cara menemukan jawaban
 Tentukan kata kunci yang berupa lexical words seperti kata benda,kata kerja,kata sifat ,atau kata
 keterangan dari pertanyaan yang ada.
 Baca dengan cepat bacaan dan temukan bagian dari bacaan yang mengandung kata kunci yang ada
dalam pertanyaan.
 Baca secara lebih mendalam kalimat yang mengandung kata kunci tersebut.
 Carilah diantara pilihan jawaban yang menyatakan ulang gagasan yang ada dalam bacaan mengenai kata
kunci tersebut.
 Keluarkan jawaban-jawaban yang salah dan pilih jawaban yang paling tepat dari pilihan –pilihan yang
masih tersisa.

NEGATIVE QUESTIONS
Pertanyaan pengecualian atau negative Questions adalah pertanyaan yang menuntut Anda untuk menentukan jawaban
mana diantara mana diantara pilihan jawaban yang ada yang merupakan pertanyaan yang tidak tercantum atau tidak
ada dalam bacaan.Jenis pertanyaan ini berkisar 10% dari 50% pertanyaan Reading Skill.Pertanyaan ini mengunakan
kosakata seperti:NOT,EXCEPT atau LEAST yang biasanya ditulis dengan huruf besar.Berikut beberapa contoh
pertanyaan pengecualian.
The passage
The Florida keys are a beautiful chain of almost 1,000 coral and limestone islands
These islands form an are that heads first southwest and then west from the mainland
U.S.Highway 1, called the Overseas Highway,connects the main islands in the chain .On
this highway ,it is necessary to cross 42 bridges over the ocean to cover the 159 miles
from Miami..On this Miami.On the mainland,to key west,the farthest island on the
highway and the southern most city in the United States.
The Questions:

1.Which of the following is not mentioned about the Florida Keys

A. The Florida keys are a chain of islands

B. The Florida keys contain coral and limestone
C. The Florida Keys are in the shape of an are
D. The Florid Keys are not all inhabited.

2.Which of the following is NOT true about U.S.Highway 1?

A. It is also known as the overseas Highway.

B. It joins all of the islands in the Florida Keys
C. It has more than 40 bridges
D. It connects Miami and Key West.

ThePassage
Today’ s readers look for knowledge and information through more than just an
encyclopedia.Knowledge,information,data,and images race around the world in every
increasing speed.With a quick press of a key on the computer keyboard,data from some
of the great libraries in the world can be called onto a screen for immediate perusal.

The question:

1.The author mentions all of the following means of accessing information EXCEPT:

A. Encyclopedia
B. Television
C. Computers
D. Libraries

Pertanyaan pertama menanyakan jawaban yang TIDAK DISEBUTKAN tentang The Florida Keys.Dalam bacaan diatas
disebutkan bahwa Florida Keys adalah sebuah rentetan(A) pulau karang dan batu gamping[coral and limestone]( answer B)
berbentuk sebuah busur(answer C),Sehingga jawaban-jawaban tersebut bukanlah jawaban yang benar(karena jawaban
tersebut tertera atau disebutkan dalam bacaan).Jawaban yang tepat adalah pilihan(D) the Florida Keys are not all inhabited.

NEGATIVE QUESTIONS

Strategi  Accordiing to the passage ,all of the following are

a.pahami jenis-jenis pertanyaan true EXCEPT.....
 Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the
passage?
 Which of the following is the LEAST likely....
 b.Cara menemukan jawaban  Pilihlah sebuah kata kunci dalam soal yang ada.
 Bacalah bacaan untuk menemukan bagian dalam
bacaan yang membahas tentang kata kunci
tersebut.
 Bacalah kalimat yang mengandung kata kunci
secara mendalam.
 Carilah jawaban-jawaban yang mengandung
pertanyaan yang benar atau sesuai dengan bacaan
dan abaikan jawaban –jawaban tersebut.
 Pilihlah jawaban yang berisi pernyataan yang
salah(NOT TRUE) ATAU TIDAK DIBAHAS
(NOTDISCUSSED ) dalam bacaan)

INFERENCE QUESTIONS

Jenis Pertanyaan INFERENCE meminta anda menjawab pertanyaan dengan membuat sebuah kesimpulan berdasarkan informas

i-informasi rinci dalam bacaan.Jenis pertanyaan berkisar 10%DARI 50 PERTANYAAN Reading Skill.Ciri-ciri pertanyaan ini
biasanya menggunakan kata –kata seperti: implied,infered,likely,atau probably yang menyatakan bahwa jawaban dari pertanyaan
tersebut tidak tersurat dalam bacaan.Untuk Menjawabnya,Anda harus memahami informasi yan tercantum dalam bacaan,dan
kemudian mengambil kesimpulan dari informasi tersebut.

The Passage
The number of rings in a tree can be used to determine how old a tree really is.Each year a tree produces a ring that is
composed of one light colored wide band and one dark colored narrowed band.The wider band is produced during the
spring and early summer,when tree stem cells grow rapidly and become larger.The narrower band is produced in fall and
early winter when cell growth is much slower and cells do not get very large.No cells are produced during the harsh winter
and summer months.
The questions:

1.It is implied in the passage that if a tree has 100 wide bands and 100 narrow bands then it is....

A. A century old
B. Two centuries old
C. Fifty years old
D. Two hundred years old

2.It can be infered from the passage that cells do not grow....

A. When the tree is ill

B. During extreme heat or cold
C. When it rains too much
D. If there are more light colored bands than dark colored bands

Pertanyaan pertama menanyakan tentang umur sebuah pohon dengan 100 lingkaran yang lebar [100 wide bands) dan 100
lingkaran sempit (100 narrow bands).Bacaan tersebut tidak menyebutkan secara langsung usia pohon dengan ciri tersebut,tapi
diindikasikan bahwa satu lingkaran lebar dan satu lingkaran sempit dihasilkan dalam satu tahun,jadi anda menyimpulkan bahwa
usia pohon tersebut 100 tahun atau satu abad.Jawaban yang paling tepat adalah (A)

Pertanyaan yang kedua menanyakan kapan sel-sel batang tidak tumbuh.Bacaan menyatakan bahwa tidak ada sel batang yang
tumbuh selama musim dingin yang ekstrim [ hars winter] dan selama bulan bulan musim panas[summer months].Jadi ,Anda bisa
menyimpulkan bahwa sel batang tidak tumbuh karena panas dan dingin yang ekstrim selama musim panas dan musim
dingin.Jawaban yang paling tepat adalah pilihan(B).

INFERENCE QUESTIONS

Strategi  Which of the following can be infered from the

a.Pahami jenis-jenis pertanyaan passage?
 The author implies that.....
 The author suggests that.....
 It is implied in the passage that....
 It can be infered from the passage that...
 It is most likely that....
 What probably happened....?
b.Tentukan letak jawaban Jawaban dari pertanyaan tersebut dapat dijumpai dalam
bacaan secara berurutan.
c.Tentukan langkah dalam menjawab pertanyaan  Tentukan kata kunci yang dimaksud dalam
 pertanyaan
 Temukan lokasi kata kunci yang tepat dalam bacaan.
 Bacalah kalimat yang mengandung kata kunci atau
ide dengan teliti.
 Carilah jawaban yang sudah pasti benar sesuai
bacaan .Abaikan jawaban tersebut.
 Pilihlah jawaban yang tidak benar atau yang tidak
dibahas dalam bacaan.

VOCABULARY –IN –CONTEX QUESTIONS

Ketika Anda mengerjakan tes TOEFL,Anda terkadang diminta untuk menentukan arti suatu ungkapan yang sulit,bisa juga kata
atau ekspresi yang tidak anda ketahui.Jenis pertanyaan tentang kosakata ini berkisar 25%dari 50 pertanyaan Reading Skill.Dalam
hal ini ,Teks/bacaan tersebut sering memberikan indikasi yang jelas mengenai apa arti kata atau ungkapan tersebut.
Example : A line in the passage:
.......She has a large geranium growing in a pot in the corner of her apartment.......
The question : A geranium is probably the same as........
A. A sofa
B. A chair
C. A fish
D. A plant

Jenis pertanyaan diatas,Anda tidak harus mengetahui arti kata geranium.Sebagai gantinya,Anda harus memahaminya dari konteks
bahwa jika geranium itu tumbuh dalam pot,Maka mungkin geranium itu adalah sebuah tanaman.Oleh karena itu,jawaban (D)
adalah jawaban yang tepat.Dibawah ini tabel sebagai langkah yang penting untuk Anda ingat dalam menjawab pertanyaan
vocabulary pada tes TOEFL.

Strategi  What is the meaning of......?

a.Pahami jenis-jenis pertanyaan  Which of the following is closest in meaning to.....?
 ....could best be replaced by which of the following?
b.Tentukan letak jawaban Dalam soal biasanya diberitahukan pada baris ke berapa kata-
kata atau ungkapan tersebut dapat Anda temukan.
c.Tentukan langkah dalam menjawab pertanyaan  Temukan kata atau ungkapan yang dimaksud dalam
bacaan.
 Bacalah kalimat yang berisi kata yang dimaksud
dengan saksama
 Temukan petunjuk dalam konteks yang membantu
Anda memahami kata yang dimaksud.
 Pilihlah jawaban yang dimaksud dalam konteks.

PRONOUN REFERENT QUESTIONS

Pada saat menjawab pertanyaan mengenai kata ganti (referents),perlu Anda pahami bahwa dalam sebuah bacaan sebua kata
benda[noun]biasanya digunakan terlebih dahulu,dan baru kemudian muncul kata ganti(pronoun) yang mengacu pada kata benda
tersebut.Jenis pertanyaan ini berkisar 10% dari 50% pertanyaan Reading Skill.
The Passage:
Carnivorous plants,such as the sundew and the Venus-Fly trap,are generally found in humid areas where there is an
adequate supply of nitrogen in the soil.Inorder to survive,These plants have developed mechanism to trap insects within
their folliage.They have digestive fluids to obtain the necessary from the insects.
The questions:
The pronoun They in line 5 refers to........
A. Humid areas
B. These plants
C. Insects
D. Digestive fluids
Jawaban (D) digestive fluids muncul setelah kata ganti they,maka kemungkinan jawaban (D) bukanlah jawaban yang benar.Untuk
menemukan jawaban yang benar,cobalah untuk menganti kata ganti they,dengan tiga pilihanThese plants have digestive
fluids.Oleh karena itu,jawaban yang benar adalah pilihan (B)

Strategi
Pahami Jenis –jenis pertanyaan
 The pronoun .....in line X refers to.....
 The pronoun.....in line X refers to which of the following?
Tentukan letak jawaban
 Letak kata ganti yang dimaksud ditunjukan dalam soal.Kata benda yang diwakili oleh kata ganti biasanya dapat
ditemukan sebelum kata ganti tersebut muncul.
Tentukan langkah dalam menjawab pertanyaan
 Tentukan kata ganti(pronoun) yang dimaksud dalam bacaan.
 Carilah kata benda (noun) yang sesuai untuk kata ganti yang dimaksud sebelum kata ganti tersebut muncul.
 Coba masukkan kata benda tersebut kedalam konteks kata ganti yang dimaksud.
 Abaikan pilihan jawaban yang salah dan pilih jawaban yang benar.

LISTENING SKILL
 Listening skill terdiri 50 pertanyaan yang dibagi menjadi tiga bagian.Tiap bagian mempunyai instruksi yang berbeda Anda
harus mendengarkan dengan seksama karena Anda hanya akan mendengarkan percakapan dalam rekaman tersebut satu kali dan
materi percakapan tidak tertulis dalam buku tes.Anda hanya akan membaca pilihan jawaban dalam buku tes.Pertanyaan akan
dibacakan di dalam rekaman dan tidak tertulis dalam buku tes.
Bagian-bagian pada listening skill adalah sebagai berikut.
A. Bagian A(Part A): Berisi tentang dialog pendek antar dua penutur.Tiap dailog akan diikuti oleh sebuah pertanyaan dengan
empat pilihan jawaban.Anda akan mendengar dialog dan pertanyaan hanya satu kali,lalu harus memilih jawaban paling
tepat dari empat pilihan yang tersedia.Ada 30 pertanyaan pada bagian ini.
B. Bagian B(Part B):Berisi tentang percakapan panjang yang berupa percakapan sehari-hari antara dua orang dan diikuti
dengan beberapa pertanyaan mengenai percakapan tersebut.Pertanyaan akan dibacakan satu persatu.Lalu harus memilih
jawaban yang paling tepat dari keempat pilihan.Biasanya pada bagian ini terdapat 2 percakapan dan 7-9 pertanyaan.
C. Bagian C(Part C):Berisi tentang kuliah pendek sekitar 60-90 detik yang membicarakan kehidupan disekolah/kampus atau
membahas tentang hal akademis.Setiap kuliah pendek didikuti dengan pertanyaan-pertanyaanya.Lalu Anda harus memili
jawaban yang paling tepat dari keempat pilihan yang tertulis dibuku tes.Biasanya pada bagian ini terdapat tiga kuliah
pendek dan 11-13 pertanyaan yang melengkapi 50 pertanyaan dalam bagian listenig skill
Strategi umum untuk mengerjakan bagian listening skill:
1) Kenalilah instruksi(Be familiar with the direcions).Kenalilah dan biasakan memahami instruksi pada
TOEFL.Instruksi dalam tes TOEFL relatif sama,jadi tidak perlu menghabiskan waktu membaca instruksi
ketika Anda mengikuti tes.
2) Dengarkanlah rekaman dengan seksama(listen carefully to the passage) .Anda harus berkonsentrasi pada apa
yang dikatakan penutur didalam rekaman karena Anda hanya mendengarkan rekaman satu kali.
3) Konsentrasilah pikiran Anda pada tes(Concetrate yourself for the test).Ketika mendengarkan
instruksi,siapkan diri Anda untuk tidak memikirkan apapun kecuali tes yang Anda ikuti.Sesudah Anda
mendengarkan instruksi ,siapkan diri Anda untuk tidak memikirkan apapun kecuali tes yang anda
ikuti.Sesudah Anda mendengarkan satu soal dan menjawab pertanyaan,fokus pada rekaman dan pilihan
jawaban.
4) Kenalilah jeda waktu pada tes(Be familiar wih the pacing of the test).Anda mempunyai 12 detik antar
pertanyaan dalam rekaman,jadi Anda harus menjawab pertanyaan dalam waktu 12 detik dan secepatnya.Anda
bisa menyiapkan diri untuk percakapan selanjutnya.
5) Gunakan sisa waktu untuk melihat pilihan jawaban dari pertanyaan berikutnya(Use any remaining time to
look ahead at the answers to the questions that follow)
6) Jangan pernah meninggalkan lembar jawab dalam keadaan kosong(Never leave any blank on your answer
sheet)
PART A : SHORT CONVERSATIONS
A. Tentang pertanyaan ( About Questions)
Salah satu ketrampilan yang perlu dikuasai dalam mengerjakan tes TOEFL adalah memahami barbagai jenis
pertanayaan.Berikut ini adalah beberapa pertanyaan yang sering muncul dalam tes.
Pertanyaan yang sering muncul Contoh
1.Meaning questions: Pertanyaan ini paling sering What does the man/woman mean?
muncul.Pertanyaan tersebut meminta anda untuk What does the speaker say about?
mengulang apa yang dikatakan penutur kedua atau kedua
penutur.Biasanya per tanyaan ini bersifat umum.
2.Inference questions.Pertanyaan ini menanyakan hal yang What does the man/woman imply?
tidak dinyatakan secara langsung didalam What can be infered from the dialog...?
percakapan.jawaban bisa berupa menyimpulkan atau What can be concluded about......?
menarik informasi yang tersirat.
3.Questions about suggestions.Pada pertanyaan ini secara What does the woman suggest the man do?
umum penutur pertama membicarakan tentang sebuah What does the man suggest they do?
masalah atau meminta saran untuk menyelesaikan masalah.
4.Questions about future actions.Pertanyaan ini What will the man do?
menanyakan apa yang akan dilakukan dimasa depan atau What will they probably do next?
apa yang direncanakan oleh salah satu penutur atau What are the speakers planning to do?
keduanya.
5.Topic qustions.Pertanyaan ini menanyakan tentang We are they talking about?
subject pembicaraan dalam dialog.Anda harus What are they discussing?
memperhatikan istilah-istilah khusus atau kata-kata yang
digunakan dalam percakapan.
6.Questions about opinions.Pertanyaan ini menanyakan apa How does the man/woman feel about...?
yang dirasakan atau dipikirkan tentang topik pembicaraan What is the opinion of....?
oleh salah satu atau kedua penutur.
7.Questions about assumptions.Pertanyaan ini menanyakan What had the man assumed about....?
apa yang diasumsikan oleh penutur pertama atau What had the woman previously assumed?
kedua.Semua jawaban dalam past perfect tense.
8.Questions about questions.Penutur pertama mengatakan What does the man want to know?
sebuah pernyataan dan penutur kedua menanyakan sebuah What had the woman ask to the man?
pertanyaan untuk mendapat informasi lebih banyak.
When does the dialog probably take place?
9.Questions about the time.Pertanyaan ini menanyakan When will the...take place?
kapan percakapan ini terjadi atau kapan percakapan itu akan
terjadi.
10.Questions about reasons.Pertanyaan ini menanyakan Why did the /woman.....?
alasan mengapa penutur pertama atau kedua melakukan Why did they...?
sesuatu.
11.Questions about problems.Pertanyaan ini menanyakan What problem is the man having?
tentang masalah yang dihadapi penutur .Pilihan jawaban What is the problem?
 akan menunjukan pernyataan negatif.
12.Questions about activities.Pertanyaan ini menanyakan What are the speakers probably doing?
apa yang dilakukan oleh penutur.

Section Two: Structure and Written Expression

1. The giant ragweed, or buffalo weed, grows ---.
(A) 18 feet up to high
(B) to high 18 feet up
(C) up to 18 feet high
(D) 18 feet high up to
2. Neptune is --- any planet except Pluto.
(A) to be far from the Sun
(B) far from the Sun being
(C) farther than the Sun is
(D) farther from the Sun than

3. Since prehistoric times, artists have arranged

paint on surfaces in ways --- their ideas about
people and the world.
(A) express
(B) that their expression of
(C) which, expressing
(D) that express
4. Except for certain microorganisms, --- need
oxygen to survive.
(A) of all living things
(B) all living things
(C) all are living things
(D) are all living things
5. Dubbing is used in filmmaking --- a new sound
track to a motion picture.
(A) which to add
(B) to add
(C) is adding that
(D) to add while
6. --- of green lumber may come from moisture in
the wood.
(A) More weight than half
(B) Of the weight, more than half
(C) The weight is more than half
(D) More than half of the weight
7. Archaeologists study ---- to trace ancient trade
routes because such tools are relatively rare, and
each occurrence has a slightly different chemical
composition.
(A) which obsidian tools
(B) obsidian tools
(C) how obsidian tools
(D) obsidian tools are
8. ---- the hamster’s basic diet is vegetarian, some
hamsters also eat insects.
(A) Despite
(B) Although
(C) Regardless of
(D) Consequently
9. The Navajo Indians of the southwestern United
States --- for their sand painting, also called dry
painting.
(A) noted
(B) are noted
(C) to be noted
(D) have noted

10. In 1784, the leaders of what would later

become the state of Virginia gave up --- to the
territory that later became five different
Midwestern states.
(A) any claim
(B) when the claim
(C) to claim
(D) would claim
11. ---- one after another, parallel computers
perform groups of operations at the same time.
 (A) Conventional computers, by handling tasks
(B) Since tasks being handled by conventional computers
(C) Whereas conventional computers handle tasks
(D) While tasks handled by conventional computers
12. The Liberty Bell, formerly housed in Independence Hall, --- in Philadelphia, was moved to a separate glass pavilion in 1976.
(A) which a historic building
(B) a historic building which
(C) was a historic building
(D) a historic building
13. Fossils, traces of dead organisms found in the rocks of Earth’s crust, reveal --- at the time the rocks were formed.
(A) what was like
(B) was like life
(C) what life was like
(D) life was like
14. Although the huge ice masses ---- glaciers
move slowly, they are a powerful erosive force
in nature.
(A) call them
(B) are called
(C) to call
(D) called
15. The soybean contains vitamins, essential
minerals, --- high percentage of protein.
(A) a
(B) and a
(C) since a
(D) of which a
16. A gene is a biological unit of information who directs the activity of a cell or organism during its lifetime
A B C D

17. The flowering of African American talent in literature, music, and art in the 1920’s in New York City
A B C
became to know as the Harlem Renaissance.
D
18. The symptoms of pneumonia, a lung infection, include high fever, chest pain, breathing difficult , and coughing
A B C D
19. The rapid grow of Boston during the mid-nineteenth century coincided with a large influx of
A B C
European immigrants .
D
20. In 1908 Olive Campbell started writing down folk songs by rural people in the southern Appalachian
A B C
mountains near hers home.
D
21.The thirteen stripes of the United States flag represent the original thirteen states of the Union, which
A B C
they all were once colonies of Britain.
D
22. In 1860, more as 90 percent of the people of Indiana lived rural areas, with only a few cities having a
A B C
population exceeding 10,000.
D
23.Gravitation keeps the Moon in orbit around Earth and the planets other of the solar system in orbit around the Sun.
A B C D
 24. Photograph was revolutionized in 1831 by the introduction of the collodion process for making glass negatives
A B C D

25. After flax is washed, dry , beaten, and combed, fibers are obtained for use in making fabric.
A B C D
26. A fever is caused which blood cells release proteins called pyrogens, raising the body’s temperature.
A B C D
27. Because of various gift-giving holidays, most stores clothing in the United Sates do almost as much
A B
business in November and December as they do in the other ten months combined .
C D
28.The United States National Labor Relations Board is authorized to investigation allegations of unfair
A B
labor practices on the part of either employers or employees.
C D
29.The Great Potato Famine in Ireland in the 1840’s caused an unprecedented numbers of people from
A B C
Ireland to immigrate to the United States.
D
30.The particles comprising a given cloud are continually changing , as new ones are added while others
A B
are taking away by moving air .
C D
31.Political parties in the United States help to coordinate the campaigns of their members and organizes
A B C
the statewide and national conventions that mark election years .
D
32.The lemur is an unusual animal belonging to the same order than monkey’s and apes.
A B C D
33.Chese may be hard or soft, depending on the amount of water left into it and the character of
A B C D
the cuting.
34.The carbon-are lamp, a very bright electric lamp used for spotlights, consists of two carbon
A B
electrodes with a high-current are passing between it.
C D
35. At first the poems of E.E. Cummings gained notoriety to their idiosyncratic punctuation and
A B
typography, but they have gradually been recognized for their lyric power as well.
C D
36.The mechanism of human thought and recall, a subject only partly understood by scientists , is
A B C
extraordinary complicated.
D
37.While the process of photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used
A B
to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and organic compounds.
C D
38.The globe artichoke was known as a delicacy at least 2,500 years ago , and records of its
A B C
cultivation date from fifteenth century.
D
39. Humans do not constitute the only species endowed with intelligence: the higher animals also
A B C
have considerably problem-solving abilities.
D
40. Many of species of milkweed are among the most dangerous of poisonous plants , while others have little , if any, toxicity
A B C D

Questions 1-10
In the early 1800’s, over 80 percent of the United States labor force was engaged
in agriculture. Sophisticated technology and machinery were virtually nonexistent.
People who lived in the cities and were not directly involved in trade often participated
in small cottage industries making handcrafted goods. Others cured meats, silversmiths, candle
5) or otherwise produced needed goods and commodities. Blacksmiths, silversmiths, candle
makers, and other artisans worked in their homes or barns, relying on help of family
Perhaps no single phenomenon brought more widespread and lasting change to the
United States society than the rise of industrialization. Industrial growth hinged on several
10） economic factors. First, industry requires an abundance of natural resources, especially
coal, iron ore, water, petroleum, and timber-all readily available on the North American
continent. Second, factories demand a large labor supply. Between the 1870’s and the
 First World War (1914-1918), approximately 23 million immigrants streamed to the
United States, settled in cities, and went to work in factories and mines. They also helped
15）build the vast network of canals and railroads that crisscrossed the continent and linked
important trade centers essential to industrial growth.
Factories also offered a reprieve from the backbreaking work and financial
unpredictability associated with farming. Many adults, poor and disillusioned with
farm life, were lured to the cities by promises of steady employment, regular paychecks,
20) increased access to goods and services, and expanded social opportunities. Others were
pushed there when new technologies made their labor cheap or expendable; inventions
such as steel plows and mechanized harvesters allowed one farmhand to perform work
that previously had required several, thus making farming capital-intensive rather than
labor-intens
States economy underwent a massive transition and the nature of work
was permanently altered. Whereas cottage industries relied on a few highly skilled craft
workers who slowly and carefully converted raw materials into finished products from
start to finish, factories relied on specialization. While factory work was less creative and
more monotonous, it was also more efficient and allowed mass production of goods at
less expense.
1.What aspect of life in the United States does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The transition from an agricultural to an industrial economy
(B) The inventions that transformed life in the nineteenth century
(C) The problems associated with the earliest factories
(D) The difficulty of farm life in the nineteenth century
2. Blacksmiths, silversmiths, and candle makers are mentioned in lines 5-6 as examples of artisans who
(A) maintained their businesses at home
(B) were eventually able to use sophisticated technology
(C) produced unusual goods and commodities
(D) would employ only family members
3. The phrase “hinged on” in line 9 is closest in 8. It can be inferred from the passage that
meaning to
(A) recovered from
(B) depended on
(C) started on
(D) contributed

4. Which of the following is mentioned in the

passage as a reason for the industrial growth that
occurred in the United States before 1914?
(A)The availability of natural resources found
only in the United States
(B) The decrease in number of farms resulting
from technological advances
(C) The replacement of canals and railroads by
other forms of transportation
(D) The availability of a large immigrant work force
5. The word “lured” in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) attracted
(B) assigned
(C) restricted
(D) attached
6. The word “Others” in line 20 refers to other
(A) adults
(B) promises
(C) goods and services
(D) social opportunities

7.The word “expendable” in line 21 is closest in meaning to

 (A) nonproductive
(B) unacceptable
(C) nonessential
(D) unprofitable
8.industrialization affected farming in that
industrialization
(A) increased the price of farm products
(B) limited the need for new farm machinery
(C) created new and interesting jobs on farms
(D) reduced the number of people willing to do
farm work
9.What does the author mean when stating that
certain inventions made farming
“capital-intensive rather than labor-intensive”
(lines 23-24)?
(A) Workers had to be trained to operate the new
machines.
(B) Mechanized farming required more capital
and fewer laborers.
(C) The new inventions were not helpful for all
farming activities.
(D) Human labor could still accomplish as much
work as the first machines.
10. According to the passage, factory workers
differed from craft workers in that factory
workers
(A) were required to be more creative
(B) worked extensively with raw materials
(C) changed jobs frequently
(D) specialized in one aspect of the finished
product only
 (D) social opportunities

Question 11-20
Molting is one of the most involved processes of a bird’s annual life cycle.
upon close observation, one can recognize the frayed, ragged appearance of feathers that
are nearing the end of their useful life. Two distinct processes are involved in molting.
The first step is when the old, worn feather is dropped, or shed. The second is when a new
feather grows in its place. When each feather has been shed and replaced, then the molt
can be said to be complete. This, however, is an abstraction that often does not happen:
incomplete, overlapping, and arrested molts are quite common.
Molt requires that a bird find and process enough protein to rebuild approximately
one-third of its body weight. It is not surprising that a bird in heavy molt often seems
listless and unwell. But far from being random, molt is controlled by strong evolutionary
forces that have established an optimal time and duration. Generally, molt occurs at the
time of least stress on the bird. Many songbirds, for instance, molt in late summer, when
the hard work of breeding is done but the weather is still warm and food still plentiful.
This is why the woods in late summer often seem so quiet, when compared with the
Exuberant choruses of spring.
Molt of the flight feathers is the most highly organized part of the process. Some species,
for example, begin by dropping the outermost primary feathers on each side (to retain
balance in the air) and wait until the replacement feathers are about one-third grown before
shedding the next outermost, and so on. Others always start with the innermost primary
feathers and work outward. Yet other species begin in the middle and work outward on both
weeks while the replacement feathers grow.

11.The passage mainly discusses how

(A) birds prepare for breeding
(B) bird feathers differ from species
(C) birds shed and replace their feathers
(D) birds are affected by seasonal changes
12.The word “Notwithstanding” in line 2 is closest
in meaning to
(A) despite
(B) because of
(C) instead of
(D) regarding
13.The word “intricate” in line 2 is closest in
meaning to
(A) regular
(B) complex
(C) interesting
(D) important
14.The word “random” in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) unfortunate
(B) unusual
(C) unobservable
(D) unpredictable
15.The word “optimal” in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) slow
(B) frequent
(C) best
(D) early
16.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason that songbirds molt in the late summer?
(A) Fewer predators are in the woods.
(B) The weathers is still warm.
(C) The songbirds have finished breeding.
(D) Food is still available.
 17. Some birds that are molting maintain balance during flight by
(A) constantly preening and caring for their remaining feathers
(B) dropping flight feathers on both sides at the same time
(C) adjusting the angle of their flight to compensate for lost feathers
(D) only losing one-third of their feathers
18.The word “Others” in line 21 refers to
(A) ducks
(B) sides
(C) species
(D) flight feathers
19.The author discusses ducks in order to provide an example of birds that
(A) grow replacement feathers that are very long
(B) shed all their wing feathers at one time
(C) keep their innermost feathers
(D) shed their outermost feathers first
20. It can inferred from the discussion about ducks
that the molting of their flight feathers takes.
(A) a year
(B) a season
(C) several months
(D) a few weeks
Question 21-30
The Harlem Renaissance, a movement of the 1920’s, marked the twentieth century’s
first period of intense activity by African Americans in the field of literature, art, and
music in the United States. The philosophy of the movement combined realism, ethnic
Line consciousness, and Americanism. Encouraged by the example of certain Americans
5) of European descent such as Thomas Eakins, Robert Henri, and George Luks, who had
included persons of African descent in their paintings as serious studies rather than as
trivial or sentimental stereotypes, African American artists of this period set about
creating a new portrayal of themselves and their lives in the United States. As they began
to strive for social and cultural independence. Their attitudes toward themselves changed,
10) and, to some extent, other segments of American society began to change their attitudes
toward them. Thus, thought the Harlem Renaissance was a short-lived movement, its
impact on American art and culture continues to the present.
The district in New York City know as Harlem was the capital of the movement.
In 1925 an issue of Survey Graphic magazine devoted exclusively to Harlem and edited
15) by philosopher Alain Locke became the manifesto of the African American artistic
movement. Locke strongly suggested that individuals, while accepting their Americanism,
take pride in their African ancestral arts and urged artists to look to Africa for substance
and inspiration. Far from advocating a withdrawal from American culture, as did some of
his contemporaries, Locke recommended a cultural pluralism through which artists could
20) enrich the culture of America. African Americans were urged by Locke to be collaborators
and participators with other Americans in art, literature, and music; and at the same time
to preserve, enhance, and promote their own cultural heritage.
 Artists and intellectuals from many parts of the United States and the Caribbean had
Been attracted to Harlem by the pulse and beat of its unique and dynamic culture. From
25) this unity created by the convergence of artists from various social and geographical
backgrounds came a new spirit, which, particularly in densely populated Harlem, was
to result in greater group awareness and self-determination. African American graphic
artists took their place beside the poets and writers of the Harlem Renaissance and
carried on efforts to increase and promote the visual
21.What does the passage mainly discuss?
 (A) African American paintings in the 1920’s
(B) An arts movement of the 1920’s
(C) The influence of Alain Locke on African
American art
(D) Some ways in which African culture
inspired American literature, art and music
22. According to the passage, Tomas Eakins,
Robert Henri, and George Luks were important
because of
(A) the philosophical contributions they made to
the Harlem Renaissance
(B) their development of a new style of African
American art
(C) they way in which they depicted African
Americans in their paintings
(D) their independence from European artistic
traditions
23. The word “them” in line 11 refers to
(A) Americans of European descent
(B) paintings
(C) African American artists
(D) attitudes
24. According to the passage, African American
artists of the 1920’s differed from earlier
African American artists in terms of their
feelings about
(A) themselves
(B) other artists
(C) their impact on American art
(D) stereotypes
25.The word “urged” in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) prepared
(B) defined
(C) permitted
(D) encouraged
26. Alain Locke believed all of the following to be important to the African American artistic movement EXCEPT
(A) pride in African art
(B) cultural pluralism
(C) collaboration with other artists
(D) withdrawal from American culture
27. In mentioning “the pulse and beat” (line24) of Harlem during the 1920’s, the author is
characterizing the district as one that
(A) depended greatly on its interaction with other parts of the city
(B) grew economically in a short period of time
(C) was an exciting place to be
(D) was in danger of losing population
28.The word “convergence” in line 25 is closest in meaning to
(A) gathering
(B) promotion
(C) expression
(D) influence
29. According to the passage, all of the following were true of Harlem in the 1920’s EXCEPT:
(A) Some Caribbean artists and intellectuals lived there.
(B) It attracted people from various regions of United States.
(C) It was one of the most expensive
(D) It was a unique cultural center.
 30.The phrase “carried on” in line 29 is closest in meaning to
(A) continued
(B) praised
(C) transformed
(D) connected

Questions 41-50
There are only a few clues in the rock record about climate in the Proterozoic con.
Much of our information about climate in the more recent periods of geologic history
comes from the fossil record, because we have a reasonably good understanding of
Line the types of environment in which many fossil organisms flourished. The scarce fossils
5) of the Proterozoic, mostly single-celled bacteria, provide little evidence in this regard.
However, the rocks themselves do include the earliest evidence for glaciation, probably
a global ice age.
The inference that some types of sedimentary rocks are the result of glacial activity
is based on the principle of uniformitarianism, which posits that natural processes now
10) at work on and within the Earth operated in the same manner in the distant past. The
deposits associated with present-day glaciers have been well studied, and some of their
characteristics are quite distinctive. In 2.3-billion-year-old rocks in Canada near Lake
Huron (dating from the early part of the Proterozoic age), there are thin laminae of
fine-grained sediments that resemble varves, the annual layers of sediment deposited in
15) glacial lakes. Typically, present-day varves show two-layered annual cycle, one layer
corresponding to the rapid ice melting and sediment transport of the summer season, and
the other, finer-grained, layer corresponding to slower winter deposition. Although it is
not easy to discern such details in the Proterozoic examples, they are almost certainly
glacial varves. These fine-grained, layered sediments even contain occasional large
20) pebbles or “dropstones,” a characteristic feature of glacial environments where coarse
material is sometimes carried on floating ice and dropped far from its source, into
otherwise very fine grained sediment. Glacial sediments of about the same age as those
in Canada have been found in other parts of North America and in Africa, India, and
Europe. This indicates that the glaciation was global, and that for a period of time in
25) the early Proterozoic the Earth was gripped in an ice age.
Following the early Proterozoic glaciation, however, the climate appears to have
Been fairly benign for a very long time. There is no evidence for glaciation for the
Next 1.5 billion years or so. Then, suddenly, the rock record indicates a series of
Glacial episodes between about 850 and 600 million year ago, near the end of the
Proterozoic con.

41.Which of the following does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) How patterns in rock layers have been used to construct theories about the climate of the
Proterozoic age
(B) What some rare fossils indicate about glacial conditions during the late Proterozoic age
(C) The varying characteristics of Proterozoic glacial varves in different parts of the world
(D) The number of glacial episodes that the Earth has experienced since the Proterozoic age
42. According to the passage, the fossil record of the Proterozoic con is
(A) highly regarded because it preserves the remains of many kinds of organisms
(B) less informative than the fossil record of more recent periods
(C) very difficult to interpret due to damage from bacteria
(D) more useful to researchers than other aspects of the rock record

43.The word “scarce” in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) ancient
(B) tiny
(C) available
(D) rare
44. It can be inferred from the passage that the principle of uniformitarianism indicates that
(A) similar conditions produce similar rock formations
 (B) rock layers in a given region remain undisturbed over time
(C) different kinds of sedimentary rocks may
(D) each continent has its own distinctive pattern of sediment layers
45. The word “resemble” in line 14 is closest in
meaning to
(A) result from
(B) penetrate
(C) look like
(D) replace have similar origins
46. According to the passage, the layers in varves are primarily formed by
(A) fossilized bacteria
(B) pieces of ancient dropstones
(C) a combination of ancient and recent sediments
(D) annual cycles of sediment transport and deposition
47. The phrase “the other” in line 17 refers to another
(A) annual cycle
(B) glacial lake
(C) layer of sediment
(D) season
48. According to the passage, the presence of dropstones indicates that
(A) the glacial environment has been unusually server
(B) the fine-grained sediment has built up very slowly
(C) there has been a global ice age
(D) coarse rock material has been carried great distances
49. Why does the author mention Canada, North America, Africa, India, and Europe in lines
23-24?
(A) To demonstrate the global spread of dropstones
(B) To explain the principles of varve formation
(C) To provide evidence for the theory that there was a global ice age in the early Proterozoic eon
(D) To illustrate the varied climatic changes of the Proterozoic con in different parts of the globe
50. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage?
(A) fossil record (line 3)
(B) laminae (line 13)
(C) varves (line14)
(D) glacial episodes (line 29)