Design and Implementation of Wireless Sensor Network to Establish Communication Between

Sensors and Actuators in Vehicle 2020-2021

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JnanaSangama, Belgaum-590008, Karnataka, India.

A Project Report on
“Design and Implementation of Wireless Sensor Network to Establish Communication
Between Sensors and Actuators in Vehicle”

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the award of the

Degree of Bachelor of Engineering
in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
by
1. Santosh Hampannavar 2. Rahul Patil
3. P. Vinayak 4. Shivani Dalavi

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Prof. Vijay Rayar

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMNUNICATION ENGINEERING

K. L. E. Dr. M. S. SHESHGIRI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

BELGAVI– 590008
(2020-21)

K. L. E. Dr. M. S. SHESHGIRI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

BELGAVI– 590008

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the Projectwork entitled “Design and Implementation of Wireless Sensor
Network to Establish Communication Between Sensors and Actuators in Vehicle”, is
carried out by Santosh Hampannavar(2KL17EC081), Rahul Patil(2KL17EC066), P. Vinayak
(2KL17EC053), Shivani Dalavi (2KL17EC086) are bonafied students of Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering, K. L. E. Dr. M. S. Sheshgiri College of
Engineering and Technology, Belagavi, in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of
Engineering in Electronics and Communication of the Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belagavi, during the year 2020-21. It is certified that all correction/suggestions
indicated for internal assessment have been incorporated in the report and has been approved as
it satisfies the academic requirements in respect to project work prescribed for the said degree.

Guide HOD Principal

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Name of the examiners Signature with date

1.__________________ __________________

2.__________________ ___________________

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the entire work embodied in this report entitled “Design and
Implementation of Wireless Sensor Network to Establish Communication Between
Sensors and Actuators in Vehicle” has been carried out by us at department of Electronics
and Communication Engineering, K. L. E. Dr. M. S. Sheshgiri College of Engineering and
Technology Belagavi, under the supervision of Prof. Vijay Rayar. The report has been
submitted in part or full for the award of any degree of this or any other university.

NAME USN SIGN

Mr. Santosh Hampannavar 2KL17EC081
Mr. Rahul Patil 2KL17EC066
Ms. P. Vinayak 2KL17EC053
Ms. Shivani Dalavi 2KL17EC086

To the best of our knowledge the above statements made by the students Santosh
Hampannavar(2KL17EC081), Rahul Patil (2KL17EC066), P. Vinayak (2KL17EC053),
Shivani Dalavi (2KL17EC086) can be accepted for partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING.

Guide HOD

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Prof. Vijay Rayar Dr. Rajashri Khanai

Acknowledgement

The project opportunity we had was a great chance for learning and professional development.
We are grateful for having a chance to meet so many wonderful people and professional who
led us through this project phase.

We express our deepest thanks to our internal guide Prof. Vijay Rayar Assistant professor,
Department of ECE for their careful and precious guidance which were extremely valuable for
our study both theoretically and practically.

We express our gratitude to thank Dr. Rajashri Khanai, Head of the ECE department for her
cordial support, valuable information and guidance, which helped us in completing this project
in various stages.

We would love to express our gratitude and thanks towards our beloved principal Dr. Basavaraj
Katageri. It is an honor to thank him for providing direction in all our endeavors.

We are grateful to our management for cooperative and inspiration and also special thanks to
teaching and non-teaching staffs for their kind support.

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K. L. E. Dr. M. S. SHESHGIRI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

==============================================================================
Vision and Mission of the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering are:

VISION

To be the center of excellence for education and research in Electronics and

Communication Engineering.

MISSION

1. To achieve academic excellence by encouraging active student-teacher relation.

2. To groom students with high moral and ethical standards.
3. To promote socially-relevant research and development activities.
4. To collaborate with institutions and industries for knowledge sharing, employability and
entrepreneurship.
5. To encourage life-long learning in developing innovative products and services.

PROGRAM EDUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES(PEOs)

The educational objectives of the undergraduate program in Electronics and Communication
Engineering are:
1. To impact the knowledge and skills to meet the needs of current and emerging
technologies in Electronics and Communication Engineering.
2. To enable active pursuance of life-long study in Electronics and Communication
Engineering in order to develop innovative technologies for quality products and
services.
3. To cultivate the ethical and socially relevant research and development activities.

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4. To impact effective communication skills for success in interdisciplinary and

multicultural teams.

K. L. E. Dr. M. S. SHESHGIRI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

==================================================================================
Program Outcomes: (POs)

1. Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an

engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
2. Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems
reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering
sciences.
3. Design/development of Solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system
components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and
safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct Investigations of Complex Problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods
including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide
valid conclusions.
5. Modern Tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering
and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the
limitations.
6. The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal,
health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional
engineering practice.
7. Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in
societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the
engineering practice.
9. Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse
teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10.Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design
documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and
management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage
projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

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12. Life-long Learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent
and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

Program Specific Outcomes:(PSOs)

1. Demonstrate theoretical and practical knowledge of Electronic and Communication Engineering.
2. Exhibit the technical and soft skills leading to employability.
3.Able to apply techniques for design and development of signal processing,VLSI and communication system

K. L. E. Dr. M. S. SHESHGIRI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

==================================================================================
Project Group No: 27

Student’s Name USN Signature Guide’s

Signature
Santosh Hamapannavar 2KL17EC081
Rahul Patil 2KL17EC066
P. Vinayak 2KL17EC053
Shivani Dalavi 2KL17EC086

Mapping of Program Outcomes(POs):

Project PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO
Title 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

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ECU
Commu
nication
Project

Mapping of Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs):

Project Title PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
ECU Communication Project

TABLE OF CONTENTS
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TITLE

LIST OF FIGURE

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Objective of the project
1.3 Literature review
CHAPTER-2 MATERIALS AND METHOD
2.1 Features of the NRF24L01
2.2 The Controller
2.3 The Sensor
2.4 Block diagram of WSN
CHAPTER-3 RESULT
3.1 The Working Protype

CHAPTER-4 CONCLUSION

4.1 Conclusion

CHAPTER-5 FUTURE SCOPE AND REFERENCES

5.1 Future Scope

5.2 Reference

LIST OF FIGURES
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2.2.1 NRF24L01 Module

2.3.1 Front view of Arduino Uno

2.4.1 IR Sensor

2.5.2 Block diagram of WSN

3.1.1 The Working PROTOTYPE

3.1.2 Result

ABSTRACT

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Nowadays, there are more than 150 sensors inside a car which are connected via wires to the Electronic
Control Units (ECUs). The increase in the number of sensors put into a car adds significant weight to the car
and makes the wiring system more complex. Intra-car Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is therefore a promising
solution for a automobile industry in the near future as it eliminates the amount of wiring harness and simplifies
the wiring structure. The reduction in the weight of a car leads in a more efficient engine performance, better
fuel economy, and reliability.

In this paper, we propose a new WSN node using nRF24L01. This operates in license free 2.4 GHz ISM
band. This methods and ultra-low power hardware reduces the WSN power consumption.

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CHAPTER -1 INTRODUCTION

1.1. INTRODUCTION
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Wireless sensor network (WSN) has been developing rapidly during the latest decade. Computer
science, automation technologies, radio frequency (RF) technology, electronics and other related techniques
have contributed extensively to the development of WSN technology Wireless sensor networks are wireless
networks composed of sensors, which monitor surrounding condition as one system. These sensors are
implemented by using microcontroller, transceiver, etc. Sensor nodes are installed in the surrounding
environment to monitor specific environmental parameters and pass the collected data to the base station. Thus,
WSN enables access to harsh places or environments where are impossible to set up the cables. Consequently, it
is quite suitable to apply a wireless sensor system to obtain reliable data from the wireless network for the
purpose of monitoring and control.

Sensor nodes abilities limit depend on factors like power, processing power, storage and
communication capability. Information collected by nodes are sent to the base station by unsecure means. The
introduction of wireless sensors in vehicles is expected to bring numerous benefits including simplification of
wiring harnesses, reduced maintenance costs, reduction of component variants and related quality and cost
improvements. The impact of such a network of in-vehicle wireless sensors on the vehicle electrical system
needs to be carefully analysed and accounted for in order to ensure sustainable operation of vehicle wireless
sensors.

1.2. OBJECTIVES:

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 To understand the operation of wireless sensor network and identify appropriate wireless sensor
node.

 To implement hardware module to establish wireless communication between sensors/actuators and

ECUs (Electronic Control Unit).

 Evaluate the performance of the system with the prototype.

 To achieve efficient wireless communication between sensors and actuators

 To reduce weight alongside cost.

1.3. LITERATURE REVIEW:

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 “Comparative Performance Analysis between nRF24L01+ and XBEE ZB Module Based Wireless Ad-
hoc Networks”: An alternative to the XBee radio modules is nRF24L01+ radio modules which are cheap
and powerful. In this paper, performances of nRF24L01+ modules have been analyzed and compared
with that of XBee ZB modules in wireless ad-hoc networks.

 “Monitoring and Controlling Temperature Sensors by Wireless Network Using NRF24L01-Abdalghani

Omar Abdalla1, Abdulgader Z. Abdalla1, Mohamed Naji Muftah2 and Mohamed S. Alsahulli3”:
Overall system architecture of the WSN system comprises of the base station, sensor nodes, PC/Laptop,
and the links, this project proposes The data that is measured by these sensor nodes is sent to a base
station using RF module. nRF24L01 (radio frequency) communication node to node temperature
transmission system with Arduino Uno platform that has ATmega328 microcontroller as the core of the
system

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CHAPTER – 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. FEATURES OF NRF24L01

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fig 2.1.1 NRF24L01 Module

nRF24L01 is a single chip radio transceiver for the world-wide 2.4 - 2.5 GHz ISM band. The transceiver
consists of a fully integrated frequency synthesizer, a power amplifier, a crystal oscillator, a demodulator,
modulator and Enhanced ShockBurst™ protocol engine. Output power, frequency channels, and protocol setup
are easily programmable through a SPI interface. Current consumption is very low, only 9.0mA at an output
power of -6dBm and 12.3mA in RX mode. Built-in Power Down and Standby modes makes power saving
easily realizable.
Radio Frequency
The nRF24L01+ transceiver module is designed to operate in 2.4 GHz worldwide ISM frequency band
and uses GFSK modulation for data transmission. The data transfer rate can be one of 250kbps, 1Mbps and
2Mbps.
Power consumption
The operating voltage of the module is from 1.9 to 3.6V, but the good news is that the logic pins are 5-
volt tolerant, so we can easily connect it to an Arduino or any 5V logic microcontroller without using any logic
level converter.
The module supports programmable output power viz. 0 dBm, -6 dBm, -12 dBm or -18 dBm and
consumes unbelievably around 12 mA during transmission at 0 dBm, which is even lower than a single LED.
And best of all, it consumes 26 µA in standby mode and 900 nA at power down mode. That’s why they’re the
go-to wireless device for low-power applications.

SPI Interface

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The nRF24L01+ transceiver module communicates over a 4-pin Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) with a
maximum data rate of 10Mbps. All the parameters such as frequency channel (125 selectable channels), output
power (0 dBm, -6 dBm, -12 dBm or -18 dBm), and data rate (250kbps, 1Mbps, or 2Mbps) can be configured
through SPI interface.
The SPI bus uses a concept of a Master and Slave, in most common applications our Arduino is the
Master and the nRF24L01+ transceiver module is the Slave. Unlike the I2C bus the number of slaves on the SPI
bus is limited, on the Arduino Uno you can use a maximum of two SPI slaves i.e. two nRF24L01+ transceiver
modules.

Here are complete specifications:

Frequency Range 2.4 GHz
ISM Band
Maximum Air Data Rate 2 Mb/s
Modulation Format GFSK
Max. Output Power 0 dBm
Operating Supply Voltage 1.9V to
3.6V
Max. Operating Current 13.5mA
Min. Current(Standby 26mA
Mode)
Logic Inputs 5V
Tolerant
Communication Range 800+ m

nRF24L01 working
The nRF24L01+ transceiver module transmits and receives data on a certain frequency called Channel.
Also in order for two or more transceiver modules to communicate with each other, they need to be on the same
channel. This channel could be any frequency in the 2.4 GHz ISM band or to be more precise, it could be
between 2.400 to 2.525 GHz (2400 to 2525 MHz).

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Each channel occupies a bandwidth of less than 1MHz. This gives us 125 possible channels with 1MHz
spacing. So, the module can use 125 different channels which give a possibility to have a network of 125
independently working modems in one place.

RF channel frequency of your selected channel is set according to the following formula:

Freq(Selected) = 2400 + CH(Selected)

nRF24L01+ Multi receiver Network

The nRF24L01+ provides a feature called Multi receiver. It’s an abbreviation for Multiple Transmitters
Single Receiver. In which each RF channel is logically divided into 6 parallel data channels called Data Pipes.
In other words, a data pipe is a logical channel in the physical RF Channel. Each data pipe has its own physical
address (Data Pipe Address) and can be configured. This can be illustrated as shown below.

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Enhanced ShockBurst Protocol

The nRF24L01+ transceiver module uses a packet structure known as Enhanced ShockBurst. This
simple packet structure is broken down into 5 different fields, which are illustrated below.

The original ShockBurst structure consisted only of Preamble, Address, Payload and the Cyclic
Redundancy Check (CRC) fields. Enhanced ShockBurst brought about greater functionality for more enhanced
communications using a newly introduced Packet Control Field (PCF).
This new structure is great for a number of reasons. Firstly, it allows for variable length payloads with a
payload length specifier, meaning payloads can vary from 1 to 32 bytes.

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2.2 THE CONTROLLER

Fig2.2.1. Front View of Arduino Uno

The Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller board based on

the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc.[2][3] The board is equipped with
sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion
boards (shields) and other circuits.[1] The board has 14 digital I/O pins (six capable of PWM output), 6
analog I/O pins, and is programmable with the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment), via a
type B USB cable.[4] It can be powered by the USB cable or by an external 9-volt battery, though it accepts
voltages between 7 and 20 volts.

Specification:

 Operating Voltage: 5 Volts

 Input Voltage: 7 to 20 Volts
 Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 can provide PWM output)
 UART: 1
 I2C: 1
 SPI: 1
 Analog Input Pins: 6
 DC Current per I/O Pin: 20 mA
 DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA

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2.3 THE SENSOR

Fig.2.3.1 IR Sensor

IR sensor is an electronic device, that emits the light in order to sense some object of the surroundings. An
IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion. Usually, in the infrared spectrum,
all the objects radiate some form of thermal radiation.

Pin Description

Pin Name Description

VCC Power Supply Input

GND Power Supply Ground

OUT Active High Output

IR Sensor Module Features

 5VDC Operating voltage

 I/O pins are 5V and 3.3V compliant
 Range: Up to 20cm
 Adjustable Sensing range
 20mA supply current

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2.4. BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 2.2.4: Block Diagram of WSN

The figure above shows the block diagram of a WSN. It consists of Transmitter node
and receiver node. The wireless node is based on Nordic’s nRF24L01 chip which is RF
trans-receiver cum microcontroller. Signals received from sensors are given to nRF24L01.
It processes received signal and send physical value of the received signal to the related
ECU via RF communication. Signal processing is done at the node itself. This reduces
processing load from ECU. Therefore ECU can utilize available resources for application
processing. ECU sends signals to actuator via nRF24L01.

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CHAPTER -3 RESULT

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3.1. THE WORKING PROTOTYPE

Figure 3.1.1: The assembled model

Figure 3.1.2: Result

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CHAPTER-4 CONCLUSION

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4.1. CONCLUSION

 It is possible to use wireless network instead of wired in vehicles with much secure and reliable way.

 Wireless sensor network will allow addition of sensor as plug and play devices without installation
of additional wiring network. It needs minimal maintenance.

 The power consumption has been reduced very much.

 It will significantly reduce weight and cost of vehicle.

 It needs minimal maintenance.

 Significant reduction in weight and cost of vehicle.

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CHAPTER -5 FUTURE SCOPE AND REFERENCES

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5.1. FUTURE SCOPE

 The future developments in sensor nodes must produce very powerful and cost-effective devices, so that
they may be used in applications like underwater acoustic sensor systems, sensing based cyber-physical
systems, time-critical applications, cognitive sensing and spectrum management, and security and
privacy management. In this section we will look into all possibilities of further development in WSN
applications.

 As application of low-power wireless protocols is increasing, we can envision a future in which wireless
devices, such as wireless keyboards, power-point presenters, cell phone headsets, and health monitoring
sensors will be ubiquitous. But the pervasiveness of these devices leads to increased interference and
congestion within as well as between networks, because of overlapping physical frequencies.

 The inherent nature of WSNs makes them deployable in a variety of circumstances. They have the
potential to be everywhere, on roads, in our homes and offices, forests, battlefields, disaster struck areas,
and even underwater in oceans. This paper surveys the application areas where WSNs have been
deployed such as military sensing, traffic surveillance, target tracking, environment monitoring, and
healthcare monitoring

 WSNs may be deployed in the near future as underwater acoustic sensor systems, sensing based cyber-
physical systems, time-critical applications, cognitive sensing and spectrum management, and security
and privacy management. These application areas are being researched extensively by various people
across the industry 

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5.2. REFERENCES

[1] Potdar, M. and Wani, S., "Wireless Sensor Network in Vehicles," SAE Technical Paper
2015-01-0241, 2015, doi:10.4271/2015-01-0241.

[2] Mohammad Naji Muftha “ Monitoring and controlling Tempearture Sensors by Wireless
Network using NRF24L01 August 2020.

[3] Dr.Vaishali D.Khainar “ V2V communication survey wireless technology” March 2014 .

[4] Brian Gallaghar “Wireless communication for vehicle safety :radio link performance and wirelss
connectivity methods” January 2007.

[5] Marc bechler ,Jochen schileer “ IN Car Communication Using Wireless Technology “.

[6] Joseph Azeta ,Christaina A, Bolu “ Design of a wireless communication drip irrigation system
using nrf24l01 technology” volume 13,Number 6 (2020).

[7] Fredic Ngedic Ngajieh , Chioma Ezike weiber “ Aurdino dynamic wirelss sensor network
system “.

[8] . Tsai H.-M., Viriyasitavat W., Tonguz O. K., Saraydar C., Talty T., and Macdonald A., “Feasibility of In-
car Wireless Sensor Networks: A Statistical Evaluation,”inProc. 4th Annu. IEEE SECON, Jun. 1007, pp. 101-
111.

[9] Datasheet of nRF24LE1 published by Nordic semiconductor, nRF24LE1 product specification, version 1.6,
August 2010.

[10] “Security for Wireless Sensor Networks using Identity-Based Cryptography,” by KupwadePatil Harsh,
Szygenda Stephen A., CRC Press, 18-Oct-2012 pp.149-180.

[11] Zhao Feng and Guibas Leonidas J., “Wireless sensor networks,” ISBN: 978-1-55860-914-3.

[12] H. Wang; S. Zhao; W. Gao; Y. Wang. (2018). Research on Automatic Monitoring System of Missile
Equipment Storage Environment. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. V. 1069, N.

[13] H. Aksu ; L. Babun ; M. Conti ; G. Tolomei ; A. S. Uluagac. (2018). Advertising in the IoT Era: Vision
and Challenges. IEEE Communications Magazine. IEEE Communication Society. DOI:
10.1109/MCOM.2017.1700871 .

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[14] M. G. KrishnaB; R. Nadh; N. Madhu; C. L. Reddy. (2018). IoT-Based Green Environment for Smart
Cities. Microelectronics, Electromagnetics and Telecommunications. SpingerLink. V. 471, pp 263-271.

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