HOUSING: MODULE III

•National Housing Policy

• Need
• Objectives
• Role in present day context
•Aided Self Help Housing
• Housing the poor through
• NGOs
•Beneficiary participation

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National Housing Policy
Scenario in India, issues that the Nation needed to address
- Social condition
- Economic condition
- Population
- Developing country
- Role of government as a provider
- Role of private sector
Needed long term vision to fulfill the demand.

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National Housing Policy: Evolution
Until 7th FYP, the housing activities in India were guided and monitored through the
policies prescribed in the successive Five Year Plans. There was no clear pronouncement
of an integrated policy covering all the issues relating to housing.

7th FYP :Milestone year: 1985

- National Commission on Urbanisation raised an alarm on the rapid
urbanisation rate in India.
- demanded reorganising govt policies and programs to meet the challenges
of urbanisation.
1987 International Year of Shelter for Homeless( IYSH),
 UN’s Global Shelter Strategy
India developed draft National Housing Policy in 1988.
 8th FYP:
- Indira Awaas Yojna, Jawahar Rozgar Yojna
- 73rd and 74th Constitution Amendment Acts
 10th FYP:
- National Housing Policy (NHP) 1994

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National Housing Policy: Evolution
•National Housing Policy (NHP) 1994
•National Housing and Habitat Policy (NHHP) 1998
•National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy (NUHHP) 2007
•Housing for All 2022.

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National Housing Policy: Evolution
1oth FYP

•Public private partnership

• Urban infrastructure projects
•Efforts to take care of established infrastructure.
•Provision of land at affordable price.
• City planning to address requirements of weaker sections
• Housing to go hand in hand with economic activities.
• Examples
1. VAMBAY (Valmiki Ambedkar Aawas Yojna),
2. NSDP ( National Slum Development Program)
3. Night shelters.
4. 2 million houses per year (Two Million Housing Program or TMHP)

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 National Housing Policy(NHP) 1994
 Shelter ranks next to food and clothing as a basic human need.
 Facilitator role to government in Human settlement sector.
 mobilised financial resources outside FYP and Budget.
 Integrated sustainable housing programs for urban poor, slum, landless etc.
Private sector participation encouraged.
 Women participation activated in housing programs.
NGO participation encouraged in housing programs.
 National Housing and Habitat Policy(NHHP) 1998
Housing for all recognised as top priority.

Scenario:
 Urban Housing shortage = 7 lakh
 Rural Housing shortage= 13 lakh
 A total of 20 lakh Housing shortage
 Investment needed = Rs. 8000 crores. ( 1 crore invested generates 750 man years of
employment)
 Multiplier effect of
 need for building materials
 employment generation
 National Housing and Habitat Policy(NHHP) 1998
AIM of NHHP 1998

• create surplus housing stock either on rental or ownership basis.

• provide quality and cost effective housing for vulnerable group and poor.
• Housing considered as top priority at par with infrastructure.
• Planned and balanced urban growth.
• Remove legal, financial and administrative barriers to facilitate access to land, finance
and technology.
• Private and public partnership (PPP) to strengthen construction sector.
• Empower Panchayat Raj institutions and village cooperatives to mobilise credit for
adding housing stock.
 National Housing and Habitat Policy(NHHP) 1998
STAKEHOLDERS
1. Central govt
2. State govt
3. Local govt
4. Public/Private housing finance companies
5. Housing board/Corporations/Development authorities
6. Corporate/Private/ Cooperative sector
7. Research and Technology transfer organisations
National Housing Policy: Criticism
• Housing policy based on FYP and budget. The five-year plans failed to achieve
their targets.

• Lack of planning by government : Though rural housing needed more

attention, govt gave more importance to urban housing as political awareness
is greater among urban people

• Mismanagement of funds: Funds are not utilized as per the program provided
by the Government of India. Eg: Allotted Central govt funds were not utilised by
State govts.

• Lack of coordination between various levels of authority: Top to bottom

approach created disparity between Central- State-ULBs.

• Conflicting political ideologies and interests have harmed the housing

programme in rural areas.

• Resources was a major constraint, housing suffered due to lack of availability of

resources.
 National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy(NUHHP) 2007
•Formulated along with JNNURM, BSUP,
RAY and IHSDP
• NUHHP aims to
•provide Affordable Housing for all.
•promote sustainable development
of settlement in the country.
•Balanced regional development.
• aims to develop Integrated
townships.
• green field development.
•objectives include urban planning, land
availability, special provisions for women,
public private partnerships, management
information systems
 National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy(NUHHP) 2007
• based on 2001 census and National
Sample Survey Organisation(NSSO)
• Urban as a term is defined.
• Urban population growth rate was
estimated.
•Small and medium urban agglomerations
were given attention and guidance for
development.
• mismatch between demand and supply
was highlighted.
• Affordable Housing for All gained
significance.
•Rural to Urban shift in labour was noted.
•Disparity in urban growth between
various States and UTs. Eg: rate of
urbanisation as per 2001 census was
• 35 % in Gujarat, Goa, Maharashtra etc.
• 9.8 % only in Himachal Pradesh.
• 15% only in Orissa.
 National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy(NUHHP) 2007
•Balanced regional development has been
aimed.
• India will achieve 50% urbanisation by
2041.
•New integrated townships and Greenfield
development proposed.
• Magnitude of poverty was studied.
• Role of Housing in India defined:
• Housing sector contributes 4.5% to GDP
• In 2001, housing stock 50.95 million for
55.8 million urban households, indicating
congestion and obsolescence.
• In 2007, during the 11th Plan, , housing
stock was estimated to be 26.53 million
units for 75.01 million households.
 National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy(NUHHP) 2007
Statistics of various schemes
•City Development Plans or CDPs under
JNNURM.
• develop sustainable habitat
•Gross geographic product (GGP)
• UDPFI (later URDPFI)
•Emphasis on retaining green/open
areas
•The Basic Services for the Urban Poor
(BSUP) seeks to provide a garland of 7
entitlements/services in low income
settlements in the 63 Mission Cities.
1. security of tenure
2. affordable housing
3. water
4. sanitation
5. health
6. education
7. social security
 National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy(NUHHP) 2007
AIMS
• Regional planning approach.
• Affordable housing for all.
•Spatial Incentives like
•Relaxation of FAR
• 20- 25% of that reserved for EWS/LIG
•TDR to solve transport bottlenecks in
inner city areas.
•Accessibility to available land facilitated.
• provisions to bring in inclusivity
 National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy(NUHHP) 2007
Role of Govt, ULB and other agencies

Stakeholders and roles

1. Central govt
1. Act as Enabler and Facilitator
2. Devise macro economic housing finance policies
3. Develop national land policy
4. Promote ecological standards
5. Promote R&D
2. State govt create a supportive environment in consultation with ULBs to fulfill all
national policies.
3. Urban Local Bodies
4. Banks and Housing Finance institutions (HFIs)
5. Public agencies or parastatals
6. Cooperative and Private sector
The objectives of the NHP in the draft document.
 To encourage investment in housing and thereby achieve a sustained growth of
the nation’s overall housing stock.

To motivate and help the houseless population to secure for itself affordable
shelter in the shortest possible time span.

To promote repair, renovation and up gradation of the existing housing stock.

To preserve India’s rich and ancient heritage in the field of human settlement,
planning and architecture as well as to conserve the buildings of historic cultural
and aesthetic impotence..

The important methods to achieve the goals in the NHP.

A sound and accessible institutional structure for the provision of housing

finance.
• Promoting research and developing in the affordable building materials and
technology.

• Improving and upgrading construction skills through training and introducing

appropriate and improved technology.

• Giving impetus to co-operative and group housing activities, and

institutionalising participation of non-governmental organization.

• Reviewing relevant laws and regulations with the view to removing constraint
in housing in housing activities.

• Developing a Architecture relevant in the Indian life style.

NATIONAL HOUSING POLICY (1994) has the following features:
• It was approved by the Parliament in August 1994.

• Some of the basic objectives of the policy are as follows:

• To motivate and help all people and in particular the houseless and the
inadequately housed, to secure for themselves affordable shelter through
access to land, materials, technology and finance.

• To improve the environment of human settlements with a view to raise the

quality of life through the provision of drinking water, sanitation and other basic
services.

• The policy envisages priority for promoting access to shelter for the houseless
and disadvantaged groups such as Scheduled Castes. Scheduled Tribes , rural
landless laborers and economically weaker sections.
The policy put forth the following as the action plans.
• Provision of house sites to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, free bonded
laborers and landless labour, including artisans

• Provision of financial assistance for house construction to them on suitable

loan-cum-subsidy bases. The National Housing Policy was formulated in 1992
and was approved by the Parliament in August 1994.

• The National Housing Policy recognized that rural housing is qualitatively

different from urban housing.
• Providing the necessary back up to support the construction of new and
additional units and up gradation of the existing ones

• Ensuring availability of land and conferring homestead rights;

• Minimizing displacement of rural households by developmental projects

• Undertaking adequate rehabilitation measures for those affected by natural

calamities;

• Promoting the use of locally available materials and construction practices;

• Providing basic infrastructure services including water, sanitation and roads.

• Offering protective discrimination to the weaker sections of society.
 AIDED SELF HELP HOUSING

• Paradigm shift in policies:

• Provider (1945-1960)
• Aided self help and mutual help (1960- 1980)
• Enabler (1980 onwards)
In Kerala
• Subsidised Aided Self Help housing (SASH)
• Established in 1983.
• Aided as voluntary agencies and government helped beneficiaries in mobilising
finance, arranging technical assistance, material procurance etc.
• 1/3 of the cost was subsidised by government.
 AIDED SELF HELP HOUSING
• A housing scheme aided by voluntary
Agencies.
• State acts only as facilitator.
• Self help by: the families and individuals GOVT
who is the beneficiary.
• Advantages:
– Promotes housing supply.
– A democratic way of housing supply.
– brings down the costs of construction
through beneficiary participation.
– utilise the interest and ability of the
people.
COMMUNITY
– Better ownership feel as the beneficiary SELF HELP
participate in design as well as
AID
construction of the house.
 AIDED SELF HELP HOUSING
Examples:-

1. EMS Total Housing Scheme

2. Tribal Housing Scheme
3. New Suraksha Housing Scheme
4. Schemes of SC & ST departments
5. Fishermen Housing Scheme
6. Bhavanasree
7. Asraya
8. MN Lakshamveedu Punar Nirmana Padhathi.
 AIDED SELF HELP HOUSING
CASE STUDY:-
Slum Clearance scheme implemented by Trivandrum Social Service Society in the year
1960.

 low budget housing

 Aided Self Help basis through voluntary labour with scientific community planning and
house design.
 with the active participation of the beneficiaries and Voluntary Agencies.
 AIDED SELF HELP HOUSING
CASE STUDY:-
Slum Clearance scheme implemented by Trivandrum Social Service Society in the year
1960.

• Existing condition:
– A slum area with 121 huts
– population of nearly 1000
– Private ownership of land
– Area of 0.8 Ha
– Housing condition:
• Housing congestion with nearly 50 huts in the central area.
• About 75% of the huts in dilapidated stage
• Water supply from a well
• Sanitation: 3 public latrines
• The site used to flood during every monsoon
• Occupatoin: 53% of families were fisherman and others were casual laborers.
 AIDED SELF HELP HOUSING
CASE STUDY:-
Slum Clearance scheme implemented by Trivandrum Social Service Society in the year
1960.

Project outline:
– The construction began in October 1960.
– First phase: Housing for 39 families in the most congested part of the slum.
– First 3 houses were completed in March 1961, 4 more houses were completed in
September.
– The construction cost was Rs. 4 /sq. ft.

• Various activities such as athletic training for children

• Evening school for Adults were also introduced.
• A full time lady social worker was engaged to organise a nursery school.
• A small dispensary also started.
• The distribution of milk to the children and film shows dealing with health and sanitation
were regularly narrated.
• The strategies were successful.
 AIDED SELF HELP HOUSING
CASE STUDY:-
Slum Clearance scheme implemented by Trivandrum Social Service Society in the year
1960.

Beneficiary participation strategies implemented by Trivandrum Social Service Society (TSSS)

• Conducted meetings and discussions to explain the details of the scheme to the
residents.
• Classes for women and children were also arranged in house keeping, home economics
and environmental sanitation etc.
• A brick bank was started where the voluntaries, mainly students, made bricks and
contributed the bricks to the families through the brick bank.
 AIDED SELF HELP HOUSING
CASE STUDY:-
Slum Clearance scheme implemented by Trivandrum Social Service Society in the year 1960.

– Beneficiary participation through contribution of labour

• for making the bricks for the new construction. The bricks used were stabilised soil bricks
with 4%cement and compressed with hand operated machine.
• By participation in the actual building of the houses such as excavation, leveling,
conveyance of mud bricks.
– Housing Finance:
• established a few cottage industries to raise the income of the residents.
• Beneficiary participated in construction.
• Remaining part of the cost of the housing finance in easy installments over a period of 20
years after which the ownership of the houses would pass on to them.