PH Ysicsguide: Electromagnetic Induction

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Electromagnetic Induction
Sk Jahiruddin
gu Assistant Professor
ics
Sister Nibedita Govt. College, Kolkata
Author was the topper of IIT Bombay M.Sc Physics 2009-2011 batch
He ranked 007 in IIT JAM 2009 and 008 (JRF) in CSIR NET June
2011
ys
He has been teaching CSIR NET aspirants since 2012

Ph
Contents
1 Changing Electric and Magnetic Field 3
1
©Sk Jahiruddin, 2020 Electromagnetic Induction
1.1 Motional emf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Faraday’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
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1.3 Inductance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3.1 Self Inductance . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4
gu 1.3.2 Mutual Inductance . . . . . . . . . .
Magnetostatic Energy . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
18
ics
ys
Ph
jahir@physicsguide.in 2 Physicsguide
1 Changing Electric and Magnetic

Field
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1.1 Motional emf
When charge moves there acts the Lorenz force on them
gu F = qE + qv × B
The charges move according the force experienced by them.

(1.1)
ics
The motion of the charges generates a current and thus an
emf on the medium in which the charges are moving. This
is called motional emf.
ys
Lorentz force law is very useful to determine the direc-

tion of the induced current. To calculate the magnitude we
need to know the Faraday’s law of induction.
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1.2 Faraday’s Law

R
When the magnetic flux (Φ = B · dS) somehow changes
in a closed conducting system (be it a closed loop of wire or
something a bend and closed rod) there creates an emf

dΦ
E =− (1.2)
ide
dt
The significance of the negative sign is, the induced emf tries
to oppose the change of the magnetic flux.
The basic principle the Faraday’s law states is: A chang-
gu
ing magnetic field induces an electric field.
I
E = E · dl = −
dΦ
=−
Z
∂B
· da (1.3)
ics
dt ∂t
This is Faraday’s law, in integral form. We can convert it
to differential form by applying Stokes’ theorem:
∂B
∇×E=− (1.4)
ys
∂t
This equation tells us that if you change a magnetic field,
you’ll create an electric field. In turn, this electric field
Ph
can be used to accelerate charges which, in this context, is

usually thought of as creating a current in wire. The process
of creating a current through changing magnetic fields is
called induction.
Faraday’s law tells us that if you change the magnetic

flux through S then a current will flow. There are a number
of ways to change the magnetic field. You could simply

move a bar magnet in the presence of circuit, passing it
through the surface S; or you could replace the bar magnet
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with some other current density, restricted to a second wire
C 0 , and move that; or you could keep the second wire C 0
fixed and vary the current in it, perhaps turning it on and
off. All of these will induce a current in C.
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However, there is then a secondary effect. When a cur-
rent flows in C, it will create its own magnetic field. This
induced magnetic field will always be in the direction that
ics
opposes the change. This is called Lenz’s law. If you like,
”Lenz’s law” is really just the minus sign in Faraday’s law.
Example A metal bar of mass m slides frictionlessly on

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two parallel conducting rails a distance l apart (see figure

below) . A resistor R is connected across the rails, and a
uniform magnetic field B, pointing into the page, fills the
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entire region.
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Figure 1.1: Current created by moving bar in a magnetic
field
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(a) If the bar moves to the right at speed v, what is the
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current in the resistor? In what direction does it flow?
(b) What is the magnetic force on the bar? In what

direction?
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(c) If the bar starts out with speed v0 at time t = 0, and

is left to slide, what is its speed at a later time t ?
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(d) The initial kinetic energy of the bar was, of course,

1 2
2 mv0 .Check that the energy delivered to the resistor is
exactly 12 mv02 .
Solution: (a) E = − dΦ dx
dt = −Bl dt = −Blv; E = IR
⇒ I = Blv
R . The minus sign tells you the direction of flow
of the current. (v × B) is upward, in the bar, so the current

is downward through the resistor.
ide
B 2 l2 v
(b) F = IlB = R , to the left.
2 2

B 2 l2
(c) F = ma = m dv B l
dt = − R v ⇒
dv
dt =− Rm v. Hence
B 2 l2
v = v0 e− mR t
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(d) The energy goes into heat in the resistor. The power
delivered to resistor is I 2 R, so
dW B 2 l2 v 2 B 2 l2 2 −2αt
ics
2
=I R= R= v e
dt R2 R 0
B 2 l2
we have taken α ≡ mR ; So dW
dt = αmv02 e−2αt
The total energy delivered to the resistor is

ys
Z ∞ −2αt ∞

2 −2αt 2e = αmv02 1 = 1 mv02
W = αmv0 e dt = αmv0
0 −2α 0 2α 2
Ph
Example: Faraday’s disk generator: A metal disk

of radius a rotates with angular velocity ω about a vertical
axis, through a uniform field B , pointing up. A circuit is
made by connecting one end of a resistor to the axle and the
other end to a sliding contact, which touches the outer edge
of the disk (See figure). Find the current in the resistor.
ide
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Figure 1.2: Current created by rotating metal disk
ics
Solution: The speed of a point on the disk at a distance
s from the axis is v = ωs, so the force per unit charge is
fmag = v × B = ωsBŝ. The emf is therefore
ys
Z a Z a
ωBa2
E= fmag ds = ωB sds =
0 0 2
So the current is
Ph
E ωBa2
I= =
R 2R
The flux law or Faraday-Letz rule can also be written as in
terms of electric field
I
dΦ
E = E · dl = − (1.5)
dt
Example: A uniform magnetic field B(t), pointing straight

up, fills the shaded circular region, made by conducting ma-
terial, as shown in the figure below. If B is changing with
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time, what is the induced electric field?
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ics
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Figure 1.3: Induced Current by changing magnetic field

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Solution: E points in the circumferential direction, just

like the magnetic field inside a long straight wire carrying a
uniform current density. Draw an Amperian loop of radius
s, and apply Faraday’s law:
I
dΦ d dB
πs2 B(t) = −πs2

E · dl = E(2πs) = − =−
dt dt dt
Hence
s dB
E=− φ̂
2 dt
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If B is increasing, E runs clockwise, as viewed from above.
Example: A line charge λ is glued onto the rim of a

wheel of radius b,. The spokes are made of some noncon-
ducting material. The wheel is then suspended horizontally,
gu
as shown in figure below so that it is free to rotate. In the
central region, which is made by conducting material, out
to radius a, there is a uniform magnetic field B0 , pointing
ics
up. Now someone turns the field off. What happens?
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Figure 1.4: Charged disk rotates because of changing B
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solution: The changing magnetic field will induce an

electric field, curling around the axis of the wheel. This
electric field exerts a force on the charges at the rim, and the
Ph
wheel starts to turn. According to Lenz’s law, it will rotate

in such a direction that its field tends to restore the upward
flux. The motion, then, is counterclockwise, as viewed from
above.
Faraday’s law, applied to the loop at radius b , says
a2 dB
I
dΦ dB
E·dl = E(2πb) = − = −πa2 , or E=− φ̂
ide
dt dt 2b dt
The torque on a segment of length dl is (r × F), or bλE

dl. The total torque on the wheel is therefore
gu 2
N = bλ −
a dB
2b dt
I
dl = −bλπa2
dB
dt
The angular momentum imparted to the wheel is
ics
Z Z 0
2
N dt = −λπa b dB = λπa2 bB0
B0
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It doesn’t matter how quickly or slowly you turn off the

field; the resulting angular velocity of the wheel is the same.
Ph
Now the question is - where is the angular momentum

coming from? wait for the next section.
1.3 Inductance
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1.3.1 Self Inductance
Suppose that a constant current I flows along some curve

C. This gives rise to a magnetic field and hence a flux Φ =
R
S B · dS through the surface S bounded by C. Now increase
gu
the current I. This will increase the flux Φ . But we’ve just
learned that the increase in flux will, in turn, induce an emf
around the curve C. The minus sign of Lenz’s law ensures
ics
that this acts to resist the change of current. The work
needed to build up a current is what’s needed to overcome
this emf.
ys
If a current I flowing around a curve C gives rise to a

R
flux Φ = S B · dS then the inductance L of the circuit is
defined to be
Φ
Ph
L= (1.6)
I
The inductance is a property only of our choice of curve C.
Example: Self inductance of a Solenoid: A solenoid

consists of a cylinder of length l and cross-sectional area A.
√
We take l A so that any end-effects can be neglected.
A wire wrapped around the cylinder carries current I and
winds N times per unit length. The magnetic field through

the centre of the solenoid to be
ide
B = µ0 IN (1.7)
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ics
Figure 1.5:
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This means that a flux through a single turn is Φ0 =

µ0 IN A. The solenoid consists of N l turns of wire, so the
total flux is
Ph
Φ = µ0 IN 2 Al = µ0 IN 2 V
with V = Al the volume inside the solenoid. The inductance
of the solenoid is therefore
L = µ0 N 2 V
1.3.2 Mutual Inductance
ide
Say there are two loops placed in reasonably closed distance
and current I1 passes through loop 1. The current will create
magnetic field. That magnetic field will create magnetic flux
around the second loop (loop 2). It can be proved that the
flux flown in the second loop due to current in 1st loop is
gu
proportional to I1 .
ics
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Figure 1.6: Mutual inductance
Φ2 = M21 I1 (1.8)
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where M21 is the constant of proportionality; it is known as
the mutual inductance of the two loops.
M21 is a purely geometrical quantity, having to do with

the sizes, shapes, and relative positions of the two loops.
gu
If we reverse the situation: current I2 passes through
loop 2. The current will create magnetic field. That mag-
netic field will create magnetic flux around loop 1. It can
ics
be proved that the flux flown in the loop 1 due to current in
loop 2 is proportional to I2 with the same proportionality
constant. i.e
Φ1 = M12 I2 (1.9)
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and
M21 = M12 (1.10)
Ph
Whatever the shapes and positions of the loops, the flux

through loop 2 when we run a current I around loop 1 is
identical to the flux through loop 1 when we send the same
current I around loop 2. We drop the subscripts and call
them both M.
Example: A short solenoid (length l and radius a,

with n1 turns per unit length) lies on the axis of a very long
solenoid (radius b, n2 turns per unit length ) as shown in
ide
Figure below. Current I flows in the short solenoid. What
is the flux through the long solenoid? What is the mutual
inductance of the system?
gu
Solution: Since the inner solenoid is short, it has a
very complicated field; moreover, it puts a different flux
through each turn of the outer solenoid. It would be a very
tough task to compute the total flux this way. However, if
ics
we use the equality of the mutual inductances, the problem
becomes very easy.
Just look at the reverse situation: run the current /

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through the outer solenoid, and calculate the flux through

the inner one. The field inside the long solenoid is constant:
B = µ0 n2 I
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so the flux through a single loop of the short solenoid is

Bπa2 = µ0 n2 Iπa2
There are n1 l turns in all, so the total flux through the inner
solenoid is
Φ = µ0 πa2 n1 n2 lI
This is also the flux a current I in the short solenoid would

put through the long one, which is what we set out to find.
Incidentally, the mutual inductance, in this case is
ide
M = µ0 πa2 n1 n2 l
1.4
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Magnetostatic Energy
The definition of inductance is useful to derive the energy

stored in the magnetic field. Let’s take our circuit C with
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current I. We’ll try to increase the current. The induced
emf is
dΦ dI
E =− = −L
dt dt
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As we mentioned above, the induced emf can be thought of

as the work done in moving a unit charge around the circuit.
But we have current I flowing which means that, in time
Ph
δt, a charge Iδt moves around the circuit and the amount
of work done is
dI
δW = EIδt = −LI δt
dt
dW dI L dI 2
= −LI =−
dt dt 2 dt
The work needed to build up the current is just the oppo-

site of this. Integrating over time, we learn that the total
work necessary to build up a current I along a curve with
ide
inductance L is
1 1
W = LI 2 = IΦ
2 2
Following our discussion for electric energy, we identify this
with the energy U stored in the system. We can write it as
gu 1
Z
2 IS
1
= I A · dr =
1
Z
U = I B · dS = I ∇ × A · dS
2Z S
1
d3 xJ · A
ics
2 C 2
where, in the last step, we’ve used the fact that the current
density J is localised on the curve C to turn the integral into
one over all of space. At this point we turn to the Maxwell
ys
equation ∇ × B = µ0 J to write the energy as

Z
1
U= d3 x(∇ × B) · A
2µ0 Z
Ph
1
= d3 x[∇ · (B × A) + B · (∇ × A)]
2µ0
We assume that B and A fall off fast enough at infinity
so that the first term vanishes. We’re left with the simple
expression Z
1
U= d3 xB · B
2µ0
Combining this with electrostatic energy, we have the energy

stored in the electric and magnetic fields,
ide
Z
0 1
U = d3 x E·E+ B·B
2 2µ0
gu
ics
ys
Ph

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ide

He has been teaching CSIR NET aspirants since 2012

1 Changing Electric and Magnetic Field 3

1.1 Motional emf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.2 Faraday’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.3.1 Self Inductance . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1 Changing Electric and Magnetic

When charge moves there acts the Lorenz force on them

The charges move according the force experienced by them.

Lorentz force law is very useful to determine the direc-

1.2 Faraday’s Law

something a bend and closed rod) there creates an emf

The basic principle the Faraday’s law states is: A chang-

can be used to accelerate charges which, in this context, is

Faraday’s law tells us that if you change the magnetic

of ways to change the magnetic field. You could simply

Example A metal bar of mass m slides frictionlessly on

two parallel conducting rails a distance l apart (see figure

(b) What is the magnetic force on the bar? In what

(c) If the bar starts out with speed v0 at time t = 0, and

(d) The initial kinetic energy of the bar was, of course,

of the current. (v × B) is upward, in the bar, so the current

The total energy delivered to the resistor is

Example: Faraday’s disk generator: A metal disk

Example: A uniform magnetic field B(t), pointing straight

Figure 1.3: Induced Current by changing magnetic field

Solution: E points in the circumferential direction, just

Example: A line charge λ is glued onto the rim of a

solution: The changing magnetic field will induce an

wheel starts to turn. According to Lenz’s law, it will rotate

Faraday’s law, applied to the loop at radius b , says

The torque on a segment of length dl is (r × F), or bλE

It doesn’t matter how quickly or slowly you turn off the

Now the question is - where is the angular momentum

Suppose that a constant current I flows along some curve

If a current I flowing around a curve C gives rise to a

Example: Self inductance of a Solenoid: A solenoid

winds N times per unit length. The magnetic field through

This means that a flux through a single turn is Φ0 =

1.3.2 Mutual Inductance

Figure 1.6: Mutual inductance

M21 is a purely geometrical quantity, having to do with

Whatever the shapes and positions of the loops, the flux

Example: A short solenoid (length l and radius a,

Just look at the reverse situation: run the current /

through the outer solenoid, and calculate the flux through

so the flux through a single loop of the short solenoid is

This is also the flux a current I in the short solenoid would

The definition of inductance is useful to derive the energy

As we mentioned above, the induced emf can be thought of

The work needed to build up the current is just the oppo-

equation ∇ × B = µ0 J to write the energy as

Combining this with electrostatic energy, we have the energy

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