Internship Barc Report

For further details contact:
R. K. Sinha
Director, Reactor Design & Development Group,
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre,Trombay, Mumbai - 400 085, India.
E mail: rksinha@barc.gov.in
Published by :
Dr. Vijai Kumar
Associate Director, Knowledge Management Group and
Head, Scientific Information Resource Division,
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai - 400 085, India.
E mail: vijai@barc.gov.in
FOREWORD
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) is celebrating its golden jubilee year during 2006-07. On the 20th January, 1956, Pandit Jawaharlal
Nehru formally inaugurated the Atomic Energy Establishment Trombay (AEET), which is renamed as Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)
on January 22, 1967. As a premier R&D centre of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), BARC has a mandate to provide R&D support to
the nuclear power programme, to pursue all activities related to nuclear fuel cycle, to operate research reactors for supporting neutron beam
research and supplying radioisotopes for various applications, to conduct frontline basic research in physical, chemical, biological and engineering
sciences all of which lead towards improving quality of life of our people. The achievements BARC has made over the last 50 years are well
known not only to the scientific community in the country but also to our people at large. Scientific achievements made by this premier
research centre are well documented in various publications of DAE including the series “BARC Highlights”. During this golden jubilee year, we
have made an effort to bring out some of recent research and development accomplishments in the form of 8 volumes, highlighting the
following areas:
1. Nuclear Fuel Cycle

2. Physical Sciences
3. Chemical Science and Engineering
4. Materials Science and Engineering
5. Life Sciences
6. Reactor Technology and Engineering
7. Electronics, Instrumentation and Computers
8. Environmental Science and Engineering
These volumes will showcase the latest work in the aforementioned areas and will demonstrate how each of these is directed towards achieving
the overall goal of using nuclear energy for the benefit of our people.
Nuclear energy programme in India has now reached a level of maturity. Today, India is self-sufficient in building nuclear power stations of 540
MWe capacities and has gained sufficient mastery over the entire fuel cycle. We are at the threshold of entering the second stage of nuclear
power programme, in which a rapid growth in installed capacity is expected through the fast reactor programme. In the area of basic research
in science and engineering, BARC has been maintaining a leading position both in national and international scenario. One of the strongest
points of basic research in BARC lies in its capability in building in-house sophisticated research facilities. The core competence of the scientists
and engineers in our centre covers a very wide range as is reflected in the 8 companion volumes released on the occasion of the golden jubilee
year.
Over the years a large infrastructure has been created in BARC for research and development work related to PHWRs. As a number of units
are growing older, they need ageing management and performance enhancing back-fits. Extensive work is in progress in this area specially in
the area of life management of coolant channels. It is worth mentioning here that BARC took up the challenge imposed by the technology
denial regime, resulting in indigenous development of critical components and achievement of self-reliance in almost every aspect of PHWR
technology.
For sustainable development of nuclear energy, besides fuel resources a number of important issues are required to be addressed. They should
be economically competitive as compared to other sources of energy. The issue of heightened public concern about nuclear safety, waste
management and many other issues need to be addressed. To address these issues a number of advanced reactor designs as well as fuel cycle
technologies are being pursued worldwide. BARC has designed the Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) which is under pre-licensing safety
review by the Atomic Energy Regulatory Body. The main objective behind the development of this reactor is to develop and demonstrate
technologies related to thorium-based systems well in advance and to develop a number of passive technologies. BARC has also developed a
desalination technology, which effectively integrates with the AHWR technology.
Considering our very small petroleum reserves, and increasing worldwide oil prices, it is prudent that India find an alternative to oil for its
transport applications. The process heat from high temperature reactors provides this alternative in the form of high efficiency thermochemical
hydrogen generation processes. In addition to this, the temperature reactor concept can also be applied for the development of power pack
for electricity generation in remote areas. To cater to these requirements a Compact High Temperature Reactor (CHTR) is under design at BARC.
For breeding fissile uranium-233 from thorium, development of Accelerator Driven Sub-Critical System s(ADS) is the latest addition to the
Indian nuclear programme. This system promises shorter doubling time and incineration of long-lived actinides and fission products thus
effectively addressing the sustainability issues of availability of fissile material and of waste management. The current interest in ADS at BARC
has led to research in wide ranging areas, which include, spallation target studies, thermal and structural analysis of the radio-frequency
quadrupoles in the proton linear accelerators, among others.
BARC is operating three research reactors namely, Apsara, Cirus and Dhruva at Trombay. After satisfactory operation for nearly four decades,
Cirus was refurbished and put back in service in October 2002. The activities at these research reactors have further enhanced the immense
knowledge base in the field of design, development, operation and refurbishment of nuclear reactors. These reactors have provided an ideal
platform to the engineers and physicists to perform a number of experiments and simulation studies.
BARC has made significant contributions towards the fast reactor programme. Based on the valuable experience gained with liquid metal fast
breeder reactor technology, the construction of a 500 MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) was started in October, 2004. Major
contributions made by BARC include activities related to radiation shielding and design of inclined fuel transfer machines.
India is on a rapid economic growth path. A recent study has revealed that we will need to augment our electricity generation ten fold in the
next four to five decades. To meet this target of high installed capacity in a short time, two 1000 MWe VVERs which are pressurised water
reactors imported from Russian Federation are now under construction at Kudankulam. Our programme on reactor technology has been
broadened to encompass light water reactors. Indigenous capabilities of in-core fuel management of these reactors are being developed.
BARC is pursuing activities for enhancing the safety of nuclear power plants. Studies related to seismic analysis, design of energy absorption
devices, development of methodologies for meeting leak before break criteria are some of the important activities in this regard.
The present volume gives an outlines of the programmes in the area of Reactor Technology and Engineering, while highlighting the core
competence of the scientists and engineers working in this area.
Srikumar Banerjee
Director
PREFACE
The Indian nuclear power programme today comprises our existing reactors, reactors under construction and planning, and future designs to
provide long term energy security to the country. The different segments of this programme require associated R&D support to cater to
diverse needs of ageing management, on-going design and design support, R&D for innovative designs, safety analysis and allied disciplines, and
nuclear applications including desalination and non-grid based electricity. The intensity of such R&D activities has been progressively on a path
of growth, commensurate with the growth of our nuclear power programme. BARC has the mandate to carry out multifaceted research and
engineering activities needed to support such wide range of tasks, in particular, focusing on thermal reactors and new nuclear energy systems.
This volume brings out the spectrum of some recent activities pertaining to diverse reactor technologies, research reactors, safety studies,
material research, seismic and structural studies, integrity monitoring systems, in-service inspection, non-destructive testing, life management
and extension of reactor components, component manufacturing and testing and desalination. The range of reactor technologies covered in
this volume includes the indigenous Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors, Fast Breeders, the forthcoming Advanced Heavy Water Reactor,
Compact High Temperature Reactor, and Accelerator Driven System. Work related to Boiling Water Reactors at Tarapur and 1000 MWe VVER
Reactors at Kudankulam has also been included in the compilation.
The entire gamut of activities under Reactor Technology and Engineering encompasses a large number of scientific and engineering disciplines.
Consequently, this volume attracted an overwhelming response from more than 300 scientist & engineers working in the field. The articles
covering the activities in this vast technological arena, performed in BARC in the last few years, are compiled in a reader friendly format. For
the benefit of the readers the E mail addreses of the contributors have also been given in the respective articles. This should facilitate the reader
to obtain in-depth information, if desired.
I believe that the readers of this volume would be able to gain a reasonable insight into the wide spectrum of activities pursued at BARC, in the
field of reactor technology and engineering. I thank all the authors for their unfailing enthusiasm and persistent cooperation.
R. K. Sinha
REACTOR TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
CONTENTS :
FOREWORD
PREFACE
1 ADVANCED HEAVY WATER REACTOR 1

1.1 Reactor Physics & Nuclear Data 7
1.2 Advanced Computational Tools for Physics Design 13
1.3 Reactor Shielding and Irradiation Experiments 20
1.4 Reactor Safety Analysis 22
1.5 Design and Analysis of AHWR Fuel 26
1.6 Critical Facility for AHWR 30
1.7 Reactor System Design (Core & Process Systems) 38
1.8 Reactor Fuel Handling Systems 51
1.9 Analytical Studies and Experimental Validation 52
1 . 1 0 Evaluation of Design by INPRO Methodology 85
2 R & D FOR PHWR 86
2.1 Fuel Management Studies to Optimize Fuel Utilization

in Indian PHWRs 87
2.2 Reactor Physics Design and Safety Assessment of PHWRs 88
2.3 On-Line Flux Mapping System (OFMS) Development
for TAPS-3&4 89
2.4 Fuel Analysis 90
2.5 Testing of Fuelling Machine of 540 MWe PHWR 91
2.6 Testing of RAM assembly of 540 MWe PHWR 92
2.7 Design and Development of Adjustor Rod,
Control Rod and Shut-off Rod Drive Mechanism
for TAPS Units 3 & 4 92
2.8 FISBE-Experimental Studies and Augmentation
of Facility for Accident Scenarios and Operational Transients 93
2.9 Severe Accident Study Program 95
R E A C T O R T E C H N O L O G Y A N D E N G I N E E R I N G
3 COMPACT HIGH TEMPERATURE REACTOR (CHTR) 97
3.1 Physics design of CHTR 103

3.2 Modelling of Performance of TRISO Particles 104
3.3 Passive Power Regulation System (PPRS) 105
3.4 Thermal analysis of CHTR core under normal operating and
postulated accident conditions 107
3.5 Preliminary design of Gas-Gap Filling System 108
3.6 Approach for Graphite Component Design 110
3.7 Modeling, Design, Fabrication and Testing of
High Temperature Heat Pipes 111
3.8 Thermal Hydraulic Studies on the CHTR 113
4 PROTOTYPE FAST BREEDER REACTOR (PFBR) 114
4.1 Design and development of Inclined Fuel Transfer Machine

(IFTM) for fuel handling system of PFBR-500 MWe 117
4.2 Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor Shielding Experiments
at Apsara 119
5 BOILING WATER REACTOR 122
5.1 Simulated annealing optimization scheme for obtaining

control rod withdrawal sequence in TAPS reactors 125
5.2 TAPS Core Shroud Acoustic Load Evaluation and
Transient Dynamic Response 126
6 KUDANKULAM VVER 128
6.1 VVER-1000 MWe Reactor Analysis 131

6.2 Development of Code System for Thermal Reactor Design
with Visual Aid Software Packages ‘VISWAM’ 132
6.3 HEXPIN Code for Pin by Pin Simulation of
Hexagonal Lattice Cores 135
7 OPERATING RESEARCH REACTORS AT TROMBAY 136
7.1 Apsara 137

7.2 Cirus 138
7.3 Dhruva 141
8 ACCELERATOR DRIVEN SYSTEMS (ADS) 145
8.1 Accelerator Driven Reactor Systems 146

8.2 ADS Spallation Target Studies 148
8.3 Thermal and Structural Analysis of CW-RFQ for ADS 151
9 NEW REACTOR CONCEPTS 154
9.1 Thorium Reactor Design With PuO 2 Seed 155

9.2 Multipurpose Research Reactor 155
10 NUCLEAR SAFETY 158
1 0 . 1 Fluid-Structure Interaction Studies for PHWR Calandria

and In-Core Components 159
1 0 . 2 Damage Evaluation of 540 MWe Indian PHWR Nuclear
Containment for AirCraft Impact 159
1 0 . 3 Computational Fluid Dynamic Fire Modelling for NPP 161
1 0 . 4 Thermal Analysis of Transportation Cask 164
1 0 . 5 Fuel Modelling Under Normal Operation and Accidental
Conditions 166
1 0 . 6 Risk Monitor – An Application of PSA 167
1 0 . 7 LOCA Qualification and Thermal Radiation Ageing
Studies of the Components used in Nuclear Instrumentation 168
11 ENGINEERING - MATERIALS RESEARCH 171
1 1 . 1 Characterisation and development of new cladding alloys 172

1 1 . 2 Studies On PH 13-8 Mo Steel 4 174
1 1 . 3 Refractory metals and alloys for ADSS, AHWR and CHTR 175
1 1 . 4 Development and Micro Structural Studies of
Cu-1wt%Cr-0.1%Wt Zr Alloy for the First Wall of Tokamak 177
1 1 . 5 Zirconium Alloys and Modified 9Cr-1Mo Ferritic Steel 178
1 1 . 6 Low temperature sensitisation and low temperature
embrittlement of austenitic Stainless Steel 179
1 1 . 7 Studies on Stress Corrosion Cracking and Corrosion Fatigue
Behaviour of Stainless Steel 181
1 1 . 8 Fracture Behaviour of Zirconium Pressure Tube Alloys:
Effect of Hydrogen and Impurities 183
1 1 . 9 Ratcheting Behaviour of Primary Heat Transport
Piping Steels 185
1 1 . 1 0 Corrosion Behaviour of Cold Worked Alloy 800
in 673 K Steam 187
1 1 . 1 1 Making Stainless Steel more resistant to irradiation damage 188
1 1 . 1 2 Qualification of Austenitic Stainless Steel for 100 years
design life of AHWR 189
1 1 . 1 3 Material Development and Corrosion Monitoring for
Safety and Reliability of Reprocessing and
Waste Management Facilities 190
12 HEALTH PHYSICS & ENVIRONMENT 192
1 2 . 1 Exclusion Boundary for Fuel Reprocessing Plant 193
13 R&D ON LIFE MANAGEMENT &

EXTENSION OF REACTOR COMPONENTS 197
1 3 . 1 Life Extension of Coolant Channels 198

1 3 . 2 Development of Analytical Tools for Assessing Service
Life of PHWR Coolant Channels 199
1 3 . 3 Development of Sliver Sample Scraping Technique (SSST) 201
1 3 . 4 Boat Sampling Technique 202
1 3 . 5 Hydrogen Charging and Studies of Hydrogen Induced
Degradation Mechanisms in Long (500mm) Zirconium Alloy
Pressure Tube Spool Piece 203
1 3 . 6 Sludge Lancing Equipment (SLE) 207
14 SEISMIC, STRUCTURAL & LBB STUDIES 211
1 4 . 1 Cyclic Fracture Investigation on Straight Pipes

Under Reversible Loading 212
1 4 . 2 Fracture Experiments on Piping Components 214
1 4 . 3 Proposing new equations to evaluate fracture
parameters of piping components 215
1 4 . 4 Demonstration of Leak Before Break Design Criteria
for Pipes of PHT System of PHWR 217
1 4 . 5 Fatigue and Fracture Resistance of Austenitic
Stainless steel Pipe and Pipe Welds 218
1 4 . 6 Fatigue-Ratcheting Investigations on Pressurised Pipes,
Elbows and Piping Loop 220
1 4 . 7 Ratcheting Studies of Piping materials for NPPs. 223
1 4 . 8 Investigations on in-Elastic Behaviour and Effectiveness of
Re-Strengthening Method of Reinforced Concrete
Beam Column Joints 224
1 4 . 9 Energy Absorbing Devices for Seismic Response Reduction 226
1 4 . 1 0 Structural Integrity Assessment of Bimetallic Welded Joints 228
15 ENGINEERING - ON-LINE INTEGRITY MONITORING SYSTEMS 230
1 5 . 1 On-Line Health Monitoring of Turbine Blades 231

1 5 . 2 Online Condition Monitoring System for
the Main Coolant Pump No-3 of Dhruva Reactor 231
1 5 . 3 Real Time Creep-Fatigue Monitoring System 232
16 ENGINEERING - IN-SERVICE INSPECTION & REMOTE

AUTOMATED TOOLS 233
1 6 . 1 BARC Channel Inspection System (BARCIS) for KAPS 234

1 6 . 2 Radiation-Resistant CCTV Camera 234
1 6 . 3 In-Situ Property Measurement System (IProMS) 235
1 6 . 4 Hydraulic Inside Diameter Measurement System 236
1 6 . 5 Design and Evolution of Man-Rem Saving Tools 237
1 6 . 6 Remotely Operated Hydraulic Trolley along with Manipulator
and Decommissioning Technology Development 240
1 6 . 7 Development of Water Hydraulic Servo Actuators
and Under Water Manipulators 241
17 ROLE OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION IN

NUCLEAR INDUSTRY 242
1 7 . 1 Development of NDT Methods for in-Service Inspection

of Reactor Core Components 244
1 7 . 2 Development of NDT Methods for Characterisation
of Material Properties 248
18 ENGINEERING COMPONENTS MANUFACTURING,

TESTING & TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER 250
1 8 . 1 Manufacturing of Components of Power / Research Reactor 251

1 8 . 2 Development of Pressure and Temperature
Cycling Facility (PTCF) 253
1 8 . 3 Special Purpose Machines for Reactor Maintenance 254
1 8 . 4 Development of fast-acting valves 256
1 8 . 5 Development of Water Hydraulic Valves 256
1 8 . 6 Acceleration-Deceleration Control Valve and Circuit
for Hydraulic Lift 259
1 8 . 7 Electrolysing of Reactor Channel Sealing Plug Jaws 259
1 8 . 8 Development of Indigenous Water Lubricated Bearings 260
19 NUCLEAR DESALINATION 261
1 9 . 1 LT-MED desalination plant utilizing low pressure steam

available from the LP turbine of AHWR 262
1 9 . 2 LTE Desalination Plant utilizing waste heat
from MHT purification circuit of AHWR 263
Advanced Heavy Water Reactor
1. A D V A N C E D H E A V Y W A T E R R E A C T O R
India’s three-stage nuclear power programme is chalked out based on the domestic resource position of uranium and thorium. The first
stage started with setting up of the Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWR) based on natural uranium and pressure tube technology.
In the second phase the fissile material base will be multiplied in Fast Breeder Reactors using the plutonium obtained from the PHWRs.
The third stage is focused on reactors designed to utilise the large thorium reserves based on thorium-233U fuel cycle. The Advanced
Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) has been designed to fulfill the need for the timely development of thorium-based technologies for the
entire thorium fuel cycle. This chapter highlights the recent activities carried out in the design and development of the AHWR, such as
the core & process system design, nuclear data, fuel design, fuel handling systems, safety analyses, analytical studies and experimental
validation.
Reactor Technology & Engineering BARC HIGHLIGHTS 1

Nuclear power employing a closed fuel cycle is the only long term, sustainable option for meeting a major part of the Indian energy
demand. Indian resources of thorium are larger than those of uranium. Thorium, therefore, is widely viewed as the ‘fuel of the future’.
Thorium-based nuclear fuel cycle possesses several well-known characteristics as indicated below.
Advantages of Thorium Fuel Cycle
. Thorium can sustain a thermal breeding cycle using external fissile materials like uranium-235, plutonium or an accelerator driven
.
neutron source.
.
The cycle produces virtually no plutonium.
The waste products contain low amounts of long-lived alpha-emitters
The Indian Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) is designed and developed to achieve large-scale use of thorium for the
generation of commercial nuclear power. This reactor will produce most of its power from thorium, with no external input of
uranium 233, in the equilibrium cycle.
AHWR is a 300 MWe, vertical, pressure-tube type, boiling light water cooled, and heavy water moderated reactor. The reactor
incorporates a number of passive safety features and is associated with a fuel cycle having reduced environmental impact. At the same
time, the reactor possesses several features, which are likely to reduce its capital and operating costs.
Important Safety Features of AHWR
.
.
Slightly negative void coefficient of reactivity.
.
Passive safety systems working on natural laws.
Large heat sink in the form of Gravity Driven Water Pool with an inventory of 6000 m3 of water, located near the top of the Reactor
.
Building.
.
Removal of heat from core by natural circulation.
.
Emergency Core Cooling System injection directly inside the fuel.
Two independent shutdown systems.
AHWR employs natural circulation for cooling the reactor core under operating and shutdown conditions. All event scenarios
initiating from non-availability of main pumps are, therefore, excluded. The Main Heat Transport (MHT) System transports heat
from fuel pins to steam drum using boiling light water as the coolant. The MHT system consists of a common circular inlet
header from which feeders branch out to the coolant channels in the core. The outlets from the coolant channels are connected to tail
pipes carrying steam-water mixture from the individual coolant channels to four steam drums. Steam is separated from the
steam-water mixture in steam drums, and is supplied to the turbine. The condensate is heated in moderator heat exchangers and
heaters and is returned to steam drums by feed pumps. Four down comers connect each steam drum to the inlet header.
Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS) is designed to remove the core heat by passive means in case of a postulated Loss of Coolant
Accident (LOCA). In the event of a rupture in the primary coolant pressure boundary, the cooling is initially achieved by a large flow of
water from the accumulators. Later, cooling of the core is achieved by the injection of cold water from a Gravity Driven Water Pool
(GDWP) located near the top of the reactor building.
2 BARC HIGHLIGHTS Reactor Technology & Engineering

Reactor Block Components
In AHWR, subsequent to energy absorption in GDWP in vapour suppression mode, the Passive Containment Cooling System (PCCS)
provides long term containment cooling following a postulated LOCA. GDWP serves as a passive heat sink yielding a grace period of three
days. The core gets submerged in water long before the end of this period.
Consistent with the approach used in standardised Indian PHWRs, AHWR is provided with a double containment. For containment
isolation, a passive system has been provided in the AHWR. The reactor building air supply and exhaust ducts are shaped in the form of
U-bends of sufficient height. In the event of LOCA, the containment pressure acts on the water pool surface and drives water, by swift
establishment of siphon into the U-bends of the ventilation ducts. Water in the U-bends acts as a seal between the containment and the
external environment, providing necessary isolation between the two.

General Arrangement of AHWR
Some Distinctive Features of AHWR
. Elimination of high-pressure heavy water coolant resulting in reduction of heavy water leakage losses and eliminating heavy water
.
recovery system.
.
Recovery of heat generated in the moderator for feed water heating.
Elimination of major components and equipment such as primary coolant pump and drive motors, associated control and power
.
supply equipment and corresponding saving of electrical power required to run these pumps.
Shop assembled coolant channels, with features to enable quick replacement of pressure tube alone, without affecting other
.
installed channel components.
.
Replacement of steam generators by simpler steam drums.
.
Higher steam pressure than in PHWRs.
.
Production of 500 m3/day of demineralised water in Multi Effect Desalination Plant by using steam from LP Turbine.
.
Hundred years design life of the reactor.
A design objective of requiring no exclusion zone on account of its advanced safety features.
The AHWR fuel contains 54 fuel pins arranged in three concentric circles surrounding a central displacer rod. The inner two circles
contain 30 (Th-233U)O2 fuel pins and the outer circle contains 24 (Th-Pu)O2 fuel pins. The central rod contains dysprosia in zirconia
matrix. The fuel also incorporates a water tube for the spraying of ECCS water directly on fuel pins during a postulated LOCA. AHWR fuel
is currently designed for an average burn-up of 24 GWd/t. Its design makes it amenable for reconstitution, if desired to facilitate a
further extension of burn-up in the (Th-233U)O2 fuel pins in future.

The AHWR fuel cycle will be self-sufficient in 233U after initial loading. The spent fuel streams will be reprocessed and thorium and 233U
will then be recycled and reused. The AHWR fuel cycle has enough flexibility to accommodate a large variety of fuelling options.
Incidentally, the thorium fuel cycle also presents low proliferation risks, a factor considered significant by several nations for export of
nuclear technology. A quantitative analysis of the AHWR fuel cycle substantiates this feature.
AHWR Fuel Cluster

Important Design Parameters of AHWR
Scaled Model (1:50) of AHWR in Acrylic Material 3-D View of AHWR Plant Layout

.
1.1 REACTOR PHYSICS DESIGN & NUCLEAR DATA self-sustaining in 233U and runs on composite cluster containing
both 233
U a n d p l u t o n i u m . Tw o d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s o f
Reactor Physics Design of AHWR enrichment i.e., 2.5% in the top half and 4.0% in the lower half
are used in plutonium bearing fuel pins such that the axial flux
The major design mandates are the production of more than peak is shifted away from the high steam quality upper region in
60% of the total power from Th/233U and incorporation of the coolant channel. This improves the thermal hydraulic
inherent safety features such as the negative coolant void characteristics of fuel channel, with fuel dry-out occurring at a
coefficient. A composite cluster with (Th, 233U) MOX fuel in the considerably high channel power in comparison to that with a
inner region and (Th, Pu) MOX fuel in the outer region is uniform axial enrichment.
designed to meet this desired fuel performance characteristics.
Coolant void coefficient of reactivity can be made negative in a Initial core design of the AHWR, approach to equilibrium and
slightly under-moderated heavy water system at a lattice pitch refuelling strategy studies along with the development of the
of 220 mm. For the design pitch of 245 mm, the coolant void flux mapping system, power distribution control system and
coefficient is significantly positive. Hence, a burnable absorber, analysis of various spatial instabilities are being pursued. Physics
dysprosium, is used in a centrally located multi-purpose displacer design to achieve higher fuel burn-ups of about 40,000 MWd/t
rod, to obtain the negative coolant void coefficient. Other by lattice pitch reduction and removal of burnable absorber
inherent safety features include negative fuel temperature from the fuel cluster are important ongoing activities.
coefficient, negative power coefficient and low power density.
In addition, core excess reactivity is low on account of on-power Multi-group data library has been updated for elements of
refuelling. thorium chain and for certain elements specific to AHWR such
as burnable absorber dysprosium. Various uncertainties due to
The basic lattice and composite fuel cluster has been designed thorium data have been identified and experiments are planned
for 245 mm pitch. The reactor has two independent, functionally in the AHWR critical facility to resolve them. Physics design and
diverse, fast acting shut down systems, namely, shutdown preliminary safety analysis for experiments in critical facility have
system#1 consisting of 40 mechanical boron carbide shut off been completed. Core power distribution has been optimized,
rods and shutdown system#2 based on liquid poison injection. taking into account the neutronic thermal hydraulic coupling.
There are thirteen boron carbide control rods grouped into four Studies have been carried out on generation of 233U required for
regulating rods for fine reactivity control, four absorber rods equilibrium core, achievement of self-sustaining uranium cycle,
for xenon override and five shim rods for power setback. recycling of uranium and its impact on overall fuel cycle including
toxicity of spent fuel.
Reactor control and protection systems are designed in a
fashion similar to that in currently operating PHWRs except that
the reactivity devices occupy lattice locations in the AHWR.
A notable feature of AHWR is the xenon override capability to
restart reactor anytime following shutdown. Equilibrium core is
fuelled to three burn-up zones to achieve a flattened power
distribution. Core average discharge burn-up is 24,000 MWd/t.
The cluster design allows use of burnable absorber in the

non-fuel multi-purpose displacer rod depending on the fuel type.
Use of heavy water as moderator improves neutron economy
and relatively soft neutron spectrum imparts flexibility to run it
on different fuel-types. During the initial phase plutonium
bearing fuel is used to generate 233
U required for composite Cross section of the AHWR fuel cluster
cluster of the equilibrium core. Equilibrium core will be

to be brought to the present level of quality that exists for the

isotopes of the U-Pu fuel cycle. For instance,
the self-shielded capture resonance integrals for 232Th are higher
in “jendl3.lib” as compared to those in “endfb6.lib” in the final
stage of the IAEA WIMS-D update project, by several tens of
percent as compared to 0.1% target accuracy. The design
of advanced reactor systems, demands accurate nuclear data, in
the resonance region that affect plant safety related feedback
coefficients such as Doppler and coolant void reactivity effects
as a function of burn up.
AHWR core layout
Arvind Kumar, <arvind@.barc.gov.in>
. Nuclear Data and Needs for Thorium Fuel Cycle

Studies
The design of innovative reactor systems needs integral data

validation studies to generate accurate nuclear data. The nuclear
data from experimental measurements need to be evaluated, for
arriving at basic point data libraries in the Evaluated Nuclear
Data File (ENDF) format. The condensed nuclear data libraries India sponsors a regional IAEA-NDS
nuclear data Mirror Site
are then used with Monte-Carlo and deterministic codes for (http://www-nds.indcentre.org.in).
reactor physics evaluations of reactor systems. In the context of
thorium-based systems, the nuclear data for thorium fuel cycle Critical Facility (CF)
studies of the AHWR and the CHTR are of current interest.
The nuclear data for ADS systems, for neutron energies beyond The AHWR simulations are based on assumptions and modeling
20 MeV are also important. Presently Indian nuclear data approximations, which are sensitive to nuclear data
activities generically encompass the user-oriented approach uncertainties especially because of thorium fuel cycle. The
starting from data files distributed by the IAEA. evaluation of the lattice characteristics requires experimental
validation to freeze the design and obtain regulatory clearance,
India sponsors a regional IAEA-NDS nuclear data Mirror Site before fuel fabrication. A multi-purpose Critical Facility (CF) has
(http://www-nds.indcentre. org.in) for the Asian region. been designed and is in an advanced stage of construction.
The sensitivity calculations illustrate that the critical height of
Nuclear data for Isotopes of Thorium Chain the CF with AHWR representative core increases by 5 cm and
7 cm respectively when the “iaea.lib” and “jendl3.lib” libraries
The new concepts involving thorium systems require detailed replace “endfb6.lib” WIMS-D library. For natural uranium core
basic nuclear data measurements and integral validation studies, this is about 2 cm. The replacement of multigroup data of 232Th
as thorium has not received the required attention in the past. alone in “jendl3.lib” by “endfb6.lib” changes the k-infinity by
The nuclear data of the major and minor isotopes 230
Th, 232
Th, 10.24 mk, “jendl3.lib” yielding a higher calculated value of
231
Pa, 233Pa, 232U, 233U and 234U in the thorium fuel cycle needs k-infinity.

Compact High Temperature Reactor (CHTR) & 2, KAIGA-1 & 2 and RAPS-3 & 4 have already been discharged
from the core. Samples were obtained from one of the irradiated
The design of CHTR, which exhibits intermediate neutron ThO2 bundles and have been analyzed experimentally by alpha
spectrum, was strongly influenced by considerations of nuclear spectrometry for 232
U and by thermal ionization mass
data and associated uncertainties during its evolution. The cross spectrometry for 233
U, 234
U, 235
U and 236
U by two different
sections for several new materials, such as Er, Bi and Ga that groups in BARC. The previous analyses by two teams in BARC
were considered for CHTR show large discrepancies in different gave a factor of six to eight under-predictions in the production
cross section libraries. It is mandatory to have a negative Doppler of 232U. The discrepancy was traced back to the fact that the
feedback effect in the core design. The initial choice of pure 233U effective one-group values of cross sections for isotopes of
as fuel had been revised due to the calculated positive Doppler thorium fuel cycle and the use of assumptions in the ORIGEN
reactivity feedback. Further, the calculated Doppler reactivity code are not applicable to the irradiation of thorium in PHWRs.
effect of 233
U has a large uncertainty as the nuclear data of Simulation of the thorium experiment using the new WIMS-D
resolved and unresolved resonance region are highly uncertain. libraries, has been successfully attempted. Sensitivity results of
As the spectrum covers regions above the thermal range, accurate different modeling approaches such as single cell versus super-
knowledge of various transport and inelastic cross-sections of cell model and treatment of (n, 2n) process (pseudo-fission versus
various constituents, such as 233U, 232Th, Be, Er, Th, which affect explicit) to prediction of isotopic contents of urania have been
the design significantly at high temperatures are required. obtained. The results are shown in Table.
Experimental work to demonstrate these systems are underway.
Generation of integral data by gamma spectrometric
Thorium irradiation in FBTR (Kalpakkam) analysis of the irradiated thorium fuel is also a part of
this activity.
In the 40 MWt Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR), at Kalpakkam,
fifty four thoria subassemblies (717 Kg) have been loaded in the A direct consequence of 232U concentration in bred 233U from
9th ring in the radial blanket after the nickel reflector. Plans are PHWRs, is its effect on radiation shielding modification in the
underway to consider loading additional 100 thoria assemblies in AHWR critical facility. The outer thickness of the concrete has
7th and 8 th rings as well. The 233U produced in this reactor will been increased by nearly 10% to compensate for the additional
have low content (5 ppm) of 232
U as compared to several hundreds gamma dose emanating from the fuel clusters based upon
of ppm in other situations such as a normal fast reactor core, experimental results of post irradiation analyses and using the
ADSS core with thorium and thoria in PHWR. The reason for the new basic evaluated nuclear data files.
expected low ppm of 232U in FBTR is understood as due to three
factors influenced by nuclear data and physics considerations: IAEA-CRP on nuclear data for thorium cycle
Nickel reflector brings the neutrons below the threshold of
(n, 2n) reaction in 232Th. The effective 231Pa (n, γ) cross section is The active participation in the IAEA-Co-ordinated Research
much lower in a fast spectrum as the capture cross section falls Program, on the “Evaluated Nuclear data for Thorium- Uranium
rapidly with increasing energy. Thirdly, the accumulation potential Fuel Cycle” enables to share information and to benefit from the
of 233U produced is more in saturation in a fast spectrum making developments related to the use of thorium around the world.
the ppm content of 232
U in 233
U much smaller. An experimental benchmark based upon a 30 kW, 233U fuelled
research reactor KAMINI, at Kalpakkam, is under preparation.
PIE studies of irradiated thorium bundles in PHWRs KAMINI is a low power research reactor designed and built by a
joint venture of BARC and Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic
Identical loading of thorium bundles was used in KAPP-1 & 2, Research (IGCAR). KAMINI is the only reactor in the world
KAIGA-1 & 2 and RAPS-3 & 4 to attain flux flattening in the operating with the 233U fuel. Preparation of a benchmark on
initial core. The thorium oxide used is about 400 kg in all the 35 thorium irradiation experiments and burnup measurements in
bundles put together in a reactor. The bundles loaded in KAPP-1 PHWRs is also underway.

Comparison of the Isotopic Contents in (J-11-9) Fuel Rod – 3 rd Ring.
Use of updated nuclear data for safety analyses International collaborations in experimental
and operation of existing reactors programmes
The Fuel Temperature Coefficient (FTC) of PHWR fuel, calculated As multiple fuel cycles (e.g., U-Pu, Th-U), with the option of
by the new 69-group “iaea.lib” library gives significantly closing the fuel cycle are envisaged, the nuclear data
different results at higher burn-ups and explains as a preliminary requirements that are needed to develop the new systems with
observation, the unexpected power rise that occurred in the high burnup are demanding and include the entire range of
KAPS-1 unit. In a PHWR, the FTC which is negative at low burnups actinides and fission products for multiple fuels. The neutron
becomes less and less negative and even turns positive at some time of flight experiments to measure neutron induced reaction
burnup. The precise crossover point in burnup where the FTC cross sections from 1eV to 250 MeV, in CERN (Geneva,
becomes positive depends on many parameters such as the Switzerland) and neutron transmission experiments using the
temperature range and 19 versus 37-rod cluster. The FTC is due 150 MeV electron linac at Pohang in South Korea, would help to
to the combined effect of Doppler effect and fuel reduce the existing uncertainties in simulation studies of new
re-thermalization effect. Recent calculations of FTC of PHWR and advanced reactor concepts. The new measurements of
lattices, performed independently by several researchers, nuclear data of these experiments and analyses including
illustrate the following: The 27 group WIMS1981 library has a covariance error information are of importance. Experimental
cross over point, for FTC at about 12000 MWd/t burnup; at activation measurements to perform neutron source flux
about 9400 MWd/t with the same but 69-group library, at about characterization in DHRUVA 3001 beam hole has been taken up
6000 MWd/t for a 19 rod cluster with the new “iaea.lib” library in order to initiate neutron time.
and at about 4500 MWd/t for 37 rod cluster of PHWR with the
“iaea.lib” library. The crossover point of the FTC is not just the XnWlup software for inter-comparison of WIMS-D
issue but how negative it should be, in order to overcome multigroup cross section
positive reactivity, that includes the positive xenon kill
feedback whenever power transient occurs. The calculated An upgraded version of the computer program ‘XnWlup’ has
coolant void reactivity using the new “iaea.lib” library is observed been developed in Visual C++ to produce readily, histogram
to be lower than the earlier results obtained using the 1971 plots of the multi group cross sections of a selected nuclide, as a
library. The KAPS-1 overpower transient could be explained only function of neutron energy. It also provides the comparison of
with the use of new IAEA multi-group nuclear data libraries. the nuclear data of different nuclides from different libraries.

The upgraded version, Xnwlup3.0 has extra features as sought

by the users and includes plots and inter-comparisons of self-
shielded resonance integrals at various background dilutions and
temperatures.
S. Ganesan, <ganesan@.barc.gov.in>
. Nuclear Data for AHWR Analysis
Nuclear data is one of the major inputs for the physics design of
advanced reactor systems utilising thorium, such as the AHWR.
The basic experimental data of the available Th-U cycle available Sensitivity of different datasets for absorption
reaction rates of U-233 at BOC in the inner
requires to be established with the accuracy of current day
(Th,U-233)MOX pins
standards. The requirements of accuracy for the basic data of
the individual isotopes for thermal reactor systems, will have to
back-end analysis and sensitivity studies of the systems using
be improved in order to predict, for instance, k-effective within
thorium. There are several ingredients in this task like, assessment
0.5%, feedback coefficients within 10 % and integral reaction
of the energy group structure of thorium cycle evaluations,
rates within 1.0%. The aim of the task is to generate a processed
research towards indigenous data processing capabilities and
multi-group data-set for AHWR analysis, which would entail
development of experimental capabilities and nuclear data
benchmarking, data processing, integral testing, front-end and
evaluation methodology.
Sensitivity of different datasets for absorption Sensitivity of nuclear data for AHWR D5 cluster;
reaction rates of U-233 at EOC in the inner Scatter in void reactivity for AHWR D5 cluster using
(Th,U-233)MOX pins different libraries - ~4 mk at BOC 7 mk at EOC

Data processing for Dy isotopes and its influence on the void reactivity in AHWR D5 cluster
The availability of the basic nuclear data for the thorium cycle Sensitivity studies done for AHWR with different evaluated data
has been assessed and the multi group processed library for sets like, ENDF-B/VI, JENDL 3.2 and JEF 2.2 show significant
isotopes has been updated. The thorium-fuelled lattices have differences. For example, the 233U absorption reaction rates differ
been benchmarked to validate the available basic data. Further by 5% in thermal energy range and about 10-15 % in higher
the nuclear data set with materials and material composites have energy ranges.
also been updated for analysis of the advanced reactor systems.
Experiments have been formulated to qualify the nuclear data, The void reactivity studies for AHWR lattice also show a scatter
by validation through post-irradiation examination. of about 25 %. WIMS data set has been updated with isotopes
of dysprosium for AHWR analysis.
The review of the basic data isotopes of the Th-U cycle such as
232
Th, 233Th, 234Th, 231Pa, 232Pa, 233Pa, 232U, 233U,234U etc. existing
Umasankari Kannan, <uma_k@barc.gov.in>
as of now exhibit large discrepancies. The thorium fuel cycle
data in the WIMS data set has been extended with 232
U and
231
Pa. The 232
U content in the irradiated thoria bundles of PHWR
has been estimated with the WIMS dataset and WIMSD code
system. The ratio of 232
U/233U is calculated as ranging from
450 ppm to 590 ppm and is in good agreement with experimental
results.

1.2 ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS FOR subspace based solution techniques. The space-time analysis code
PHYSICS DESIGN simulates the transient, due to the disturbed reactor steady state,
. Space-time Analysis code for AHWR

by numerically solving the time dependent diffusion equations.
The code is coupled with a visualization tool to plot fluxes as a
function of transient time, at any planar cross-section of the
The knowledge of the space and time dependent behaviour of reactor core. It is validated against a HWR benchmark problem,
the neutron flux is important for the reactor safety analysis which simulates power rise due to half-core coolant voiding and
under operational and accidental conditions. subsequent control action. Representative snapshot
flux profiles in two central planar cross-sections when power is
Advanced
A time-dependent diffusion theory code called ARK3 (A at a maximum value, are illustrated.
Heavy Water R eactor Kinetics in 3 -D) is being developed for the
AHWR. The code ARK3 has option to use advanced Krylov The code ARK3 is currently being used to analyze AHWR transients
such as LORA, operational transient with xenon and validation
of reactor physics software in AHWR simulator. This code will be
coupled with the thermal-hydraulic analysis code for studying
the combined effects of neutronic and thermal hydraulic
behaviour.
Anurag Gupta <anurag@barc.gov.in>
. ATES3 – Anisotropic Transport Equation

Solver in 3-D
An accurate prediction of the time dependent multi dimensional

& multi energy group neutron flux at successive time instants, is
one of the main aspects of reactor physics design. There are
primarily two main approaches: deterministic (Sn, Collision
probability) and Stochastic (Monte Carlo). Often, the reactor
core calculations are done with diffusion theory, which is an
approximation of the neutron transport theory, a deterministic
approach. But an exact transport theory treatment is necessary
in several cases such as high leakage reactors, for fluxes at the
boundary and beyond, shielding analysis, verification of the
approximate methods etc.
Recently, a neutron-gamma transport theory code, called ATES3,

has been developed in 3-D Cartesian geometry for steady state
criticality and external source problems. Apart from conventional
methods of solutions, the code makes use of a few advanced
ARK3 estimated flux profile for AECL benchmark Krylov subspace based schemes. The code is written in Fortran-
along central XY and XZ planes of the reactor
90 language and has modular structure. These features make it
core at 0.85 sec when power is at maximum
more understandable and comparatively easier to modify. The

code ATES3 has been validated against a few international

benchmarks and is being subjected for more rigorous testing.
. Monte Carlo Technique: Code Development
and Reactor Physics Simulation
Figure below gives the material layout and the corresponding
thermal flux shape for an LWR benchmark. The flux dip at the Monte Carlo, as a tool in numerical analysis has gained wide
Control Rod (CR) location can be seen clearly. spread applicability over the past few decades. The advent of
high speed computing machines has been mainly responsible for
As is well known, transport problems are highly memory and the continual development of Monte Carlo method. Used
CPU time intensive problems, a single PC or workstation is not properly, Monte Carlo can give quick “first cuts” at difficult
sufficient. Hence, it is very important to adopt the present code problems, that is problems which are intractable by the
to parallel computers. Efforts are being made to parallelize the traditional analytical or numerical techniques.
code on BARC’s ANUPAM parallel systems. Incorporation of
methods of solutions and user-friendly advanced features like The greatest advantage of the Monte Carlo method is the exact
visualization tools etc. are being incorporated. simulation of the geometry. In deterministic methods only some
special geometry can be simulated exactly, for irregular
geometry some approximations must be considered. Monte Carlo
method does not take any approximations in defining geometry.
For this reason Monte Carlo method is essential for reactor
calculations which involves complicated geometry e.g.
Secondary shutdown system of 500 MWe PHWR, hexagonal
geometry of CHTR, Nuclear Power Pack, Pebble bed reactors etc.
as well as for deep penetration problems.
The main objective is to develop a general geometry Monte Carlo

code with burn up, which will be used for criticality calculations,
safety evaluations, accelerator driven sub-critical system’s
calculations, shielding calculations etc. with greater confidence
and wider flexibility.
Development of Random Number Generator
Random number plays an important role in any Monte Carlo

calculation. The accuracy of the results depends on the
randomness of the random numbers, its uniformity and its cycle
length.
To provide uniform random sequences having larger cycle length

required for Monte Carlo calculations a Random Number
Generator (RNG) with large cycle length (2 57 ) has been
developed using bit manipulation technique. Some of its
properties namely uniformity, Expectation Value, Variance,
Material layout and corresponding thermal flux
profile at a planar cross section of an Frequency distribution, Auto-Correlation, Chi-square test etc.
LWR benchmark core have been performed. It was compared with RANDU of PC in
FORTRAN, RAND of PC in Basic, RAND of Honeywell DPS-8
Anurag Gupta <anurag@barc.gov.in> System and RAN of PDP-11/23 and found to be superior among

Comparison of Auto correlation coefficient
all in respects to its randomness, cycle length, uniform the deliberate flattening of the power distribution. The study of
distribution etc. Correlation Coefficient of this RNG has been the neutronic transient behaviour under accidental conditions in
compared with that of different RNGs in the Table. It is seen such reactors requires accurate methods of solution of system
that current RNG has been much closer to the expected value of coupled multidimensional multi energy group time
(the correlation coefficient between neighboring bits of dependent neutron diffusion equation. Two distinct approaches
a random sequence is expected to be zero). This RNG is ready exist for this purpose namely; the direct (implicit time
to be used in any code, which requires large cycle of uniform differencing) and Improved Quasistatic (IQS) approach. Both
random sequences. the approaches need solution of static space energy dependent
neutron diffusion equations at successive time steps.
Development of 69-group spherical geometry

A three-dimensional computer code 3D-FAST was developed
Criticality Code
based on Incomplete LU (ILU) preconditioned Biconjugate
Stabilized method. The code was parallelized on ANUPAM
Monte Carlo code for criticality calculation has been developed
distributed memory parallel system. The domain decomposition
for spherical geometry with WIMS 69 group energy
technique was used to create parallelism. The parallel
treatment. This code is being extended for AHWR/ PHWR lattice
cell with WIMS 69 group cross-section data.
Brahmananda Chakraborty <rahma@barc.gov.in>
. Simulations of Reactivity Induced Transients

for Thermal and Fast Reactors and Stability
Studies
An accurate prediction of the consequences of an accident in a

nuclear reactor is vital from the reactor safety point of view. This
in turn requires the solution of coupled time-dependent neutron
diffusion equations, time-dependent heat conduction equations
and single and two phase coolant dynamics equations. All of
these require large computer memory and computational time.
Present day large-sized power reactors are neutronically loosely Neutron Flux Profile
coupled. The looseness of the coupling is further enhanced by

computational scheme was tested by analyzing a well-known disassembly of the core, which introduces sufficient negative
Canadian PHWR benchmark problem, which simulates a loss of reactivity. The calculation of disassembly reactivity requires the
coolant accident. solution of coupled neutronics and hydrodynamics equations.
A computer code for pre-disassembly calculations, which
The transient was simulated using two energy groups and calculates coolant voiding, fuel melting, fuel and clad
52×52×40 meshes. Twenty-nine space and energy dependent deformation and molten fuel slumping, is being developed.
calculations were done with time step of the order of 0.1 sec. For the disassembly phase a computer code DISA is developed.
Table presents the CPU gain due to parallelization. The code was This solves point kinetics equations coupled with two
CPU times for Parallelised BiCGSTAB[ILU] for IQS Approach (e = 10 –6 )
used to analyze the inadvertent withdrawal of two control rods

along with drainage of light water from the zone controller
units (ZCUs) for 540 MWe PHWR. Figures show the variation of
reactivity and power as a function of time for this transient.
The accident analysis of fast reactors is generally carried

out in two phases. The first phase is generally called as
pre-disassembly phase and the second one as disassembly phase.
In pre-disassembly phase, the transient is analyzed up to coolant
voiding and fuel melting. The disassembly phase calculations are
carried out with reactivity rates estimated from coolant voiding
and fuel slumping. These transients are terminated by the

code by replacing the point kinetics

calculations by multidimensional,
multi energy group neutron diffusion
code 3D-FAST. It is also planned to
couple both phase calculations.
New concepts have emerged in the

dynamics of nonlinear systems in last
t w o d e c a d e s . A s p a r t of our
nonlinear studies in reactor physics
we have studied some of these issues
for a typical PWR. Here the dynamics
refer to a single-phase coolant using
point kinetics and a feedback
through fuel & coolant temperature
coefficient of reactivity. Typical
scenario of limit cycle reactor
operation were observed as a
function of coolant temperature
coefficient. The temporal behaviors
can be identified for certain values
of this parameter.
dimensional hydrodynamics equations. Figures show the For a specific value of coolant temperature coefficient the critical
equation of state for fuel used in DISA. The variation of net state becomes an oscillatory state [limit cycle]. This latter state
reactivity and power as function of time for a hypothetical constitutes a new operational regime for reactor dynamics. These
transient in a typical fast reactor are shown in figures. It is studies contribute towards understanding safety and
planned to improve the neutronics model of pre-disassembly performance of reactors.

using Microsoft Visual C++. It is also possible for the WIMS-D

library users to compare the energy dependence of cross section
data of various nuclides, different WIMS-D libraries and different
temperatures.
The first version of this software ‘XnWlup1.0’ helps to obtain

the histogram plots of the values of cross section data of an
element/isotope as a function of energy. The second version of
this software ‘XnWlup2.0’ is serving as an exhaustive equivalent
handbook of WIMS-D cross section libraries for thermal reactor
applications and used for comparing different WIMS-D
compatible nuclear data libraries originating from various
countries. The next version of this software ‘XnWlup3.0’ was
developed to plot the cross sections of a resonant nuclide using
resonance integral tabulated data of WIMS-D library for the
given background dilution cross section and temperature. Also
the revised software ‘XnWlup3.0’ is now capable of plotting
either the resonance integral data as a function of dilution cross
section for a selected temperature grid point or as a function of
temperature for a selected dilution cross section grid point for
a given resonance energy group.
H.P. Gupta <hpgupta@barc.gov.in>

<hpgupta@barc.gov.in>
. ‘XnWlup’ Software for Reactor Physics

Applications
As a result of the IAEA coordinated research program entitled

“Final Stage of the WIMS library Update Project” new and updated
WIMS-D libraries are generated by processing evaluated nuclear
data files such as ENDF/VI.6, JENDL-3.2 and JEF-2.2. These
WIMS-D libraries provide knowledge about the various relevant
neutron-nuclear cross sections data in the form of 69/172 neutron
energy groups. In order to help the WIMS-D library users to
quickly view the plots of the energy dependence of the multi-
group cross sections of any nuclide of interest, a computer
program ‘XnWlup’ is developed for MS-Win operating system

Illustration of plots of absorption resonance integral data of 232 Th at 600 K and for various
background dilution cross sections
T. K. Thiyagarajan <thiyag@barc.gov.in>
<thiyag@barc.gov.in>

1.3 R E A C T O R S H I E L D I N G A N D I R R A D I AT I O N inside cavity, water filled cavity and inside cavity filled with shield
.
EXPERIMENTS plug with and without water), lattice tube simulation model-2 (similar
to the model-1 except that it is surrounded with a layer of steel balls
AHWR Shielding Experiments at APSARA and water). Results of the lattice tube simulation model-2
experiments, in which lattice tube, end fittings and shield plug
Shielding experiments essentially study the neutron and gamma
have been simulated are given in the illustrations.
streaming through duct geometries of shield models, to
optimize and validate the actual reactor shield designs.
Measurements have been carried out along the center of lattice
Streaming experiments have been carried out at the shielding
tube filled with air, water and shield plug. Radiation streaming
through 3mm air gap between lattice tube and end fitting has
also been studied. In all these experiments shield models
simulating only one lattice tube is used. Experiments with a
more representative model which has four lattice tubes and in-
between space filled with steel balls and water is underway.
Shield model assembled in the shielding corner
corners of the Apsara research reactor to optimize the end shield

design of the AHWR. These experiments have generated data on
neutron and gamma streaming through ducts of various sizes and
shapes, present in the AHWR end shield. These duct geometries
represent various configurations of lattice tubes and ventilation
ducts.
The experiments included reference model without any streaming

path, model simulating ECCS duct, model simulating stepped
ventilation duct, lattice tube simulation model-1 (empty
Thermal flux attenuation H.K.Dravid <dravid@barc.gov.in>

. Material Irradiation in Cirus / Dhruva

Reactors for AHWR Program
It has been planned to carry out irradiations at low power along
with thermal, epithermal flux monitors for short duration and
another one for a longer duration for measuring isotopic composition
Carbon Irradiation in Dhruva Reactor change by mass spectrograph. The characteristic gamma activity of
the flux monitors will be measured by a HPGe
Samples of pyrocarbon have been irradiated in the Dhruva detector and the data will be analyzed to get thermal and
Reactor, to study the fast neutron fluence effect on its epithermal neutron flux distribution in and around the pellets.
properties like wigner energy. A pyrocarbon sample has been
irradiated in Dhruva reactor core, at location TR-15, 04 A for
1105.359 MWd. During the irradiation the fast neutron fluence,
seen by pyrocarbon sample has been measured by activation
method. In the measurement threshold neutron detectors like
Ti, Ni and Fe have been used. After irradiation gamma activities
of these irradiated detectors have been measured in a
standardized high purity germanium detector coupled to a
multi-channel analyzer. The fast neutron fluence (>1MeV) seen
by the pyrocarbon sample was measured to be 1.28E+
18 n/cm2 at 100 MW power of the reactor. Further irradiations of
pyrocarbon samples are planned at different fast neutron fluence
levels.
Dysprosium irradiation
Dysprosium is used as a burnable absorber in the AHWR, as

Dy 2 O 3 in ZrO 2, to achieve desirable reactor physics
characteristics. Natural dysprosium mainly consists of five
isotopes with mass number 160 to164. Dy-164 has largest
absorption cross-section for thermal neutrons, the others have
much lower but significant absorption cross sections. It is a
chain absorber and the end product Holmium is a stable isotope,
which is also a thermal neutron absorber. Some of the isotopes
are good resonance absorbers for epithermal neutrons. It’s
suitability for AHWR is due to its slow burning characteristics
and high radiation stability.
The cross sections of Dysprosium isotopes have not been

validated systematically. Hence it has been planned to carry
out irradiations of varying dysprosium content in ZrO2 pellets
in Dhruva or Cirus tray rods over a period of time. Tentatively it
is desired to have three different dysprosium weight %
R.N.Jindal <rnjindal@barc.gov.in>
enrichment of 3%, 5% and 7% in ZrO2 pellets. Currently, pellets
of Al2O3 (95%) and Dy2O3 (5%) have been made for initial
studies.

1.4 REACTOR SAFETY ANALYSIS parameters required to build up the simulation model namely
. Preliminary Safety Analysis of AHWR

geometric, thermal-hydraulic and reactor kinetics with feed
back. Safety analysis code RELAP5/MOD 3.2 has been used
extensively to carry out all the analyses along with limited usage
Safety analysis is a major part of the process and licensing of subchannel analysis computer code COBRA IV.
requirements of a nuclear power plant. The passive features of
the AHWR cover entire range of normal operating conditions, Analytical computer code specific to AHWR plant model has
transient conditions, accident conditions and beyond design been developed to address the variation in thermal-hydraulic
basis accidents. The safety analysis exercise for the AHWR has parameters in each system expected from the PIEs. The plant
been carried out in two parts namely deterministic safety analysis model involves simulation of various systems and their
and probabilistic safety analysis. This article gives overview of components. This includes Main Heat Transport System (MHT),
the first facet. The deterministic approach requires establishment Emergency Core Cooiling System (ECCS), Containment, Isolation
of set of Postulated Initiating Events (PIEs) as a starting point. Condensers (ICs), Moderator System and MHT purification
The PIEs are selected from different categories based on system. Other important modeling for systems to be mentioned
phenomena encountered and AHWR specific reactor in the plant models are steam drum pressure- level controller
characteristics. This is followed by finalizing the reactor trip and reactor regulation- protection system.
parameters, ECCS acceptance, fuel failure criteria and

A set of 55 postulated initiating events have been analysed for statement of Core Damage Frequency (CDF). Important accident
750 MWt and up rated 920 MWt designs to address plant sequences suggest design modifications and to obtain insights about
behaviour to judge the adequacy of the design with respect to important dependencies and human interactions important to safety.
ECCS acceptance and fuel failure criteria. Contribution from Based on this study, design modifications have been suggested in
the analyses were utilized for deciding emergency core cooling system, isolation condenser system, end
.
shield cooling system and gravity-driven water pool recirculation
Design pressure of the containment and main heat system. This study has indicated that the core damage frequency of
.
transport system this reactor based on suggested modifications is of the order of 10-
.
Defuelling - refuelling time to avoid boiling crisis, 7
per reactor year. The dominating initiating event contributing to
Necessity of compartmentalization of ECCS header to avoid this CDF value is small LOCA. In arriving at this figure, it has been
.
core starvation on ECCS header break, assumed that the passive systems are completely reliable. However,
Assessment on hot shut down condition with ICs submerged this needs to be ensured by carrying out thermal hydraulic studies.
.
in GDWP, Also, the contribution from small LOCA to CDF will reduce if Leak
Assessment of relief devices capacity to ascertain the Before Break criteria is incorporated in the design. Revised PSA
.
integrity of pressure boundary study of this reactor is being carried out using the latest design
Assessment of adequacy of ECCS along with mode of in documents.
core safety injection.
R.K. Saraf <rksaraf@barc.gov.in>
.
Studies are also carried out for optimization of ECCS design
parameters and evaluation of moderator as an ultimate heat
sink. Assessment of Leak Rate from the Cracked
Pipe
This whole task has been achieved with active participation of
the analysis group, reactor trip committee, task force The Leak Before Break(LBB) concept is employed in defense in
committee, design review committee, preliminary safety analysis depth concepts of reactor design to avoid any unstable failure
review committee and safety documentation committee. In the in the pressure boundary, namely carbon steel pipes and
light of number of design changes in 920 MWt design and Zirconium made pressure tubes. The LBB in the pressure
re-assessment of reactor trip parameters, a fresh evaluation of boundary can be ensured when detection, confirmation and
the proposed reactor will be carried out with respect to ECCS location of the leak are carried out and the reactor is placed in
acceptance and fuel failure criteria covering pre-decided PIEs. a depressurized condition before the crack exceeds the critical
Various optimization studies are underway. Limited uncertainty crack length. The LBB concept has been applied for designing
analyses has been done to support best estimate evaluation. the AHWR reactor.
Clad surface temperature transients at different axial locations

for maximum rated reactor channel for event like 200% Inlet
Header Break is illustrated.
H. G. Lele <hglele@barc.gov.in>
. Level-1 PSA Study of the Advanced Heavy

Water Reactor
Preliminary Level-1 Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA) study

of the AHWR, has been carried out to obtain integrated Variation of Leak Flow Rate with Crack Angle

Comprehensive theoretical and experimental study is going on heat transport system of the PHWR and the AHWR.
to support the LBB concept applied to Primary Heat Transport The maximum operating parameters are 90 bar and 250º C.
System and steam lines for the AHWR and the PHWR. The facility consists of three systems namely the heating system
The theoretical study includes elasto-plastic model development achieved through oil-fired thermic fluid heater, the
for crack opening area and thermal-hydraulic model pressurization system through nitrogen system and the high
development for estimating critical flow rate through crack and pressure and high temperature system which consist of buffer
slits. Over the years various flow models are developed and chamber and test section. The system is instrumented with
validated against the published data specific to Pressurised pressure, flow and temperature sensors. Safety devices and
Water Reactors (PWRs). Prediction of crack flow with crack angle control logic interlocks have been incorporated to ensure safety
variation for PHWR Steam Generator (SG) outlet pipe is in the loop. Four close circuit cameras continuously monitor
furnished (Fig.). Influence of different flow models namely Henry’s the health of the system. Hot commissioning followed by some
Homogeneous Non-Equilibrium Model (HHNM) and Homogeneous experiments in slits has been carried out. Series of experiments
Frozen Model (HFM) on crack flow rate is also shown. A Comparison are planned with slits and cracked pipe to generate a robust
of the computed flow with flow from detectable Leakage Size database with different pressure and different sub-cooling to
Crack (LSC) gives an idea of the order of semi crack angle which validate the developed computer code.
gives a detectable crack flow.
An experimental setup is built at Mechanical Engineering H. G. Lele <hglele@barc.gov.in>
Department, Jadavpur University, Kolkata to estimate the crack/

slit flow under high pressure and high temperature conditions
.
simulating the pressure and temperature condition of primary
Nuclear Containment safety Research for

Beyond Design Basis Accidents
For the ultimate load capacity assessment of Indian reactors,

in-house finite element codes ULCA for static inelastic analysis
and ARCOS3D for transient dynamic inelastic analysis have been
developed. These computer codes have been extensively
benchmarked with experimental test results of Sandia
Laboratory, NUPEC, Japan and USNRC-sponsored containment
model test and NUPEC, Japan sponsored seismic shear wall
tests. Indian containments have been shown to have a factor
of safety of more than 2 over the design pressure with these codes.
Recently Sandia Laboratory, USNRC and NUPEC, Japan co-

sponsored a round robin analysis program to determine the
ultimate load capacity of a 1:4 size steel lined Pre-Stressed
Concrete Containment Vessel (PCCV) model which represents
the Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) containment of Ohi-3
nuclear power station in Japan. BARC ULCA code pre test
predictions have been shown to be in excellent agreement with
the experimental limit state test (LST) and subsequently the
Structural Failure Mode Test (SFMT) results released in 2003 by the
organizers.

The PCCV model has the design pressure (Pd) of 0.39 MPa and the The pre-test predictions with BARC code ULCA published in
best estimate of the ultimate pressure of 3.15 Pd, the lower bound international journals before the release of the experimental data
conservative estimate of the minimum pressure of 2.8 Pd, which the are in excellent agreement with the test results.
test model would at least reach during the test and upper bound
estimate of the maximum collapse pressure of 3.45 Pd; beyond
which the test model is unlikely to remain in pressurized condition
were predicted with the in-house code with 90% confidence level
as per the requirements of the round robin analysis activity. The
subsequent test carried out at Sandia showed that the model had
FEM Model Prediction of Failure
Sandia Containment Model
the limit state test pressure of 3.3 Pd and the structural failure
pressure of 3.6 Pd. BARC computational results have been found to
be among the best of all the predictions.
Displacement response comparison with experimental

data released by Sandia Lab
PCCV Model Burst Test View R K Singh <rksingh@barc.gov.in>

. Evaluation of Ultimate Load Capacity of

AHWR Containment Structure
The nonlinear finite element analysis of the inner containment

structure of Advanced Heavy Water Reactor has been carried
out to determine its ultimate load capacity. The deformed shape
of the containment at the ultimate pressure as shown in figure and
the internal pressure versus deformation curve at the mid height of
cylinder shown in figure obtained from the analysis illustrates a
factor of safety of approximately 2.78 over the design pressure of
0.185 N/mm2. The major safety-related highlights from the analysis
are:
Pressure versus deformation plot at mid height of cylinder
.
wall portion
The crack initiation starts at internal pressure of
.
0.462 N/mm2
R K Singh <rksingh@barc.gov.in>
The through thickness cracking is observed at an internal
.
pressure of 0.467 N/mm2
The reinforcement yielding starts at an internal pressure
1.5 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF AHWR FUEL
. .
of 0.510 N/mm2
The 0.2 mm crack width is observed at an internal
pressure value of 0.515 N/mm2
Design of AHWR fuel
The AHWR fuel has been designed to meet the requirement of

thermal hydraulics, reactor physics, fuel handling, and
reconstitution (i.e., replacement of outer ring of irradiated (Th-
Pu)O2 fuel pins with fresh ones). The vertical pressure tube
configuration has guided the structural design of the fuel
assembly. The fuel assembly is 10.5 m in length and is suspended
from the top in the coolant channel.
The AHWR fuel assembly consists of a fuel cluster sub-assembly

and two shield sub-assemblies: shield ‘A’ and shield ‘B’. These
sub-assemblies are connected to each other through a collet
joint. The AHWR fuel cluster contains (Th-233U)O2 and (Th-Pu)O2
fuel. The fuel cluster has 54 pins arranged in three rings –inner
most ring of 12 pins of (Th-233U)O2 with 3.0% 233U enrichment,
middle ring of 18 pins of (Th-233U)O2 with 3.75% 233U enrichment
and outer most ring of 24 pins of (Th-Pu)O2 with Pu enrichment of
2.5% in the upper half and 4.0% in the lower half of the pin. The
fuel pins are assembled in the form of a cluster, with the help of the
top and bottom tie-plates, with a central rod connecting the two
tie-plates. The central rod has a burnable absorber Dy2O3 in ZrO2
matrix in the form of capsules. Each capsule consists of 12 pins. The
Deformed shape of containment at ultimate
pressure of 0.515 N/mm 2 central rod has provision for spraying of Emergency Core Cooling

System (ECCS) water directly over the fuel pins in the event of Loss cooling of ECCS water using electrically heated pins. Leakage of
of Coolant Accident. Six spacers along the length of the cluster water from the flexi collet joint has also been evaluated.
provide the intermediate pin spacing and stiffness to the cluster.
Various components of the fuel cluster like dummy fuel pins, V.Shivakumar <kanantha@barc.gov.in>
.
shields, top and bottom tie plates, spacers, central rod, collet
joints have been designed and fabricated. A dummy fuel cluster
has been assembled and pressure drop test, endurance test Fuel cycle analysis for AHWR
and vibration tests have been carried out for the cluster at Flow
Test Facility and Integral Test Facility. A short length model of the The AHWR follows a closed fuel cycle with the objective of
fuel cluster showing different components of the fuel cluster has utilisation of plutonium to a minimum and self-sustaining in
been made for display and for better understanding of the fuel
233
U. The 233
U required for the equilibrium core is planned to
cluster. be generated in-situ. Hence, the initial core of the AHWR would
consist of all (Th-Pu)O2 fuel clusters. There will be a gradual transition
The injection of water from the holes of the central rod was from initial core (Th-Pu)O2 clusters to equilibrium core containing
visualised in a test set up and its flow versus pressure drop both (Th-Pu)O2 and (Th-233U)O2 fuel. The process losses of fissile and
characteristics were obtained. A set up has been designed for fertile material in the reprocessing and refabrication should be
studying the wetting of the fuel pins and effectiveness of spray considered while carrying out the fuel cycle evaluations. The fuel
cycle analysis detailing the movement of fissile and fertile materials
for various combinations of design parameters – from initial core
to transition core to equilibrium cored is being carried out.
Near term fuel cycle for the AHWR
The AHWR fuel cycle for the near term, is a closed fuel cycle,
envisaging recycle of both fissile 233U and fertile thoria. The fuel
cycle time is eight years - four years of in-reactor residence time,
two years of cooling, one year of reprocessing and one year of
re-fabrication. For the initial few years, annual reload would consist
of only (Th-Pu)O2 clusters. The spent fuel cluster before reprocessing
would undergo dis-assembly for segregation of (Th-Pu)O2 pins,
(Th-233U)O2 pins, structural materials and burnable absorbers.
The (Th-233U)O2 pins will require a two stream reprocessing process
i.e. separation of thorium and uranium whereas the (Th-Pu)O2 pins
will require a three stream reprocessing process i.e. separation of
thorium, uranium and plutonium. Part of the recovered thoria will
be recycled into the reactor immediately by using it for the
fabrication of (Th-233U)O2 pins. The rest will be stored for 17-20
years by which time it would be similar to freshly mined thorium in
radioactivity and hence will be used to fabricate (Th-Pu)O2 pins.
Long term fuel cycle for the AHWR
India’s three-stage nuclear power programme, based on closed fuel

AHWR Fuel cluster cycle, comprises Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs),
Fast Breeder Reactors (FBR) and systems for thorium utilisation.

Natural UO2 from PHWRs produces plutonium which along with long-lived fission products like Iodine and Technetium would be
Depleted Uranium will be used in FBRs for power generation and separated from the bulk of the waste. The R&D work on partitioning
fissile material multiplication. The plutonium required for the AHWR has already commenced. The partitioning technology developed
will come from the PHWRs. Over a long period of time, part of the will be equally applicable to both PHWR and AHWR. Transmutation
plutonium from FBR may also be used in AHWR. The plutonium of minor actinides like Neptunium, Americium and Curium and
from reprocessing of AHWR fuel has low fissile content and will be long-lived fission products like Iodine and Technetium, segregated
sent to FBR. from bulk of the waste from AHWR and PHWR, is planned for the
long-term fuel cycle for AHWR. The design of AHWR offers flexibility
Partitioning of waste is planned for AHWR. The minor actinides to incorporate a wide range of fuel cycles, including those based on
like Np, Am and Cm would be separated from the waste. (Pu-Th)O2 alone.
Similarly higher decay heat materials like Strontium and Cesium and
Near term fuel cycle for AHWR

Long term fuel Cycle for AHWR
. Fuel analysis for AHWR out the analysis. The salient results of the analysis for various limiting
parameters are given in the Table.
The performance analysis essentially involves the thermo-mechanical
analysis of fuel by modelling the various phenomena that take place
during its irradiation. The analysis has been carried out by employing
the methodology used for the well-established UO2 fuel using
GAPCON-THERMAL code. The available database on the thoria-
based fuels is quite small. However, even the most conservative
estimates indicate that the thoria-based fuels have an inherent
advantage over the UO2 fuel in terms of the two major performance
bearing parameters thermal conductivity and fission gas release.
Thermal conductivity is considerably higher and the diffusion
coefficient, which is a measure of fission gas release, is lower
for thoria-based fuel. The thermo-physical properties of V.Shivakumar, <redfhs@barc.gov.in>
(Th-Pu)O2 fuel have been incorporated in the code for carrying

1.6 CRITICAL FACILITY The Critical Facility is designed to facilitate study of different core
lattices based on various fuel types, moderator materials and reactivity
A low power Critical Facility is under construction as part of over-all control devices. The reactor is designed for a nominal fission power
technology development program to validate the physics design of of 100 W with an average flux of 108 n/cm2/s. The design provides
the thorium-based Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) and flexibility to arrange the fuel inside the core in a precise geometry at
for validation of safety parameters for 540/700 MWe PHWRs as the desired pitch. Reactor criticality is achieved by the manual control
well as advanced fuel designs for the PHWRs. of moderator level in the core.
The nuclear design of the lattice and core of AHWR envisages Initially, three types of cores using heavy water as moderator
the use of a novel 54-pin MOX cluster with different enrichment and reflector will be studied. The three cores are based on
of 233U and 239Pu in Thoria fuel pins with a dysprosium displacer different fuel types viz.
.
rod at the centre. The nuclear design of the lattice and core of
AHWR envisages the use of a novel 54-pin MOX cluster with 19 pin natural uranium metal fuel clusters to constitute
.
different enrichment of 233
U and 239
Pu in Thoria fuel pins with a the reference core.
dysprosium displacer rod at the centre. It is designed to have 54 pin (Th-Pu) MOX/ (Th-233U) MOX clusters to constitute
.
negative void coefficient of reactivity. Fuel assembly the representative AHWR core.
characteristics are evaluated by using transport theory codes 37 pin natural uranium oxide fuel clusters to constitute the
WIMS or CLUB with 69 or 172 group library. The core 540 MWe PHWR core.
calculations are done with few group diffusion theory methods.
For new fuel assembly concepts, as in the AHWR, lattice and Reactor Structure
core characteristics have to be measured in Critical Facility to
validate the above calculations. The reactor consists of a cylindrical Aluminum tank (Reactor
Tank) of 330 cm ID and 500 cm height to accommodate the
fuel, moderator and the shut-off rods. The reactor tank is
adequately sized to provide a radial reflector thickness
(heavy water) of about 40 cm around the core. The reactor
tank, which is open at the top, is connected to a square box
housing the lattice girders from which the fuel assemblies are
suspended. Shut-off rod head-gears are also supported by these
girders. The lattice girders are designed to provide the flexibility
of arranging the fuel clusters in any desired square lattice pitch
≥206 mm. The reactivity addition/regulation of the reactor is
carried out manually through controlled addition of moderator
heavy water to the reactor tank at a pre-determined rate, to
ensure safe limits of reactivity addition rate. Reactor protection
system comprises fast gravity-driven solid shut-off rods.
During long-term shutdown of the reactor, moderator
dumping will maintain.
AHWR Representative Core

Reactor Block assemblies and reactivity control devices and offer flexibility of
configuring the desired core lattice, at the required pitch.
The reactor is housed in a concrete reactor block. The concrete The lattice girder assemblies can be spaced as desired with the
wall of the reactor block provides shielding in radial direction. help of centre zero scale provided along the side of stainless
Shielding in axial direction is provided by two motor-operated steel rail beams.
movable shield trolleys provided at the top. The reactor block is
located inside a reactor building.
The reactor tank, square box and lattice girders which support
fuel and control assemblies are housed inside a cavity in
the reactor block. The reactor tank accommodates the fuel,
moderator and shut off rods. The tank is open at the top to
facilitate connection with a square box through an elastomer
expansion joint.
Reactor Tank Under Fabrication

The square box houses the lattice girder assemblies. The bottom
plate of the square box has a 3300 mm diameter opening in
the centre to provide full access to the reactor tank. The top
Square Box
Moderator and Cover gas system

Reactor Block
For the initial set of experiments heavy water will be used as
the moderator and the reflector. Nitrogen gas is used as the
plate of square box has a 3350 mm diameter opening at the centre
cover gas for the heavy water. The system is designed to supply
to allow access to the lattice girders. The opening is covered by a 25
the required inventory of heavy water in a controlled manner
mm thick revolving plate supported on a bearing, which in turn
to the reactor tank to attain reactor criticality for various core
rests on the square box top plate. An oil seal is provided between
configurations / reactor experiments. Since the reactor is
the fixed top plate of the square box and revolving plate to confine
designed to operate at a very low power level, no dedicated
the cover gas within the square box and to avoid ingress of
core cooling system has been provided. The small amount of
atmospheric air and moisture into the heavy water contained in the
heat generated in the core is transferred to the moderator and
reactor tank.
cover gas and gets eventually dissipated into atmosphere by natural
convection.
Lattice girder assemblies are designed to support the fuel

Control Instrumentation consisting of three Log-linear channels (for providing Log-rate

and Linear Power signals for manual regulation of the reactor power),
For reliable neutronic power measurement and reactor two safety channels and a multi-range DC channel (having seven
protection, neutron detectors and associated electronics have ranges with full scale values of 0.5 mW to 500 W), are provided.
been used with sufficient redundancy. The neutron detectors Adequate conventional instrumentation is provided to monitor and
are located in the graphite fillers below the reactor tank as there is record the process parameters such as flows, pressures,
substantial difference in expected critical heights of AHWR and temperatures, levels, etc. and to generate trips/alarms. An in-core
PHWR core configurations. For reactor start up from source range flux mapping system consisting of an array of 25 LEU-based
two pulse channels are provided. For power measurements miniature fission counters, working in pulse mode, will provide three
and protection in intermediate & power range, six DC channels, dimensional flux distribution in the core.
Range Overlap Diagram of Nuclear channels

Shutdown Devices Experimental studies
The fast-acting shut off rods are used as primary shutdown system. Initially, three types of cores using heavy water as moderator
Fast shut down of the reactor on a trip signal is achieved by gravity and reflector are planned to be studied.
fall of six-cadmium (Cd encased in Al) shut off rods into the core.
The shut-down system is designed to provide sufficient negative The AHWR representative core of the Critical Facility is a variant
reactivity insertion reliably, for fast reduction of reactor power to of the reference core, wherein, initially the central nine natural
render the reactor sub-critical following a reactor trip. The shut off uranium clusters of the reference core will be replaced by 54
rods are normally parked above the core region. The total worth of pin (Th-Pu)/(Th-233U) oxide clusters to simulate the initial and
equilibrium AHWR core. Eventually the core will be made critical
with (Th-Pu)/ (Th-U233) oxide clusters alone. The central cluster
in the representative core is expected to have the spectrum
very close to actual AHWR spectrum.
In order to facilitate extensive measurements, the central cluster

is designed for removal of fuel pins from the cluster, placement
and retrieval of foil detectors from the removable fuel pins and
features to fill/ drain the desired fluid into/ from the cluster for
experiments with different coolants as required.
In critical facility, experiments are done in cold, clean conditions.

Shut-Off-Rod Head Gear under Endurance
Thus only simulation models and nuclear data are validated in
these conditions directly. As the temperature of moderator in
the shut off rods is about 68 mk and can vary depending on the CF cannot be raised above 60°C, it will be difficult to measure fuel
core configuration. Shut off rods can be withdrawn from the core, temperature coefficient. Possibility of carrying out these
one at a time in a measurements by electrically heating central cluster is underway.
predefined sequence, only when the trip is reset, and are parked Some typical measurements to be carried out are listed below:
in their normal parking positions. On a reactor trip signal, in
addition to the insertion of the shut-off rods, moderator is also Experiments planned for AHWR
dumped from the reactor tank up to a predefined level by
opening two fast-acting dump valves to provide adequate shut
down margin, independent of the shut off rods, in the most
. Critical height and level coefficient measurement for various
lattice pitches involving both (Pu-Th) oxide and composite
reactive core.

. Measurement of flux profile, reaction rates and the ring

power factor inside the removable fuel pins of experimental
. Fuel design for Critical Facility
fuel cluster. The lattice physics experiments will be carried out in three
. Measurement of Dynamic and static worth of reactivity phases, i.e., Reference core, AHWR representative core and
devices PHWR core.
. Lattice cell parameters
. Assessment of coolant void reactivity Natural metallic uranium cluster for reference core
. Measurement of Worth of Dysprosium burnable poison
in ThO2 & (Th-Pu)O2 and (Th-233U)O2 in AHWR clusters. The reference core will contain natural metallic uranium clusters
. Reaction rate and initial conversion ratio measurements at 55 lattice locations arranged at a square pitch of 245 mm.
. The flux distribution measurements with Cu/Au wires The metallic uranium cluster will be hung from the top of girders
and foils through an extension assembly consisting of a top adaptor and
. On-line measurements by distributed set of Fission an extension rod. The cluster consists of 19 pins of uranium
Chambers. clad in aluminium arranged in two rings of six and twelve pins
. Spectrum measurements by Lutetium and other activation around a central pin. They are held between top and bottom
detectors – High Purity foil materials ( Cu, Au) for thermal, tie plates, which are welded to the aluminium fuel tube. The
with Cd cover for epithermal and threshold detectors like
In, Ni, Fe, Ti, Zn etc, 237Np coated foils to be used with
SSNTD for fast neutron measurements
. Special fuel foils for measuring various reaction rates.
. U foils of different 235
U/238U contents
. Pu foils with different 239
Pu/240Pu contents
. 233
U foils with different 233U/234U content.
For experiments in the reference core, the metallic uranium

cluster at the centre of the core has fuel pins with activation
detector foils. Five fuel pins in this cluster are of removable
type to facilitate insertion and removal of the activation
fuel cluster will not be in contact with coolant. The top tie plate has
detectors. Each removable fuel pin has six flux measuring foils.
provision for attachment of the extension rod through pins. All the
The flux measuring foil is clad in Al/Cd.
fuel pins required for natural metallic uranium clusters have been
fabricated for reference core of critical facility. Thirty eight assemblies
have been made.
Experimental metallic uranium cluster
For reactor physics experiments in the reference core of critical

facility, the metallic uranium cluster at the centre of the core
will be of removable pin type for placing activation detectors in
it. The cluster has provisions for the following:
. Five pins with provision for placing activation detector foils

AHWR Experimental fuel Cluster
. Foils wrapped around these pins at select locations
. Ø1.0 mm wire inside the cluster along its complete length
H.K.Dravid <dravid@barc.gov.in>
. Ø1.0 mm radial wire as chords, at three elevations.

Experimental metallic uranium cluster
Experimental Thoria Cluster
One thoria cluster containing 19 thorium dioxide pins will be

loaded at the central lattice position of the reference core.
Reactor physics measurements, including reaction rate, flux
Natural metallic uranium cluster assembly measurement, level coefficients, void reactivity etc. will be made
and extension assembly with this experimental thoria cluster. The cluster will have
provisions for placing activation detectors.

AHWR Representative Core fabricated. This cluster will be used to demonstrate the assembly
and testing of the handling tools (for pins and for cluster as a
The AHWR representative core will be constituted by replacing whole). Short length solid S S bars are used to simulate fuel pins but
central 3 x 3 array of natural metallic uranium clusters by AHWR other components like tie-plates, closure plug etc. are of full scale.
fuel clusters. They will be hung from the top in a similar way to Removal type of central rod has been made and will also be used for
the reference core clusters. The experiments will be carried out tool testing.
with sets of clusters – 1st set consisting of nine all (Th-Pu) MOX
cluster and 2nd set of nine clusters containing (Th-Pu)MOX and K.Anantharaman <anantha@barc.gov.in>
. Design and Development of Shut-off Rod

Drive Mechanism
The shut-off rod drive mechanism is designed with several

advanced features. However, it is the requirement of designing
drive mechanism within the given space constraints which
makes its design a custom built. As the mechanism is custom
built, its design is qualified and proven for reactor use through
prototyping and subjecting it to life-cycle testing on full-scale
test facility.
The prototype drive mechanism has been tested for more than
5000 cycles on full-scale test facility. Design basis report has been
(Th-233U)MOX pins. One cluster from each of the sets will be an

experimental cluster with features of removable pins and
removable dysprosium assembly (central rod).
The design of all (Th-Pu) MOX cluster for AHWR-CF (AHWR

fuel cluster for Critical facility) has been finalised. The design
has been made amenable for remote assembly. A dummy cluster Prototype headgear unit
of AHWR-CF fuel made up of SS components has been

optimization of the fuel pin design.
The system is designed to impart cyclic linear pull and rotate

the fuel pin through predetermined angle and supersedes other
engineering techniques using lead screws, cams etc. which are
not viable for use in conjunction with long fuel pins. The device
technique developed and validated as shown in the figure confirms
with a fitting solution in particular holding the fuel pin hollow
cluster to a predetermined non-superfluous force.
Typical rod drop profile

The gamma scanner developed is primarily suitable for low
irradiated fuel pins. At this stage conceptualization and
fabrication aspects of basic devices of gamma scanner like
completed and also reviewed for safety qualification. Presently, nine
development of twin chuck, it’s up-gradation for adaptability
drive units are under advanced stage of manufacture.
to scan different fuel pins, computer interface, cyclic device
sequence programming and its automated operations are
D. N. Badodkar <badodkar@barc.gov.in>
<badodkar@barc.gov.in>
validated and standardized. In future, this technology will be
implemented in the following areas.
. Gamma scanner to validate design

parameters of low irradiated fuel pin of
. Development of compact gamma scanning mechanisms
in conjunction with counterweight techniques for
advanced heavy water reactor in the underwater gamma scanning of irradiated fuel elements.
critical facility . Development of portable mechanisms to facilitate in situ
Gamma Scanning of fuel pins encased in a heavy cast.
A fuel pin Gamma scanner has been developed to validate . Measurement of inside diameters of clusters of long
physics design parameters of fuel pin for the Advanced Heavy lengths.
Water Reactor in the Critical Facility. It is a fully automated, computer- . Development of heavy-duty compact gamma scanning
interfaced radiation measurement system for scanning the irradiated mechanisms in conjunction with counter weight
fuel pin by a pair of Sodium Iodide (NaI) detectors and one techniques to scan fuel elements up to 100 mm in dia
Germanium detector (HPGe), for collecting collimated gamma and 5 meters in length and weighing approximately
spectra in three directions. The data generated will facilitate the 50 kg.
Gamma Scanner for low irradiated fuel pins

Actual photograph and components of innovative twin chuck concept
1.7 DESIGN OF COMPONENTS AND PROCES S The Design Basis Reports (DBRs) and Detailed Project Report (DPR)
SYSTEMS OF THE AHWR of process and safety systems of 920 MWt AHWR have been
. Design of Process & Safety Systems of

the AHWR
prepared. Peer review of detailed project report of AHWR has been
completed by NPCIL and review comments have been incorporated
in the design.
Process design of major reactor systems in the AHWR nuclear

island and steam cycle involves finalisation of process
. Main Heat Transport System
parameters, design of process equipment, analysis for system

The Main Heat Transport (MHT) System of AHWR transports
behaviour under various conditions (normal, upset, accident,
heat from fuel rods to steam drum. AHWR uses boiling light
faulted), preparation of flow sheets, Piping and Instrument
water as the coolant in the high-pressure MHT system and heavy
Diagrams (P&ID), system & equipment layout.
water as the moderator in a low-pressure system. The coolant
recirculation in the primary system is achieved by two-phase
natural circulation, which depends on the density difference
between the hot and cold legs of the primary loop. This mode
of core cooling is adopted not only during normal operation
but also during transients and accidental conditions.
The MHT system consists of a common reactor inlet header

from which 452 inlet feeders branch out to an equal number
of fuel channels in the core. The outlets from the fuel channels
are connected to tail pipes, 113 of which are connected to
each of the four steam drums. From each steam drum, four
down comer pipes are connected to the common inlet header.
During normal operating conditions, the steam drum pressure

Handing over of AHWR Detailed Project Report to
is maintained at 7 MPa. The water level in the steam drum at
Dr. Anil Kakodkar, Chairman, AEC by
Mr R.K. Sinha, Director, RD&DG nominal operating conditions is 2.2 m. The primary loop
circulation rate maintained by the density difference is

Main Heat Transport System
approximately 2237 kg/s at nominal operating conditions. Water Pool. The advanced accumulator is designed to provide
The average core exit quality is about 18.7 % for the rated a large amount of cold water directly into the core in the early
reactor operating conditions. stage of LOCA and then switches passively to inject small amount
for a longer duration to quench the core. This passive switching
The two-phase mixture leaving the core is separated into steam is achieved by the Fluidic Flow Control Device of the advanced
and water in the steam drum. The steam-water separation in accumulator.
the AHWR steam drum is achieved naturally by gravity without
the use of mechanical separators. During hot shut down The system consists of four accumulators containing 240 m3
condition, the decay heat is removed using main condenser. of water pressurised by nitrogen at 5.0 MPa pressure. During
However, in case of non-availability of main condenser, Isolation the event of large pipe rupture i.e., the inlet header rupture,
Condensers will remove the decay heat in passive mode. MHT pressure falls due to blow down, and cold water from the
accumulators enters the reactor core. The high pressure injection
Emergency Core Cooling System lines are provided with rupture discs, check valves and isolation
valves. The low pressure injection from GDWP initiates after
The Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS) in the AHWR isolation of accumulators by closing the valves.
provides cooling to the fuel in passive mode during first fifteen
minutes of LOCA by high pressure injection from Advanced
Accumulator and later for three days from the Gravity Driven

. Gravity Driven Water Pool
The Gravity Driven Water Pool (GDWP) functions as a heat sink

for Passive Concrete Cooling System, condenses the steam
flowing through the isolation condensers during reactor
shutdown and sources low pressure Emergency Core Cooling
(ECC) injection for removing decay heat for three days following
LOCA. The GDWP also functions as a suppression pool to cool
the steam and air mixture during LOCA.
The GDWP is located in the dome region of the reactor building

and contains 6000 m3 of water inventory. Stainless steel lining
of 6 mm thickness is provided inside the GDWP. There are eight
compartments in the GDWP which are interconnected to each
other. Each compartment of GDWP contains one Isolation
Condenser for core decay heat removal during shutdown and
is provided with outlet nozzles at various elevations for flow of
water into the core during LOCA. The Passive Containment
Coolers are located below the GDWP for containment heat
removal during and after LOCA.
The GDWP recirculation and cooling system consists of four

loops. Each loop consists of a heat exchanger, a pump, a filter,
an ion exchanger and a chemical addition tank for maintaining
water chemistry. These loops operate in rotation with two of
them operating at a time. A bypass purification line, consisting
of a filter and an ion exchanger, is provided to remove the
suspended and ionic impurities so as to maintain the crud
concentration within limits.
To prevent biological growth in GDWP, its water will be

continuously recirculated by the re-circulating pumps. The re-
circulation flow will be maintained by two pumps operating at
a time on rotation basis. The GDWP re-circulation system takes
care of re-circulating, filling and draining the water in each
compartment. Each compartment has a separate inlet and
outlet line for supply and drain of pool water respectively.
Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS)

Gravity Driven Water Pool
Important Design Features of Process & Safety based on the limitations like size of the heat exchanger and
Systems to Improve Plant Performance & Safety temperature cross.
Moderator heat utilisation The economic benefit in terms of electric power gain is
considerable compared to capital cost involved in additional to
Heat generated in heavy water moderator and heat transferred and fro feed water piping from turbine building to reactor
from fuel channel to moderator is generally transferred to building, additional heat exchangers and valves. The efficiency
process water in circulation loop, which goes as waste heat. In of steam cycle is 33.4% after utilisation of moderator heat.
AHWR, the moderator system is designed to utilize the optimum
quantity of heat to improve the thermal power output at Turbine Passive Moderator Cooling System during Station
Generator (TG). Out of 58 MWt moderator heat, 36 MWt is Black Out
utilised to heat the condensate feed water before the LP heaters
in steam cycle. With heat utilization the condensate is heated from Passive moderator cooling is designed to avoid boiling of
44ºC to 68ºC, resulting in saving of steam extraction requirement moderator and to avoid release of tritium from moderator cover
of 51.72 T/h from LP Turbine and thereby generating 3.42 MWe gas due to pressure rise in the event of Station Black Out (SBO).
power. Feasibility study is completed and detailed design is under
progress.
The moderator outlet temperature is increased to utilize the
maximum heat. The heat utilization is optimized keeping the The passive moderator cooling system removes 2 MW
sufficient time margin (~3-4 h) for moderator to reach boiling moderator heat by a heat exchanger suitably elevated from the
temperature during station black out condition and also heat source center i.e. core. Both tube side heavy water

moderator and shell side Gravity Driven Water Pool (GDWP) water steam pressure. A rupture disc is provided between the passive
circulate in the heat exchanger by buoyancy force. GDWP with valve and the steam drum for releasing the steam to valve by rupture
6000 m3 water inventory serves as heat sink. Heat exchanger and action at over pressure above the trip set pressures for SDS#1 or
the connecting piping are designed to minimise the pressure drop SDS#2.
to achieve the required flow by natural circulation.
During Station Black Out (SBO) condition due to unavailability

of forced circulation & cooling, moderator temperature starts
increasing due to heat generation in moderator and heat
transfer from hot main heat transport system (MHT) at 285°C.
MHT temperature remains hot during station blackout without
any crash cooling provision while Isolation Condensers (ICs)
removing core decay heat by passive valves in operation.
Analytical estimation shows a moderator bulk mean
temperature of 90°C in 1 h 45 min and cover gas pressure
reaches relief valve set pressure of 1.5 kg/cm2 (abs.). The
temperature further rises to 100°C in three hours and continues to
rise with time in the absence of cooling provision. With the passive
cooling provision and 2 MW moderator heat removal, the cover
gas pressure and moderator temperature of the system is maintained
below the relief pressure setting and saturation temperature.
Schematic flow sheet of Passive Shutdown Device
Passive concrete cooling system
Passive concrete cooling system protects the reactor V1 volume

concrete surface from high temperature MHT, by natural
circulation of water in tubes near the concrete structure.
This passive concrete cooling system has eliminated blowers
and associated power supply failure events. The concrete
temperature is maintained below 55°C by the optimum number of
cooling pipelines, over the conventional cabinet insulation panel
surrounding MHT The natural circulation of water from gravity
driven water pool, in the pipes, maintains the concrete temperature.
Passive Moderator Cooling System - Schematic Corrugated plate outside the insulation panel gives a better heat
transfer contact with the cooling pipes. Water circulation stabilizes
Passive Shutdown Device due to density difference between the cold supply line connecting
GDWP from outside V1 volume and cooling pipes, which picks up
The Passive Shutdown Device (PSD) is an additional provision heat transferred through insulation panel.
to effect shutdown in the event of over pressure in the MHT
system due to the failure of wired mechanical ShutDown System Passive concrete cooling system design is completed and
(SDS-1) and liquid poison injection in moderator (SDS-2) due to any experimental facility is being planned to validate the
malefficient activity. PSD adds liquid poison to moderator from a analytical results.
pressurized poison tank, by actuating a valve passively driven by

The purification system cooling circuit is modified to utilise the

optimum quantity of waste heat of 5 MWth to produce 300
m3/day Demineralised water by providing an isolation heat
exchanger, which transfers heat from 100°C to 64 °C to Low
Temperature Evaporation (LTE) Desalination Plant. This design
feature lowers the heat load on process water besides producng
300 m3/day D.M. water.
Thermal Analysis for Estimation of Rate of MHT

Temperature Rise
The heating of Main Heat Transport (MHT) system from 35ºC to

285ºC during start up from cold shutdown condition has been
Schematic and typical cross sectional views of
Passive Concrete Cooling System studied by utilising core heat from 2% to 5% Full Power (FP), after
attaining criticality. Analytical estimates shows that the heating time
varies from 5 hrs to 26 hrs for core heat varying from 2% to 5% FP
Waste heat utilisation from MHT purification circuit to
and purification flow varying from 0 to 100%. These analytical
produce D.M. water
estimates consider heat capacities of structural, fuel and water
inventory, losses to surrounding moderator, top and bottom end
Purification flow is normally cooled in regenerative mode and
shield, air surrounding MHT piping in V1 area.
later by non-regenerative coolers before passing it to Ion
exchange columns. Non-regenerative cooling is usually provided
at the last stages of cooling which otherwise requires
uneconomical number of regenerative coolers in series with
associated temperature cross in heat exchanger design. In
AHWR, Purification flow 2000 lpm is cooled to 100°C in
regenerative mode and further temperature reduction to 42°C
is achieved in non-regenerative cooler, leading to transfer 8
MWth heat load to process water as waste heat.
Time taken by MHT System to Reach 285°C with

Different Core Power and Different Purification Flow
Sudhir Bhatia <andhan@barc.gov.in>
. Design of Coolant Channel of the Advanced

Heavy Water Reactor
Coolant channel forms the heart of pressure tube type nuclear

reactor. Coolant channel houses the fuel assembly along with
Waste heat utilisation from MHT purification circuit
for desalination - Schematic flow sheet shields and seal plugs. The coolant flows past the fuel assembly
removing the nuclear heat from the fuel pins.

The AHWR coolant channel has many features which facilitates on- yoke assembly attached to top and bottom end fittings
power fuelling, direct injection of cold water from emergency core respectively. Bottom end fittings are provided with feeder
cooling system to hot fuel pins in the event of LOCA, easy couplings to connect it with feeders, which are welded to Inlet
replaceability of pressure tube, suitable interfaces with Main Header. Lower ends of tail pipes are welded to top end fittings
Heat Transport (MHT) system, as well as annular gap to separate and top ends of tail pipes are connected to steam drum.
the hot pressure tube ( 285 C ) from surrounding cold moderator
o
( 65oC ). Fuel assembly is located inside the pressure tube and is inserted and
taken out of the channel through the top end fitting. The top end
Design Description fitting has suitable features to support and locate the fuel assembly
along with the shield plugs in its designed location and to interface
Coolant channel consists of cold worked Zr-2.5Nb pressure tube with the fuelling machine to carry out fuelling operations. After
in the reactor core region, which is extended by stainless steel fuelling is over, the top end fitting is closed using a seal plug which
end fittings at the top and the bottom. The coolant channel is butts against a seal face provided in the bore of the end fitting.
located and locked in its position by anti-torque hardware and
Coolant Channel Assembly

Operational Details
Light water coolant from MHT System enters the coolant channels
through bottom end fittings, which are connected to feeders.
Coolant at 259OC flows past the fuel assembly by removing the
heat generated by nuclear reaction and flows out as steam-water
mixture at 285OC through the tail pipe to the steam drums where
steam is separated and sent to turbine.
Rolled Joint End of Top End Fitting
Easy Replaceability of Pressure Tube
The estimated life of pressure tube in this reactor is about 30 years Feeder Coupling
due to various degrading mechanisms such as irradiation creep,
corrosion and hydrogen pick up. Easier replaceability of Pressure Feeders are connected to the bottom end fittings by feeder couplings.
tube is taken into consideration in the design to reduce the duration This is a special compact mechanical coupling with a self-energising
of shut down of the reactor, man-rem exposure and the cost of metal seal as sealing element which requires lower tightening load
replacement. Certain features are provided in its design for the than other mechanical couplings. The effectiveness of sealing increases
above purpose and are described below. with pressure in this coupling. The bottom end of the bottom end
fitting is provided with an in-built hub and the feeder is also ending
Pressure tube with a suitable hub. These hubs are provided with a taper on its
outer portion and the inner side of clamp is provided with a matching
Replacement of pressure tube has been planned by removing it taper. When the clamp is tightened over the hubs, they become
along with bottom end fitting, through the bore of the top end closer and the required amount of tightening load is applied on the
fitting. This has been achieved by keeping the bore of the top end sealing element. The feeder coupling has been designed and
fitting more than the maximum outside diameter of pressure tube, developed on the basis of performance tests.
after considering the irradiation induced diametrical creep of 4 %
and the outside diameter of the bottom end fitting. In view of this
and the rolled joint
requirements, pressure tube is
designed to have an out side
diameter of 133 mm and
thickness of 6.1 mm at the top
end and 90 mm outside
diameter at the bottom end.
Rolled Joint
Pressure tube
Pressure tube is joined to top end fitting with a rolled joint, which
can be assembled and tested remotely. The rolled joint can be
detached by shock heat method. Top end fitting which is not planned
to be removed during pressure tube replacement, is provided with
an additional set of rolled joint grooves which could be used for
making the second joint.

Composite Sleeve Rolled Joint
calandria tube sufficiently in advance so that the reactor can be

safely shut down before any catastrophic failure occurs. The annulus
Feeder Coupling
is closed at the top end and open at the bottom.
V. Joemon <joemon@barc.gov.in>
Composite Sleeve rolled Joint
The tail pipe is of SS304L and is required to be welded to top

end fitting. Hence, it is preferable to have top end fitting of
. Development of rolled joint detachment
technology
SS304L in order to avoid a dissimilar metal welding in the nozzle
region. Due to large difference in thermal expansion coefficients One of the major design features of AHWR is the replaceability
of SS304L and pressure tube material, a rolled joint between of pressure tube during the lifetime of the reactor. In order to
pressure tube and SS304L end fitting operating at high demonstrate this aspect, a technique for detachment of rolled
temperature is not feasible. Hence, a composite sleeve is joint between end fitting and pressure tube is being pursued.
designed consisting of outer sleeve of SS403 material which is The technique is based on radio frequency induction heating,
having lower thermal expansion coefficient, shrink fitted over in which the pressure tube in the rolled joint area is rapidly
inner sleeve of SS304L material. At higher temperatures, outer heated using an induction coil and then suddenly cooled. A
sleeve will introduce compressive stresses on the inner sleeve, which schematic of the technique is shown in the figure. During
will partially compensate for the relaxation of contact pressure, heating, as the pressure tube temperature starts increasing and
between the pressure tube and the inner sleeve. the stress developed reaches the yield stress, there will be no
further increase of the contact pressure between pressure tube
Annulus Leak Monitoring System and end fitting. During subsequent cooling, a gap will be
generated between the end fitting and pressure tube. After
The Annulus Leak Monitoring System (ALMS) is incorporated in the two to four cycles, the joint will become free. During subsequent
design of the coolant channel to ensure ‘Leak Before Break Criterion’. heating, an axial load is applied, which will contract the
It is designed to detect leaks from pressure tube, its joints and from pressure tube radially and finally it will come out of the rolling
moderator system into the annulus between pressure tube and grooves. Variation of contact pressure with temperature

in the case of 220 MWe PHWR calandria tube rolled joint, as will be used to transfer power from the induction-heating machine
estimated analytically is given in the Figure. to the work coil. In order to apply axial load during detachment
work, a tool has been designed, as illustrated in figure.
In order to estimate the various parameters involved and to
optimize their values, a mock up facility is being set up. To K Madhusoodan <kmadhu@barc.gov.in>
reduce transmission loss, coaxial cable is being purchased, which
Schematic of detachment work.
Variation of radial gap during detachment work

Pulling tool for detachment work.
. Containment Isolation Devices for Nuclear

Reactors
of seal, different behavior of seal material in water and air, inadequate
deflection and sealing force due to low pressure, accumulation of
dust on sealing surface aggravating the seal compression etc. are
The peripheral RCC wall of the nuclear reactor is termed as the problems being faced in butterfly valves.
containment and is the ultimate barrier between the reactor
and the atmosphere. Utilities are fed in and out of the reactor Hence there was a need to design these isolation devices
through pipe penetrations. The largest such penetrations pertain specifically for the intended application instead of just trying
to ventilation system. The dampers provided for closing these to adapt available valves in a unsuitable manner. The isolation
penetrations and bottling up of the containment are thus critical devices can be either active type i.e. through external actuation
equipment of the dynamic containment system. Dampers by means of an electro-pneumatic circuit or passive type i.e.
provided in such penetrations are required to close in a perfectly self-actuating by the fluctuation in system parameters viz.
leak-tight manner within few seconds in case of any abnormal pressure & velocity of air in the duct during LOCA. Work is
situation. The safety and reliability of entire containment system being carried out on both the fronts.
depends mainly on these dampers.
On the active damper side an electro-pneumatically operating,
Most of the existing systems utilize butterfly valves for this lightweight, positive seal, airtight damper, with rotary cum axial
purpose. These butterfly valves are basically designed for fluid motion was developed in TSD. The axial motion provides perfect
duty at a system pressure of 5 kg/ cm2 whereas in reactors the sealing by overcoming inherent defects of butterfly valves. This
pressure of not more than 2 kg/cm is expected even under severe
2 damper has compressed air to open and spring to close on
accidental condition like LOCA. When these valves are used for low active signals. Thus it is termed as active damper. Initial design
pressure systems handling atmospheric air the performance does utilizes multi-four bar mechanism to achieve the rotary-cum-
not remain satisfactory. Unequal seal compression, unequal wearing axial motion. Efforts are being made to reduce the number of

linkages. The test results are highly encouraging. conception of design, development of prototype working model,
development of testing set up, fabrication and testing prototype
On the passive damper side simple spring loaded disc critically model, test data interpretations and subsequent design
designed to allow a particular range of flow is being developed. modifications. Presently work is being carried out to design, fabricate
The disc automatically closes when there are instantaneous & test a damper suitable for the conditions specified in AHWR
increases in air velocity in the duct. reactors and also to fabricate a damper to establish the design
principles of Passive Dampers.
The active damper along with passive dampers in series can
provide a perfect solution to the need of positive and reliable
isolation of any nuclear reactors. The major works involved are
Various Positions of Linkages

Various Positions of Linkages

P. S. Shetty <psshetty@barc.gov.in>

1.8 FUEL HANDLING FOR AHWR channel. Considering the shielding requirement and long and heavy
. Development of Fuel Handling System of

AHWR
structure of fuelling machine it has been supported at higher
elevation to achieve fine alignment with the channel. Fuelling machine
interacts with coolant channel through snout assembly making leak
tight connection for refuelling. 3-D modelling and design has been
Main requirement of fuelling system is to re-fuel the reactor by completed for the machine. Presently manufacturing of prototype
gaining access to the reactor top face during refuelling. The fuel fuelling machine is in progress.
handling system mainly consists of a fuelling machine, an inclined
fuel transfer machine, a temporary fuel storage bay located inside Trolley and carriage assembly support the heavy shielding structure
the reactor building and a fuel storage bay located outside the and locate the machine coarsely to within ±3 mm of the particular
reactor building. Main design challenges faced in the design and channel to be refuelled.
development of fuel handling system are related to the handling of
10.5 metre long fuel assembly, shielding requirement and seismic Fuel Storage Bay
qualification of 19 meters tall and 600 tonne heavy fuelling machine.
There is a small temporary fuel storage bay (TFSBx) located inside
Fuelling Machine reactor building through which fuelling machine interacts for
charging new fuel and receiving spent fuel. The permanent fuel
The function of fuelling machine is to remove and insert the fuel storage bay is located outside the reactor building for storage and
assembly in three pieces i.e., shield A, shield B and fuel cluster with cooling.
a reliable operation. This is done with the help of separator assembly,
magazine assembly and ram assembly of the fuelling machine. Inclined Fuel Transfer Machine
Magazine assembly temporarily stores the plugs and fuel and ram
assembly operates the plugs for their removal, movement or Inclined Fuel Transfer Machine (IFTM) is used to transfer the fuel
installation. Ram assembly consists of three coaxial rams and outer across the reactor building. IFTM is a tall machine connecting inside
ram travels up to 7.6 meters for removal of fuel assembly from the and outside fuel storage bays through containment walls. A water
Inclined Fuel Transfer Machine

Fuelling Machine

filled pot containing fuel, guided in an inclined ramp, is hoisted up

in the tilting leg and subsequently hoisted down to unload the fuel
on the other side. The concept of IFTM for fuel transfer is most
suitable because of less requirement of space inside reactor building,
on line transfer, small containment penetrations, ensured cooling
of fuel throughout the transfer and passive containment isolation
features. Passive containment isolation is enabled by water head
available in the inclined ramp in case of LOCA.
Fuel Handling System Hardware Components
Main hardware components include snout plug, seal plug and

collet joint. Snout plug is a part of fuelling machine and provides
leak tight closing end for the fuelling machine when it is not
connected to any channel or fuel port. The necessary sealing is Seal plug
accomplished by a special mechanism using radial ‘O’ ring. Skinner
seal, a metallic face seal, ensures a leak tight connection between S. Bansal <sbansal@barc.gov.in>
end fitting and the fuelling machine during refuelling. Seal plug is a
critical sub assembly of the coolant channel assembly and acts as a
1.9 ANALYTICAL STUDIES AND EXPERIMENTAL
pressure boundary to prevent the escape of MHT steam/water.
VALIDATION
.
Collet joint has been used for joining different components of fuel
assembly. All the above components have been tested in reactor-
Investigations on the stability
simulated conditions and design has been proven.
characteristics of the Advanced Heavy
Water Reactor
The Advanced Heavy Water Reactor adopts natural circulation for

removal of fission heat during start-up, power-raising and accidental
conditions in addition to the rated full power operating condition.
With several parallel boiling channels having different power and
resistances connected between the header and the steam drum
with very long feeder and tail pipes, the reactor may experience
various types of instabilities during its operation from atmospheric
to rated pressure and the power raising process.
Occurrence of the thermo-hydraulic instabilities may further induce

power oscillations through the void reactivity coupling. Instabilities
of any form are undesirable from the viewpoint of reactor operation,
control and safety. It is required to predict the stable and unstable
regions of the reactor operations during the design stage so that if
instability is found, methods of suppressing or procedures to avoid
them can be worked out. Further to this, it is also required to
generate the stability maps considering the neutronic feed back
Snout Plug effects at various conditions, which are useful for the design and
operation of the reactor.

Modelling the natural circulation static and dynamic instability feed back. To simulate the out-of-phase instability in the AHWR
characteristics of the AHWR have been carried out using two core, a mathematical model has been developed based on the modal
computer codes TINFLO-A and TINFLO-S. These codes have been point kinetics model. The out-of-phase instability behaviour of the
developed to predict the static instabilities such as Ledinegg type AHWR considering the coupled multi-point kinetics model and modal
and the density-wave instabilities of the reactor respectively. point kinetics model has been compared.
Computer code TINFLO-S can simulate the interactions of several
parallel boiling channels of the reactor to induce the out-of-phase Influence of void reactivity feedback and fuel time constant on the
instability in the reactor when operated under natural circulation thermal hydraulic stability behaviour of the AHWR has been analysed.
conditions. To analyse the flow pattern transition instability in the Effect of delayed neutrons on the reactor stability has also been
reactor, the model considers the flow pattern transition criteria and analysed. Constant decay ratio lines, which are indications of the
flow pattern specific pressure drop models both in single and two- stability margin of the reactor, were predicted at the rated pressure
phase regions of the horizontal and vertical sections of the reactor.
Simplified models for coupling of neutron kinetics with

thermal hydraulics in the AHWR have been developed.
To study the interaction between different parts of
the core through neutron diffusion, a coupled
multipoint kinetics model has been applied in place of
simple point kinetics model for the neutron dynamics.
The model considers the reactor to contain ‘N’ number
of sub-cores which are sub-critical, isolated by
reflectors and influenced each other only through
leakage neutrons number of which is proportional to
the average neutron flux over each subcore. Each subcore may conditions of the reactor.
contain one channel or group of channels having the same power The results shown in figure indicate that the out-of-phase mode
and resistances. oscillations are more dominant as compared to the in-phase mode
oscillations in the reactor because of the extra single phase friction
In the recent past, the out-of-phase instability is explained as a in the down comers which stabilise the in-phase mode oscillations.
phenomenon in which the neutron higher modes are excited by the
thermal hydraulic feed back effects. The higher modes are all sub- Both Type I and Type II instabilities were found to occur depending
on the operating conditions such as the heat generation rate and
subcooling. Type I instabilities occur at low power with initiation of
boiling in the core when the quality is low. Under low
critical, which could result in out-of-phase oscillations depending

on the sub-criticality of the harmonic mode and the void reactivity

quality conditions, a slight change in quality due to any disturbance instability. Moreover, the frequency of oscillation is very less in the
can cause a large change in void fraction and consequently in the AHWR (<0.08 Hz) as compared to that normally observed in vessel
driving head to induce oscillations. Whereas Type II instabilities occur type BWRs (>0.5 Hz) due to very long feeder pipes in the AHWR
at high power conditions when the quality is high. The two-phase main heat transport system. Due to the low frequency of oscillations,
frictional pressure loss may be high owing to the smaller two-phase the Type I and Type II thermal hydraulic instabilities can get suppressed
mixture density. Having a large void fraction will increase the void with the negative void reactivity feed back inherent with the neutronic
propagation time delay in the two-phase region of the system. characteristics of the core. To study the neutron field dynamics, a
Under these conditions, any small fluctuation in flow can cause a coupled multipoint kinetics model is used.
larger fluctuation of the two-phase frictional pressure loss due to
fluctuation of density and flow to induce the oscillations in the The codes developed are currently validated with in-house data and
system. other commercial codes like RELAP5. As a future course of this
activity, four equation drift flux model of the AHWR configuration
will be used to assess its stability and compared with the
homogeneous model. Stability behaviour of the AHWR considering
carry-under will form part of the simulation studies.
A.K. Nayak <arunths@barc.gov.in>
. Simulations of AHWR start up procedure
The instabilities during the reactor start up from low-pressure, .can

be overcome by starting the reactor at higher pressures, by externally
pressurizing the system. This can be achieved by introducing steam
from external boiler into the steam drum. The start-up procedure
for AHWR consists of stage-wise system pressurization up to 70
bar, by means of an external boiler and system heat-up with 2%
In-phase and Out-of-phase Stability Behaviour in
Boiling Channels of the AHWR reactor power. This has been simulated using a two-fluid, non-
(Numbers at threshold points indicate homogenous thermo-hydraulic computer code RELAP5/MOD3.2,
the frequency of oscillation)
widely used for reactor transient analysis.
The Type I instabilities is of concern for the AHWR operation, especially Simulations have confirmed the stability of single-phase as well as
during the power raising process, start-up, set-back and shut down two-phase natural circulation during the reactor start-up, with
conditions. However, since the heat generation rate is less, it may stage-wise external pressurization and low power heat up.
not cause occurrence of CHF in the channels. However, the reactor This scheme requires an external boiler with a pressure rating of 70
operation at these conditions may not be possible and to avoid bar. Further start-up case studies at lower system pressure have
them, a suitable operation procedure needs to be worked out. On also been investigated. The results of these simulations are discussed
the other hand, the Type II instabilities occur at much higher power, below.
beyond the reactor trip set point. Hence, it is not of concern for
the AHWR operation. Variation of core flow during reactor start-up with an
external stage-wise pressurization
The frequency of oscillations at different operating conditions are
estimated and also shown in the same figure. It is observed that the Pressurization is carried out in such a way that cold pressurization
frequency of Type II instabilities is much larger than that for Type I limits for structural components is not exceeded. In this scheme

the boiling inception takes place at

70 bar and stable two-phase natural
circulation is achieved.
Start-up procedure
with onetime external
pressurization of system at
10 bar
At lower pressure due to the static

head reduction at the steam drum
flashing takes place as indicated in the
figure by void fraction in steam drum
and at the core exit. It is then followed
by the boiling inception in the core.
Flashing at 10 bar however induces
smaller amplitude oscillation but can
be severe at further lower pressures.
After boiling inception the system is
closed by closing the boiler valve and
with internal steam production system Reactor start-up with stage-wise external pressurisation and heat up.
is pressurized up to 70 bar. Flow is
found to be stable during two-phase
natural circulation.
Reactor start-up from

atmospheric pressure
Flashing instability occurs with significant

oscillation amplitudes. It is then observed
to reduce at increasing pressures.
Low-pressure (atmospheric) natural
circulation start-up experiments
conducted in High-pressure Natural
Circulation Loop (HPNCL) indicated that
the instabilities are associated with boiling
inception. The heater power in this
experiment has been kept at 20 kW. The
natural circulation is found to become
stable at higher pressures.
Reactor start-up with one time pressurisation and boiling inception at 10 bar

Reactor start-up without external pressurization (from atmospheric pressure)
Experimental results for low-pressure start-up in HPNCL.
Ritesh Krishnaji Bagul <redths@barc.gov.in>

. Flow pattern transition instability loop The facility was also used for the investigation of pressurized start-
up procedure in natural circulation systems. This facility also
Instabilities due to flow pattern transition in natural circulation generated a few data points for critical heat flux under oscillatory
reactors are reported to occur while operating near the slug flow natural circulation flow.
to annular flow transition regions. The primary reason for this
instability is that the frictional pressure loss in slug flow is more than
that in annular flow. Therefore, while operating near the slug to
annular flow transition condition, a slight increase in power leads to
annular flow. Due to the lower pressure drop in annular flow, the
flow rate tends to increase. The increased flow rate reduces steam
production and hence the flow reverts back to the slug flow regime.
Now due to the larger frictional pressure drop, flow reduces causing
more steam production and the flow switches to annular regime
once again. The process repeats itself and is known as flow pattern
transition instability. The main objectives of the experiments were
to generate data for
.
.
bubbly flow to slug flow transition,
.
slug flow to annular flow transition,
.
void fraction and
flow pattern specific pressure drop.
Experiments on steady state and stability behavior of two-phase

natural circulation have been completed in four loops differing in Flow pattern transition instability loop
(FPTIL) at APSARA reactor hall
diameter. The experiments have also generated data on the void
fraction, pressure drop and flow patterns. Also, it has helped in the
development and testing of the Electrical Conductance Probe (ECP)
which is developed in-house, its performance has been compared
with neutron radiography.
The steady state analysis shows a close agreement with the theoretical
results. Void fraction assessment with the various correlations has
yielded in identifying few correlations which can be used for low
mass flux systems such as natural circulation systems. A photograph
of the facility as it was erected in the Apsara reactor hall and few
typical experimental results are illustrated.
The two phase natural circulation experiments performed in the

APSARA loop (1/2” diameter) have been simulated using the two-
fluid, non-homogeneous computer code RELAP5/MOD3.2 to find
out the mass flow rate, void fraction, test section exit quality
and pressure drop. The results have been compared with the
experimental measurements. The comparison of experimental results Typical void fraction data comparison for 7 mm
ID test section
with those that are calculated by RELAP5/MOD3.2.

difficult to simulate all the given parameters between prototype

and model. Another problem associated with the existing scaling
laws are that they do not give the steady state flow rate directly
whereas all of the parameters generally are dependent upon the
flow rate. A generalized flow correlation is needed to simulate the
steady state behavior with a single non-dimensional parameter.
A set of homogeneous Navier-Stoke equations have been solved to

derive the correlation for Reynolds number ( inertia force/ viscous
force) in terms of modified Grashof number, Grm and contribution
of loop geometry towards Friction number (effective loss coefficient
for the entire loop), NG This correlation is valid for both uniform as
well as non-uniform diameter loops.
Comparison of experimental and calculated To account for the density variation in the buoyancy term, a new
mass flow rates
parameter βh , which is the volumetric thermal expansion co-efficient
and defined as h as been used, where, νm is mean
specific volume and h is the enthalpy at that pressure and quality.
Experiments were conducted in three loops of inside diameter 10.21

mm, 15.74 mm and 19.86 mm respectively in a facility having the
geometry as in Figure. The steam separator, the condenser and the
associated piping (the portion inside the rectangular box in Figure.
were the same for all the loops. In addition, experimental data were
generated in a 49.3 mm inside diameter High Pressure Natural
Circulation Loop (HPNCL) shown in Figure. The developed correlation
was tested against the data (generated with different loop diameter:
9.6-49.3 mm) and it was seen that there is a reasonable agreement
(with an error bound of + 40%) with the proposed correlation
shown in Figure confirming the validity of the correlation.
Comparison of test section temperatures and

pressure drops
G.S.S. Prasada Rao <redths@barc.gov.in>
. Development
Correlation for
of Generalized
Tw o - P h a s e
Flow
Natural
Circulation Loops
It is essential to know the flow rate to establish the heat transport

capability of natural circulation loops. A large number of scaling
parameters are available in the literature. But practically it is very

Schematic of the experimental loop
High Pressure Natural Circulation Loop

Comparison of theoretical and experimental results
Manas Ranjan Gartia <redths@barc.gov.in>
. Integral Test Loop (ITL) Objectives of the Integral Test Loop
ITL is a scaled facility which simulates the main heat transport system . Generation of database for the performance
(MHTS), Emergency Core cooling System (ECCS), Isolation Condenser evaluation of the following systems in the
.
System (ICS) along with the associated controls of the AHWR. The plant environment
.
scaling philosophy for the ITL facility is based on the 3-level approach Natural circulation in the MHT loop
.
in which integral, local phenomena and boundary flow (mass and Steam separation process in the steam drum
.
energy) effects are given due importance. Fluidic device in the advanced accumulator
.
Gravity driven cooling system
.
The integral (or global) scaling is based on the power-to-volume Isolation condenser system and
.
scaling philosophy. Care has been taken to preserve important local Active shutdown cooling system
phenomena, which can significantly influence the integral behaviour. Evolution of a start-up procedure, generation of
Typical examples are CHF (critical heat flux) in the core simulator, database for plant transients and accident
steam-water separation in the steam drum etc. Important boundary scenarios like LOCA
flow effects simulated are that due to emergency coolant injection,
feed water injection, etc. The facility is a single channel test facility
simulating the full elevation, pressure and temperature of the AHWR.

Steam Drum Isolation Condenser
Advanced Accumulator
Integral Test Loop (ITL) Fuel Channel Simulator
A 3-D layout and few photographs

of the various equipment of the facility

Scaling Philosophy
To check the adequacy of the scaling philosophy, simulation

calculations were performed on the prototype and model for the
same operating conditions and the results are graphically presented.
Variation of flow rate with power for different pressure
Comparison of predicted flow rates for AHWR and ITL
Variation of flow rate and

S. D. pressure with time
has been predicted. The predicted steady state mass flow rate was
Comparison of stability maps between AHWR found to increase with power. With reduction in pressure, void
and ITL with single channel for in-phase fraction and buoyancy force increases, which increase the mass
mode of oscillation
flow rate. The start up can be associated with following types of
instabilities e.g. geysering, flashing and low quality density wave
Pre-Test analysis instability. Typical start-up transient at 2% power (40 kW) with an
initial pressurization of 20 bar is shown in the Figure. As soon as the
To gain an insight in to system thermal hydraulics a pre-test analysis boiling starts at 25000 s the low quality density wave instability sets
has been carried out using non-homogeneous, non-equilibrium in. This instability dies out as the system pressure rises. The power
two fluid thermal hydraulic code RELAP5/MOD3.2. The steady state raising from 2% to 100% (2035 kW) at 0.5 % per second shows
and transient (e.g. startup and power raising) performance of ITL stable operation.

Comparison of steady state mass flow rates Variation of steam drum pressure
at various powers
condensers (ICs) are valved in to remove the decay heat in the

reactor under natural circulation mode. To simulate such a scenario
Simulation of Steady state Behaviour
few experiments (station blackout simulation) have been performed.
In simulation experiment following SFP trip the system power is
Few natural circulation experiments were carried out at various
tripped and set to follow a programmed decay power curve through
powers and pressures to simulate steady state and normal operating
a ramp generator. During this the system pressure rises due to
behaviour of the system.
decay heat and at set pressure the isolation condenser valve (ICQOV-
4) opens and lets the steam condense and allows it to flow to steam
Simulation of Station Blackout
drum. Thus IC acting as cold leg for the system is able to remove
decay heat effectively and maintains the system under natural
During class III and class IV power supply failure the reactor is
circulation mode. Few typical results of the experiments performed
shutdown following a Secondary Feed Pump (SFP) trip and Isolation
are illustrated..
The facility has been installed and commissioned in all respects and
experiments that are planned are listed as follows
.
.
Station blackout at various system pressures and powers
Loss Of Coolant Accident (LOCA) simulation with various header
.
break sizes at various system pressures and powers
Simulation and evolution of the start-up procedure for
.
various system pressures and sub cooling
Natural circulation experiments at different powers, pres
.
sures and subcooling
Performance evaluation of the Active ShutDown Cooling
.
System (ASDCS)
Performance evaluation of the Fluidic Flow Control Device
Simulation of decay heat generation rate of AHWR in (FFCD) of advanced accumulator.

ITL following a station blackout
D.S. Pilkhwal <pilkhwal@barc.gov.in>

. Investigation on Critical Power of AHWR

Fuel Bundle
The Critical Heat Flux (CHF) is an important parameter, which limits

the power that can be extracted from a nuclear fuel bundle. The
critical power of a fuel bundle is the bundle power
corresponding to the CHF condition for a given operating
conditions like axial power profile, pressure, mass flux and inlet
subcooling. In natural circulation based reactors like AHWR, the
other constraining parameter is the thermal hydraulic instability.
These two parameters are important design consideration for the
safe operation of the AHWR. Investigation shows that no upper
instability threshold exists for high inlet subcooling. Hence, the Critical power prediction by LUT with HBM approach
maximum operating power is still limited by CHF. Therefore CHF in
the bundle needs to be reliably ascertained to determine the available
literature. The comparison between the experimental data and the
safety margin. Such a prediction needs to be carried out so that
prediction showed that around 88.3% data was predicted with an
necessary corrective action/design modification in the bundle can
accuracy of ±20% as shown in Figure.
be worked out to achieve acceptable thermal margin.
The variation of the critical power with the subcooling is illustrated.

Suitable prediction methods such as empirical correlations, CHF
The maximum operating channel power of 2.6 MW is also shown in
look-up table and mechanistic approaches for the CHF have been
this figure. Apart from this, the Janssen-Levy model has also been
adopted to predict the Minimum Critical Heat Flux Ratio (MCHFR).
A simplified mechanistic model has been employed in conjunction
with the subchannel code for the prediction of CHF and the variation
of film flow rate, deposition and entrainment rates are depicted.
The Critical Power Ratio (critical power to the operating power) has
been estimated to be 1.51 and 1.54 using mechanistic and LUT
approaches respectively. The prediction reveals that there is an
adequate thermal margin available in the bundle design of the
uprated AHWR (920 MWth).
Comparison between measured and predicted CHF by

LUT Using HBM with modified bundle correction factor
assessed. A computer code has been developed to predict the critical

power of AHWR bundle with CHF Look-Up Table (LUT). The Heat
Balance Method (HBM) was adopted for the evaluation of critical
power by LUT approach. The bundle correction factor used with
LUT was modified to improve the prediction accuracy. The
assessment of this approach was carried out based on the Prediction of critical power of AHWR fuel bundle
experimental data, on the rod bundle CHF data available in the by mechanistic approach

However, due to uncertainty in the prediction of the complex A two-phase multiplier (Φ2LO) for 54 rods fuel cluster was calculated
phenomena of CHF there is a need to substantiate the prediction of by taking the ratio of two phase pressure drop and single phase
the thermal margin by experimental data in simulated geometrical pressure drop across the bundle. A correlation is derived using the
and operating conditions of AHWR. In view of this, a CHF program experimental two phase multiplier data. The present correlation
has been formulated to generate experimental data on rod bundle was able to predict the experimental data with an error band of
CHF. A tubular test section for the CHF experimental set up has 20%.
been installed and experiments are in progress. The fuel rod simulator
for the CHF experiment has also been designed and is being Single-phase pressure drop experiments have been carried out in
fabricated. The Freon CHF data is planned to be generated and the 3 MW Boiling Water Loop (BWL) for 52 rods cluster. The
equivalent water data can be evaluated using the fluid to fluid components like shield plug, collet and rod bundle were fabricated
modeling approach. and installed in the coolant channel test section in 3 MW BWL.
Single phase pressure data have been generated and
analysed. A typical result for the pressure drop across shield plug of
D. K. Chandraker <ineshkc@barc.gov.in> AHWR coolant channel is presented below. It can be seen that the
.
shield plug loss coefficients reduces exponentially with the Reynolds
number.
Experimental Measurement of Pressure
Drop Across Various Components of AHWR
Fuel Bundle
The pressure drop is an important parameter for design and analysis

of many systems and components. The driving head and the mass
flux being lower in the natural circulation system than those in
forced circulation systems, accurate measurement of pressure drop
is essential. The fuel cluster design of AHWR with 52 rods and 54
rods were evaluated analytically as well as experimentally. The various
components of the fuel bundle are the fuel rods, the bottom and
top tie plates and grid type spacers. In view of the complex geometry
of the flow cross section through the fuel channel it becomes
necessary to generate data on pressure drop across the fuel bundle
and its components experimentally.
Single phase water and two phase air-water experiments were carried
out in flow test facility with 52 rods cluster (with five and six spacers)
to generate pressure drop data for the bundle and its various
components. The total pressure drop across the bundle with five
spacers was found be 3-6% less than that with six spacers.
The single phase variation of fuel friction factor i.e., the resistance
offered by the wall surface to the flow, the variation of loss coefficient
i.e., resistance to flow due to shape or flow geometry change
across tie-plates and spacer are shown in the illustration.
The experiments were also carried out for Reynolds Numbers in the
range of 7900 to 79000 with 54 rods cluster with six spacers for
single phase and two-phase.

Schematic of Flow Test Facility
54-Rod Bundle Assembly and Cross-sectional View

Variation fuel friction factor (single-phase) Variation of loss coefficient across tie plates (single phase)
Variation of loss coefficient across spacer Comparison of two-phase friction multipliers

(single-phase)
Loss coefficient of the shield plug of AHWR
D.K. Chandraker <dineshkc@barc.gov.in>
Experimental set up for the two-phase pressure drop

experiments in the coolant channel of AHWR

. AHWR fuel cluster vibration studies. microns and tube vibrations are insignificantly low. Due to these
observed level of vibrations, the possibility of putting just five spacers
The fuel bundle vibration induced by high velocity coolant flow is an instead of original six spacers is under review. Such a design change
important issue that needs to be addressed for ensuring its is expected to reduce the pressure drop in the channel, which is a
satisfactory performance in the reactor. Normally the coolant flow desirable feature for the natural circulation loops in AHWR.
has the potential to excite the bundle and the fuel elements
inside it. This excitation can give rise to low amplitude vibrations The illustration shows the vibration spectrum of the cluster and the
that are enough to cause inter element rubbing. There are many frequency band of flow excitation for five and six
reported incidences of fret related damages to fuel bundles due to spacers in the cluster. The vibration spectrums of
rubbing in all type of reactors. The vibration studies on AHWR fuel five spacers and six spacers cluster show similarity in its
cluster was taken up in an experimental facility to assess the fuel contents. The cluster modes around 5 Hz and 11 Hz can be
cluster/element vibration. clearly seen in both the spectra. There are no other indications that
could be attributed to significant fuel element vibrations in both
AHWR fuel cluster is a 4.3 meter long slender structure made up of the cases.
52 fuel rods of 11.5 mm diameter. The bottom and the top of the
cluster have collets and the fuel tubes are held by spacers along its The fluid fluctuation spectra for both the cases also show
length to maintain gap between the tubes and to similarity except for minor variations of little consequence.
provide guide support to the fuel rods. The cluster is housed inside
a coolant channel through
which the coolant flows from
bottom to top. The coolant
flow, which is driven by natural
circulation, induces vibration in
the fuel rods. In order to
characterise the dynamic
behaviour of the cluster, study
has been carried out to assess
the fuel rod and cluster
vibration in a simulated flow
test facility.
The set-up shows the optical

and laser devices used for
direct measurement of fuel
vibration through an optical
window. The effect of single
and two-phase (air and water)
flow on cluster vibration has
been studied. The frequency
band of flow excitation and the
level of cluster and tube
vibrations have been identified.
The experimental study has led
to the conclusion that AHWR
cluster vibrations are below five

A.Ramarao <aramarao@barc.gov.in>

. Development
Fuel Rods
of Indirectly Heated conductors of electricity. Very high heat flux can be achieved in this
type of FRS. However, for unsteady state tests, simulation of stored
heat is extremely difficult in such a design. For safety related
The safety of nuclear reactor is to be ensured not only under normal experiments, fast transients are involved, the stored energy and
operating conditions, but also under transient and transfer of stored energy in fuel play an important role. Indirectly
accident conditions. Loss Of Coolant Accident (LOCA) is one of the heated FRS, which simulates stored energy better, is preferred for
postulated accidents, the course of which is strongly such applications. In indirectly heated FRS, the heating element is
dependent on thermal hydraulic characteristics of the reactor core, kept inside the clad tube and the gap is filled up with the ceramic
comprising of fuel rods. The complex nature of the powders compacted to a certain density to achieve high thermal
phenomena occurring during accidents calls for extensive conductivity of the powders.
experimental investigations. Electrically heated Fuel Rod
Simulators (FRSs) are extensively used to simulate nuclear Indirectly heated Fuel Rod Simulators (FRSs) have been developed
heating (particularly decay heat) in out-of-pile experiments. The to perform out-of-pile thermo-hydraulic experiments. Two types
designs of FRS are mainly categorized into directly heated fuel rod of FRS (one with and the other without gas gap) have been fabricated
simulators and indirectly heated fuel rod simulators. In directly heated and tested. The FRS with gas gap has been tested in 3 MW Boiling
type FRS, current is passed directly through the tube which Water Loop (BWL) up to 35% of AHWR fuel rod rated power while
geometrically simulates the cladding of a nuclear fuel rod. This type the one without gas gap has been tested up to 130% of rated
of FRS finds application in experiments related to steady state heat power.
transfer in single and two-phase flow of fluids, which are non-
Indirectly heated Fuel rod
N.K. Maheshwari <mahesh@barc.gov.in>

. Design and Development of Directly

heated Fuel Rod Cluster Simulator
AHWR, like direct in-bundle emergency coolant injection has also
been simulated in this FRCS.
(FRCS)
The FRCS requires precise fabrication of spacers and fabrication of
Fuel Rod Cluster Simulator is a key component of thermal heater tubes by joining of nickel rod and inconel tubes.
hydraulic test facilities to generate data on CHF, pressure drop A special technique has been developed to install the
and subchannel mixing. In addition, they are also required in thermocouples and to take out lead wires penetrating the
simulated integral test facilities simulating nuclear reactor pressure boundary. Subsequent to hydro-test and thermal
systems. In view of this, a direct electrically heated 54 rod Fuel Rod cycling tests, the FRCS has been installed and operated in the integral
Cluster Simulator (FRCS) simulating AHWR fuel bundle has been test loop at operating pressure and temperature
developed. In the fuel cluster electrical heating of the clad successfully.
simulates nuclear heat generation. The special safety feature of
(a) (b)
Fuel Rod Cluster Simulator: a) Different Components b) Installed at Integral Test Facility
A. Borgohain <bananta@barc.gov.in>

. Studies on steam drum

thermal hydraulics in an Air
Water Loop
In the normal operating conditions of AHWR

the average core exit quality is about 17.6%,
which corresponds to a void fraction of
81.36%. This causes a swelling in the steam
drum i.e., an increase in the steam drum level
and if the reactor is tripped suddenly the water
level in the steam drum may fall below the top
of the baffle plates, due to sudden collapse of
voids. This may disrupt the natural circulation
in the main heat transport system and can lead
to an increase in the clad surface temperature
of the fuel. Hence, studies are required to know
the exact swelling in the steam drum. The other
objectives of this loop are :
Variation of void fraction with air flow rate
. measurement of bubble and droplet
.
distribution and
investigation of (a) carry-over phenomena
i.e., entrainment of water droplets
in the air going out of the pool and (b)
carry under phenomena i.e.,
entrainment of air bubbles along
with the water flowing to the down comer
Experiments are carried out in an Air Water Loop (AWL) to measure

the void fraction (swell) in a pool of water by the swell level. Void
fraction was estimated from the measured swell level and was
compared with the calculated values from Kataoka Ishii correlation
and good agreement is observed between these two.
Photograph of Air water Loop D.S. Pilkhwal <pilkhwal@barc.gov.in>

. Natural Circulation Flow Distribution

Studies Set-up
This experimental set-up has been established to study flow

distribution in a natural circulation driven system like Main Heat
Transport (MHT) system of the Advanced Heavy Water Reactor
(AHWR). This set-up consists of ten parallel flow channels, each
provided with individually controlled heat sources. Largely
transparent construction of this set-up facilitates visualization of
phenomenon like thermal hydraulic Instability, flow pattern transition
etc., at atmospheric pressure and temperature up to 100 °C.
Although this set-up is built to study sensitivity to the process Mimic Flow Diagram
parameters of flow sharing between parallel coolant channels,
modular construction makes it a versatile tool useful for a wide
variety of other studies in the area like reactor start up
procedures, possible channel flow reversal, effectiveness of flow H.P.Vyas <hpvyas@barc.gov.in>
pattern control devices and effect of change in system
configuration.
. Investigations
instability and
on parallel
simulation
channel
of void
reactivity feedback in the Parallel
Channel Loop
Parallel channel instability is the controlling instability (i.e. having the

least stable region) and is an important design consideration for the
AHWR. Apart from this, two-phase natural circulation flow exhibits
phenomena like flashing and geysering which occur predominantly
at low pressure and hence is a concern during the start-up. To
study these phenomena an experimental facility – Parallel Channel
Loop (PCL) is being set-up. This facility will also simulate the void
reactivity feedback effects of the AHWR. This is very important in
the context of a boiling-water-reactor where power oscillation due
to void reactivity feedback may either reinforce or suppress the
Natural Circulation Flow Distribution
flow instability. The main objectives of the Parallel Channel Loop are:
Studies Set-up
. steady state natural circulation behaviour with equally as
.
For providing insight in to the flow distribution at different power well as unequally heated channels,
levels flow, temperatures and power of individual channels are generation of out-of-phase (regional) and in-phase
.
monitored. The channel flows are measured using a specially designed (global) instability maps,
.
low-flow, low-loss venturi meters. The process parameters are void fraction measurement using conductance probe,
displayed on-line in the mimic flow diagram by a PC-based data simulation of neutronic feed back on thermal hydraulic
acquisition system. oscillations,

Typical unstable condition analysed using RELAP5/Mod3.2
. study of carryover and carryunder: demonstration using When the water level in the accumulators is above the standpipe
.
transparent sections in riser and downcomer, the water enters the fluid flow control device through both the
study of low-pressure two-phase instabilities like flashing inlets i.e., stand pipe and side connection, and since the flow is
.
and geysering, smooth, a large flow of water is discharged from the
Effect of nano-particles on natural circulation and stability. accumulators. When the water level in the accumulators drops
below the top of the stand pipe, the water enters the chamber
The pre-test analysis are carried out using RELAP5/Mod3.2 and the through the side connection only, which is tangential to the
illustration represents a typical instability obtained using this code. chamber. This increases the flow resistance, due to formation of
vortex, resulting in reduction of flow.
Dr. A.K. Nayak <arunths@barc.gov.in> Three devices of different dimensions have been fabricated to
evaluate their performance. The objectives of the scaled model are
. Experimental studies on Scaled Model of

Advanced Accumulator with Fluidic Flow
performance evaluation, verification of low characteristics, studies
on water level transient in stand pipe at transition and expansion
behaviour of nitrogen, Two sets of experiments have been completed
Control Device for initial pressure up to 1 MPa. The graph shows variation of
accumulator discharge flow with time.
A 1:5 scaled model of advanced accumulator with fluid flow control
device has been designed, fabricated and installed at BARC.
The fluid flow control device is a simple passive device, which allows
initially large amount of flow from the accumulator and later reduces
the flow automatically due to formation of vortex.

Scaled Model of Accumulator with Fluidic Device
Accumulator Flow Characteristics with Fluid Flow Control Device
Sudhir Bhatia <andhan@barc.gov.in>

. Studies on Thermal Stratification PHOENICS. Simulation of whole isolation condensers will be carried
out to study the thermal stratification phenomenon in GDWP pool.
Thermal stratification denotes the formation of horizontal layers Based on these simulations, the configuration of isolation condensers
of fluid of varying temperature with the warmer layers of fluid will be proposed such that the effect of thermal stratification is
placed above the cooler ones. Thermal stratification is minimized.
encountered in large pools of water increasingly being used as heat
sink in new generation of advanced reactors like GDWP of AHWR in
which Isolation Condensers are immersed.
Stratification influences heat transfer to pool to a great extent and

heat storage capacity of the pool in the form of sensible heat is
significantly reduced. It can also threaten the structural integrity if
the pool is made of concrete. Hence thermal
stratification is not desirable and we have to minimize its effect.
Experiments were carried out in a rectangular glass tank

(440 x 100 x 300 mm) with an immersed strip heater for visualization
of thermal stratification phenomena. Theoretical analysis was also
carried out for this case using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics)
codes TRIO_U and PHOENICS. For further investigation of this
phenomenon, a case study has been carried out with side heated Measured and predicted temperatures
cavity containing water. This 2-D problem is solved to obtain the with 3125 W/m 2 heat flux for all nine
thermocouples after 1800 s
velocity and temperature profiles using CFD codes TRIO_U and
Temperature Contours after 1800 Sec

Temperature contours after 15000 s for constant heat flux of 500 W/m 2
Velocity vectors after 15000 s for constant heat flux of 500 W/m 2
N.K. Maheshwari <nmahesh@barc.gov.in>

. Studies on Passive Containment Cooling

System (PCCS) of AHWR
Containment is a key component of a reactor system, since it is the

last barrier designed to prevent large radioactivity release to the
environment under accidental conditions. The Passive Containment
Cooling System (PCCS) removes the energy released into the
containment during a postulated Loss Of Coolant Accident (LOCA).
Two alternative designs for PCCS are under consideration. One of
the alternatives being considered is a system in which the
containment steam condenses inside the vertical tubes immersed in
a pool of water. In the second alternative, the containment steam
condenses on the Passive External Condenser (PEC) which comprises
Variation of total heat transfer coefficient
of cooling tubes connected to a water pool above it via headers as along the length of the tube
shown in Figure. The containment steam condenses on the outer
surfaces of the tubes and water from the pool circulates through
Second design concept (steam condensation
outside inclined tube)
Design of the Passive External Condenser (PEC) for PCCS has been
carried out. A computer code CONISA (CONdensation In Steam-Air
mixture) has been developed to estimate the heat transfer coefficient,
for steady-state free convective film condensation in presence of
noncondensable gas where the steam condenses on the cooling
surface. The model has been validated against experimental data
available in literature. The results have also been compared with the
correlations developed by Uchida and Dehbi. The variation of heat
transfer coefficient with change in air (noncondensable gas) mass
fraction in the steam-air mixture is illustrated. To validate this model,
an experimental setup has been fabricated, installed and
commissioned.
Schematic of Passive External Condenser
these tubes by natural circulation. An important aspect of the

working of PCCS is the potential degradation of the performance
due to the presence of noncondensable gas in the vapor.
First design concept (steam condensation inside

vertical tube)
Experiments have been carried out for steam condensation inside

vertical tube in presence of noncondensable gas. Figure shows the
comparison of the predicted local heat transfer coefficients inside a
vertical tube with experimental data.
Variation of heat transfer coefficient with
air mass fraction

In severe accidents, other noncondensable gases like hydrogen can rays. The 16N activity i.e., the radionuclide production and the
get mixed with the steam-air mixture making the treatment of thermal power are directly proportional to the neutron flux and
multicomponent noncondensable gases having different mass hence 16N activity is used for on line power measurement. Coolant
diffusion coefficient important. The computer code CONISA has flow measurement is obtained from the transit time measurement,
been modified to account for the multicomponent noncondensable i.e., by cross correlating 16N noise signals from two detectors,
gases mixed with vapour. A computer code CONFIN has also been placed along the flow path of the coolant.
developed for the passive external condenser to account for finned
tubes.
Typical 16 N noise signals from a pair of

detectors installed near the pipeline of
Coolant loop # 3 of Dhruva at 40 MWt.
Passive external condenser experimental set-up

Experiments have been carried out in the coolant loop-3 of the
Dhruva reactor, by placing two NaI scintillation detectors (with out
A.G. Patel <agp@barc.gov.in>
any shielding), 90 cm apart, below the coolant pipe line. The detectors
.
were located 2 cm away from the surface of the coolant pipeline,
positioned by mild steel platforms. The signals were captured and
Measurement of Reactor Power and Flow analysed in the FFT analyzer from the reactor hall. The power and
Using 16
N gamma signals the flow measurements have been carried out at different power
levels from start up to 40 MWt. The dc output signals were found
The power and flow measurement technique using N signals is an
16
to be proportional to the power level. The measured transit time
on-line and non-intrusive method, independent of the flow regimes. was 156 ms and the corresponding calculated velocity was
Hence this measurement technique is of importance to the AHWR. 5.76±0.17 m/s and the corresponding flow rate worked out to be
The thermal power & flow measurement experiments have been 2.34±0.07x104 l/min, which agreed well with the actual flow rate
carried out in Dhruva reactor. The results are given in the illustrations. of 2.18x104 l/min, indicated by the venturi flow meter. The
experiments have been repeated with 6Li glass scintillation detector
16
N is produced in the core by fast neutron activation of O of the
16
and similar results were observed, (BARC Report/2002/I/023).
coolant and decays with a half-life of 7.35 s emitting 7 MeV gamma

.
.
Capacitance type on-line void fraction measuring system
.
Void Fraction Measurement by Conductivity Probe
Two Phase Mass Flux Measurement by Pitot Tubes
.
Assembly and Gamma Densitometer
Rotating Electric Field Admittance Probe
Development of Two-phase flow Instrumentation
Thermal power produced by fuel can be measured by measuring

the void fraction in tail pipe and other parameters of interest along
with suitable correlation. In order to fulfill this requirement,
development of capacitance type void fraction sensor has been
taken up as no suitable instrument as available for in-situ
measurement.
Variation in void fraction, within the volume enclosed by two parallel

plates of an electrical capacitor, leads to variations in the value of
the capacitance accordingly. This phenomenon has been used for
in-situ measurement of steam/water fraction in a metallic pipe,
carrying high pressure and high temperature fluid medium.
Capacitor elements are installed with enough electrical insulation
such that the volume between the parallel plates only contributes
to impedance under measurement.
Linear fit of cross power spectral density-phase vs.
frequency data obtained from N-16 noise signals
at a reactor power of 40 MWt. In order to verify the principle of operation and performance
of the sensor, an experimental setup was designed,
fabricated and installed in the Heat Transfer Laboratory.
J.Aparna <aparnaj@barc.gov.in>
. Two phase flow measurement
The important addressed problems in thermal hydraulics of the

Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) are channel thermal power
measurement and detection of critical heat flux (CHF). The process
in Main Heat Transport (MHT) System of AHWR is partly single
phase and balance is in two-phase. Direct measurement of two-
phase parameters such as void fraction and its distribution, two-
phase flow and finally thermal power output of the reactor is essential
and a complex task. Research and development activities in these
essential and difficult measurement fields have been taken up.
Following are the instruments and measuring systems under Experimental sensor layout
development.

Design of industrial grade instrument for

measurement of void fraction inside the metallic
pipes, has been done as a spool piece of the
straight piping with flanged end connections
with high pressure and high temperature rating
as per ANSI code. Ceramic pipe sheath is
provided inside the metallic spool piece and four
parallel plates of SS316 are installed on inner
surface of the ceramic pipe, thereby ensuring
the electrical insulation and with out any
disturbances to the fluid flowing in the pipe.
Hardware components for assembling the
instrument are under advanced stage of
procurement.
Normalised response of sensor with 30° angular apertures S.S. Jana <sjana@barc.gov.in>
with air bubble injection on X-Y plane
Void Fraction Measurement by Conductivity Probe

Two sets of sensors with angular aperture of 30º and 150º, 68 mm
ID & 68 mm length have been installed. Output signal range for 30º The knowledge of void fraction (fraction by volume of gas phase to
sensor plates was found to be 2.98 pF to 66.41 pF and signal range a total given volume) forms an important part of two-phase analysis.
for 150º sensor plates was found to be 4.40 pF to 110.02 pF with In nuclear reactors, pipelines and other industrial operations,
100% air to 100% water. A maximum percentage variation in accidental rupture of a pipe produces a two-phase flow of gas and
normalized output signal because of constant air bubble flow of 5 liquid. In nuclear reactor design, measurement of various two-
lpm at various (X-Y) positions was found to be 1.5%. phase flow parameters is important to verify analytical procedures
for predicting reactor behavior in a loss of coolant accident. Cross-
sectionally averaged mixture density (or void fraction) and mass
flux are the most difficult parameters to measure.
Most of the void fraction measuring techniques which are based on

the effects of nuclear reactions, such as gamma attenuation, beta
attenuation, X-ray attenuation, neutron diffusion, are not applicable
inside the reactor cores where intense fields of all these nuclear
radiation is predominant.
Among the non-nuclear methods of void fraction measurement,

one of the most important methods is the electrical impedance
method. The electrical impedance of a two-phase flow depends on
the concentration and distribution of the phases..
Depending on the system, the impedance will be governed by

conductance or capacitance. Based on conductance principle to
Detail of Industrial sensor measure local void fraction the Single point conductivity probe and
Five point conductivity probes were developed.

Principle of Measurement of the pipe can be regarded as consisting of a circle and two annuli
.
all of equal area, with one electrode monitoring the circle and two
The principle of measurement is based on the difference electrodes monitoring each of the annuli.
.
in conductivity between liquid and gaseous phase.
When probe tip in contact with liquid phase,
the circuit between two electrodes is closed, whereas
the circuit is opened as soon as probe tip touches the
.
bubble.
The time averaged local void
fraction is given by
α ∑ i=1,2,3……N
Where N is total number of samples and (i) is the number of

samples indicating presence of gas at the probe tip. Five point conductivity probe
Construction of single point Conductivity Probe D.S. Bisht <dsbisth@barc.gov.in>
This type of probe is constructed by using S.S wire of 1 mm diameter

and insulated by using teflon sleeve as shown in Figure, for
Two Phase Mass Flux Measurement by Pitot Tubes
measurement of bubble time, one end of the wire is shaped
Assembly and Gamma Densitometer
conically and kept un-insulated and the other end of the wire is
connected with supply. The metal pipe line through which
Mass velocity and void fraction measurements are required in transient
two phase flow is flowing acts like a second electrode..
two-phase steam – water flow experiments related to thermal
hydraulic studies on reactor safety. Thus experimental measurements
play a key role in providing information for design, analysis and
predicting system behaviour. Hence, design and development of
simple, rugged and inexpensive pitot tubes based flow sensor for
cross section averaged mass velocity measurement and
measurement of chordal void fraction and average mixture density
by gamma densitometer has been carried out. The design criteria
followed are: (a) Local measurement near the centre region of the
horizontal chord gives good result to predict the chordal mass flux
in most flow regimes due to the uniformity of the local mass fluxes
Single point conductivity probe
along the chord. (b) The cross section averaged mass flux calculations
Five point Conductivity Probe with Teflon sleeve as using pitot tubes along the chord were in good agreement if
insulation horizontal mixture density was used in place of local mixture density
and (c) it is relatively easy to measure chordal average mixture
This type of probe is constructed by using S.S wire of 0.5 mm densities by gamma ray attenuation.
diameter and insulated by using Teflon sleeve. The probe has five
pointed electrodes which face into the flow. The tip of wires form Sensor Design
the bubble detecting electrodes. One electrode is at the center of
the pipe and two pairs are opposite each other at radii of 0.707 The present design consists of five pitot tubes located across the
and 0.913 times the inside radius of the pipe. The cross-section pipe section and positioned in a vertical line, one at the centre of

Development of Rotating Electric Field

Admittance Probe
Electrical impedance techniques have proven attractive for many

applications because of their generally fast response to void
variations, high signal output and simplicity of operation. The
important design criteria are the sensor shall not introduce
disturbance to the flow, it shall not cause pressure drop in the
system and the measurements data shall predict various flow regimes
in two-phase mixtures. The present novel electrical probe, which is
the pipe, one each at 0.286 diameter and 0.429 diameter above
being developed to measure void fraction in a pipe of circular cross
and below the centre of the pipe to ensure that all the flow regimes
section, meets these requisites. In the present design the electrodes
are covered. Five differential pressure transmitters measure the
are mounted coaxially inside and form part of the pipe wall to
velocity heads for the pitot tubes. The pitot tubes assembly is installed
eliminate the disturbance to the flow. Further the electric field,
in the two-phase horizontal section of High Pressure Natural
which is perpendicular to the flow, is rotated electronically to
Circulation Loop as shown in figure for sensor validation. The two-
distribute it throughout the sensor volume.
phase velocity profiles obtained across vertical chord are shown in
the graph. The gamma densitometer consists of Cs-137 source Sensor Design
with principal photon energy of 0.662 MeV, NaI(Tl) scintillation
detectors, single channel analysers with associated electronics for The sensor consists of six stainless steel electrodes separated by
chordal average void fraction measurements. The present device is ceramic insulators. These electrodes and insulators form the inside
developed for simple operation and data interpretation. The Cs-137 perimeter of the sensor flow area. The three electrode pairs are
gamma source is ordered through BRIT and commissioning of excited such that the signal for each pair is 120 degrees out of
gamma densitometer is in progress. phase with the other. A rotating electric field is thus generated
within the sensor volume. Three identical admittance measurement
This pitot tubes-based sensor is rugged; simple, reliable and easy to circuits are connected to the electrode pairs and the absolute values
operate. It is a sturdy sensor for adverse high temperature and of the signals from these circuits are summed. The resulting signal
high-pressure steam water applications. The sensor introduces only
Two phase velocity profiles across the vertical chord
very little disturbance in flow path, which is very important for two
phase natural circulation studies. Flow regime identification is possible
using chordal void fluctuations.
Rajalakshmi R <rajlaxmi@barc.gov.in> Sensor details

is proportional to the admittance between the sensor electrodes. A A computer code has been developed to carry out steady state and
reference sensor, which produces a signal proportional to the stability analysis of a super critical water Natural Circulation Loop
admittance of the single-phase liquid, is used to compensate for (NCL). Using the computer code, steady state analysis has been
the changes in the admittance of the liquid due to variations in the carried out to obtain the parametric effects on the natural circulation
temperature and concentration of impurities. The relative
admittance of these two sensors gives the void fraction of the two-
phase mixture. The sensor details are given in the figure. The probe
electronics measures magnitude and phase of the admittance. By
measuring relative variations in conductive and capacitive
components and fluid impedance particularly the phase angle, the
flow distributions can be identified. The phase velocities can be
predicted from the transit time signals obtained from the pair of
probes by random signal analysis methods.
This technique is simple and relative simplicity of operation/ data

interpretation makes it feasible for real time measurements.
Also the probability density functions of relative admittance
fluctuations can provide flow pattern discrimination. Since it is a
volume average technique it will give better results and because of
faster response, can be used for transient studies.
The fabrication of low temperature sensor for air water

calibration is completed and fabrications of signal conditioning
modules are in progress. Schematic of (SCW-NCL)
Rajalakshmi R <rajlaxmi@barc.gov.in>
. Super Critical Water Natural Circulation

Loop (SCW-NCL)
Super critical fluids have the advantage that there is no phase change
above the critical point (CP) eliminating the occurrence of the critical
heat flux phenomenon. The large variation in thermal expansion
coefficient near the CP can be exploited for designing natural
circulation-based Super Critical Water Reactors (SCWRs). From the
viewpoint of design, it is essential to identify the operating
parameters near the CP such that high circulation rate and hence
high heat transfer rates are achievable during natural circulation. In
Effect of L/D on stability behaviour
addition, it is desirable to operate such loops in a stable condition,
which requires identification of the stable and unstable zones by a
stability analysis. Experimental determination of stable and unstable
zone in loops of different diameters is planned.

flow rate in a supercritical loop. The loop has been designed for 300 suggested. The evaluation of INPRO methodology for the AHWR
bar pressure and 400 C temperature.
O
comprised of:
D.S. Pilkhwal <pilkhwal@barc.gov.in> . identifying the salient design features of
.
the reactor,
listing the attributes affecting each of
.
1.10 E V A L U A T I O N OF DESIGN BY INPRO the design features and
METHODOLOGY evaluating effect of INPRO parameters on
each of the attributes.
BARC participated in the IAEA initiated International Project on
Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles (INPRO) which involved This procedure was well appreciated by the agency. The case study
evolving a methodology for evaluation of innovative nuclear reactors has been completed and a final report has been sent to IAEA
and fuel cycles. The AHWR has been accepted as a case study to test containing the description of the plant, near and
the adequacy of INPRO methodology, to suggest any changes, if long-term fuel cycle of AHWR, review of the Basic Principles, User
needed and to evaluate AHWR using INPRO methodology. The Requirements and the Criteria, salient design features of AHWR and
methodology consists of application of basic principles, user case study evaluation.
requirements and criteria in six areas of economics, environment, &
sustainability, safety of nuclear installations including fuel cycle facility, The following table is part of the evaluation of INPRO
waste management, proliferation resistance and cross cutting issues. methodology for AHWR in the area of fuel cycle. The different
design features of AHWR related to fuel cycle are listed and their
The basic principles, user requirements and the criteria in all the effects on different areas of INPRO parameters are indicated.
above-mentioned six areas were reviewed and modifications were
K. Anantharaman <kanantha@barc.gov.in>
M.G. Andhansare <andhan@barc.gov.in>

R&D for PHWR
2. R & D FOR PHWR
INTRODUCTION
The present nuclear power programme in India is based mainly on a series of 220 MWe pressurised heavy water reactors. These reactors use
pressure tube technology with natural uranium as fuel and heavy water as moderator and coolant. Currently, there are fifteen PHWRs in
operation including 540 MWe TAPS 4, the first of its kind in India. This chapter highlights the current R&D activities being carried out in the field
of physics design & safety assessment, fuel management studies, on-line flux mapping systems, fuelling machine testing, design of control and
shut off rod mechanisms, experimental studies and severe accident programmes.

R&D for PHWR
2.1 FUEL MANAGEMENT STUDIES TO OPTIMIZE . Use of depleted uranium in the initial fuel loading of the
FUEL UTILIZATION IN INDIAN PHWRs new reactors and the reactors started after en-mass
.
coolant channel replacement activity.
The optimised fuel management makes the best use of the fuel and Use of depleted uranium and deeply depleted uranium
therefore reduces the unit energy cost. Hence different possible (about 0.3% w/w) fuel in the initial fuel loading of TAPS-4
alternatives have been studied to optimise the fuel utilisation in reactor (540 MWe).
Indian PHWRs. A few of them have been successfully implemented
in the power reactors. Fuel management code TRIVENI is being Lattice calculations for MOX-7,MOX-97, MOX-888 clusters
used in all the power stations. The equilibrium core optimisation and equilibrium core burnup optimisation studies have been carried
studies have been performed by TAQUIL and the snapshot core out for the PHWRs. Feasibility studies have been carried out for the
calculations were performed by TRIVENI. use of thorium MOX cluster such as MOX-Th24, MOX-Th20 in
PHWRs. The core calculations with regard to the utilisation of MOX-
The following burnup optimisation studies have been carried out 7 cluster as well as MOX-888 cluster along with natural uranium
to improve the fuel utilisation in Indian PHWRs. at large scale in PHWRs have also been carried out.
. Full power operation with corner adjusters fully withdrawn The operation in the peaked flux distribution scheme has been
.
from the core. implemented at all the PHWRs and more than 30% saving in natural
Reactor operation at reduced power with peaked flux uranium has been achieved. Usage of depleted uranium in PHWRs
.
distribution. has been implemented at RAPP-3&4 & KGS-1&2 and 30% saving in
Regular use of Depleted Uranium (DU) fuel at full natural uranium has been realised. Test irradiation of 50 bundles of
power operation. MOX-7 is under progress at KAPS-1. Existing PHWRs can use 40%
of MOX-7 or MOX-888 along with natural uranium.
Bundle Power Limits with BURNUP

R&D for PHWR
Baltej Singh <baltej@barc.gov.in>
2.2 REACTOR PHYSICS DESIGN AND SAFETY discharge burnup have been carried out. The evaluation of trial
ASSESSMENT OF PHWRS irradiation of Pu MOX bundles in KAPS-1 reactor has been
. Criticality of 540 MWe PHWR

completed. Presently, the design discharge burnup of PHWR bundle
is 15,000 MWd/t U and few bundles were irradiated beyond this
limit up to 20000 MWd/t U, to obtain physics data such as the fall
Safety of the physics design and commissioning procedures have in the power production, changes in the
been evaluated for TAPS 3 & 4 units, of the 540 MWe PHWR design. reactivity after refueling and also metallurgical details through post
Significant changes in design of control and safety systems have irradiation examination (PIE). The extended irradiation of natural
been incorporated for the first time in these reactors, due to their uranium bundles in two specified channels have been analysed.
larger size, compared to the standard 220 MWe PHWRs. Technical
specifications for operation has been evolved for first approach to
criticality and Phase – B commissioning of TAPS Unit # 4, the first
reactor of this kind in the country.
. Evolution of criticality procedures for
re-tubed reactors and upgradation of
. Maximisation of discharge burn-up of

PHWR fuels
Computer code “Triveni”
Criticality procedures have been evolved for startup of reactors

after long shutdowns like en-mass coolant channel replacement
The design support and safety analysis for the changes in the fuelling and these procedures have been approved by safety and
strategies for smooth transition from two burnup zone pattern regulatory bodies (SARCOP and AERB) and have been
(Flat flux) to one zone pattern (Peak flux) for maximising the implemented in the approach to criticality of MAPS, Unit-2.

R&D for PHWR
Modification of the fuel management code TRIVENI as and when These are called the Flux Mapping ( FM ) detectors. They are one
required and inclusion of special features such as the supply of pitch (28.6 cms) in length and made to measure the point
latest nuclear data files for better estimations of reactivity thermal flux at their locations. The electrical signal generated in
coefficients is one of the important ongoing activities. the FM detectors is due to the b decay of V. The relevant reaction
. Performance evaluation of Self Powered

Neutron Detectors
that takes place is as follows.
The response of FM detector lags behind the flux by about 5 minutes

Data collection and analysis of the linear response with power
due to β decay of V*52.
changes and dynamic response of SPNDs(Self Powered Neutron
Detectors) following transient change of power in KGS – 1 and
Flux Mapping ( FM ) Software
RAPS-3 was another valuable exercise taken up to validate and gain
confidence in the usage of SPNDs for regulation and protection in
In OFMS software, the instantaneous neutron flux is expanded as
540 MWe units. Usage of SPNDs for incore monitoring of neutron
combination of pre-determined flux shapes whose combining
flux during power operation would be a necessity in large size
coefficients are determined from the on online flux
reactors and hence has a lot of relevance for the AHWR as well as
measurements by employing the Least Square method. The LS
700 MWe PHWR.
procedure reduces the flux mapping software in just two matrix
multiplication. The first multiplication gives the instantaneous values
B. Krishna Mohan <kmbskara@barc.gov.in> of the combining coefficients for modes corresponding to the FM
detector readings and the other multiplication gives the flux map
from the combining coefficients. Flux map thus generated is used
2.3 ON-LINE FLUX MAPPING SYSTEM (OFMS) for calibrating the Cobalt SPNDs, used for controlling the reactor.
DEVELOPMENT FOR TAPS-3&4
Validation of OFMS
Large power reactor systems, such as 540 MW(e) PHWRs, are known
to sustain power tilts following minor local reactivity perturbations. Detailed programs for validation of OFMS software includes the
If these tilts are not controlled, they can lead to unacceptable following;
power distributions. Therefore, it is essential to have in-core neutron
flux measurements and also to process them to get knowledge of Static configuration validation
the operating state of the power reactor with the help of the On-
Line Flux Mapping System. This system is a virtually continuous The flux map generated is tested against large number of
power regulating scheme to maintain the core power distribution theoretical simulation of possible reactor operating states. In this
closer to the design intent. validation, the detector readings are estimated from the flux shape
itself with random errors sampled from Gaussian
Software for obtaining the power distribution from the in-core distribution superimposed on detector readings. Such detector
neutron flux measurements has been developed. readings are fed to OFMS software to get the flux which is then
. The physical OFMS system

compared with the actual simulation. In this simulation no
dynamic feed-backs such as xenon, temperature etc. are
considered. Gross global feed-backs (as determined by the cross-
Flux Mapping ( FM ) detectors sections) are considered. This validation is used for determining the
size of basis set for expansion.
A total number of 102 Vanadium type in-core Self Powered
Neutron Detectors (SPNDs) are provided in 26 vertical assemblies.

R&D for PHWR
Dynamic configuration validation FPDs) mode set. The in situ testing and fine tuning the response of
OFMS will be undertaken as and when the full power operation of
Under this scheme, the OFMS software is extensively tested in the reactor commences.
dynamic close loop environment. A space-time kinetics code with
dynamic RRS feed-back, xenon feed-back and temperature feed- A.K.Kulkarni <akkul@barc.gov.in>
back is developed for this purpose. A detector model for both
vanadium and cobalt SPNDs is also included to give realistic estimate
of detector readings. This validation gave the insight to the adequacy
2.4 FUEL ANALYSIS
.
of the FM system.
PHWR fuel
Experimental validation
In the context of the round-robin exercise carried out in BARC,

As part of validating the OFMS software, flux mapping experiments
analysis for the PHWR fuel bundles irradiated in KAPS has been
have been carried out by simultaneous irradiation of copper wires
carried out using the modified GAPCON code. The peak center line
in five pre-selected in-core lattice positions of CIRUS at low power
temperature evaluated was about 1600°C (for 51 kW/m linear heat
(~230 kW). Some salient features of OFMS software were validated
rating) and cumulative fission gas release of about 3% has been
during the course of these experiments.
calculated for a fuel burnup of 15 GWd/t. The analysis results have
been compared with the post irradiation examination results.
The present design of OFMS configuration is arrived at from the
above validation. There will be a total number
of 29 flux shapes (Fundamental +18 lambda
modes + 8 shapes of adjuster bank
withdrawal + 2 shapes for control rod
insertion) in the expansion set. The reactor
regulating system will supply the adjuster rod
and control rod bank status to OFMS. OFMS
will then select required number of flux
shapes from these 29 shapes depending upon
the devices’ status. OFMS has also built in
algorithm to consider the effect of failed
detectors.
The errors in FM are sensitive to the difference between the

fundamental mode in which the reactor is operating and the actual
. MOX fuel
mode set used in OFMS software. Therefore the complete set of 29 A 19-rod MOX bundle has been designed for loading in PHWRs and
flux shapes will be changed depending upon the core irradiation 50 of these bundles have been loaded in the KAPS reactor. MOX
status (at 0 FPDs, 40 FPDs, 100 FPDs ,400 FPDs and the equilibrium fuel for TAPS has been designed and twelve bundles have been
core). This is done to minimize the prediction errors in flux map and successfully irradiated.
to get better knowledge of the operating state of the reactor.
An analysis has been carried out using ANSYS to evaluate the fuel
The Hardware implementation and testing of OFMS was carried out temperatures due to hot spot formed by Pu-agglomeration, for
at ECIL using generated detector signals from the dynamic core various Pu particle sizes at different heat generation rates for TAPS-
simulation code. The onsite commissioning of the OFMS is completed BWR and PHWR (220MW e) MOX fuel. The meshed finite
at TAPP 4 site, Tarapur. The OFMS is loaded at site with initial core (0

R&D for PHWR
2.5 TESTING OF FUELLING MACHINE OF

540 MWe PHWR
The Fuelling Machine of 540 MWe PHWR Reactor is an important

intricate equipment. For satisfactory performance of the assembled
Fuelling Machine, Performance & acceptance testing of Fuelling
Machine is carried out under the simulated reactor conditions.
Meshed finite element model for pellet with the particle

. Fuelling Machine Test Facility (FMTF)
Fuelling Machine Test Facility has been set up and fuelling machine
head is installed on the test carriage and the oil hydraulic water
element model for pellet with the particle is shown in Figure.
hydraulic systems have been commissioned. The fuelling machine
The fabrication specification for the maximum Pu-rich particle size
head has been calibrated & commissioned. Necessary rectification
is in the range of 200-400 microns. The analysis shows that the
and fine-tuning of fuelling machine head have been incorporated
agglomerates can cause spikes in fuel temperatures of about 300-
by suitable modification /changes of components.
500°C depending upon the size and concentration of Pu in the
agglomerate. Variation of particle maximum temperature for various
heat generation ratios and for different particle sizes for TAPS-BWR
fuel are illustrated. The presence of the Pu-rich particle on the
surface of pellet will result in clad temperature rise of only about
100-2000C.
.
The following tests were done in reactor-simulated condition:
Performance testing:- 6 times bundles loading & 6 times
.
bundles receiving.
TAPS-BWR fuel: Variation of particle
maximum temperature with heat generation ratios Acceptance testing : 10 times bundles loading & 10 times bundles
for different particle sizes
.
receiving.
Cycling of Ram extension:- 10 times loading and 10 times
An analysis has been carried out for MOX fuel pins irradiated at receiving.
PWL CIRUS, as part of round robin exercise, using modified GAPCON
code. The peak centreline temperature evaluated was in the range The fuelling machine head has been qualified with successful
of 1300°C (for 42kW/m linear heat rating) and cumulative fission completion of above tests. Full testing has been completed in very
gas release of about 2.0% for fuel burnup of 16 GWd/t. short period of 5 months.
V.Shivakumar <redfhs@barc.gov.in? S. Raghunathan <raghu@barc.gov.in>

R&D for PHWR
2.6 TESTING OF RAM ASSEMBLY OF 540 MWe 2.7 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ADJUSTOR
PHWR ROD, CONTROL ROD AND SHUT-OFF ROD
DRIVE MECHANISM FOR TAPS 3 & 4
For satisfactory performance of the assembled fuelling machine,

This development work has been taken up under an MoU signed
elaborate testing of various sub-assemblies of fuelling machine is
between BARC and NPCIL. The control mechanisms for TAPS units
carried out separately. Later, the assembled fuelling machine has
3&4 are designed with a number of advanced features like modular
been again completely tested before delivery to the site.
construction giving ease of maintenance, 90% free fall for shut-off
rod/control rods giving high reliability and consistent rod drop
RAM assembly is one of the important subassembly of the fuelling performance, on-line test facility for shut-off rods to ensure rod
machine and it is the first of its kind, to be used in 540 MWe availability on demand while reactor is under operation and partial
PHWRs. It comprises of three telescopic rams namely B Ram, C Ram release & re-arresting of control rods for reactor step back function.
& Latch Ram. All these rams are operated through oil hydraulic
motors. B Ram & C Ram are provided with water hydraulic back up. Design, prototyping, testing & qualification on full-scale test set-up
These rams are used for refuelling operations & various plug have been completed. Manufacture, assembly and testing of drive
operations. units for reactor use have been completed. They have been installed
and commissioned at TAPS-4.
Ram assembly and the Oil & water Hydraulic system has been
installed and commissioned. The calibration & commissioning of
the Ram assembly in the Ram assembly test facility has been
completed.
Ram assembly test facility(RATF)
Necessary rectification and fine tuning of Ram assembly have been

incorporated by suitable modification /changes of components.
The B Ram Cycling equivalent to 300 channel refueling operation &
Plug operations equivalent to 100 channel refueling operation have
been successfully carried out to qualify the Ram assembly.
S. Raghunathan <raghu@barc.gov.in> Full-scale test set-up at BARC

R&D for PHWR
computer codes used for predicting the transient behaviour during

postulated accidents and operational transients.
Experiments have been conducted for single-phase and

two-phase natural circulation and station blackout studies in the
FISBE facility. Some of the results based on the data generated in
the facility are given below. The facility is being augmented with
simulated PHT Pumps, Fuel Cluster Simulators, Fast Acting Valves,
Bleed Condenser, Regenerative Cooler, Jet Condenser, Pool
Boiling Coolers, Low Pressure Accumulator and Secondary Feed
Typical rod drop characteristics for shut-off rod
for TAPS, units 3 & 4 Pump. The loop is instrumented with state of the art smart sensors
and a PLC based control system. The loop is further equipped with
a Fast Data Acquisition System (FDAS) for studying transient
phenomenon.
Reactivity control mechanisms on deck plate

of TAPS unit 4
Single-Phase Natural Circulation Results

D. N. Badodkar <badodkar@barc.gov.in>
2.8 FISBE-EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES AND

AUGMENTATION OF FACILITY FOR ACCIDENT
SCENARIOS AND OPERATIONAL TRANSIENTS
FISBE is an integral test facility to simulate PHWR Primary Heat

Transport System including Emergency Core Cooling System as well
as secondary heat removal circuit. Maintaining the elevations same
as in the reactor, power to volume scaling philosophy is followed in
the design of the facility. Volume scaling in respect of 220 MWe
PHWR units is 1:76.5. Time scale is preserved. The test facility is
extensively instrumented to measure temperature, flow rate,
pressure/differential pressure, level, void fraction etc., at various
points in the loop. This facility will be used for LOCA and non-LOCA
transient experiments. These experiments will help in the creation Two-phase Natural Circulation Results
of a data base for the assessment and validation of thermal hydraulic

R&D for PHWR
PC Based Control
Primary Circulating Pump
Fast Data Acquisition System
Low Pressure Accumulator
Jet Condenser
Quick Opening Valve A.K. Pal <akpal@barc.gov.in>

N.V.Satish Kumar <nvsatish@barc.gov.in>

R&D for PHWR
2.9 SEVERE ACCIDENT STUDY

PROGRAM
Severe core damage phenomena can occur

for a Beyond Design Basis Accident where
multiple failure of safety systems has been
postulated. A high degree of consequences
is expected for a very low probability case.
The world research covers mainly two
parts namely severe core damage and
containment loading with respect to
energy release and radioactivity. In the field
of severe core damage laboratory scale to
full scale accident simulation are conducted
to understand the complex phenomena
arising from high temperature. Thermal-
hydraulics, thermo-mechanical, high
temperature chemical reactions, material
relocation, etc. are the major fields studied Comparison of Predicted Mass Profile with
Experimentally Observed Mass Profile
extensively.
Efforts are made to understand different facets of the phenomena

for Light Water Reactors (LWRs) as well as Pressurised Heavy Water both the reactors and calandria vessel for the PHWRs. For the LWRs
Reactors (PHWRs) to assess the pressure boundary integrity for the understanding has been achieved with well experimentally
ICARE2 Prediction for FPT0 Bundle at Fuel Temperature Transient

the End of Oxidation Phase for VVER-1000 (V312 model)

R&D for PHWR
validated severe accident analysis computer codes namely ICARE/

CATHARE, ASTEC and RELAP/SCADAP and participation in the
experimental validation program of PHEBUS-FPT0 experiment with
code ICARE2. Some of the computational prediction are shown
below for FPT0 experiment and fuel temperatutre transient for
small break Loss of Coolant Accident with station Black out of
VVER-1000.
For PHWR theoretical model developments namely Channel

Analysis in Severe Accident (CHASA), Fuel Coolant Interaction (FCI)
and Molten Pool (MPOOL) code are being developed. At present
CHASA features in-channel thermal-hydraulic models, more
emphasis on radiation among fuel pins and from fuel pins to pressure
tube(PT), thermo-mechanical deformation model of pressure tube, Temperature for CT Boiling
calandriatube(CT) outer surface boiling crisis and high temperature
chemical reaction model. Melting of the fuel pins, relocation and
oxidation of the molten material, are the areas on which work is to
be carried forward. Some predictions during the development period
are cited below,
To support the code development, experiments for studying pipe

blowdown and vapor pull through in the reactor headers are planned
Creep deformation Map for PT for the initial phase of the accident. The next phase includes the
experiments of channel heat up leading to thermo-mechanical
phenomena in the pressure tube and boiling crisis of calandria tube
Two dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Code with sagging and ballooning. Release of molten material from reactor
development for Fuel Coolant Interaction (FCI) and behaviour of channels and its distribution due to its neighbouring channels will
Molten Pool (MPOOL) arising from corium as a result of Beyond be studied through the fuel coolant interaction experiments
Design Basis Accident (BDBA) for PHWR has been carried out. The
beginning of the FCI code development plant has been done with
study on film stability followed by full scale code development.
Effects of various fluid temperatures (degree of subcooling) on film H. G. Lele <hglele@barc.gov.in>
growth are shown in the illustration.

Compact High Temperature Reactor (CHTR)
3. C O M PA C T H I G H T E M P E R AT U R E R E A C T O R ( C H T R )
INTRODUCTION
It is generally agreed that in the long term, nuclear energy would emerge as the primary source of energy replacing fossil fuels. It would be
expected to satisfy all energy related needs of mankind. Thus, In addition to producing electricity, it would provide necessary energy for
producing alternate fuel or energy carrier for transport applications, facilitating production of potable water and satisfy various heating needs
of the populations living in colder parts of the country. Small and compact nuclear power packs with very long refuelling periods would supply
electricity in areas not connected to the electrical grid of the country. A high temperature reactor has a large potential to satisfy all the above-
mentioned needs.
The Compact High TTemperature

emperature Reactor (CHTR)
(CHTR), under development at BARC, is mainly 233U -Thorium fuelled, lead-bismuth cooled and
beryllium oxide moderated reactor. This reactor, initially being developed to generate about 100 kWTh power will have a core life of 15 years and
will have several advanced passive safety features to enable its operation as compact power pack in remote areas not connected to the electrical
grid system. The reactor is being designed to operate at 1000°C, to also facilitate demonstration of technologies for high temperature process
heat applications such as hydrogen production from water. Hydrogen is being considered world wide as future energy carrier for transport
applications. The design guidelines for the reactor includes utilisation of thorium-based fuel, passive reactor safety and passive heat removal
features under all operating conditions so as to have very low demands in operator skill and availability.


Description of the CHTR These particles are mixed with graphite powder as a matrix and
made into cylindrical fuel compacts. The fuel compacts are packed
The reactor core consists of nineteen prismatic beryllium oxide (BeO) in fuel bores in the walls of each of the nineteen fuel tubes. Eighteen
moderator blocks. These 19 blocks contain centrally blocks of beryllium oxide reflector surround the moderator blocks.
located graphite fuel tubes. Each fuel tube carries fuel inside 12 These eighteen blocks have central holes to accommodate passive
equi-spaced longitudinal bores made in its wall. The fuel tube also power regulation system. This system works on temperature
serves as coolant channel. The fuel is based on TRISO coated particle feedback and in case of rise of coolant outlet temperature beyond
fuel, which can withstand very high temperature (1600°C). A cross design value, inserts negative reactivity inside the core. Graphite
section of the particle fuel is shown below; reflector blocks surround these beryllium oxide reflector blocks.
This part of the reactor is
contained in a shell of a
material resistant to corrosion
against Pb-Bi eutectic alloy
coolant and suitable for high
temperature applications. Top
and bottom closure plates of
similar material close this
reactor shell. Schematic of a
single fuel bed and
cross-sectional layout of the
reactor core are shown in the
figure.
Cross-sectional schematic of TRISO coated

particle fuel for CHTR
Cross section of a fuel bed

Cross sectional layout of reactor core
Above the top cover plate and below the bottom cover plate, transfer from reactor core to outside heat sink. On top of the
plenums provide for core-outgoing and core-incoming coolant upper plenum, the reactor has multi-layer heat utilisation vessels to
respectively. Nuclear heat from the reactor core is removed provide an interface to systems for high temperature heat
passively by the lead-bismuth liquid metal coolant which flows due applications. A set of sodium heat pipes is in the upper plenum of
to natural circulation between the plenums, upward through the the reactor to passively transfer heat from the upper plenum to the
fuel tubes and returning through the down comer tubes. These heat utilisation vessels with a minimum drop of
plenums have graphite flow guiding blocks to increase the velocity temperature. Another set of heat pipes transfers heat from the
of the coolant between the coolant channel exit and the entry to upper plenum to the atmospheric air in the case of a postulated
the down comer tubes of the reactor. The flow-guiding blocks have accident. To shut down the reactor, a set of seven shut-off rods has
passages for the coolant to flow from the inner to outer region of been provided, which fall by gravity in the central seven coolant
the plenum. The reactor shell is surrounded by two gas gaps that channels. Appropriate instrumentation like neutron
act as insulators during normal reactor operation and reduce heat detectors, fission/ ion chambers, various sensors and auxiliary systems
loss in the radial direction. There is an outer steel shell, surrounded such as a cover gas system; purification systems, active interventions
by heat sink. This shell has been provided with fins to improve its etc. are being incorporated in the design as necessary. If temperature
heat transfer capabilities. A passive system has been provided to fill of coolant increases beyond its design value, a set of seven shut-off
the gas gaps with molten metal in case of abnormal rises in coolant rods fall by gravity in the central seven coolant channels to shutdown
outlet temperature thereby providing a conduction path of heat the reactor.


At the current stage, a feasible configuration of the reactor from Future Work and Design of New Reactors
reactor physics, heat removal and reactor control
considerations have been worked out. R & D and technology . Experimental facility for CHTR (Initial operation at low
development for most of the technology development areas have temperature – subsequently increase in power to demonstrate
been initiated. For carrying out system studies, verifying the
.
high temperature capability)
developed computer codes and for material compatibility studies; Design and development related activities for 600 MWTh
many experimental facilities are under development. HTR for hydrogen production as well as a low power
Developmental work related to materials and fuels are being carried compact power pack for supplying electricity in areas not con
out. Analytical studies related to safety and effects of external nected to electrical grid.
events are underway.

3.1 PHYSICS DESIGN OF CHTR
The physics design of the CHTR has been carried out

with 2.7 Kg 233U in 8 Kg of fuel (U+Th). A core life of nearly 15
full power years could be achieved with the above
configuration. The variation of K-eff with burnup is
shown in the figure. Since the initial reactivity (>100mk)
is quite large, it had been decided to add a burnable Worth of control rods in primary shut-down system
poison to the fuel. Two options have been analysed
respectively, with 180 g Erbium homogeneously mixed in
fuel and 40 g Gadolinium only in the central fuel assembly.
The effect of both types of burnable poisons can be seen in
Figure. The Tables present the total worth of primary and
secondary shut-down systems, fuel temperature coefficient
and maximum worth of a single control rod when the reactor
is in critical state.
When reactor is in critical state, if there is an inadvertent

withdrawal of a control rod, a positive reactivity is
introduced, resulting in power rise and rise in fuel and
Worth of Shut-off rods in secondary shut-down system
coolant temperatures. A negative reactivity feedback is
introduced by the rise in fuel temperature and the power
stabilizes at about 2 to 3 times the initial power. The variation
of relative power, fuel and coolant temperatures with
transient time for two types of burnable absorbers
are illustrated.
Control rod worth and fuel temp. coeff.

for different burnable absorbers
Variation of K eff with burnup for configurations with

and without the burnable absorbers

Analysis of Inadvertent CR withdrawal Accident
P.D. Krishnani <pdkrish@barc.gov.in>
3.2 MODELING OF PERFORMANCE OF TRISO product attack on structural layer, etc. One such mode is by fracture
PARTICLES of the silicon carbide layer (pressure vessel failure). Some preliminary
modelling of TRISO particles has been initiated, by using FEM to
CHTR uses TRISO coated fuel particles. This study aims to model the model this pressure vessel failure mechanism. For these calculations,
behavior of the TRISO particle under irradiation. The TRISO fuel an axisymmetric element capable of modelling creep and irradiation
particles consist of a central fuel containing kernel surrounded by induced swelling was formulated and programmed into a general
four layers, viz. low density pyrocarbon buffer layer, inner high- purpose FEM code. A 0.5-degree sector (to maintain aspect ratio
density pyrocarbon layer, silicon carbide layer and outer high-density of one) of the TRISO particle was analysed. The dimensions of the
pyrocarbon layer. The overall dimension of this particle is ~900 μm. particle and the meshing used are illustrated and the results along
The silicon carbide layer acts as the retaining layer for the fission with comparison with available theoretical solutions for a perfectly
products and no external cladding is needed. There are numerous spherical particle are presented in the Table.
mechanisms for failure of such particles viz. kernel migration, fission
Comparison of stresses obtained in the present analysis with the analytical solution

The PPRS, has a gas header connected to a driver tube, control

tube, floating absorber and lead bismuth eutectic. The control tube
is concentric and surrounds the driver tube. The gas header,
attached to a niobium driver tube acts as a temperature sensor.
FEM Model for TRISO Particle using

Axisymmetric Finite Elements
The stresses induced have a statistical distribution due to the

variations in kernel diameter, buffer layer thickness, etc.
Additionally the coating strengths also exhibit a Weibull
distribution. All these variations need to be combined to
estimate the failure fraction as a function of burn-up, using statistical
tools, based on Monte Carlo techniques. This study will lead to
evaluation of acceptability of the fabrication tolerances for TRISO
particles and modeling of other degradation mechanisms.
Abhishek Basak <abasak@barc.gov.in>
3.3 PASSIVE POWER REGULATION SYSTEM Rod insertion analysis with different pressures
(PPRS)
The concept of passive power regulation is one of the important The driver tube is housed within a niobium control tube and is filled
guidelines in the design of CHTR. The coolant temperature is used with Pb-Bi eutectic. The control rod, which is housed in the control
to passively drive the control rods, to achieve power regulation. The tube, is made up of boron carbide and is clad in niobium. The
system performance analysis and its response to various anticipated annular space between the driver and control tube is also filled with
scenarios are discussed. Pb-Bi eutectic and the control rod is designed to float in it. The
system is thus designed to have two free liquid surfaces, one in the
driver tube and the other in the control tube. The space above the
liquid level is filled with an inert gas like argon. The PPRS gas header,
located in the top plenum, is submerged in the coolant. The current
location of the gas header ensures that it senses the coolant
temperature immediately downstream of the heat removal devices
(a set of heat pipes). Under normal operating conditions, the gas
header is surrounded by coolant at a temperature of approx.
900 ºC. Any condition, which causes the coolant to return at a
temperature higher than the normal temperature will cause the
gas, in the gas header, to also heat up. Due to this pressure will rise
in the driver tube, causing a pressure imbalance between the driver
and the control tube. This, in turn, will cause the level of Pb-Bi
eutectic in the driver tube to go down and that in the control tube
Schematic of Passive Power Regulation System to go up. Since the absorber rod floats on Pb-Bi eutectic, it will also

rise with the Pb-Bi eutectic level in the core, thus inserting negative In addition, work has been done to analyse the upper plenum
reactivity. Depending on the temperature rise that has been sensed, design of the CHTR. Since the PPRS depends, for its operation, on
the system will stabilise at a particular value of insertion. The PPRS the temperature signal carried by the coolant, it is important to
was analysed using TRAPPOR (TRAnsient Passive POwer Regulation), know the time frame in which coolant will carry the signal to the
a computer code developed in-house. PPRS header. The analysis showed that the coolant velocities are
very low.
Simultaneously, means to actively control the CHTR are also being
explored within the same setup. Analysis has been carried out for
two scenarios, one in which the driver tube is pressurised and the
other in which the control tube is depressurised.
Flow field in the upper plenum of the CHTR
Pressurisation of the driver tube (Effect of different

Following this analysis the design of the upper plenum has been
pressure input rates on insertion on control rods.)
changed to have channels for flow of the coolant. These channels
serve as preferential flow paths and thus reduce the time interval in
which the change is sensed. The headers are now submerged in
pockets constructed along these channels.
Design of a PPRS test setup, for carrying out experimental analysis

under various transients and validation of computer codes, is also
underway.
Prashant P. Kelkar <redarss@barc.gov.in>
Depressurisation of the control tube

(Effect of initial bulb pressures on insertion times)

3.4 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF CHTR CORE UNDER

NORMAL OPERATING AND POSTULATED
ACCIDENT CONDITIONS
A detailed thermal analysis is essential in design, to ensure fuel

integrity under all foreseeable scenarios, without operator
intervention. A steady state analysis of the reactor core has been
carried out to determine the prevalent temperatures under normal
operating conditions, to estimate the thermal stresses. A steady
state parametric analysis has also been carried out to estimate and
minimise the heat loss from the reactor core, through the gas gaps
by all modes, under normal operating conditions.
In the analyses It has been assumed that under postulated accident

Temperature distribution at the lower, middle
conditions, the reactor power stabilizes at a peak neutronically limited
and upper planes under steady state conditions
value of, twice the normal operating power and the entire heat is
transferred to an outer heat sink by conduction, through the reactor
vessel wall. The maximum fuel temperature has been calculated by
a FEM analysis under steady state conditions. This has been followed
by a transient analysis, to estimate the available time for safety
devices to act. In this analysis it has been assumed that all heat sinks
have been lost along with a sudden rise in power. It has also been
assumed that an adiabatic boundary condition prevails for all surfaces.
The initial temperature distribution has been applied from a steady
state analysis and a step increase of twice the reactor power is
assumed.
In all the above analysis the thermal contact resistances at all interfaces
were assumed negligible. The heat generation in nuclear fuel and
moderator has been considered. Appropriate material properties
have also been assumed.
Temperature distribution taking into account

radial heat losses
The temperature distribution given in the figure, at planes through

the top, mid and bottom of the active length shows that the
maximum temperature gradient occurs just outside the outermost
location of the fuel channel and hence becomes the prime candidate
Temperature contours calculated under steady state
conditions. (Results for 1/12 th sector of the core shown) for failure due to thermal stresses.

The variation of total heat loss with respect to inner gas gap shows which yielded maximum fuel temperatures well below the maximum
that increasing this gap beyond 20 mm will not affect any significant allowable value for the fuel (1600°C).
economy in core heat.
The results from the transient analysis show that even after fifty
minutes have elapsed after overpower, the fuel temperature does
not exceed 1510°C, well below the limiting temperature of the fuel.
Temperature distribution under postulated accident

conditions with radial conduction path been
established to outer heat sink
Temperature distribution in central fuel channel

after 3000 seconds (50 minutes) after overpower
and loss of all heat sinks
3.5 PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF GAS-GAP FILLING

SYSTEM
One of the basic guidelines of CHTR design is the rejection of the

entire core heat to a surrounding heat sink under a condition of
heat sink loss and a neutronically limited power of 200 kW.
This study aims to design such a system.
Variation of radial heat loss with respect
to inner gas gap dimension. Outer gas gap is kept The preliminary design of the gas-gap filling system has been
constant at 10 mm.
completed. A brief description of the system is given in the following
paragraphs.
The temperatures distribution obtained under postulated accident
conditions with heat rejection to the outer heat sinks have been This system consists of a bulb, which is immersed in the liquid metal
obtained by considering aluminium, indium and tin in the gas gaps in the upper plenum, downstream to the heat pipes. This bulb

pressure on both sides becomes equal and this ensures that the
siphon process is continued without any break. This system has an
advantage that once started this system will stop only when the
entire liquid metal has been poured down. To reduce the chances of
common mode failure, the liquid metal reservoir is subdivided into
four compartments, the capacity of each compartment catering to
one quarter of the gas gap volume.
Three probable liquid metals, which can be used to fill the gas gaps,
have been considered. These liquids are Indium, Tin and Aluminum
which were chosen, due to their ease of availability, low melting
points and good thermal conductivities.
Using this principle, the height of the siphon above the liquid level
was calculated to be 135 mm for Indium and Tin and 380 mm for
Aluminium for a set point of 1000°C. The gas bulb encounters this
temperature in the event of a loss of heat sink.
A computer programme FD (Finite Difference) was written for

estimating the time taken for filling the gas gaps by solving the one-
dimensional momentum conservation equation by using finite
difference methodology.
Schematic of Gas-Gap Filling System
communicates with a reservoir, which contains the liquid metal. The

reservoir is connected to the inner gas gap by means of siphon
tubes.
The bulb senses the temperature increase of the coolant and forces
the liquid metal to move up the siphon tube and siphon is started.
The liquid metal is conveyed to the inner gas gap by means of the
siphon tube. Holes have been provided on the shell separating the
two gas gaps at its bottom end so that liquid metal flows into the
outer gas gap also. The gas displaced by the liquid metal is pushed
into a gas tank.
As the level in the reservoir starts decreasing, the pressure of the

gas above the liquid in the reservoir also decreases. This may prevent
Typical variation of level in reservoir with time
the flow of the liquid metal after certain time. To avoid such a
situation, a vent tube is provided which is connected at one end to
the gas tank and the other end is dipped into the reservoir upto a
certain depth. When the liquid in the reservoir goes below this level,

The figure also shows the effect of the vent tube. The line A shows 3.6 APPROACH FOR GRAPHITE COMPONENT
the liquid level in the reservoir, without considering the effect of DESIGN
the vent tube, wherein the pressure in the reservoir keeps decreasing,
preventing the complete flow of liquid metal. The case in which the A large proportion of CHTR is composed of graphite, a brittle
vent tube is incorporated is shown as B. The level in the reservoir material. Two draft codes, (which are yet to be finalized) are available
falls below that of the excess liquid metal (indicated by the blue for graphite component design of HTRs, namely the ASME Section
line), which implies that the gas-gaps have been filled. III Division 2 Subsection CE and the KTA 3232, Ceramic internals for
HTR pressure vessels, 1992.
Cases were analysed to get the gas-gap filling time for each of the
three liquid metals considered. Different numbers of siphon tubes In view of the absence of authoritative design rules for nuclear
were also considered. The results are summarised. components, a literature survey was carried out to identify the
Estimated time taken to fill the gas gaps
Graphite fuel tube

A parametric analysis to fix the size of the bulb has also been carried
out. The results indicate that as the volume of the gas and metal (of
design issues involved. In the design of brittle materials, the usual
the bulb) decreases, the response also becomes faster. This may be
deterministic design procedures are invalidated by two behavioral
accounted by the high heat transfer coefficient of the liquid metal,
characteristics, i.e., the statistical nature of its strength and its large
which makes the effect of decrease in surface area less apparent. A
variation. Hence the survival probability in a given stress distribution,
bulb of 5 cm diameter and 5cm height gives a response time of 2
is thereby calculated using Weibull statistical design technique. The
seconds and has been tentatively selected for use in the present
accurate determination of statistical parameters, a large number of
system.
samples need to be tested. The fatigue curves for graphite follow
the same pattern as that of metals, when drawn with homologous
Estimates of the fuel temperatures, by using each of the above
stress (peak stress divided by mean tensile strength) vs. number of
metals in the gas gaps, have been obtained by finite element analyses.
cycles, but with a larger scatter in data.
The maximum fuel temperatures calculated are 1304°C, 1240°C
and 1321°C for Indium, Aluminium and Tin respectively, which are
Following this assessment a code Brittle Design.f90 was written.
much below the maximum allowable temperature (1600°C) of TRISO
The failure probability of a given structure was estimated by utilising
type fuel.
the stress distribution obtained from a FEM analysis. The effect of
multiaxial stresses was incorporated by using the principle of
Abhishek Basak <abasak@barc.gov.in> superposition. The failure probability of each element is given by,

3.7 MODELING, DESIGN, FABRICATION AND

TESTING OF HIGH TEMPERATURE HEAT PIPES
The heat pipe is a very effective device for transmitting heat at high
transfer rates over considerable distances with extremely small
temperature drops. They are simple in construction, easy to control,
passive in operation and can be used in any orientation. Heat pipes
are used in CHTR to remove heat, under normal operating and
accidental conditions, from the primary coolant.
. Development of Computer Codes
A computer code “HPDATA” has been developed to simulate and

carry out heat pipe design and analysis under steady state conditions.
The heat pipe operation is dependent on various limits to its operation
The failure probability (Ps) of the entire structure is then
i.e. viscous limit, sonic limit, capillary limit, boiling limit and
calculated by,
entrainment limit. This code can calculate the various operating
limits for heat pipe operation and the parametric variation of these
limits for various heat pipe diameters and wick configurations, by
making use of empirical correlations. The code also calculates, the
temperature drop between the heat pipe ends and the vapour
This code has been used to estimate the failure probabilities of
pressure profile inside the heat pipe.
graphite reflector and the upper plenum blocks.
The thermal stresses in the upper plenum block and the graphite
reflector block was calculated and used for estimating the failure
probabilities. Tentative values for the statistical parameters have
been assumed for this analysis. It has been found that if the upper
plenum block is fully restrained in radial direction, the probability of
failure is approximately one, implying an almost certain failure.
However, this value dropped to 0.0040 if free expansion is allowed,
representative of the more favourable stress levels. The probability
of failure of the graphite reflector blocks has been estimated to be
1.24x10-5 and 1.87x10-6 for the cases where it is free to expand in
axial direction and fully constrained in the axial direction respectively.
It is interesting to note that, for this case, an axial constraint gives
lower value of failure probability. An examination of the stress
distribution indicates that the tensile stresses are more predominant
in the first case, which is reflected in the higher value of failure
probability. A similar approach is applicable for the design of beryllia
blocks. Variation of sonic and viscous limits with
internal diameter of heat pipes

The working temperature range for the setup has been selected as
400°C to 1200°C, so as to enable testing of moderate to high
temperature heat pipes. With minor modifications, this may also be
used for testing of low temperature heat pipes. The heat pipe has
three regions - evaporator, adiabatic and condenser sections, which
serve as heat input, heat transport and heat output areas respectively.
Hence the facility has a means to input heat (by means of a heater),
reject heat (to a calorimeter) and means to minimise heat losses (by
means of insulation). The setup consists of a heat pipe enclosed in a
metallic vessel. To prevent oxidation of the heat pipe material
at high temperatures, the vessel is purged with a mixture of
argon and helium gas. The portion of the vessel enclosing the
condenser section of the heat pipe is cooled by means of silicone oil
Variation of entrainment, capillary and boiling flowing in a helical coil wrapped around its outer diameter.
limitations with internal diameters of heat pipes
Vapour pressure variation inside heat pipe Schematic of the High Temperature Heat Pipe Test
Facility (not to scale)
. Development of High Temperature Heat

Pipe Test Facility
The purging gases also play an additional role in regulating the
amount of heat removed. Heat losses from the adiabatic region is
minimised by alumina based high temperature insulation surrounding
The high temperature heat pipe test set up aims to the vessel. The evaporator portion of the heat pipe is surrounded
.
by the heater arrangement, which is positioned inside the vessel.
.
study performance of heat pipes, The heat pipe test setup is designed to test heat pipes at a maximum
.
study startup behaviour of frozen heat pipes, power input of 20 kW. In view of the large heat input, high
.
study operation under various transients and temperatures involved and rapid heating requirement, a RF induction
evaluate impact of corrosion by liquid metals under heater is used.
high temperature on heat pipe lifetime and
.
performance I.V. Dulera <dulera@barc.gov.in>
Serve as a test bed for validating computer codes

3.8 THERMAL HYDRAULIC STUDIES ON THE

COMPACT HIGH TEMPERATURE REACTOR
(CHTR)
The reactor mainly consists of fuel tubes, solid moderator and

reflector, coolant, Primary Heat Transfer (PHT) loop and safety &
control systems. The flow of the coolant in the loop is
maintained by natural circulation. The loop and the core are
contained in a high temperature metallic vessel. Annular gas gaps
are provided to reduce the radial heat loss during normal operating
condition. The solid surfaces of the gaps are coated with low emissive
material to reduce the heat transfer rate, further. These two gaps Variation of core outlet temperature
are followed by a high conducting solid wall and then by the with the chimney height at different fuel tube
diameter of 5MW th CHTR.
outermost shell. External fins are provided to enhance the heat
transfer during accidental conditions.
.
.
Heat Transfer Analysis
Thermal Hydraulic Analysis

Steady state thermal analyses have been carried out to find
temperature distribution in the geometry of the reactor. The analyses
A computer code, HTR-NC, is developed for thermal hydraulic analysis
have been carried out for the normal operating and accidental
of primary loop of 100 kWth CHTR. Parametric studies on coolant
conditions of the reactor. In the normal operating condition the
flow rate; temperature variation, pressure drop and power
reactor operates at 100 kWth and the coolant temperature rises
in the loop have been carried out at several stages of
from 900o C to 1000o C, by taking heat from the fuel tube.
development. The results from the analysis have been applied to
Analyses have been carried out for different filling liquid metals and
optimize the down comer tube size and orifice size of the loop.
reactor structure materials. It has been found that the maximum
Variation of size of the orifices, which are located at the down
fuel temperature is below the maximum allowable temperature
comers, with the core height are illustrated. Analysis has also been
(~1600o C). The temperature distribution at the mid cross section
carried out for 5 MWth CHTR, to optimize the geometry of the
of the reactor at normal operating temperature is illustrated
primary coolant loop. The variation of core outlet temperature at
in the figure.
different chimney height for different fuel tube diameters is also
illustrated in the figure.
Temperature distribution in the reactor at the mid

cross-section at normal operating temperature( oC)
Variation of required orifice diameter with core

height of CHTR N.K. Maheshwari <mahesh@barc.gov.in>

Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor
4. PROTOTYPE FAST BREEDER REACTOR
INTRODUCTION
The second stage of Indian nuclear power programme involves establishing Fast Breeder Reactors for power generation. The Prototype Fast
Breeder Reactor is being developed to demonstrate the techno-economic viability of Fast Breeder Reactor technology. This chapter highlights
the recent activities carried out in the fields of radiation shielding and design of inclined fuel transfer machine.

The PFBR is a 500 MWe, sodium cooled, pool type, mixed oxide (MOX) fuelled reactor having two secondary loops. The primary objective of
the PFBR is to demonstrate techno-economic viability of fast breeder reactors on an industrial scale. The entire primary sodium circuit is
contained in a large diameter vessel (Æ 12900 mm) called main vessel and consists of core, primary pumps, intermediate heat exchanger and
primary pipe connecting the pumps and the grid plate. The vessel has no penetrations and is welded at the top to the roof slab. The main vessel
is cooled by cold sodium to enhance its structural integrity. The core subassemblies are supported on the grid plate, which in turn is supported
on the core support structure.

The main vessel is surrounded by the safety vessel, closely following the shape of the main vessel, with a nominal gap of 300 mm to permit
robotic and ultrasonic inspection of the vessels. The safety vessel also helps to keep the sodium level above the inlet windows of the intermediate
heat exchanger ensuring continued cooling of the core in case of a leak of main vessel. The inter space between main & safety vessel is filled with
inert nitrogen. The main vessel is closed at its top by a top shield, which includes roof slab, large & small rotary plugs and control plug. The top
shield is a box structure made from special carbon steel plates and is filled with heavy density concrete (r = 3500 kg/m3) and provides thermal
and biological shielding in the top axial direction. The principal material of construction is SS 316 LN for the vessels and boiler quality carbon
steel for top shield. The reactor vault concrete provides the biological shielding in the radial and bottom axial direction outside the main vessel.

4.1 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INCLINED

FUEL TRANSFER MACHINE (IFTM) FOR FUEL
. Description
HANDLING SYSTEM OF PFBR-500 MWe During spent sub-assembly (SA) handling, IFTM receives the spent
SA from Transfer Arm (TA) inside the reactor vessel and delivers it to
Cell Transfer Machine (CTM) in fuel building to transfer it to storage
bay and during fresh SA handling it receives fresh SA from CTM and
delivers it to TA to place inside the reactor core. IFTM transfers SA
in 170 inclined position to the vertical. Design of IFTM is totally
indigenous. The irradiated SA after being cooled at storage location
inside reactor vessel is put in a sodium filled Transfer Pot (TP) of IFTM
by Transfer Arm (TA) at In-vessel Transfer Position (IVTP). TP is then
hoisted up inside Rotatable Shielded Leg (RSL) by hoisting mechanism
through Primary Ramp (PR) & Primary Tilting Mechanism (PTM). RSL
is rotated by 1800 by rotation mechanism and aligned on secondary
side and the TP is lowered in Ex-Vessel Transfer Position (EVTP)
through Secondary Ramp (SR) Secondary Tilting Mechanism (STM)
from where the irradiated SA is replaced by fresh SA using Cell
Transfer Machine (CTM). The fresh SA will be transferred from
EVTP to IVTP in the reverse manner. A shield plug has been provided
in the primary ramp for attenuating primary sodium gamma rays
during reactor operation. Gate valves have been provided on both
primary and secondary ramps, which act as a barrier between the
radioactive argon cover gas of MV & fresh argon gas of Fuel Transfer
Cell (FTC), which is required for containment isolation. Bellows are
Inclined Fuel Transfer Machine provided on both sides to absorb the differential thermal expansion.
Fuel handling takes place within a leaktight cell. Adequate shielding
.
and sealing arrangement has been provided in IFTM. During fuel
handling IFTM internals are maintained at high temperature (423-
Introduction
473 K) by hot argon flushing during fuel handling operation in
order to maintain sodium in liquid form filled in transfer pot. Also
For better utilization of fuel & available natural resources in India
during reactor some of the components of IFTM viz. PR & PTM see
and based on the successful operation of 40 MWt Fast Breeder Test
very high temperatures (823 K).
.
Reactor (FBTR) at the IGCAR, Kalpakkam, a 500 MWe Prototype
Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) is being built at Kalpakkam, which will
Design and analysis
be first reactor of its kind in India. PFBR will be a 500 MWe (1250
MWt), 2-loop, sodium cooled, pool type reactor. It will utilize the IFTM design has been finalized. Detailed design of all the components
MoX fuel (PuO2 + UO2) and depleted Uranium oxide as blanket. of IFTM has been completed. Design of all the components of IFTM
PFBR is designed vertical in configuration. Off load refuelling is is based on all the types of loadings viz. dead weight, thermal
envisaged for PFBR. It is designed to do refuelling after every 185 loading and seismic loading. Detailed stress analysis has been
Effective Full Power Days (EFPD) of the reactor. In one refuelling performed for static, thermal and seismic loadings. Design of PR
campaign 62 fuel SA, 25 blanket SA and 5 absorber SA will be & PTM has been analyzed for creep and fatigue loadings also as they
replaced. Inclined Fuel Transfer Machine (IFTM) is one of the fuel see high temperature and thermal cycling. Profile of ramps
handling machine of PFBR which transfers spent SA from reactor and tilting mechanism has been finalized by making
vessel to fuel building and fresh SA from fuel building to reactor 3-D models and simulating the pot movement through
vessel.

them, which was done using VIZ software. Various design documents handling have been demonstrated successfully. Endurance test is in
and reports (45) have been prepared and issued. progress.
. Development activities . Manufacturing
Functioning of IFTM has been demonstrated by commissioning of After completion of detailed design various detailed drawings (165)
small scale (1:10) acrylic working model of IFTM. Design of critical and technical specification for manufacture of IFTM have been
components has been validated by making small scale models viz. prepared and handed over to BHAVINI to float the tender. Bhavini
secondary ramp, tilting mechanism, siphoning arrangement, safety had floated tender for manufacture of IFTM and quotations were
brake, etc. received. Technical evaluation of bidders is in progress.
Test setup of double chain hoisting mechanism has been

commissioned to see the behavior of chain-sprocket system and
. Performance test
chain sensing arrangement. Various functional and design In future it is planned to manufacture an IFTM and test it in shop
requirements viz. compatibility of chain & sprocket, possibility of for functional requirements. Then IFTM will be installed at Large
chain coming out of sprocket grooves, entanglement of two chains Component Test Rig (LCTR), Kalpakkam for performance test in
while pot movement, effect of unequal length of chains, behavior reactor simulated conditions. First it will be tested in air at ambient
of chain with load, performance of chain sensing arrangement, conditions and then at reactor simulated conditions along with
etc. have been checked. Load testing of operation and emergency control system before making it reactor worthy.
Test setup of hoisting mechanism
Somesh Rai <somesh@barc.gov.in>

4.2 PROTOTYPE FAST BREEDER REACTOR in IHX, fission rate at fission counter detector location, fast neutron
SHIELDING EXPERIMENTS AT APSARA leaking from bottom plenum, exit gamma for transfer arm etc.) are
called Bias Factors (BF). These BFs are used as multipliers in the exit
PFBR is a pool type sodium cooled fast reactor. Core is surrounded flux from a shielding set up. These experiments were used by reactor
by fertile blankets and in-vessel shielding. The Intermediate Heat physicists of IGCAR in arriving at proper bias factors.
eXchanger (IHX) and sodium pumps are in the pool. The in-vessel
shield is provided to reduce radiation damage to inner vessel,
secondary sodium activation, activation of IHX, sodium pumps,
. Summary of bias factors arrived at by
designers of PFBR shield
axial leakages through bottom FP gas plenum. Mockup shielding
experiments in Apsara shielding corner were carried out to optimize A bias factor of 4 is necessary for transport through
design of this in-vessel shield.. shields of SS/Na/ B4C.
Bias factor has come down to a factor of 2.5 in case of
Apsara is a 1MWth swimming pool reactor with HEU Al alloy fuel. It secondary sodium activity in IHX.
is presently operated up to 400 kWth. As Apsara is a thermal reactor, Neutron flux at detector location on the lattice plate is
PFBR blanket leakage neutron spectrum in shielding corner was under-predicted by a factor of 2.
simulated using depleted uranium fuel assemblies.
. Summary of experimental programmes

A round robin Benchmark inter-comparison was also performed by
various shielding experts of BARC, IGCAR and AERB
using codes and nuclear data available with them. Eight sets of
Six radial bulk shielding experiments were planned to evaluate experiments to study neutron transport through various single
secondary sodium activation. materials of interest to fast reactor shield design, which would
One axial bulk shielding experiment was planned to estimate provide integral benchmark data for nuclear data evaluation are
attenuation of neutrons reaching neutron monitoring also completed. A typical experimental lay out for these experiments
system (fission counters). is shown in figure. Activation detectors sensitive to thermal,
Three radiation streaming experiments were planned to epithermal and fast neutrons were irradiated at various depths of
( i ) Simulate plenum region of fuel subassembly, an empty shield models consisting of single shield materials. Some typical results
space in each fuel assembly pin to accumulate fission product of neutron flux attenuation in various shield materials are illustrated.
gases and study the damaging
effect of leaking fast neutrons on
the grid plate,
( ii ) Simulate transfer arm model to
study gamma streaming from the
active top sodium layer for different
configurations and
(iii) Simulate gaps in the top deck plate
to study radiation streaming of
mainly sodium gammas..
In any shielding calculation scheme the

uncertainties due to modeling, method and
nuclear data are absorbed in bias
factors obtained from experimental
measurements. The ratios of measured to
calculated reaction rates corresponding to Apsara sectional plan for PFBR shielding experiment
parameters of interest (sodium activation

Comparison of measured and Top View of a typical converter assembly

calculated neutron spectrum with and shield model arrangement
PFBR blanket exit spectrum in Apsara Reactor Shielding Corner
Attenuation of thermal neutron flux

Attenuation of epithermal neutron flux
Attenuation of fast neutron flux
H. K. Dravid <dravid@barc.gov.in>

R & D for Boiling Water Reactors
5. R & D FOR BOILING WATER REACTORS
INTRODUCTION
The twin units of Boiling Water Reactors at Tarapur were the first nuclear power stations established in the Indian sub continent. These
reactors, commissioned in 1969, are the longest serving Boiling Water Reactors in the world. This chapter on Boiling Water Reactors
highlights the work done on simulated optimisation scheme for control rod withdrawal sequence, the core shroud acoustic load
evaluation and the transient dynamic response.

Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS) has an installed capacity of program. In addition to the control rod drive system, a stand by
2 x 210 MWe. This reactor is a forced circulation boiling water Liquid Poison System (LPS) is provided to manually initiate
reactor, producing steam for direct use in the steam turbine. injection of a neutron poison (liquid sodium pentaborate
The fuel consists of uranium dioxide pellets contained in solution) into the reactor to make the reactor sub-critical.
Zircaloy-2 tubes. Water serves as both the moderator and
coolant. An Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS) is designed to pump
water directly from the suppression pool into the reactor vessel
The bottom entry cruciform control rods provide Safety Control and drywell under the postulated loss of coolant accident
Rods Accelerated Movement (SCRAM) as well as reactor control conditions. The system design is such that there is minimal fuel
function. Each drive has its own separate control and scram, damage and containment structures are not challenged even in
devices. A control rod reactivity-limiting device called Rod Worth the worst accident scenario. This system has inbuilt redundancy
Minimiser (RWM) limits the reactivity addition in the reactor and to take care of any component failure.
assures that any reactivity addition is as per predetermined

CORE DESIGN DATA
Thermal Out put - 660 MWt (Dual Cycle) / 210 MWe
Re-rated thermal output - 530 MWt (Single Cycle) / 160 MWe
(Operating on single cycle since 1984 after isolation of secondary steam generators)
Operating pressure - 6.89 x 106 Pa (1000 psig)
Total core flow - 2897.78 kg/s (23 X 106 lbs/h)
Primary steam flow - 261.11 kg/s
Fuel Assemblies
Number of fuel assemblies - 284
Fuel rod array - 6X6
Active Fuel length - 3.66 m (12 feet)
Fuel material - UO2 ( Pellets)
Average fuel enrichment - 2.44 % 235U
Fuel clad - Zircaloy-2
Discharge Burn-up/fuel bundle - 21600 MWd/t
Control System
Number of movable control rods - 69
Shape of control blade - Cruciform
Control rod poison material - B4C granules in SS tubes.
Reactor Pressure Vessel
Reactor vessel inside diameter - 3.66 m (12 feet)
Reactor vessel overall length - 16.41 m (53 feet - 10 inch.)
Reactor Recirculation System
Number of Loops - 02
Pump Capacity - 7404.26 m3/h (32,600 gpm each)
Pump head (Total) - 50.29 m (165 feet)
Turbine
Type - TC Dual Admission Single flow

5.1 SIMULATED ANNEALING OPTIMIZATION objective to minimize the difference between them. This code is
SCHEME FOR OBTAINING CONTROL ROD made operational in parallel computing environment for
WITHDRAWAL SEQUENCE IN TAPS obtaining quicker results.
REACTORS
Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS) consists of two Boiling

Water Reactors (BWRs). The monitoring of BWRs has
. The power
requirements
escalation program
traditionally been accomplished by a combination of analytical

and plant measurement techniques. Earlier methods of core TAPS follows hybrid PCIOMR guidelines for power raise after
analysis were composed of curve fits or discrete factors applied each BOC / Mid cycle sequence change startup. These
to core lattice analytical results obtained from more guidelines are designed in such a way that, during the
sophisticated nuclear models. The high speed and large memory power raise operation, the fuel bundles would receive lesser
of latest computer systems have provided an ideal capability for thermal shock. This procedure normally takes 13-14 days
enhancement of core analysis methods. to reach reactor power level to full power. The figure gives the
graphical representation for the typical power escalation
The key to the accurate core analysis is the rapid and accurate program. In order to sail smoothly through the power
determination of the three-dimensional core power escalation program, guideline partial power patterns at 90 MW(e)
distribution. The more accurately the power distribution is known,
the more closely the operating limits may be set to real thermal
design limits of the fuel. This permits a higher design power
density, with consequential fuel cost reductions. The core power
distribution calculation is performed in two steps -
(i) the calculations of basic lattice parameters and
(ii) three dimensional core simulations.
In TAPS, 69 cruciform type boron carbide control rods are

provided for control and shut down purpose. Control rods are
withdrawn to maintain the criticality and to
control the core power distribution during the reactor power
operation. Shifts in core power distribution can be controlled
(within certain limits) by choice of control rod withdrawal
sequence. A computer code COMETG developed, is
routinely employed for the purpose of obtaining the effect of
control rod moment on core power distribution and
determination of criticality. There can be many ways in which
Unit-1, Cycle-20 Power Escalation Chart
control rods could be withdrawn. To consider all of them is
manually difficult and not possible. Therefore optimal control
rod withdrawal sequence is obtained by well-known
(point 3), 140 MW(e) (point 4), at 150 MW(e) (point 4) and 160
optimization method of Adaptive Simulated Annealing scheme
MW(e) (point 6 : Full Power) are determined using above
developed for this purpose. In this scheme, random control rod
optimized code. Accordingly TAPS chalk out their programme
patterns are generated as test cases and given as input to
for the power escalation. The off gas activity trends of the past
COMETG. The output of COMETG includes core operating state,
cycles are shown for different cycles as point values of BOC and
thermal limits and 3-D core power distribution. The core power
EOC for unit number 2.
distribution thus obtained is compared with the desired Haling
power distribution (power distribution at EOC) with the

A.K.Kulkarni, <akkul@barc.gov.in>
Off-gas Activity Trend
. The burn-up compensation requirements
5.2 TAPS CORE SHROUD ACOUSTIC LOAD

The off gas activities are also shown in details for both units
EVALUATION AND TRANSIENT DYNAMIC
during entire cycle operation.
RESPONSE
Potential safety concerns have been raised by regulatory bodies

regarding the 360 degrees circumferential separation of
TAPS-BWR core shroud following LOCA. Material degradation
accelerated by crevices, residual stress, cold work, sensitisation,
and corrosive environment are detrimental for impulsive
acoustic load due to pipe break. This might either prevent full
insertion of the control rods or open a gap in the shroud large
enough to preclude adequate core cooling. Validation of
in-house 3D finite element code FLUSHEL for the coupled
fluid-structure interaction transient analysis of light water
reactor components in case of sub cooled and saturated
blowdown accidents has been made with the simulation of
German HDR (Heiss-Dampf Reaktor) v.32 LOCA experiment on
a full scale PWR model for single and two phase blowdown
problems. Implementation of unified sub cooled and saturated
critical flow models, non-equilibrium effects due to flashing for
the rarefaction wave propagation have been made in the code.
Acoustic load evaluation and structural safety assessment of
core shroud of TAPS-BWR - postulated Recirculation Line Break
(RLB) was subsequently carried out with this code.

Acoustic Pressure Time History in TAPS Down comer
TAPS BWR Vessel with Core Shroud
Shell modes of TAPS Core
R.K. Singh, <rksingh@barc.gov.in>
Comparison of Acoustic Pressure Time History and

% Error with Experiment for 2 phase blow down
within down comer of German HDR experiment.

KUDANKULAM 1000 MWe VVER
6. R E A C T O R T E C H N O L O G Y: K U D A N K U L A M 1000 MWe VVER
INTRODUCTION
Considering the growing energy demands and the necessity to increase the energy potential, a second line of light water reactors has
been added to the current indigenous programme of Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors. Two Light Water Reactors of 1000 MWe VVER
units are being installed at Kudankulam in collaboration with the Russian Federation. These reactors in addition to accelerating the
nuclear energy potential would also help in expanding the knowledge pool by broadening the research activities in reactor technology.
This chapter on Kudankulam VVERs, highlights the recent work in the areas of reactor analysis, code development with visual interfaces
for physics computation and pin-by-pin simulation of hexagonal lattice cores.

V V E R is an acronym for “Voda Voda Energo Reactor” meaning a pressurising system connected to the reactor with each loop
water-cooled, water moderated energy reactor. The VVER containing a horizontal steam generator, a main circulating pump
reactors belong to the family of the Pressurised Water Reactors and passive part of emergency core cooling system
(PWRs). The KK-VVER has a three-year fuel cycle. This reactor (accumulators). The loops are connected with the reactor
requires annual refueling of one third of the core i.e., pressure vessel assembly by interconnected piping. The reactor
approximately 55 fuel assemblies. also consists of a reactor protection and regulation system,
engineered safety features, auxiliary system, fuel handling and
The reactor plant consists of four circulating loops and storage system.
Major Systems of 1000 MWe VVER


6.1 VVER-1000 MWe REACTOR ANALYSIS After generating the complete lattice database with EXCEL code
for 11 fuel types, the VVER-1000 Mwe reactor core of KK Project
The VVER-1000 MWe reactor core of Kudankulam (KK) Project was followed up for 8 fuel cycles. Each hexagonal assembly cell
is a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) of Russian design. It is was divided into 54 triangular meshes. The results like critical
necessary to develop indigenous capability of in-core fuel soluble boron, radial and axial power distribution, 2-D and 3-D
management of these reactors. This capability is also essential peaking factors were compared with Russian data. The calculated
for an in-depth review of the PSAR documents submitted by critical boron with a uniform keff normalization agreed well with
Russian Federation for KK Project. The detailed analysis and Russian data for all eight fuel cycles. The deviation was slightly
comparison of results with the Russian design project reports more for first fuel cycle, possibly due to non-equilibrium Sm
giving the physical characteristics under various steady state load. Power dependent feedback is being implemented
conditions has revealed that it is essential to develop capability in TRIHEX-FA code to reduce the deviations observed in power
for analysing some of the slow (xenon) and fast transients. distribution. The modeling of reflector region is also being fine
tuned.
Indigenous lattice burnup code EXCEL and core diffusion
analysis codes TRIHEX-FA and pin-by-pin simulation code HEXPIN V. Jagannathan, <vjagan@barc.gov.in>
have been developed and are used to analyze the KK core.
Typical Comparison of Radial Power and Burnup Distribution Core Follow-up Simulation for KK Cycle-8

6.2 DEVELOPMENT OF CODE SYSTEM FOR

THERMAL REACTOR DESIGN WITH
VISUAL AID SOFTWARE PACKAGES
‘VISWAM’-A COMPUTER CODE
PACKAGE FOR THERMAL REACTOR
PHYSICS COMPUTATIONS
The nuclear cross section data and reactor physics

design methods developed over the past three
decades have attained a high degree of reliability
for thermal power reactor design and analysis.
This is borne out from the analysis of physics
commissioning experiments and several reactor-
years of operational experience of two
types of Indian thermal power reactors, viz. BWR
and PHWR. Our computational tools were also
developed and tested against a large number of
IAEA CRP benchmarks on in-core fuel management code
package validation for the modern BWR, PWR,
VVER and PHWR. Though the computational
algorithms are well tested, their mode of use has remained
rather obsolete since the codes were developed
when the modern high-speed large memory
computers were not available. The use of Fortran language
limits their potential use for varied applications.
A specific Visual Interface Software as the Work Aid
support for effective Man-Machine interface
(VISWAM) is being developed. The VISWAM package when
fully developed and tested will enable handling of the
input description of complex fuel assembly and the
reactor core geometry with immaculate ease. Selective
display of the three dimensional distribution of
multi-group fluxes, power distribution and hot
spots will provide a good insight into the
analysis and also enable intercomparison of different
nuclear datasets and methods. Since the new
package will be user-friendly, training of requisite human
resource for the expanding Indian nuclear power
programme will be rendered easier and the gap between
an expert and any new entrant will be greatly reduced.
VISWAM Code Package for Reactor Physics &

Shielding Computations

Typical Screen View of ‘XnWlup’ Software to

View Microscopic Cross sections
Typical Screen View for Input for VVER

Assembly Cell Description
VISWAM: Present Status of Code development

The visual mode of creating input to typical VVER fuel assembly
description is also given. The visual input can be internally
Typical viewing of multigroup cross section by the ‘XnWlup’ transferred to the other digital form of input.
code is shown in figure. One of the combo boxes for creating
EXCEL input file is also shown. There are separate boxes for
entering/editing the input set for pincell, supercell, assembly
diffusion module etc.

Typical Screen View of Input for VVER

Assembly Geometry
Typical Thermal Flux Profile in a Thorium

The 3-D flux profile of the complex core simulation can be viewed Loaded Reactor – by Plot3D
for any axial plane and each energy group. Figures give typical
3D flux display at selected plane for different types of reactor
analysis. These were plotted using the program ‘RealPlot3D’ or
the ‘Display’ program. These 3D plots give the clear depiction of
flux profiles in large 3D cores. Inadvertent input error, if any,
can easily be identified and corrected.
Typical Thermal Flux Profile in a LWR
V. Jagannathan, <vjagan@barc.gov.in>
Typical Epithermal Flux Profile in
TAPS BWR – by Plot3D

6.3 HEXPIN CODE FOR PIN BY PIN SIMULATION

OF HEXAGONAL LATTICE CORES
The code ‘HEXPIN’ has been developed for core follow-up analysis
for first time with a pin-by-pin cell description of the entire core
and reflector regions up to pressure vessel. The input to HEXPIN
code consists only of fuel assembly type disposition.
The geometrical specifications within each fuel type are directly
derived from the output of hexagonal lattice cell burnup code
EXCEL. The core external regions are alternate ring layers of
steel and water up to pressure vessel. The hexagonal cells within
a given radius are automatically identified by the code. The
HEXPIN code has been used for small PWR cores with 7/13/19
assemblies and also for the VVER-1000 MWe reactor core of KK
Project with 163 assemblies. With HEXPIN code the deviation in
power distribution is within 2% of the Russian values in core
interior regions.
Dr. V. Jagannathan, <vjagan@barc.gov.in>

Operating Research Reactors at Trombay
7. O P E R AT I N G R E S E A R C H R E A C T O R S AT T R O M B AY
INTRODUCTION
BARC is currently operating three research reactors namely Apsara, CIRUS and Dhruva at Trombay. These reactors serve as basic research
platforms for nuclear scientists and engineers. Apsara is the first research reactor built in India and commissioned in 1956 ushering in the
nuclear era of the country. It is a 1MWt pool type reactor using high-enriched uranium as fuel with light water as coolant and moderator.
This reactor is extensively used for basic research, radioisotope production, neutron radiography, detector testing and shielding
experiments. CIRUS is a 40 MWt vertical tank type research reactor, commissioned in 1960. It has been serving in the frontier research
areas of materials testing and neutron beam research. After satisfactory operation for nearly four decades, Cirus was
refurbished and put back in service in October 2002. The reactor power has been raised in steps to the design power level and
production of radioisotopes & experimental irradiations have been resumed. In the year 1985, indigeniously designed & built 100 MWt.
tank type reaserch reactor DHRUVA was commissioned. Dhruva is a high power research reactor with a maximum flux level of 1.8 x 1014
n/cm 2/s, heavy water cooled with natural uranium as fuel. The reactor system is adaptable to varying core configurations due to
provisions for interchangeability of fuel, shut off rods and other in-pile irradiation assemblies. This reactor has been extensively utilised
for neutron beam research, materials analysis, activation analysis, solid-state physics and studies on magnetic materials.
This chapter highlights the shielding experiments in APSARA, ageing management activities in CIRUS and installation of 2-MW inpile loop
in Dhruva, carried out recently.

7.1 APSARA attenuation in the axial and radial configuration of the proposed
PFBR design. Shielding experiments involved the following major
Apsara has been extensively used for basic research as well as in activities:
.
areas like beam tube research, neutron radiography, forensic
science, shielding experiments, testing of reactor components & Design, fabrication and installation of an assembly to
neutron detectors and trace element analysis. The average enhance the neutron flux of desired neutron
.
availability factor of the reactor is more than 80%. spectrum in the shielding corner cavity.
. Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) bulk

Design, fabrication and installation of bulk and
additional shielding assemblies in and around the
.
shielding experiments shielding corner.
.
Modification of the shield model trolley.
Ten sets of shielding experiments have been carried out in three Design of trolley for installation and handling of
.
phases, with mock-up radial and axial shield configurations of Uranium converter assemblies.
PFBR shielding. The data collected has been used by the Modification of handling tools for the converter and
designers for understanding the uncertainties in the calculation irradiation foils.
methods and neutron cross section data set used in the PFBR
shielding design. This has also provided bias factors for detailed Prior to the experiments core re-shuffling and required
design calculations and optimization of the shield design. mock-ups at low power operation were carried out.
The experiments were successfully carried out with simulated
The shield models consisted of combination of shield materials of shield models.
sodium, steel, boron carbide and graphite for studying neutron
Apsara Sectional Plan Showing Equipment Layout for PFBR Shield Experiment

. Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR)

shielding experiments
The facility has been recently used to study the flow transition
instability in a natural circulation loop relevant to the geometry
of AHWR primary system. An experimental loop was set up in
Shielding experiments were carried out with concrete models reactor hall & a heater test section of dimensions 3/8”, ¼”, ¾”
inside the shielding corner cave, by operating reactor in [C-dash] and 1” were tested using the real time neutron radiography.
position at a power level of 40 kW. The converter assemblies The data obtained were compared with the output of electrical
used for the PFBR shielding experiments were removed to conductance probes. Experiments were conducted to generate
provide the required thermal neutron spectrum. Gold and data for (i) Bubbly flow to slug flow transition, (ii) Slug flow to
Indium foils with and without Cd cover were irradiated at four annular flow transition, (iii) Void fraction & (iv) Flow pattern
designated locations for flux measurements. The experimental specific pressure drop. Measurements were carried out at
data collected would provide valuable information for AHWR different pressures ranging from 1 to 85 Bar & heater power of
.
shielding design. 1 to 10 kW.
. Reactivity worth estimation of Burnable

Poison Rods
Experimental validation of Reactivity meter
based on Kalman filtering technique
Small size pins of two types, containing Vibro-compacted Performance of reactivity meter based on Kalman filtering
powder of Gadolinium-Aluminate with different Gadolinium technique was evaluated under different operating conditions
concentration (Burnable Poison Rods) were tested for such as steady state operation, power variations, shutdown and
estimation of their relative worths and uniform distribution of trip conditions. For this, signals were tapped from Log, Linear
absorber material. Relative worth measurements were done by channel outputs and also signals corresponding to control rod
sub-critical method in Apsara core central location D-4 by positions. Reactivity meter could be successfully used for
placing a hollow Graphite bock in place of the solid Graphite estimation of instantaneous reactivity in critical steady state,
rod. Reactor was made sub-critical by 1 mK by partial unloading sub-critical steady state and in transient conditions. It could also
of the core and the testing was done in two parts (straight and be used to monitor the sub-criticality of the system.
inverted) covering the full length of the BPR which was more
than the fuel height. After initial reactivity calibration of 9 BPRs
by sub-critical measurements, 30 more pins of two types were S.K.Agarwal, S.Duraisamy, <agarwal@barc.gov.in>
tested for the measurement of their relative reactivity worth.
. Neutron detector testing 7.2 CIRUS
Thermal column facility and core position dry tube G-7 have Cirus attained its first criticality in July, 1960 and operated with
been extensively used for testing various types of neutron an availability factor of more than 70%. The reactor has been
detectors like Fission Counters, LPRMs, IRMs, Self Powered refurbished recently with a view to achieve a trouble-free and
Neutron Detectors and Ionization Chambers for performance safe life extension of 10-15 years.
evaluation. These detectors are subsequently used in nuclear
power stations and other research reactors. After refurbishment, the reactor has been re-commissioned. A
. Utilization of Neutron Radiography facility

detailed review of the performance of reactor systems at the
design power level has been carried out and the reactor has been
made available in 2004 for research and isotope production.
The neutron radiography facility in Apsara has been extensively Production of radioisotopes has commenced and various
used for non-destructive testing of low Z materials, light experiments are being planned. Facilities for scientific
elements encased in heavy elements, nuclear fuel, reactor experiments & research, engineering experiments and other
control assemblies, etc. by radiography to assess the integrity, neutron applications, which were removed to enable
homogeneity, composition and assembly defects.

refurbishment of the reactor, are being progressively installed

back.
. Aging Management & Refurbishing Of Cirus
Detailed ageing studies on reactor Systems, Structures and

Components (SSC) were undertaken to examine in detail the
technical viability of extending the life of the reactor by another
10 to 15 years. Based on the studies, refurbishing requirements
Ball Tank (Inset- seismic retrofitting)
. Refurbishing Work on Underground

Primary Coolant Pipelines
Non-isolatable segments of the underground carbon steel

primary coolant pipelines (four meters below ground) were
pressure tested after core unloading. The leaky segments were
cleaned using high-pressure water jets and reconditioned with
Cirus Reactor Structrure Cross Section special weather protection measures.
of critical components were identified and a comprehensive ac-

tion plan was drawn up. The plan encompassed several safety
up-grades to fulfill the current safety standards. The
refurbishment outage was utilised for incorporation of safety
upgrades.
. Repairs & Seismic Retrofitting to the Ball

Tank
Strengthening of central shaft and cupola joints of the

emergency storage tank (Ball tank) by additional reinforcement Wave-guides using acoustic emission technique were installed
with steel plates and epoxy grouting making it a monolithic for monitoring any future leakages.
structure to meet Safe Shutdown Earthquake (SSE) qualification
criteria as per the present standards. . Replacement of Failed Fuel Detection
System
Rectification of seepages from a few locations on the concrete
pour joints of spherical concrete surface of Ball Tank by lining of The new failed fuel detection system, is based on gross gamma
the entire internal surface exposed to water with eight layers of monitoring of the sample stream tapped off from each of the
epoxy coating impregnated with two layers of fiber-glass cloth. 17 coolant channel outlets cross headers. A suitable detector

Other important jobs :
. Detailed inspection and metallurgical studies undertaken

towards re-qualification of reactor vessel and calandria
lattice tubes for many more years of operation.
. Rectification of leak from the weld joint of coolant inlet

line to the upper aluminum thermal shield by installation
of hollow plug using remote handling techniques.
. Physical separation of ball tank make up pumps, a safety

related equipment, to guard against common cause
New Failed Fuel Detection System
failures.
tank and necessary instrumentation were designed and delay

. Design, installation & commissioning of an improved
iodine removal system with combine HEPA and activated
coils were incorporated in the sample flow path to allow decay charcoal filters in place of obsolete alkali scrubber and
of short lived activity. This system is designed for improved silver coated copper wire mesh iodine filters.
performance and easy maintenance leading to less
man-rem consumption.
. D e t a ile d s t u d ie s and t h e o r e t ic a l a na l y si s
. Remote Installation of Split Sealing Clamps

on RV Helium Line Flange Joints
towards assessment of thermal safety of the
Graphite reflectors to assess the need for graphite
reflector annealing to rule out the possibility of stored
energy release to be beyond the cooling capability of pile
The repairing of the tongue and groove flanged joints between block ventilation system under any postulated initiating
the reactor vessel and cover gas system piping is an involved job, events. Design and installation of an on line data
due to site constraints and handling of heavy shields in high acquisition system for continuous multipoint
radiation fields. A technique for remote repairs of the joint was temperature monitoring of graphite reflector.
developed in-house and qualified in a mock-up facility. This

included installation of split sealing clamps by maneuvering with
. In-house design and installation of an automatic ground
fault detection system for the 125V DC power supply
help of nylon strings and a camera & CCTV system. system.
. Repair/replacement of plant equipment based on

performance review, availability of spares & obsolescence.
Replacement of kilometers of old piping, cable & process
. Cirus Start up & power operation after

refurbishing
During the initial stages of startup, significant mismatch

between neutron power and thermal power has been observed.
This was attributed to attenuation of neutron flux at
the detector location due to wetness of graphite reflector. The
mismatch was corrected by suitable repositioning of the ion
Installation of sealing clamps on chambers of Reactor Regulating System (RRS) and gain
leaky flanged joints adjustment of amplifiers. Similar exercise was repeated at
higher power levels.

The reactivity anomaly gradually decreased with

progressive operation of reactor at higher powers.
Parametric data at 30 MW reactor operations have been
reviewed thoroughly. Special attention was given to graphite
temperature data. The observed graphite temperatures, thermal
analysis data and the measurements of rate of release of Wigner
energy on samples of graphite removed from the
thermal column location have been reviewed. Accordingly,
the limit on graphite temperature was raised from 130°C to
150 °C. Thereafter, the reactor power was raised in steps to
design power level of 40 MW during November, 2004. Utilization
of various sample irradiation facilities of the reactor has
commenced. Installation of experimental set up by the
researchers at the beam tube locations, which were dismantled
during refurbishment, are being installed back.
. Technology demonstration of reactor waste

heat utilization for sea water desalination
During the refurbishing outage, a desalination unit of

30 tonne /day capacity, based on low temperature vacuum
evaporation process had been integrated with primary coolant
system of the reactor towards demonstration program for
utilization of waste heat from nuclear reactor. An intermediate
demineralised water system has been provided to transfer heat
In-situ 30 tonne/day desalination unit
S.K. Agarwal, <agarwal@barc.gov.in>
7.3 DHRUVA
As a national facility Dhruva continues to spearhead the neutron

beam research programme. It also remains the major source of
supply of radioisotopes for applications in the field of medicine,
industry and agriculture. A number of research scholars from
various academic institutions in the country, utilized the reactor
under the aegis of Inter University Consortium for DAE facilities
from the primary coolant of the reactor to the unit in order to for basic research.
minimize the probability of radioactive primary coolant ingress
into the sea water. . Utilization :
The potable water produced by the unit is passed through . On-power tray rod for production of I125 by irradiation
a mixed bed ion exchange cartridge and is utilized to augment of natural xenon gas.
the capacity of demineralised water make up plant at Cirus.

. Carrier assembly for irradiation and safe handling of

gamma uncompensated ion chamber to enable its
. Improvement in On-Line Monitoring System
for Emergency Cooling System Logic circuit
accelerated life testing in a radial beam hole.
. A pneumatic carrier facility for short time irradiation of

The FIT system
samples for Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA). With a

Three Auxiliary Coolant Pumps (ACPs) are provided to remove
flux of ~5x10 13 n/cm 2 /s the detection limits have
the core decay heat during reactor shutdown state whenever
improved and scope for studying short lived isotopes has
the main coolant pumps are not in operation. Each ACP is
also enhanced.
. Prompt Gamma ray Neutron Activation Analysis (PGNAA)

provided with two prime movers one an electrical motor and
other a water driven turbine. The operation of the ACPs is
system using the guided neutron beam facility for the controlled by a three channel solid state ECS logic. Finite Impulse
on-line analysis of various materials. Testing (FIT) system has been provided for online testing of the
. A controlled temperature irradiation facility for carrying ECS logic.
out irradiation studies on reactor structural materials at

controlled elevated temperatures was designed and This system has been upgraded to a new three channel FIT
installed in one of the beam-holes. system. The system is designed in a manner that the FIT can be
. A neutron beam line shielded tunnel (100 t weight) was

done only for one channel at a time. The system also monitors
inputs and outputs of ECS logic and generates discordance in
installed at neutron beam tube TT-1015 providing
case of any mismatch amongst the three channels. The new
multi-ports for neutron scattering experiments. This
system also has self diagnostic features. An operator console is
further expanded the scope of neutron scattering
provided which stores the FIT test data, input/output
experiments by students under Inter University
monitoring data, self-diagnostics data and suitably displays the
Consortium for DAE facilities (IUC-DAE).
results and alarms. The system
identifies faults in the ECS
logic up to the card level.
The three channels of FIT-ECS

were integrated and
tested using the simulator for
more than 5000 hours. The
final integrated test of all the
three FIT-ECS channels as per
approved test plan was
completed and one unit was
installed & commissioned for
channel-A. The performance
of the system has been
satisfactory. The other two
channels will be
commissioned after obtaining
the clearance from the safety
authorities.
S.K. Agarwal, S. Duraisamy,

Set up of Multi-port for neutron scattering experiments
<agarwal@barc.gov.in>

Commissioned FIT-ECS Channel-A

Installation of IPL test section at Dhruva
.
flow test station
Installation of 2 MW In-Pile Loop in DHRUVA
To test the 37 pin fuel bundles of 540MWe PHWRs and the

AHWR fuel an in-pile loop is being installed at Dhruva.
Fabrication and installation of test section for the flow test
station has been completed for out of pile flow testing of fuel
specimen. All the out of pile equipment & piping have been
installed, tested and cold commissioned. The system is being
operated bypassing the in-core test section.
. Safety analysis of 2 MW in-pile loop
This loop is an engineering test loop to carry out irradiation

experiments of fuel bundles under simulated conditions of pres-
sure and temperature of 540 MWe PHWR has been installed at
Set up for Rolled joint of IPL test section
the G-13 position of DHRUVA reactor core. The test loop is a
high pressure (110 kg/cm2) and high temperature (275o C)
system coupled to a low pressure (7 kg/cm2), low temperature
The loop was modeled using two fluid thermo-hydraulic code
(65o C) and low power reactor, through the core neutronics. The
RELAP5/MOD3.2. Numerical model was tested to calculate the
neutron flux available in the reactor core generates 1.6 MW of
steady state loop parameters and was compared with the out-
heat in the test fuel, which is removed by the circulating
of-pile commissioning test data. The results were found to be in
coolant. The vertical test section running through the reactor
good agreement with the experiment. The following safety analy-
core houses three test fuel bundles. Prior to commissioning of
ses were carried out.
the loop safety analysis needs have been carried out.

. Double-ended guillotine rupture in the test section

pressure tube
. Loss of secondary coolant flow i.e. loss of heat sink
. Loss of pressure control i.e. operational failure of

surge tank
. Flow coast down analysis
. Loss of flow
The aforementioned accidental scenarios were considered along Depressurization phase following the LOCA
with various reactor trips for shut down system actuation and
interlocks. For all safety analysis first reactor trip is neglected.
The results of the analysis for the case of sudden guillotine Ritesh Krishnaji Bagul, <redths@barc.gov.in>
rupture of the pressure tube in the test section just before the
fuel bundles are presented here. Depressurization of the system
followed by the rupture is observed to be dependent on the
resistance of the restrictions in the flow path. The gaps get filled
and pressurized first and then depressurize in stepwise manner.
The transient variation in power and pressure of the system are
illustrated.
Normalized reactor power following the LOCA

Accelerator Driven Systems (ADS)
8. ACCELERATOR DRIVEN SYSTEMS (ADS)
INTRODUCTION
The Accelerator Driven System (ADS) is an innovative concept of employing a sub critical reactor coupled to a high power proton beam
accelerator, through a spallation neutron source. This system gains immense importance due to its ability to transmute radioactive waste,
inherent safety, efficient fuel usage and its direct applicability in the large-scale thorium utilisation under the three-stage power
programme. The important ongoing activities highlighted in this challenging research area are the spallation target studies, experimental
programmes and thermal and structural analysis of the radio frequency quadrupoles in the high intensity proton linear accelerators.

8.1 ACCELERATOR DRIVEN REACTOR SYSTEMS technologies related to high power accelerators, removal of the
intense heat generated by the interaction of the high power
The Accelerator Driven System (ADS) is a new type of reactor proton beam with the target, and associated materials
which produces power even though it remains sub-critical development.
throughout its life. All operating reactors in the world are “
critical” reactors - which means that the number of neutrons Accurate computer simulations play a very important role in
produced by fission is exactly balanced by the number lost by determining the performance of the ADS reactor. The studies
leakage and absorption by various materials in the reactor. are geared to develop accurate computer simulation codes for
This balance is responsible for maintaining a constant reactor ADS, compile necessary nuclear data for this purpose, carry out
power at any desired level. Sub-critical reactors produce fewer experimental and numerical tests regarding the adequacy of the
neutrons by fission than are lost by absorption and leakage, and simulations and finally to use these simulations to evaluate ADS
require an external supply of neutrons to maintain a constant performance with regard to the design objectives. The “state-
reactor power. This external neutron supply comes from the of-the-art” codes have been developed for carrying out fuel
interaction of a high energy proton beam with a heavy atom burnup simulations based on the exact Monte Carlo method and
nucleus such as lead through what is known in nuclear physics as the (accurate and quicker) multigroup transport theory method
spallation. The power level in an ADS is greater for stronger for this purpose. The codes are functional for fixed fuel ADS and
external sources and for reactors which are closer to “critical”. are being put to use for evaluating some of the interesting ideas
conceived for applications of ADS. Further development of these
Such reactors were conceived by the Nobel laureate physicist, codes is being carried out to include fueling operations
Carlo Rubbia (Report CERN/AT 95-53) and his team at CERN, (insertion, removal, or shuffling) and it is expected to be
among others, for power generation, but have caught the completed within a year.
attention of the world for an equally important role - that of
burning nuclear waste. It is well known that nuclear reactors A facility for carrying out experiments on the Physics of ADS is
generate radioactive waste which retains its radio-toxicity for being set up at Purnima labs, BARC. A report on the
millions of years and disposal of this waste has been a major experimental program has been prepared and experiments will
source of public concern. The new reactor is designed to safely commence once the facility becomes operational. The
transmute the waste into stable elements or those whose radio- experiments will serve the equally important purpose of testing
activity is relatively short lived, while producing useful power. the simulation methods under development. Measurement of
the degree of sub-criticality is one such important experiment,
Indian interest in ADS has an additional dimension, which is as monitoring this parameter for ADS will be an important safety
related to the planned utilisation of its large thorium reserves for requirement. This can be done by pulsing the accelerator or by
future nuclear energy generation. Thorium has the added studying tiny fluctuations in the reactor power, called “noise”.
advantage that it produces much less quantities of long lived A new theory of Reactor Noise in ADS has been developed and is
radioactive wastes as compared to uranium. However, thorium gaining international acceptance.
by itself is not fissile and must be first converted to fissile U-233
by neutron irradiation, a process called breeding. In ADS, the The Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) is being designed
accelerator delivers additional neutrons over and above those and developed at BARC for the purpose of thorium utilization.
coming from fission. Moreover long term reactivity changes due In view of the remarks on thorium utilization in ADS made
to burnup are not controlled using parasitic absorber rods. earlier, the following questions assume importance. What is the
The ADS is, therefore, expected to possess superior breeding reduction in the annual fuel requirement of a thorium fuelled
characteristics as compared to critical reactors. Since ADS heavy water reactor if operated in the ADS mode? Is a self
reactors are not required to maintain criticality, it is possible to sustaining cycle possible? How much extra energy can be
increase burnup i.e. to extract more energy from a given mass extracted from a given mass of fuel before it is discharged?
of fuel. This effect is rather large for thorium based fuel. Being a What would be the accelerator power required to drive
new type of reactor, the ADS requires development of several such a reactor?

Figures illustrate the use of the simulation codes The scheme allows 10% thorium (1 GWd/t is equivalent to fission
for answering such questions. Figure shows the maximum of 1% fuel mass) to be burnt before the fuel is discharged.
multiplication factor that is possible in a heavy water reactor However, the energy gain is small and hence, a large fraction of
with thorium fuel in a once through cycle (i.e. one which does the reactor power (about 30%) would have to fed back to the
not require reprocessing of thorium for recycling in the accelerator. If light water is used as the coolant, the
reactor). The initial fissile seed could be natural uranium or even multiplication factor is lower and the ADS would require greater
spent fuel from Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs). accelerator power.
Figure shows the effect of recycling U-233 produced in the

reactor after mixing it with thorium in different proportions.
Since the discharged fuel contains somewhat larger
U-233 than what is required for recycling at 1.25% level,
it is clear that a self sustaining cycle is comfortably possible with
a multiplication factor of 0.95 at a discharge burnup of 4% fuel
mass. Such a scheme requires about 15% of the produced
energy to be fed back to the accelerator. Though this is a small
fraction the corresponding accelerator power is still rather large
for a commercial sized power producing reactor. As noted be-
fore, use of light water instead of heavy water as coolant re-
quires more accelerator power. Clearly it is desirable to have
some means to effect a further reduction.
The one-way coupled fast-thermal ADS reactor

Variation of average infinite multiplication factor conceived at BARC can be used for this purpose. This is
of a Th bundle with burnup illustrated in Figure. The neutron source produced by the inter-
action of the proton beam with the target is first boosted in
a small fast region (surrounding the target) having Pu as fissile
material and a liquid metal coolant such as lead. These neutrons
then enter the main thermal reactor region where most of the
power is produced. The outer region will be a heavy water mod-
erated reactor for which the technology is well
established. Such an arrangement can considerably bring down
the accelerator power requirements. It has the added advantage
that the inner booster region can be used for burning long lived
waste produced in our first and second generation reactors based
on uranium and plutonium fuels.
Many such studies are required to evolve a suitable ADS design

and the associated fuel cycle strategies for
thorium utilization. The R&D program of the ThPD group on
ADS is geared to provide the necessary simulation tools and the
theoretical direction for this activity.
Variation of average infinite multiplication
factor with burnup
S.B.Degweker, <degweker@barc.gov.in>

a mercury and LBE experimental

facilities are presently being set
up. In view of many similarities of
mercury with LBE, a mercury
experimental facility is being setup.
. Mercury experimental
loop
This loop is being setup primarily

to study and develop diagnostics
for target development. The loop
c o n s is t s of mixe r, r i se r,
downcomer, separator, window
and windowless target
simulation regions, dump tank. In
addition to normal
instrumentation, various special
diagnostics like Ultrasonic Velocity
Profile (UVP) monitor system for
velocity field mapping, free
surface level measurement based
on laser triangulation technique,
60
Co based gamma-ray
measurement system for void
fraction distribution have been
setup. Both window and
windowless target flow simulation
corresponding to around
one-fifth the actual target
geometry but without heat
input is being simulated in this
facility. The circulation of the
liquid metal is achieved by
injecting nitrogen in to the loop
Schematic of fast-thermal ADS through mixer located above
window simulation region of the
riser. The two-phase that is
8.2 SPALLATION TARGET STUDIES generated in the riser gives rise to the liquid metal circulation.
The nitrogen is separated in the separator and mercury alone
flows through windowless simulation region, downcomer pipe
One of the key components of the ADS is the spallation target.
and enters the riser pipe and window simulation region. The
Based on neutron yield, thermal-hydraulics, radiation damage
maximum mercury flow rate of 6kg/s can be achieved in this
issues, liquid Lead-Bismuth-Eutectic (LBE) has been chosen as
facility.
spallation target. An R&D programme has been initiated to
address various technology issues. Under this programme,


. Plasma torch as heat source for ADS target

thermo hydraulic simulation
window surface. A transferred arc plasma torch operating in
argon up to 100 kW has been tested by delivering powers up to
1.6 kW/ cm2 on a water cooled substrate of 80 mm diameter
In accelerator driven sub critical reactors operating in window and shaped as the actual window. A rotating magnetic field has
configuration, heat deposition in the window material and thermo been used to increase the width of the heat flux profile to make
hydraulic profiling of the liquid metal flow near the window are the delivery more uniform.
parameters of extreme significance. The actual experiment
requires 10 GeV, 10 mA proton beams, the thermal effect could
very easily be simulated by a 100 kW plasma beam tailored to P. Satyamurthy, <Immhd@barc.gov.in>
A.K. Das, <akdas@barc.gov.in>
deliver powers up to 1-2 kW/cm uniformly on the entire target
2
Plasma torch based ADS thermohydraulic Simulator

8.3 THERMAL AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF operation. A cooling scheme of 24 cooling channels using water
CW-RFQ FOR ACCELERATOR DRIVEN SYSTEM as the coolant was designed to extract the heat.
A high intensity proton linear accelerator (linac) is required for Frequency shift depends upon the thermal deformation of the
typical ADS applications. It will produce a continuous wave (CW) vanes and is very sensitive to radial deflection of the vane tip.
proton beam of current of about 10 mA and energy of 1 GeV. Hence, temperature rise of the vane tip should be minimum.
Its low-energy section will consist of a number of components The location of the channels specially the vane channel-1 should
including a high intensity Radio-Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ). be as close to the tip as possible for efficient removal of heat.
The heat transfer can be increased by higher flow rate of cooling
The integrated thermal/structural analysis of a RFQ is crucial to fluid but it is limited by material erosion. Fluid temperature should
its design and operation. The heat generated due to resistive be such that the over all temperature rise and the resulting
losses in the copper walls of RFQ is required to be dissipated. detuning should be within limit.
If the RFQ is not properly cooled, this heating can cause large
temperature excursions in the RFQ structure along with Analysis of the RFQ has been done in two stages. In the first
distortions in the vane geometry, leading to thermal strains. stage 2-D analysis has been carried out and frequency shift has
The thermal distortions lead to significant deformation and been evaluated at inlet and outlet plane for various channel inlet
detuning of the structure. temperatures. For 3-D analysis, the channel inlet temperature
has been chosen on the basis of the minimum average frequency
The RFQ consists of four vanes and individual vanes will be made shift as obtained from the 2-D analysis. After doing a number of
of Oxygen Free High Conductivity (OFHC) copper. A four-vane iterations, temperature distributions, subsequent deflection and
type RFQ structure and its cross section are shown in Figure. frequency shift have been obtained.
. Results and discussion
(a) 2-D analysis
For a typical case (channel inlet temperature of 289 K (16 oC)),

temperature contour plots are shown at inlet and exit planes
maximum temperature is obtained at vane tip.
The variation of frequency shift at inlet and exit plane for
respective cases are shown in the Figure. There is a difference of
42 kHz between inlet and exit plane. Average frequency shift is
The RFQ is 3.62 m long and it is planned to fabricate into 4 zero for channel inlet temperature of 16.2 oC. Frequency shift is
segments of 0.91 m each because single module RFQ would be observed to closely follow the tip deflection i.e. higher tip
very unstable due to the longitudinal Higher Order Modes (HOM) deflection leads to higher frequency shift.
being very close in frequency to the accelerating mode
frequency. Due to RF heating about 92 kW/m heat is dissipated (b) 3-D analysis
on the inner surfaces of the RFQ and this heat is to be removed
to limit thermal deformation of the structure. Fluid temperature of 16.2 oC at channel inlet has been
considered for 3-D analysis which is expected to give minimum
The acceptance criterion is that the total frequency shift due to frequency shift. Temperature contour plot is shown in Figure
thermal deformation within the entire cavity should be less a ± which shows that maximum temperature is at the vane tip.
50 kHz. The mechanical fabrication tolerance of the structure is
very tight (1/100th of mm) from beam dynamics point of view Subsequent deflection has been obtained for reference
and these tolerances have to be maintained during high power temperature of 303 K (30 oC). Deflection at the vane tip for axial

Temperature Contour plot
(Uz), radial (Uy) and resultant (Usum) along axial direction is

shown in Figure. The maximum deflection in Y (radial)
direction is 8.1 micron at one end of the RFQ.
The variation of average frequency along axial direction is shown

in Figure. It shows that the frequency shift goes to 180 kHz at
the ends. The overall average frequency shift is 63.755 kHz.,
which is more then the prescribed limit. The average frequency
shift obtained by 3-D analysis is quite different than 2-D analysis
for same fluid channel inlet temperature. In order to get
Variation of Frequency as a function of inlet and
frequency shift very close to zero, one more case has been exit plane water inlet temperature
analyzed with considering the fluid channel inlet temperature of

Temperature contour plot (inlet temperature :16.2 o C)
Deflection at the Vane Tip of RFQ

(inlet temperature :16.2 o C)
Variation of frequency shift
16.5 oC for which average frequency shift is 1.736 kHz. Hence in

3-D analysis with changing fluid channel inlet temperature by
0.3 oC (16.5-16.2) the change in average frequency shift is 62
Vishnu Verma, <vishnuv@barc.gov.in>
kHz. Hence to maintain average frequency below 50 kHz the
fluid channel inlet temperature can be varied from
16.25 to 16.75 oC.

New Reactor Concepts
9. NEW REACTOR CONCEPTS
INTRODUCTION
The Indian nuclear power programme is envisaged in three stages focusing on the judicious utilisation of our fuel resources, especially the
vast thorium reserves to ensure long-term energy sustenance. The multifaceted research activities have also widened ensuring
synchronous advancement. In this chapter the concepts of a thorium breeder reactor and a multi purpose research reactor have
been highlighted.

9.1 T H O R I U M R E A C T O R D E S I G N W I T H Pu O 2
SEED (TWO YEAR FUEL CYCLE – MINIMUM
CONTROL MANOEUVRES)
The study of ‘A Thorium Breeder Reactor’ (ATBR) core with PuO2

seeded core was carried out with the latest 172 group WIMS
data library and PHANTOM-TRISUL code system. It was reaffirmed
that the core is capable of operating at 1875 MWt or 600 MWe
with no refueling up to 720 days. The burnup reactivity variation
is as low as ±5mk. The peaking factors intrinsically decrease with
cycle burnup. No significant control maneuvers are needed for
flux shaping and reactivity control. Some of these salient features ATBR – 600 Equilibrium Core with PuO 2 Seed In
are shown below. The void coefficient remains negative in the ThO 2 - Epithermal Flux Distribution at BOC – 0 FPD
operating range of steam fraction and for entire lifetime.
ATBR Equilibrium Core 120 FAs/Batch – ATBR – 600 Equilibrium Core with PuO 2 Seed In ThO 2
720 EFPD - k eff vs Cycle Burnup in FPD - Thermal Flux Distribution at BOC – 0 FPD
V. Jagannathan, <vjagan@.barc.gov.in>
9.2 MULTIPURPOSE RESEARCH REACTOR
Considering the present and future requirements of research

reactor based facilities design of a new “Multi Purpose Research
Reactor” (MPRR) has been undertaken. The MPRR with its high
neutron flux and irradiation volume will provide the platform for
research in reactor fuels, reactor materials, condensed matter
research for study of structure and dynamics of materials, stress
analysis of engineering components especially the reactor
ATBR Equilibrium Core 120 FAs/Batch – 720 EFPD
- Peaking Factors vs Cycle Burnup in FPD materials, neutron radiography, time of flight refractrometry,
small sample investigations for the study of new and novel

materials. The MPRR will supplement the isotope production are sized such that adequate core submergence is always assured
capacity of Dhruva and Cirus research reactors to meet the even in the event of a rupture of beam tube.
projected requirements of various isotopes beyond the year 2015.
Neutron Flux Distribution
The proposed reactor is a 20 MW (thermal) research reactor

with a maximum thermal neutron flux of 5.0 x 1014 n/cm2/sec.
It will be fuelled with Low Enriched Uranium (LEU) (19.75 wt %
U235) dispersion type fuel (U3Si2-Al) and will use de-mineralised
water as coolant and moderator. The reactor core will be
surrounded by an annular heavy water reflector tank to obtain a
large irradiation volume to maximize the number of irradiation
positions available for isotope production and material irradiation.
Most of the irradiation positions will be accommodated in the
heavy water reflector tank surrounding the core. The heat from
primary coolant system is ultimately dissipated to atmosphere Core Layout
through a cooling tower system, which acts as a secondary coolant

system. The reactor block will be housed in a confinement building.
The reactor core is constituted by 37 lattice positions laid in 5 x

5 square array at a square pitch with three positions added on
each side. The nominal core consists of 28 standard fuel assemblies
and 6 control fuel assemblies. The central and two peripheral
positions will be used for high irradiations requiring high neutron
flux. Graphite/beryllium fillers occupy the space between the
peripheral core lattice assemblies and the inner surface of the
reflector tank. As presence of water in this region reduces the
thermal neutron flux levels in the reflector region, maximum
water gap between filler and reflector tank will be restricted. Reactor Block
The reactor block consists of two isolatable water filled bays,

Experimental facilities are provided both in the reactor core and
reactor bay and fuel storage bay. The bays are lined with SS 304L
reflector tank. Three lattice positions are provided for in-core
plates. For the beam tube research a separate area is provided in
irradiation of samples requiring high neutron flux. The positions
the reactor building. The researchers’ area and the reactor pool
can be used for material irradiation or isotope production. Seven

Experimental positions
tangential beam tubes are provided for beam tube research,

neutron radiography and detector testing & calibration. A total
of 15 vertical tubes of assorted sizes are provided in the reflector
tank. These positions can be used for the production of isotopes,
silicon doping, etc. Most of these irradiation positions are located
in the region of highest neutron flux.
K. Sasidharan and S.B. Chafale, <vkrain@barc.gov.in>
3-D flux distribution

Nuclear Safety
10. NUCLEAR SAFETY
INTRODUCTION
This chapter deals with work done in connection with safety of reactor components. The areas addressed in this connection are
postulated pressure tube failure accidents inside the calandria, analysis of aircraft impact on reactor building, fire modeling, thermal
analysis of transportation cask for transportation of nuclear materials etc. Several computational codes like FLUSOL & FLUSHELL,
IMPACT, PFIRE-M, FAIR, risk monitor etc., have been developed and used. Methodology and testing for qualification approval and ageing
studies on hardware systems/components/materials used in nuclear instrumentation have also been dealt with.

Nuclear Safety
10.1 FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION STUDIES It was concluded that the neighboring channels would meet the
FOR PHWR CALANDRIA AND IN-CORE design requirements though the local shock pressures were higher
COMPONENTS than the calandria shell pressure as shown in the table. The
predictions made from these studies have been verified with the
Postulated pressure tube failure accident inside the calandria is results of the simulated pressure tube failure accident
one of the important design basis accidents that needed to be experiments carried out for PHWRs in Whiteshell laboratory.
addressed for ensuring the integrity of calandria and in core
safety related components. Earlier studies were carried out to
R K Singh, <rksingh@barc.gov.in>
obtain the limiting pressure on the calandria shell and the
influence of pressurization of calandria shell due to volume
addition of the flashing fluid, bubble growth, shock wave
propagation, bubble condensation and bubble collapse were 10.2 DAMAGE EVALUATION IN 540 MWE
investigated with a one dimensional model. This pioneer study INDIAN PHWR NUCLEAR CONTAINMENT
helped to identify the influence of above mentioned various FOR AIR CRAFT IMPACT
parameters.
The loading time history for Boeing and Airbus categories of
For detailed investigation of the problem, transient finite ele- a ir c r a f t s h a s b e e n g e n e r a t e d w it h in - h o u se c od e
ment two-dimensional code FLUSOL and three-dimensional code “IMPACT” developed for soft and hard missile impacting on rigid
FLUSHEL were developed to analyze this class of reactor safety and deformable targets for penetration and perforation
problems. In these studies the influence of shock wave simulation. Similitude relations were developed using Riera’s model
propagation on a local six channels model was studied with as reference aircraft Boeing 707-320 (with known crushing
coupled fluid and shell model. This model was used to analyze strength and mass distribution along the aircraft length) and
the shock wave loading of the neighboring channels due to load time histories were developed for the modern aircrafts.
postulated failure of channel C1 shown in the figure. Fish mouth The transient analysis assumes the impact due to smaller
opening and double ended rupture of the channel leading to domestic planes of Boeing and Airbus families with high velocity
generation of loadings due to the surface wave front and line which could be possibly maneuvered at lower heights (typically
wave front in case of axial cracking of the pressure tube were ~50m for a nuclear containment) easily compared to heavier
simulated in this study for TAPS 3 & 4 540 MWe PHWRs. This aircrafts of larger sizes, which is a realistic postulation.
local model included the wave reflection effects from the
neighboring channels while radiation boundary was used at the Nonlinear transient dynamic analysis of 540 MWe PHWR
moderator boundaries to avoid any spurious wave reflections. containment structure has been carried out for Boeing 707-320
and Airbus 300B4-200 impact for cracking, crushing and rebar
yielding evaluation. Computational simulation of scabbing,
spalling, penetration, perforation and damage evaluation of
safety structures for internal / external hard / soft missiles with
multiple barriers has been illustrated. The conclusions made from
the analysis are:
. Outer Containment Wall [OWC] would suffer local

perforation with a peak local deformation of 117mm
at 0.19 sec.
. The stress and strain values at impact location are within

the limits till 0.19 seconds subsequently the load gets
transferred to inner containment wall due to local
perforation of outer containment wall.

Nuclear Safety
. is of the order of ~ 5 to 10 mm.
.
Overall integrity of OCW structure would be maintained
as the global displacement at points away from impact is No perforation of inner containment wall is observed.
of the order of ~ 2 to 5 mm Inner Containment Wall
[ICW]. The conclusions made in this analysis are (with total available wall
. Local cracking and rebar yielding in ICW observed with

thickness of 1.36 m for combined outer and inner containment
wall) similar to the recently published report by United States
maximum displacement of 115 mm.
. The global displacements at points away from impact

Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) for US NPP stations.
Summary of Loading Time History Generated for Various Aircrafts
Displacement at Point A of outer contain-

ment wall (Impact Load Point) Displacement at Point B of outer containment wall

Nuclear Safety
Displacement at Point C of inner

containment wall in Combined Model
Displacement at Point C of outer containment wall
R K Singh, <rksingh@barc.gov.in>
10.3 COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMIC FIRE

MODELLING FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
Conventionally, the fire propagation and consequence analysis is

carried out by simplified methods, flow models and zone model
based codes. Availability of advanced computational machines
has now facilitated the use of CFD codes for such studies. In
recent years a framework has been established for modeling fire
in NPPs and allied facilities which uses the CFD codes apart from
the conventional codes. The Cost-Effective Simple Fire Modelling
techniques (CESFM), which involved the use of simple, empirical
equation have been developed and utilized for solving the
Displacement at Point A of inner
containment wall in Combined Model international benchmark problem of emergency switch gear room
of a PWR and a practical problem of diesel generator room of
Madras Atomic Power Station power plant. Various zone model
based codes like CFAST, BRANZFIRE and OZONE have been
acquired and utilized in the studies on ventilated fires, visibility
studies apart from applications in NPPs. An in-house two layer
single room zone model based code PFIRE-M has also been
developed. Neural network based methodology has been used
to predict the sprinkler actuation time and time to flashover
occurrence in event of fire. The data required for training the
network was generated using the zone model based code
BRANZFIRE.
An acquired CFD code FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator), which is an

advanced and dedicated large eddy simulation based
Displacement at Point B of inner
containment wall in Combined Model code has been extensively validated by modelling natural
convection, forced convection, mixed convection, tunnel fire,

Nuclear Safety
shopping complex fire, ventilated fire, Steckler experiment, entrainment, pulsating pool fire, plume puffing, plume flow
buoyant plume, plume in presence of a cross wind and other structures, flame exhaust, bi-directional flow in presence of a
reported experiments and benchmarked against international large opening and oscillatory flow behaviour in ceiling opening.
cable fire benchmark problem for emergency switchgear room CFD Modelling is being extensively used in solving the applied
of a PWR. problems from nuclear industry i.e., evaluation of
various possible fire fighting strategies for NPPs, a hypothetical
Apart from the applied validation studies the FDS has been used fire near Indian PHWR containment building due to a plane crash
for basic research and separate effects studies on plume and fire risk assessment for the Cobalt Teletherapy System.
Results of Different validation exercises

Nuclear Safety
Some applications of fire analysis using FDS
An innovative procedure has been established wherein the input

from the deterministic fire modeling in terms of fire
propagation, fire detection parameter and equipment survival Door Close/ Trash fire/ Power cable Fire etc. These fire growth
goes to the Probabilistic Fire modeling which in turn estimates times have been used to calculate the non suppression frequency
conditional probability of damage to the safe-shutdown system by probabilistic modelling. Significant improvements were
(target) during a postulated fire. The fire growth time has been achieved in the PSA conclusions when aided by the CFD based
determined using the CFD based code for various rooms deterministic analysis as compared to conventional zone model
with various situations like ventilated / unventilated/ Door open/ analysis.
Results of MAPS Fire analysis using FDS P.K. Sharma, <pksharma@barc.gov.in>

Nuclear Safety
10.4 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF TRANSPORTATION Design basis: Type-B(M), Shape: Cuboidal, Shielding thickness
CASK (lead): 150 mm, Cavity size: 1600 mm x 750 mm x 920 mm
The transportation cask/packages are used to transport of Analysis for normal condition
radioactive material from one place to other. Different types of
packages are used for the transport of radioactive material. For this case maximum surface temperature was obtained for
Packages are classified to various categories based on activity the cask with ambient temperature of 42 oC with a specified
and physical form of material contained in the package which insulation to account for solar heat flux incident on outer
are specified in the regulatory guides. The package should surface and heat transfer coefficient. The temperature obtained
demonstrate its compliance to various tests under normal and was within the limit.
accident conditions and to general design requirement as
required by regulatory authority. The overall objectives of all Fire test analysis
these tests are to demonstrate that the loss of radioactive During fire
contents or dose to the public do not exceed the respective
limits specified in the regulatory guides. Fire test has been simulated by specifying boundary condition of
800 oC for 30 minutes with no solar heat flux, surface
For thermal test, package should be tested on fully engulf fire absorptivity of 0.8 and flame emissivity of 1.0. Initial condition
for at least 30 minutes. A fire should be controlled to an extent for temperature distribution for fire test has been taken from
that it sufficiently engulfs a test package and develops at least normal condition. Suitable heat transfer coefficient on outer
the required minimum heat flux (based on the temperature of surface with temperature dependent material properties has been
800oC to ambient temperature) to the package. A package may considered. Melting is modeled as enthalpy formulation. The
be thermally tested in a furnace if acceptable conditions in the contours plot at the end of the 30 minutes are shown in Figure.
furnace can be achieved. Alternately, the same can be achieved It is found that maximum temperature occurs at the corners
by carrying out requisite thermal analysis. The thermal analyses and melt front penetrates up to about 63 % thickness at corner
of a number of casks such as cask for transportation of Thorium of lead at 30 minute fire test.
fuel, marine product irradiator, exposure device etc. have been
carried out. Post fire
. Spent Fuel Transportation Cask Analysis has been continued after 30 minute fire until all tem-
perature start dropping. The boundary conditions of 42 oC as
Fire test analysis of spent fuel cask has been carried out. This ambient temperature, 0.8 as surface emissivity and suitable
cask is 2026 mm long 1176 mm width and 1346 mm in height. heat transfer coefficient were applied for post fire analysis.
Due to symmetry 1/8th model has been modeled. Finite element The melt front continues to penetrate post fire due to the stored
mesh considered for this geometry is shown below. heat. It was found that corner region completely melted
after ~48 minutes approximately. The temperature variation at
Sectional view FE Model

Nuclear Safety
the corner location of various materials across thickness is shown These analyses help in design improvement and reduce the
in figure. number of tests needed for demonstration of the test

compliance.
Similarly, analysis has been carried out for the cask used for
transportation of exposure device and marine product
irradiator. A finite element mesh and contour plot for the P.K. Sharma, <pksharma@barc.gov.in>
exposure device are shown in the in figures.
Temperature contour plots Temperature contour plots Temp. contour plot in lead at
corner
Contour plot showing Temperature contour plots at Temperature contour plots at

extent of melting the end of post fire test the end of post fire test
Temperature Transient at the Finite Element Mesh and Temperature contour plot for the exposure device
corner transportation cask

Nuclear Safety
10.5 F U E L MODELLING UNDER NORMAL Code addresses following issues related to high
OPERATION AND ACCIDENTAL CONDITIONS burn-up of fuel
¾ Conductivity Degradation
The prediction of fuel pin behavior under different reactor
¾ Radial Flux Redistribution
transients is an important requirement for safety analysis.The
¾ Fission Gas Release from HBS
fuel pin including clad forms the first barrier against release of
¾ Pellet-Clad Mechanical Interaction
radioactive material to public domain. Hence, the assurance of
¾ High Burnup Grain Structure
integrity of clad under all reactor scenarios will improve reactor
¾ Burnup Dependent Grain Boundary Saturation Limit
safety considerably.
¾ Burnup Dependent Mechanical Properties
¾ Burnup Dependent Failure Mechanism
A finite element based code FAIR has been developed over the
¾ Fuel Matrix Saturation Limit
years for this purpose. This code has modeling capability of
¾ He Adsorption and Release
complex thermo-mechanical and chemical processes occurring
in a nuclear reactor fuel pin. B.K. Dutta, <bkdutta@barc.gov.in>
Results computed by code FAIR for a high burnup fuel

Nuclear Safety
10.6 RISK MONITOR – AN APPLICATION OF PSA
In nuclear power plants, safety is an important issue. Probabilistic

Safety Analysis study provides insights into plant processes,
mechanisms and possible interaction between plant systems, both
for existing plants with operating histories and for plants still in
the design stage. In view of this, on line safety has received lot of
attention from operation and maintenance personnel.
Risk Monitoring can be defined as being the process whereby a

complex technical facility is continuously monitored as regards Main summary and on-line risk
the functioning or non-functioning of its different subsystems
and the risk emanating from the facility is evaluated on the basis
of this information. In the widest sense it can be regarded as
being part of the risk management of a plant. Risk Monitoring
. Applications
provides safety status information for a plant and thus aids in Various applications of Risk Monitor software are given below:
decision making about whether continued plant operation is
tolerable under certain system function outages. It may also Decision-making in operations
support operations and be of help in deciding on maintenance
strategies allowing immediate assessment of different plant If CDF value exceeds the prescribed probabilistic safety criterion,
configurations. efforts should always be made to lower the CDF through different
tests and maintenance policies.
Risk Monitor, a PC based software which can assess the risk
profile has been developed. This software can be used to optimise Maintenance strategies
the operation in Nuclear Power Plants with respect to risk over
the operating time. Risk Monitor is user friendly and can re- Risk Achievement Worth (RAW), which is the ratio of risk when
evaluate Core Damage Frequency (CDF) for changes in component a component is down to the nominal risk, is the well suited
status, test interval, initiating event frequency etc. Plant indicator for deciding maintenance policies. Maintenance actions
restoration advice, when the plant is in high risk configuration, need to be planned according to the order in which RAWs of
current status of all plant equipment and equipment maintenance components are ranked, i.e. components having higher RAWs
prioritization are also provided in the package. Using this need to be maintained with higher priority. Similarly, component
software, ‘What-If’ analysis can also be done.
.
having higher Risk Reduction Worth (RRW), which is defined as
ratio of nominal risk to the risk when a component is completely
Software Developmental Aspects of Risk available, should be given attention from the design point of
Monitor view, since these can enhance the reliability of the system. This
type of decision is less sensitive to the absolute values of the
The Software has been developed in Visual Basic. The various component failure parameters; however, the relative values of
modules developed in the package are as follows and main screen failure parameters influence the values of RAW and RRW.
is shown in the following figure.
a) System Modelling Options Risk Informed In-Service Inspection

b) Main Summary & On-Line Risk
c) Component data base The Risk Informed In-Service Inspection (RI-ISI) program aims at
d) Component Out-of-Service & Restore integrating traditional engineering evaluations with insights
e) What-If Analysis gained from PSA. The prime use of PSA is to obtain an estimate

Nuclear Safety
of risk and relegate it to various systems and down to components approval and ageing studies on hardware systems/components/
to obtain an idea of their importance in terms of contribution to materials, to provide reasonable assurance regarding their survival
the risk. Risk Monitor can be effectively employed for analysing capability under simulated environment even at the end of
the change in CDF whenever there is a change in Inspection specified service life, is needed. Facilities like PANBIT and LOCA
plans and thereby analyse for an optimum scheduling plan. Risk simulator have been set up within BARC. A similar facility to test
importance measures like Fussel-Vesely and Birnbaum Importance bigger components like pump motors, motorised valves, etc has
are evaluated for various components and systems in the Risk been setup at Electrical Research and Development Association
Monitor for risk informed inspection planning. (ERDA), Vadodara.
Review of Technical Specifications Technical services are being regularly provided to upcoming and
operating Nuclear Power Stations which have significantly helped
Technical Specifications are usually based on deterministic in taking appropriate decisions in the areas such as
assessment and engineering judgement. Technical specifications (i) standardisation of new engineering hardware and their
based on probabilistic considerations can be evolved to optimise procurement, (ii) estimation of residual life, (iii) failure analysis
the Allowable Outage Times (AOT) and Surveillance Test Intervals and reliability improvement and (iv) import substitution.
(STI) for various Systems and components.
Emergency Operating Procedures and Risk Management
The Emergency Operating Procedures (EOPs) are generally based

on the considerations of failures in process systems. From the
event tree relevant to a particular process system failure, safety
systems can be identified and their availability can be ensured so
as to maintain the plant in a safe domain. EOPs for the operation
of certain safety systems (e.g. fire water injection to steam
generator in station blackout situation) based on dominating
accident sequences as identified in PSA can be effectively used in
risk management.
M. Hari Prasad, <hari_m@barc.gov.in> Ageing research studies are being carried out in respect of
electronic, electrical and process instruments. These include
studies on cables and elastomeric materials etc. for various NPPs
10.7 LOCA QUALIFICATION AND THERMAL AND and other nuclear facilities.
RADIATION AGEING STUDIES OF THE
COMPONENTS
INSTRUMENTATION
USED IN NUCLEAR . Test and Measurement Facilities
. Introduction
Thermal ageing
Thermal chambers of various ranges and different dimensions

Components in various systems in Nuclear Power Plants may be are available for carrying out thermal ageing studies of
subjected to harsh environmental conditions like high humidity, components and equipment. Temperature range varies from
temperature and radiation during the normal operation as well room ambient to 300oC as desired. Provision for on-line
as during the accident condition such as LOCA. Hence, it is performance monitoring of the items being tested has also
essential to ensure reliable operation of these components during been provided in all thermal chambers. Process air connection
the above conditions. Towards this objective, qualification can also be made for the testing of process instruments.

Nuclear Safety
containment, synergism simulator has

been set up in BARC in collaboration with
BRIT. This facility consists of temperature
humidity chamber, gamma radiation
source along with a provision for applying
electrical stresses. Internal dimensions of
the chamber are 84 x 84 x 90 cm3. It is
possible to vary magnitudes of these
stresses as per design of experiment.
Temperature can be varied from room
ambient to 80o C with relative humidity
up to 95±5%. However, temperature can
be varied from room ambient to
150 o C when used as temperature
chamber alone. Dose rates can be
varied from 2 to 30 krad/hr. by using 3
lead shields for the attenuation
of gamma field. It is also possible to
LOCA environment simulator
study dose rate effects. Provision has been
made for on-line measurement of performance
This is a cylindrical vessel made of 6 mm thick stainless steel
parameters. Dose rate outside the synergism simulator
sheet. Internal diameter is 100 cm. and straight length is
(original existing PANBIT facility) can be varied from
120 cm. Maximum steam temperature and pressure
1 to 900 krad/hr depending upon the distance of test
achievable are 150o C and 3.4 kg(g) (50 psig) respectively.
items with respect to source.
Oil free air compressor has been connected to the simulator
for performance evaluation of
pneumatic devices during LOCA test.
Provision has been made for
recording and scanning of steam
temperature, monitoring of
pressure, water spray and on-line
measurement of performance
parameters. Two safety devices, a
pressure relief valve set at 35 psig
and a rupture disc with 50 psig
rupture pressure, have been
mounted on the simulator. Provision
has also been made for manual
release of steam and draining of
condensate.
Synergism Simulator
In order to study interaction effects

of co m b in ed env i ronments,
prevailing simultaneously in NPP

Nuclear Safety
Effect of LOCA test (120 oC steam) on insulation resistance (IR) of unaged cables
Effect of LOCA test (120 o C steam) on insulation resistance (IR) of thermally aged (100 oC for 60 days) cables
Effect of LOCA test (120 oC steam) on insulation resistance (IR) of radiation aged (50 Mrad) cables
P.K. Ramteke, <pkram@barc.gov.in>

Engineering - Material Research
11. ENGINEERING - MATERIAL RESEARCH
INTRODUCTION
This chapter covers the research and development activities on the materials of importance for the development of nuclear reactor
technology. These activities cover various aspects of materials research ranging from the development of processes for extraction,
fabrication routes for optimisation of material properties, characterisation of materials for newer alloys by micro-structural studies etc..
Along with this, various studies related to degradations and failure mechanisms under the application environment are also being carried
out to characterise as well as optimise the performance of these materials.
This chapter gives a brief description of all such activities mentioned above and provides the readers with an option to probe further into
the topic of their interest by contacting respective author(s).

11.1 CHARACTERISATION AND DEVELOPMENT resulted in the martensitic transformation and as a result of this
OF NEW CLADDING ALLOYS the β phase present in the specimen was transformed to
martensite. The microstructure showed sharper and longer laths.
The future PHWR reactors with higher coolant temperatures, Also, the stress associated with the martensitic transformation
higher burn ups and partial boiling condition operations will resulted in the formation of twin related laths.
require development of newer cladding alloys.
. Study of the influence of controlled

. The performance of these optimized alloys
in terms of corrosion resistance, hydriding,
additions of interstitial and substitutional mechanical properties and irradiation
alloying elements for optimum creep is planned to be studied.
microstructure and properties of the alloy
Hydriding studies of binary Zr-Nb alloys have been completed.
Several studies on the binary Zr-1Nb and the quaternary Hydriding studies were carried out on Zr-2.5Nb and Zr-1Nb
Zr-1Nb-1Sn-0.1Fe alloys have shown superior corrosion alloys to understand the mechanism of hydride formation in
resistance and irradiation creep for the cladding applications in dilute Zr-Nb alloys. TEM studies have shown that in both the
comparison to existing alloys. Based on these observations a alloys δ-hydride is formed in the slowly cooled samples and
series of Zr-Nb (Nb varying from 0.5 to 1.5) alloys with γ-hydride is formed in the rapidly cooled samples. In both the
systematic addition of Sn and Fe have been prepared with alloys acicular morphology of hydride plates was predominantly
varying oxygen content. Microstructural characterization of observed. In case of the Zr-1Nb alloy a zigzag morphology of
these alloys has been accomplished using optical, scanning and the δ hydride was seen in samples containing higher
transmission electron microscopy. concentration of hydrogen. Occasionally internally twinned
hydride plates were observed only in the case of Zr-2.5 Nb. In
. Study of the range of

metallurgical treatments for chosen alloy
possible
this study it has been seen that the hydride plates disregard the
α/α as well as α/β interfaces. The orientation relationships
between the α and the δ hydride phases is {(0001)α // (111)δ and
systems [1120]α // [110]δ} and between the α and the γ hydride phases
is {(0001)α// (111)γ and [1120]α // [110]γ}. These orientation
The microstructures of Zr-based alloys are generally very relationships were found to be identical in both alloys. In the
sensitive to thermo-mechanical treatments. The quenched and case of α to γ hydride formation, it was seen that the habit plane
tempered microstructures of these alloys have been studied. The predicted by the phenomenological theory of martensitic
annealing study of a binary and quaternary alloy has been transformation matches exactly with the experimentally
completed. The microstructures of cast specimens of the two determined value.
new alloys, Zr-1Nb-0.8Sn and Zr-1Nb-1Sn, showed a needle-like
Widmanstatten structure. The needles of the α-phase were found
randomly oriented within the grains and a second phase was
. Development of fabrication flow sheet
seen segregated at the plate boundaries. The hot rolled A collaborative work with NFC is being pursued where evolution
microstructure showed evidences of dynamic recovery occurred of microstructure during different stages of fabrication of
during the process of deformation at a temperature above the cladding tubes will be assessed and correlated with the
recrystallization temperature. Presence of smaller, defect-free properties. Based on these studies an optimized fabrication flow
and equiaxed grains formed during recrystallization process were sheet will be developed for cladding tubes with reproducible
observed in TEM micrographs. However, evidences of partial microstructure and properties.
recrystallization were noticed as the needle like Widmanstatten
structure was retained in various parts of the samples used for
metallographic examination. The process of β quenching

. Texture and Microtextural study in Zr-base

alloys:
Texture development in two phase Zr-2.5Nb alloy
Development of the deformation texture was noticeable in

single-phase (hcp α‘) regions, but insignificant in two-phase (hcp
α and bcc β) regions. Taylor type deformation texture models
c o u ld p r e d ic t t h e t e xt u r e c h a n g e s in s in g l e -p ha se
microstructure, but cannot explain lack of change in two-phase
Zr-2.5Nb alloy.
Microstructure of as extruded Zr-1Nb alloy The majority of the two-phase structure consists of
Widmanstätten α in a β matrix. Deformation in such regions was
restricted to softer β. Uni-directional rolling aligned the α plates
along rolling direction and only on rolling plane, but individual α
plates remained nearly single crystalline. No macroscopic strain
was present in α plates and significant hardening of β was
observed. In-Plane Rigid Body Rotation of α plates in an
apparently continuous β matrix possibly explains absence of
quantitative texture development in rolled two-phase alloy.
Effect of Texture on Hydriding
Precipitation of Hydrides may lead to reduced ductility,

transition from ductile to brittle fracture and premature failure
due to Hydrogen Induced Delayed Cracking (HIDC). The harmful
effects of these hydride precipitates depend on many
Microstructure of as extruded Zr-1Nb-1Sn-0.1Fe alloy
factors - such as relative amount, distribution and morphology
of the hydride phase. The presence or relative formation of
hydrides is expected to depend strongly on the structural
parameters – crystallographic texture, microstructure/
microtexture and residual stress anisotropy. The relative role of
such structural parameters on the formation of hydrides is
being studied. Different Zircoloy-2 samples (obtained from
different stages of Zry-2 tube fabrication) with different bulk
crystallographic textures and anisotropy in residual stresses were
hydrided to 200 ppm of hydrogen. These formulated the
materials for detailed structural characterization. The hydrides
as observed in OIM (Orientation Imaging Microscopy) scans, in
general, were along the grain boundaries – possibly ruling out a
‘direct’ role for bulk crystallographic texture. Identification of
hydride forming boundaries was attempted to determine the
possible role of grain boundary nature on the hydride
Microstructure of hydride in Zr-1Nb
formation. The study of the elastic stiffness from the
orientation data, on the other hand, was aimed at bringing out

the role of elastic deformation and to link the hydride formation to a great extent, through the development of microstructure
with macroscopic values of anisotropic distribution in residual and specifically through the precipitation of fine, coherent
stresses. β-NiAl ordered phase on aging of solution-quenched structure
. Microstructural studies of Irradiated RAPS

Pressure Tube Material
at temperatures ranging from 783 K to 893 K. Studies on the
microstructure of solution-quenched PH13-8Mo steel, aging
kinetics of β-NiAl formation and the effect of grain size on the
mechanical properties are conducted to find out the
It is known that microstructure controls the material properties, structure-property correlation in this steel.
thus, it is important to understand the structure –property
relationship during irradiation of the material. Unlike cubic The solution-quenched structure of PH13-8Mo is important,
material there are not many investigations available for hcp metal since, this structure is further aged to obtain various
and alloys like zircaloys. In this study, samples from the pressure combinations of strength and toughness in the material. In this
tube exposed for 6.7 effective full year from the high flux study solution-quenched microstructure of wrought PH13-8Mo
region of the RAPP-I reactor were obtained. These tubes were steel was investigated by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
exposed to the total cumulative damage in the range of and Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS). It was found that
2.5-3 dpa. the needled shaped austenite (γ), as shown in figure
was retained in the quenched structure when the alloy
The microstructure of the irradiated samples was different in was subjected to fast quenching after austenitizing at high
many respects in comparison to the microstructure of the temperature. The retained austenite was seen to maintain
unirradiated samples. The presence of defect structures in the Kurdjumov-Sachs type relationship with the martensite (α’).
form of dislocations-loops, dislocations array etc. could be seen The blocky primary carbides, as shown in figure was confirmed,
in the irradiated sample. These loops were mostly c type loops with the help of Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), to be
lying in the basal plane. The refinement and alignment of the rich in Mo and Cr. These carbides were found to contribute
precipitates in a particular crystallographic direction were strongly to the SANS signal and their shape and size were modeled
indicative of this fact that the dissolution and redistribution of with the help of software figure. While presence of retained
the precipitates had occurred in the irradiated samples. In the austenite softens the solution-quenched stainless steel, the
present case amorphisation of any precipitate could not be primary carbide may affect the precipitation of NiAl ordered
confirmed. The irradiated structure did not suggest extensive phase and hence the property of the alloy.
recovery of the structure as reported in other investigations.
The hydride needles were also observed in the irradiated samples,
however, in this case the morphology of the ‘a` matrix had
changed. They did not show any sharp interface as normally
seen in the unirradiated samples.
G. K. Dey, <gkdey@barc.gov.in>
11.2 STUDIES ON PH 13-8 Mo STEEL
Alloy PH13-8Mo is a precipitation hardenable martensitic

stainless steel, which has strength and toughness superior to
a) Martensite (α’) and retained austenite
17-4PH steel and is used in various components such as (γ) in the solution-quenched structure;
‘ball-screw’ and ‘seal disc’ of 500 MWe PHWR. The mechanical b) Primary Carbide
properties, e.g. strength and toughness of this alloy are derived,

To study the effect of grain size, PH 13-8 Mo stainless steel

samples from three different batches of melt were subjected to
solutionizing at 1223 K for 30 minutes followed by quenching.
The quenched samples were aged at 783 K (950 oF). While all
samples achieved specified strength, % elongation and
hardness, only one sample that had smallest and uniform grain
size in the longitudinal and transverse direction could achieve
the specified toughness value. Composition analysis indicated
that all samples conformed to that of PH 13-8 Mo stainless steel.
The correlation of toughness with the grain size is shown in
figure. Hence, small and uniform grain size appears to be an
important factor to achieve the right combination of strength
and toughness in this steel.
Joy Mittra, <joymit@barc.gov.in>
shape and size distribution of the carbide

after modeling using SANS. 11.3 R E F R A C T O R Y M E T A L S A N D A L L O Y S F O R
ADSS, AHWR AND CHTR
Nucleation and growth kinetics of β–NiAl precipitation in wrought
PH13-8Mo stainless steel was evaluated using Avrami formalism. Refractory metals and alloys such as Nb-1Zr, Nb-1Zr-0.1C, TZM,
For this, different solution quenched samples were aged at 783 Mo-30W, Ta-10W, etc. are capable of withstanding an
K, 808 K, 840 K and 868 K, respectively, for durations ranging aggressive environment with respect to radiation, temperature,
from 180 s to 86400 (24 h). Activation energies of β–NiAl corrosion (gaseous and liquid metal) and stress for prolonged
precipitation at 75 % and at 90 % transformation in wrought period. These alloys are potential candidate materials for new
PH13-8Mo, respectively, was calculated to be 126.7 kJ/mol and generation reactors, viz. ADSS, CHTR and AHWR. The process
188.17 kJ/mol. This indicates that the nucleation is faster than adopted for preparation of these alloys consists of
the growth and helps to explain the highly-resistant-to aluminothermic co-reduction of the mixed oxides in the presence
coarsening nature of β–NiAl precipitates. The analysis further of judicial proportion of additives to result in a consolidated
indicates nucleation of β–NiAl precipitates along or near alloy product well separated from the slag. As prepared alloy is
dislocations, followed by needle or plate like growth helped by further subjected to homogenization in an arc melting furnace
dislocation-aided diffusion. and finally refined by electron beam melting.
Charge composition (0.1kg scale) used for the preparation of a
Correlation between toughness and Data and results on preparation of

grain size in PH13-8Mo Steel. refractory metals alloys

selected few refractory metal-based alloys and the results are which is then heated at 1173-1473K in an inert surrounding
summarised in table. An optical microstructure of Mo-30W alloy atmosphere for 8-24 hours. In the process halide activator
revealing large grains of about 200-300 μm is presented in Figure. (NH4F/NH4Cl) decomposes at high temperature to produce
volatile halide vapours of the master alloy (Al/Si) elements. The
chemical potential gradient between the master alloy and the
substrate drives gas phase diffusion of the metallic halides to
result in surface deposition.
Optical microstructure of Mo-30W alloy.
Refractory metals and alloys have low oxidation resistance which

restricts their application at elevated temperatures. Proper BSE image showing the interface between
the coating and TZM matrix.
oxidation resistant coatings need to be developed to circumvent
this limitation. Silicide, aluminide and or alumino-silicide type of
coating are reported to be well suited for high temperature 50 to 60 μm thick coating could be obtained on different
applications. refractory metal-based alloys. The SEM image of coated surface
of TZM alloy reveals that the coating is smooth and granular. In
Amongst a large number of coating techniques, Halide the microstructure of coating cross section on TZM, no cracks
Activated Pack Cementation (HAPC) process has been taken up were observed in the coating layer. The two types of layers,
to form single and multilayer coatings. The HAPC method is a present in the coating, the outer layer consists of the ternary
diffusion coating process that involves embedding the substrate intermetallic phase of Mo(Si, Al)2 and the inner layer of MoSi2
into a sealed or vented refractory container with a powder phase.
mixture called the pack (Al or Si + NH4F or NH 4Cl + Al 2O 3),
X-ray line scans showing distribution of

SEM image of Al-Si coating on TZM Mo, W, Si, Al across the interface.

The distribution profiles of Al, Si, Mo and W at the interface

between the coating and the matrix of Mo-30W alloy, indicate
that the outer layer contains very high amount of aluminium
with slight variation in percentage and the inner layer consists of
(Mo, W)Si2 type of intermetallic phase.
Coated samples were tested for their oxidation resistance by

heating initially to a temperature of around 1000 K and finally to
1300 K for 24 hrs. in dry air. The samples were found to
withstand tested temperature without suffering from
oxidation.
Preparation of refractory lining, its regular maintenance and

likely contamination of the product from the refractory lining
are the limitations of refractory lined reactor used in the
reduction campaign. It has been planned to replace refractory Micrographs and Selected Area Electron Diffraction
lined reactor with a refractory less reactor having provision to Patterns from Cu-1Cr-0.1Zr Alloy in the Initial
Stages of Decomposition
operate under an inert atmosphere to overcome the above cited
limitations as well as to prevent pick-up of the impurities from
the open atmosphere. Mixed oxide reduction campaign on The alloy was made by melting together small pieces of oxygen
kilogram scale would be initiated using open top refractory lined free high conductivity copper, electrolytic chromium and iodide
reactor by the beginning of 2007. zirconium in an induction furnace in a yttria-lined graphite
crucible. High purity argon was used as a protective atmosphere
I.G. Sharma, <igsharma@barc.gov.in> in the induction unit. The study of this alloy, after proper
thermo-mechanical treatments, revealed that significant gains
in tensile properties accrue from small additions of chromium
11.4 DEVELOPMENT AND MICROSTRUCTURAL and zirconium. Also, two kinds of second phase particles were
STUDIES OF Cu-1Wt%Cr-0.1%Wt Zr observed: (a) coarse particles that formed during solidification
ALLOY FOR THE FIRST WALL OF TOKAMAK
Dilute Cu-Cr-Zr alloys and their minor modifications , because of

their high thermal conductivity, high strength and high
resistance to fatigue at 723 K, find applications in high
technology areas like yet-to-be-commercialised tokamak.
Cu-1 wt % Cr-0.1 wt%Zr is used to fabricate diverter plates
and heat transfer elements and is also likely to be employed as a
heat sink in the first wall of future torroids. Elsewhere in the
world, this alloy has been developed and studied quite exhaustively
but some aspects like orientation relationship of the nucleating
precipitates with the matrix and role of zirconium in imparting
fatigue resistance have remained controversial. At BARC, an
attempt was made to develop and study this alloy and carry out Diffusion Bonded Tensile Assembly (LHS) and Back
its electron beam welding to stainless steel and its diffusion Scattered Electron Images of the Interfaces (RHS)
Between Cu-Alloy and Tungsten (Top)
bonding to tungsten as well as stainless steel – all this with new
Between Cu-Alloy and SS 316 (Bottom)
interesting results that are described below.

of the alloy and dissolved only partially during the solutionising 11.5 Z I R C O N I U M ALLOYS AND MODIFIED
treatment and (b) chromium rich ordered bcc precipitates 9Cr-1Mo FERRITIC STEEL
resulting from the decomposition of the supersaturated solid
solution. The precipitation was, however, seen to take place
through the formation of solute rich clusters that evolve, on
. Fabricability of a Modified 9Cr-1Mo
Ferritic Steel
further aging, into metastable ordered fcc precipitates before
attaining their equilibrium status as ordered bcc precipitates. The modified 9Cr - 1Mo (T 91 grade) steel was developed over
A comparison of these results with those on dilute binary Cu-Cr the years by steel makers with an aim to meet requirements of
alloys revealed that the addition of Zr to the binary alloy strongly SG pipes and headers in boilers as a substitute to austenitic
influenced the sequence of precipitation. Also, the stacking fault stainless steels and was found to have good void swelling
energy got lowered from 0.074 J/m2 for pure Cu to 0.037 J/m2 resistance under fast neutron environment. Though, the
for the ternary alloy. Because of this, an improvement in the available data suggests that the modified 9Cr-1Mo steel has
fatigue resistance of the alloy results due to a change in the excellent fabrication properties and adequate long term strength,
nature of slip from ‘wavy’ in the case of pure Cu to ‘planar’ in it is still necessary to get a few field trials before it can be
the case of the ternary alloy. accepted as the substitute material for high temperature use.
The aim of the present investigation will be to evaluate the
The first wall of a commercial tokamak is to consist of the plasma fabricability aspects of this steel at room and elevated
facing tungsten bonded to Cu-Cr-Zr alloy (as an intermediate temperatures. This evaluation is done by estimating the
heat sink material) and stainless steel 316, which will handle the mechanical properties under different microstructural
structural loading. For this purpose, the process of diffusion conditions. Deformation behavior was studied from 77 to 1273
bonding using nickel as an intermediate layer could obtain K under these microstructural conditions. The results were
metallurgically sound joints between the three. The whole analyzed using existing deformation models and the
assembly could be bonded in a single step and the tensile strength deformation mechanism is classified in strain-rate, strain and
of the assembly was found to be 325 MPa with fracture always temperature space.
occurring in tungsten.
Also, joining of high conductivity Cu-1wt%Cr-0.1wt%Zr alloy to

. Studies on Zirconium alloys
the austenitic stainless steel 316 appears difficult by Two series of alloys, which have found extensive applications as
conventional welding techniques due to some physical and in-core structural materials of nuclear reactors, are zircaloys and
metallurgical factors. With wide differences in melting points, Zr-Nb alloys. Though both the alloys have given reasonably good
coefficients of thermal expansion and thermal conductivities, performance, efforts are being made to modify composition
along with formation of hard brittle phases, leave no chance and microstructure and to understand in-service degradation
except going for low but concentrated heat input by electron mechanisms so as to obtain enhanced performance. Studies
beam welding. Welding carried out by selecting appropriate weld related to safety issues of concern viz., creep deformation,
parameters and offset for 1mm thick plates revealed that deformation behavior under accidental conditions and
complete mixing of the melts from the alloy and the steel is hydrogen/hydride induced degradation of mechanical
difficult to achieve if liquation cracking is to be avoided. properties are being presently pursued at the Materials Science
However, despite the macro-inhomogeneity in the weld pool, Division.
the welds were found to be crack-free and stronger than the
alloy, irrespective of the thermal history of the welds. These Deformation behavior of Zr-alloys
results are relevant for the commercial scale electron beam
In Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor, Zr-2.5Nb tubes serve as
miniature pressure vessels operating at about 573 K, with a
I.S. Batra, <isbatra@barc.gov.in>

coolant pressure of ~ 10 MPa. In order to understand and
predict the deformation behavior of this alloy under accidental

conditions, deformation behavior was characterized by uni-axial Another manifestation of localized embrittlement, caused by
tension tests at temperatures between room temperature and hydrogen migration down the temperature gradient, is the
1073 K as a function of specimen orientation, test temperature formation of hydride blisters at cold spots. The morphology of
and strain-rate. Results showed that both yield and ultimate blisters and their microstructural details were systematically
tensile strengths of this alloy decreased with increasing test studied in a Zr-2.5Nb pressure tube material. The computed
temperatures, with a rapid fall in strengths above a temperature stress field around a hydride blister, grown under controlled
of 623 K. The alloy exhibited extensive superplasticity thermal boundary conditions could explain the hydride platelet
(ductility exceeding 100 %) in the temperature range of orientation in the matrix surrounding the blister. Experiments
923 – 1073 K and under optimum conditions it exhibited are under way to determine the cracking strength of blisters and
a ductility value of approximately 950 %. influence of presence of blisters on mechanical properties.
Hydride embrittlement of Zr-alloys: Influence of hydrogen on creep deformation in

Zr-alloys
The hydrogen absorbed by Zr-alloy tubes during their service
precipitates as brittle hydrides once their Terminal Solid Solubility The creep rate and the applied stress can be related through
(TSS) is exceeded and results in deterioration in their mechanical empirical relations involving many microstructural parameters.
properties. TSS of hydrogen in both zircaloy-2 and Zr-2.5Nb The objective of this work was to bring out the importance of
alloy was determined using dilatometry technique as a function empirical relations in distinct stress ranges and to show the
of temperature, direction of approach of temperature and failure of simple linear extrapolation of the creep rate from one
microstructural condition. Further, it was demonstrated that stress range to another while predicting creep rate. The creep
the tensile and fracture toughness properties of Zr-alloys, data of Zr-2.5Nb and modified 9Cr-1Mo steel were used as
studied in the temperature range of 300 to 573 K using a direct illustrative examples to demonstrate the use of single specimen
current potential drop technique are a strong function of the short term tests (at a fixed temperature) as supplementary to
orientation of the hydrides. A benignly oriented hydride conventional creep tests using multi specimen long term tests.
precipitate, under the influence of external stress, can undergo The limitations of extrapolation of creep data from one stress
a change to a less favorable orientation at stress levels beyond a range or metallurgical condition to another were also
threshold value under suitable conditions. Threshold stress for demonstrated. Based on these results it was further possible to
reorientation of hydrides was determined for Zr-2.5 wt. % Nb demonstrate that the creep rate increased with hydrogen
pressure tube material in the temperature of 423 – 723 K and addition while the stress exponent and mechanism of creep
the effect of the reoriented hydrides on the tensile properties deformation remained unaffected.
was determined in the temperature range of 298-573 K. A
theoretical model of reorientation, based on the packing density R.Kishore, <kishorer@barc.gov.in>
difference between the grain-boundary and the grain, was
proposed to explain the basis of reorientation of hydrides
in this alloy. 11.6 LOW TEMPERATURE SENSITISATION AND
LOW TEMPERATURE EMBRITTLEMENT OF
The dissolved hydrogen migrates up the hydrostatic stress AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL AT REACTOR
gradient and can accelerate the fracture process (Delayed OPERATING CONDITIONS: EFFECT OF
Hydride Cracking, DHC). Based on a comparative study on the RESIDUAL STRAIN
DHC velocity in CWSR (Indian, Canadian) and quenched and aged
(RBMK) Zr-2.5Nb pressure tube alloy, the concept of threshold The AHWR is being designed for an operating life of 100 years
hydrogen concentration for DHC initiation and propagation was with a provision for replacement of components that cannot
proposed. The variation in the DHC velocity for initiation and last for that long. Major issues in determining the design life are
propagation with temperature was computed and it was the material selection and life prediction of stainless steel
suggested that DHC couldn’t take place below a certain limiting recirculation pipelines for the AHWR. Since AHWR will have
hydrogen concentration.

water chemistry similar to BWRs, the issue of Stress Corrosion rolling, bending, machining/grinding, warm working.
Cracking (SCC) of these components has to be addressed. The Degree Of Sensitization (DOS) was measured using
Ensuring absence of sensitisation and Low Temperature electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation (EPR) technique.
Sensitisation (LTS) over the complete design life of the It was shown that cold worked materials heat-treated at 5000 C
components will ensure freedom from early onset of IGSCC. for 11 days do not always result in LTS but the mechanism changes
However, there is no data to assure that LTS will not take place in to sensitisation with newer chromium rich carbides precipitating
100 years of operation at around 3000 C. at grain boundaries. Therefore, extrapolation of the results
obtained at 5000 C to the behaviour at 3000 C (5000 C for 11 days
All the IGSCC failures in recirculation pipelines of BWRs have as equivalent to 3000 C for 100 years) is not valid. It was also
occurred at the heat affected regions of weldment and not shown that type 304 L and 304 stainless steels have a tendency
elsewhere in the base material. It has been shown that there is a to transform into martensite upon cold rolling. The martensite
residual strain of 15-20% in the region between the weld fusion phase sensitised very fast (in a few minutes) between 300 to
line and the heat-affected zone (HAZ). Since all the LTS related 5000 C. This changed the LTS behaviour completely from that of
cracking have been in this region, it is pertinent to study the LTS an all-austenitic stainless steel and is shown in Figure. Similarly,
behaviour of stainless steels which are in cold-worked condition. on samples of type 304 that were bent by 90 0 showed
In a recent work completed last year, it has been shown that cold accelerated LTS kinetics due to retained strain in the material.
work has an important influence on LTS behaviour of stainless
steels. Types 304/304L/304LN/316L/316LN were used for LTS The influence of Low Temperature Sensitisation (LTS) on the
studies in solution annealed/fabricated conditions with or Degree Of Sensitisation (DOS) in two grades of 304LN stainless
without different degrees of cold rolling. Modes of steels with 0.12 and 0.15 wt.% nitrogen were evaluated. A heat
deformation/working encountered during fabrication of treatment at 5000 C for 11 days was used to simulate LTS for 100
stainless steel components were also investigated viz. cold years at 3000 C. The constant strain samples in annealed, sensitised
The effect of prior cold working (15% reduction in thickness) on the

extent of low temperature sensitization (after 500 0 C heat treatment for 11 days) for various austenitic stainless
steels. SS 304LN1 has 0.12% nitrogen and SS 304LN2 has 0.15% nitrogen.

Complete intergranular cracking of the sensitised type

304 stainless steel in 400 hours of exposure to high purity water
at 2800 C. The figure shows (a) intergranular facets of the
fracture surface and (b) secondary intergranular branches
emanating from the main intergranular crack.
Vivekanand Kain, <vivkain@barc.gov.in>
11.7 S T U D I E S ON STRESS CORROSION

CRACKING AND CORROSION FATIGUE
BEHAVIOUR OF STAINLESS STEEL
Duplex Stainless Steels (DSS) exhibit higher resistance to localised

corrosion as compared to the single phase austenitic stainless
steel but under certain conditions it may become susceptible to
hydrogen embrittlement. Susceptibility of DSS to hydrogen
embrittlement was studied using the Slow Strain Rate Test
Complete intergranular cracking of the sensitized type

304 stainless steel in 400 hours of exposure to high
purity water at 280 0 C. The figure shows (a) intergranular
facets of the fracture surface and (b) secondary
intergranular branches emanating
from the main intergranular crack.
and LTS treated conditions were used in the SCC tests. In the first
SCC test the specimens were exposed in a boiling solution of
acidified NaCl as per G 123, ASTM. In the second test, the
specimens were exposed in a recirculating loop in oxygenated
water at 280 0 C and 8 MPa for 1000 hours. A similar test was
done with high purity water (specific conductivity
0 . 0 5 5 μS / c m ) . I t w a s s h o w n t h a t 3 0 4 L N w i t h
0.15 wt.% nitrogen is more susceptible to sensitisation and LTS.
For comparison, sensitised 304 samples were also exposed in the
test using high purity water. While the sensitised 304 showed
intergranular cracking (shown in the figure), the DOS developed
in the annealed materials after the LTS treatment was not suffi-
cient to make it susceptible to inter granular stress Stress – strain behaviour of duplex stainless steel
corrosion cracking. However, type 316LN stainless steel was under different applied cathodic potentials
found to be the most resistant grade of stainless steel to LTS. showing the effect of hydrogen embrittlement
and the lower figure shows the crack arrest at
Even after 20% cold rolling, the 5000 C heating for 11 days could the austenite phase.
not increase its DOS.

Technique (SSRT) technique in 0.1N sulphuric acid under At high applied ΔK regimes, the FCGR values didn’t have any
cathodic charging conditions. Results show that depending on appreciable difference indicating mechanical failure to be
the magnitude of cathodic potentials DSS can be severely dominant with very little influence of the environment.
embrittled. Cracks were mostly seen to originate from the Electrochemical tests on solution annealed DSS indicated that no
ferritic phase and were seen to terminate on certain occasions pitting occurred even at very high applied potentials.
when it encountered the austenite phase as shown in the figure. Hence pitting was ruled out as a precursor to fatigue crack
growth.
Data from SSRT tests reveal only the susceptibility to SCC
qualitatively and has little importance in design or in residual life Though SS 304 is a workhorse in the stainless steel family, its
assessment. But fracture mechanics approach to corrosion yields application in sea water is limited to a great extent due to its
useful results which help in determining the residual life of proneness to localized corrosion. In the sensitized condition very
in-service components in various environments. Effect of dilute quantities of thiosulphate are sufficient to cause SCC in
hydrogen on the fracture toughness of DSS was investigated presence of residual/applied strain. It is prone to SCC in the
using this approach. Cathodically hydrogen precharged fatigue presence of very small quantities of thiosulphate which may be
precracked CT specimens were used to determine the fracture formed due to the presence of sulphate reducing bacteria. Tests
toughness as per the ASTM standard E 1820. Results indicated were carried using the Slow Strain Rate Test (SSRT) technique.
a decrease in the initiation CTOD values and also a decrease in the Results of SSRT tests at room temperature indicated that
crack growth resistance . sensitization and thiosulphate concentration greatly increased
the susceptibility to SCC. Intergranular SCC was observed in
Duplex stainless steels have widespread marine applications. Thus solutions containing as low as 5 ppm thiosulphate. Experiments
corrosion resistance in chlorides becomes critical. Corrosion were also carried out at various applied potentials and current
fatigue tests were thus carried out at room temperature in 3.5% transients were observed to occur which corresponded to crack
NaCl solutions of varying pH, for different specimen nucleation. Results indicated that film rupture and dissolution
orientations – TL and LT to study this behaviour. Testing was was the most likely mechanism of SCC.
done as per ASTM standard E 647. Results indicated an increase
in the Fatigue Crack Growth Rates (FCGR) by a factor of 2-3 in Initial studies on FCGR/SCC have been carried out at room
low applied ΔK regimes due to the presence of chloride ions. This t e mp e r a t u r e . H o w e v e r, mo s t o f t h e e n g i ne e r i ng
indicates an appreciable effect of the chloride ions on the FCGR. materials used in plants experience high temperatures and
pressures in various aqueous environments. FCGR data available
under such conditions will be of great significance. An
experimental facility to carry out fatigue/SCC studies in
environments at elevated temperature and pressure is planned
to be set up. Such fatigue/SCC studies can be carried out in
various conditions of applied potentials and water chemistry.
Various reactor components operating under such
conditions will be studied in such a setup. Crack growth will be
monitored using the reversible DCPD technique.
Testing facility for carrying out the tests under flowing conditions
is also planned to be setup to simulate the conditions
experienced by the materials in actual service.
IGSCC of sensitized SS 304 in thiosulfate solution

tested at a strain rate of 10 -6/sec. Supratik Roychowdhury, <supratik@barc.gov.in>

11.8 F R A C T U R E B E H A V I O U R O F Z I R C O N I U M the new test method adopted for this data generation and some
PRESSURE TUBE ALLOYS: EFFECT OF important experimental observations on the effect of hydrogen
HYDROGEN AND IMPURITIES and impurity segregation are given.
The fracture toughness of the fabricated cold worked or annealed

pressure tube materials is influenced primarily by the
microstructure, texture and flow strength, as fabricated alloys
show typical ductile fracture over temperature range of
interest. However, severe degradation in the fracture toughness
is observed due to irradiation hardening and hydrogen/
deuterium absorption during service mainly from the corrosion
processes. The effect of hydrogen on the performance of the
component is reflected in the change in fracture behaviour and/
or by its role in the delayed hydride cracking behaviour. Hydrogen
embrittlement in zirconium alloys depends primarily upon the Fracture toughness of Zircaloy-2 pressure tube
material with different hydrogen content (10, 60,
amount of hydrogen present in the matrix, morphology,
110 ppm) at different test temperatures.
orientation and distribution of hydrides and the texture, strength
and fracture toughness of the zirconium matrix itself.
A new methodology for characterizing fracture behaviour by
This work, using unirradiated samples, has generated a load normalization method, which is based on the Key Curve
database, which can be referred for assessing the toughness approach, has been established. This method does not need any
level of the pressure tube materials (Zircaloy-2 and Zr-2.5Nb) as on-line crack-monitoring unit. It uses single specimen
a function of the hydrogen content. Through a systematic study, load – Load Line Displacement (LLD) record for the evaluation of
it was also possible to suggest a test procedure for generating

the entire J-resistance curve from a single sample at
temperatures greater than transition temperature. This
minimizes the number of tests required for fracture toughness
measurement on samples of irradiated pressure tubes at elevated
temperatures. In the sections to follow the salient features of
J-R curves for Zr-2.5Nb Alloy charged with 50 ppm

of hydrogen at different test temperatures.
J-R curve. This new technique has been used to characterize
J-R curves for Zircaloy-2 pressure tube alloy charged fracture behaviour of both Zircaloy-2 and Zr-2.5Nb pressure
with 50 ppm of hydrogen at different test temperatures tube materials over a range of temperature and hydrogen
using ASTM method (open symbols) and Load
content. This method compares well with the conventional ASTM
Normalization method (filled symbols).
test methods. Figure compares J-R curves obtained by this

Fracture surface of double melted Zr-2.5Nb alloy

showing fissure like features and shallow dimples.
Comparison of J max in the double (DM) and quadruple

(QM) melted Zr-2.5Nb alloy charged with 60 ppm of
hydrogen at various test temperatures toughness of hydrided material slowly increases with increase in
the test temperature up to 150 0 C and above
150 to 170 C a sharp increase in the toughness value is
0
technique with that obtained from conventional ASTM test
observed. The Quadruple Melted (QM) material containing lower
method especially when small amount of plastic deformation
amount of chlorine showed better fracture properties than DM
precedes the fracture process.
material.
Hydride embrittlement studies in the Zr-2.5Nb pressure tube

It is seen that the fracture toughness of Zr-2.5Nb pressure tube
have been carried out over a range of temperature and
material can be improved substantially by reducing the level of
hydrogen content ranging from 25 ppm to 60 ppm, as
trace element impurities like carbon, phosphorus and chlorine.
fabricated pressure tubes obtained from double melted (DM)
Chlorine content reduces from 2.5-5 ppm in DM condition to
ingot, when charged with different levels of hydrogen
around 0.5 ppm in QM condition. It has been demonstrated at
show sharp reduction in fracture toughness values at
Nuclear Fuel Complex, Hyderabad that such a purity can be
a m b ien t t em p e rature. It i s seen that the f r a c t u r e
routinely achieved by quadruple vacuum arc remelting practice.
Fractographic investigation revealed the presence of linear low
energy fracture channels and aligned second phase precipitates
in double melted alloys (Cl ≈ 2.5 ppm), which were absent in
quadruple melted alloys (Cl ≈0.5 ppm). These results show that
control of trace impurities is essential as it results in substantial
increase in the crack growth toughness (dJ/da values) coupled
with improved initiation toughness and reduced scatter in
toughness levels. An additional benefit from quadruple melting
is reduced hydrogen level as in fabricated tubes, which come
down to 4 to 5 ppm in quadruple melted tubes from the 10 to
15 ppm level in the double melted alloy. Considering the critical
role of hydrogen in pressure tube material, this may give a
substantial increase in the pressure tube service life.
Fracture surface of quadruple melted

Zr-2.5Nb alloy showing fully ductile fracture
with large shear areas between dimples. J. K. Chakravartty, <jayanta@barc.gov.in>

11.9 R A T C H E T I N G B E H A V I O U R O F P R I M A R Y ratio becomes more negative the hysteresis loop opens up during
HEAT TRANSPORT PIPING STEELS ratcheting. This suggests that a negative Rσ ratio promotes the
development of a hysteresis loop during ratcheting. The plot
Ratcheting has been defined as accumulation of strain due to also shows that the accumulation of strain in the first few cycles
asymmetrical stress cycling in materials. The phenomenon is is more rapid at slow loading conditions than at a stress rate of
potentially dangerous, because for a suitable combination of 100 MPa/s and 1000 MPa/s. This is more clearly seen in figure,
mean and cyclic loads, there can be continuous cycle-by-cycle where the effect of two stress ratios on the evolution of strain
plastic deformation. This contributes to the development of has been shown. It is clearly seen that at the slow stress rates (5
unacceptably large strains in the component. PHWR and AHWR and 10 MPa/s) the strain accumulation is much faster as compared
have extensive piping layout to provide for heat transport. to stress rates of 100 and 1000 MPa/s. Further at these faster
Ratcheting experiments carried out on piping components used stress rates there is an incubation period before the ratcheting
in Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) have shown that commences. The conditions observed for the two types of
during seismic excitation the cross section of a pipe subjected to accumulation, one with an incubation period and one without
internal pressure and cyclic bending undergoes progressive have been shown in figure, as filled diamond and circle symbols
ovalization. There is, therefore, a need to understand and respectively. The appearance of incubation period is also seen for
characterize the ratcheting behaviour in these piping steels. Rσ = -1, where there is no mean stress. It is also seen from figure
In this study the uniaxial cyclic deformation experiments have that at stress rate of 10000 MPa/s there was no ratcheting for
been carried out on SA 333 Gr 6. It is a low carbon steel used as both the asymmetrical and symmetrical stress cycling. The
primary heat transport piping and forged header material in ratcheting boundary has been defined on the basis that no
PHWRs. This study is a part of an ongoing comprehensive significant strain accumulation has been observed for 103 cycles.
program for characterization of the ratcheting behaviour of
various piping steels used in PHWR and AHWR. In the present tests it has been observed that the difference in
the ratcheting rates due to a change in Rσ from –0.5 to –0.75
The ratcheting tests were carried out at σ max = 350 MPa with increases as the applied stress rate decreases. This may be due to
five different stress ratios (Rσ = (σmin/σmax) ; Rσ = 0, -0.25, -0.5, an interaction between stress rate and stress ratio in the slower
-0.75,-1) and five levels of stress rate (= 5 , 10 , 100, 1000, stress rate regime where there is a possibility of rapid dislocation
10000 MPa/s).The stress controlled tests, have been carried out multiplication. At a combination of low stress rate and negative
by varying Rσ. Figure shows the combinations of Rσ and which stress ratio the significant increase in strain accumulation rate
have shown ratcheting (represented as filled points) as well as may be due to dynamic Lüders band formation and larger
those that have not displayed accumulation of strain (represented dislocation annihilation rates. This leads to a synergistic
as open points). The trends of the stress – strain hysteresis loops interaction between stress rate and stress ratio, which may
have also been shown for comparison in the case of a few points accelerate the onset and increase the extent of cyclic softening
in the ratcheting domain. The plot shows that at Rσ = 0 in the ratcheting tests.
and –0.25 there has been no observed ratcheting. However, for
the stress rates between 5-1000 MPa/s, employed for the tests
at Rσ = -0.5 and –0.75 there has been significant ratcheting
evident by the accumulation of strain. This suggests that in the
present quasi-reversed tests, stress ratio has to be sufficiently
negative for ratcheting to occur. Comparing the hysteresis curves
in terms of the σ-ε plots for stress ratios Rσ= -0.5 and –0.75, at
slow and fast stress rates it has been found that at stress rate of
1000 MPa/s the hysteresis loop that develops during ratcheting
is smaller than in the case of stress rate of 10 MPa/s (inset C and
D in Figure). Further it has been seen from the evolution of
hysterisis loops within the ratcheting domain that as the stress

Plot showing the domain of ratcheting observed denoted by filled symbols.

The plot also shows insets for the evolution of hysterisis loops
for R σ = -0.5 & -0.75 at (A) stress rate = 100 MPa/s
(B) stress rate = 10 MPa/s and the hystesrsis loop obtained at e pl ≈ 0.38 for
(C) stress rate = 10 MPa/s and (D) stress rate = 1000 MPa/s.
Plot of Cumulative peak tensile strain at various

stress rates for R σ a) –0.5 (b) –0.75 J.K.Chakravartty, <jayanta@barc.gov.in>.

11.10 CORROSION BEHAVIOUR OF COLD dispersive X-ray analyses indicated an enrichment of Fe, followed
WORKED ALLOY 800 IN 673 K STEAM by Ni and Cr on the surfaces exposed in steam similar to bulk
composition of the alloy. X-ray Photoelecron Spectroscopy
Cold worked (~ 50 % ) Alloy 800 containing a small volume ( XPS ) studies revealed that the surface films formed on the alloy
fraction of hexagonal ε-martensite in the austenite matrix was after an exposure in 673 K steam of initial pH in the nearly
exposed in 673 K steam of initial pH either in the nearly neutral neutral region contained mixed oxides of chromium, iron and
or alkaline region for a period of 264 hours. The alloy indicated nickel along with their elemental forms whereas, the presence of
very low corrosion rates. Scanning Electron Microscope ( SEM ) chromium oxide could not be detected in the surface films that
studies of the alloy exposed in 673 K steam of initial pH in the formed in 673 K steam of initial pH in the alkaline region.
nearly neutral region revealed a few small oxide particles whereas,
a number of small oxide particles was noticed on the surface
exposed in steam of initial pH in the alkaline region. Energy
Small oxide particles in the alloy exposed in steam of

Hexagonal ε-martensite in cold-worked Alloy 8001 initial pH 10. (A large, faceted TiN particle is visible.)
XPS spectrum recorded for (a) nickel and (b)

chromium for the sample of cold worked
Alloy 800 exposed in steam of initial pH 6.8.

XPS spectrum recorded for (a) iron and

(b) oxygen for the sample of cold worked
Alloy 800 exposed in steam of initial pH 6.8 to ~ 0.7 dpa (displacement per atom) for BWR and
~ 1 to 2 x1021 n/cm2 (E > 1 MeV) for Pressurized Water Reactor
(PWR). Any enhancement of the resistance of austenitic stainless
R.S.Dutta, <rsdutta@barc.gov.in>
steel to RIS and IASCC will be highly useful in designing and
fabricating nuclear power reactors with a long service life. This
ongoing study is aimed at three main strategies for
11.11 MAKING STAINLESS STEEL MORE improving the resistance of austenitic stainless steels to RIS.
RESISTANT TO IRRADIATION DAMAGE
(RADIATION-INDUCED SEGREGATION) The first approach is to alloy the stainless steels with the dilute
quantities of oversized elements such as Pt, Hf, Ce, Zr, or Nb.
Austenitic stainless steels are used extensively in the core of the Austenitic stainless steels 304 and 316L with the different addition
nuclear power reactors. The main cause of failure of of Ce (0.01 to 0.1 wt%) have been obtained to study the effect
in-core components in light water reactors is Irradiation Assisted of oversized solute addition on the RIS. The irradiation work and
Stress Corrosion Cracking (IASCC) in oxygenated, high characterisation of chromium depletion at grain boundary as a
temperature (at ~ 290o C), high purity water. IASCC is the life result of irradiation by Electrochemical Potentiodynamic
limiting degradation mode for all the in-core components made Reactivation (EPR) test on unalloyed stainless steel has been
of austenitic stainless steels and it has been attributed to the started. The second approach is to modify the structure at the
formation of a narrow but deep chromium depletion zone at grain boundaries (to increase the fraction of the special grain
the grain boundaries due to irradiation without the formation boundaries) so as to reduce the tendency for the segregation/
of chromium carbides. Neutron irradiation of energy higher depletion of elements at the grain boundaries. In this approach,
than ~ 1 MeV in nuclear reactors results in variation of higher fraction of special boundaries (Σ < 29) will be introduced
microstructure and microchemistry in austenitic stainless steels. in the material using cold rolling procedure and solution annealing.
Variation of microchemistry in austenitic stainless steels along This will be subsequently subjected to proton irradiation and
grain boundary is termed as Radiation Induced Segregation (RIS) characterization of RIS. The characterisation of each type of
that results in Cr depletion at grain boundaries and segregation grain boundary will be done using Orientation Imaging
of Ni, S, and P. IASCC is promoted in austenitic stainless steels Microscopy (OIM). The third approach is to create a pre-
when a threshold fluence is reached - cracking was observed in segregation of Cr at the grain boundaries in the solution-annealed
Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) oxygenated water at a fluence condition of austenitic stainless steels using different temperature
above 5 x10 20 n/cm 2 (E > 1 MeV) that corresponds and cooling rates during solution annealing.

electrochemical tests after irradiation.

Characterisation of irradiated samples
revealed that electrochemical techniques like EPR
have measured the extent of Cr depletion due
to irradiation caused by different levels of
irradiation damage in austenitic stainless steels.
Cr depletion was not observed in the samples
irradiated at room temperature up to 0.2 dpa.
Cr depletion zones were noticed in the sample
irradiated at 300 o C up to 0.2 dpa and
corresponding EPR value was 1.12. This study
also confirms the fact that maximum damage is
not on the surface – EPR values were found to
increase up to a maximum value and then
decrease with the depth from the sample
surface, e.g. 1.12, 0.4 and 0.2 after repeated
EPR testing and metallographic polishing.
Further experiments are planned at Pelletron to
evaluate the effect of the nature of grain
boundary and oversize solute element
addition on RIS in the austenitic stainless
steels.
Vivekanand Kain,
<vivkain@barc.gov.in>
11.12 QUALIFICATION OF
AUSTENITIC STAINLESS
STEEL FOR 100 YEARS
DESIGN LIFE OF AHWR
As received SS 304 sample with DL-EPR value of 0.05 and the Austenitic Stainless Steel AISI 304LN has been
sample of SS 304 irradiated at 4.2 x 10 16 protons/cm 2 of energy selected for primary system components of
4 MeV (0.2 dpa) at FOTIA showing radiation induced
AHWR. Design life of AHWR is 100 years. Low
segregation (RIS) and a DL-EPR value of 0.25.
Temperature Sensitisation (LTS) has been
identified as one of the material degradation
In this just initiated study, accelerated irradiation using proton mechanisms which can limit the life of component by making it
beam of high energy (up to 10 MeV) is used to simulate the susceptible to localised corrosion viz. IGC/IGSCC.
irradiation damage due to high energy neutrons. Towards this, Even though stainless steel may be non-sensitized to start with,
a high temperature experimental setup to be used for the welding can result in formation of chromium carbide nuclei
proton irradiation at 300o C was designed and fabricated; and at grain boundaries in Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) which can
experiments were carried out using proton irradiation at FOlded grow at 300° C and over long term service may result in
Tandem Ion Accelerator (FOTIA) and Pelletron at room completely sensitised microstructure. This necessitated
temperature and at 300 C in separate experiments. Samples
o
the qualification of austenitic stainless steel material
were irradiated to different levels of dpa and subjected to with respect to LTS susceptibility.
The Kinetics of LTS is controlled by diffusion of Cr through the

lattice. Using Arrhenius equation and appropriate activation The role of inclusions in corrosion of stainless steels in nitric acid
energy for Cr diffusion, it was established that 100 years service environment has been brought out clearly in our earlier study.
at 300° C can be simulated by 11 days thermal exposure at 500° The role of type of inclusions (oxides/nitrides/sulfides/silicates
C. Austenitic stainless steel 304 LN in solution was annealed, as etc) on initiation of corrosion in nitric acid medium will be
well as welded conditions were given this simulation heat studied separately. Recent work on the mechanism of end grain
treatment and evaluated for LTS susceptibility as per ASTM A262 pitting has shown that processing of the stainless steels may also
Pr. A & E. Solution annealed material did not show sensitized result in chromium depletion along the flow lines in highly worked
microstructure whereas welded material showed sensitised products e.g. tubular products. EPMA analysis had shown the
microstructure in ASTM A 262 Pr. A. However, in both the presence of chromium depletion in regions adjacent to the flow
conditions material passed ASTM A262 Pr. E test. This observation bands and the end grain corrosion attack was along the direc-
indicates AISI 304LN grade material will not become susceptible tion of these flow bands. Earlier this type of segregation of Nb/
to LTS –induced IGC/IGSCC during service at 300° C for 100 Ti along flow bands and end grain corrosion was reported for
years. stabilized stainless steels.
Emerging newer materials promise to be much more resistant to

nitric acid environments and would stretch the limits of
Ms. Gargi Choudhuri, <gargi@barc.gov.in>
concentration of nitric acid that can be handled without
appreciable corrosion. Fuels for newer types of reactors require
use of halides in nitric acid streams. Hence, the materials of
11.13 MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT AND construction have to be resistant to oxidizing acids containing
CORROSION MONITORING FOR SAFETY halides at elevated temperatures. Type 310L NAG, alloy 33 and
AND RELIABILITY OF REPROCESSING AND titanium based alloys are some of the most promising alloys
WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES suitable for such environments. Many of these materials are also
candidate materials for underground disposal of spent fuel. The
The processing of spent fuel and waste and its storage form an passivity and pitting behaviour of alloy 33 has been evaluated in
integral part of nuclear program. The program envisages as received and also in welded condition in HCl solution at room
reprocessing, long term storage in metallic tanks, vitrification of temperature as well as at 650 C. The advantage of addition of
high level waste and also a closed end fuel cycle. Most of these 0.4% nitrogen in alloy 33 in improving the passivity and pitting
activities involve highly corrosive process fluids – nitric acids and resistance was brought out by comparing the results with an
molten glass. A lot of work is already done for materials in nitric experimental alloy similar to alloy 33 that was prepared in the lab
acid environments. The mechanism of corrosion resistance of and did not contain nitrogen. Electrochemical corrosion testing
the Nitric Acid Grade (NAG) of type 304L has been studied in in NaCl and HCl solutions (different concentration and pH) and
detail. The strict control on chemical composition, especially on immersion corrosion testing in other standard test solutions
carbon, nickel, chromium, silicon and phosphorus together with showed that alloy 33 is highly resistant to localized corrosion.
controlled microstructure (fine grain size and retained cold work) Studies on welded samples showed that molybdenum rich phases
helped improve resistance to intergranular corrosion and do form in the heat affected zone of the weldment of alloy 33.
resistance to general corrosion in concentrated nitric acid The characterization of these phases by SEM-EDS and TEM is
solutions. The lower general corrosion rates in nitric acid being done.
(5 -10 mpy) allow longer life of stainless steel components as the
oxidizing higher valence ions that enter the process fluids as Initial corrosion studies on the Ti-5%Ta-1.8% Nb alloy
(general) corrosion products increase the corrosiveness of the manufactured at NFC, Hyderabad for IGCAR have shown that
process fluid with time. This is especially beneficial in applications this alloy and its welded structure are highly resistant to
where once flow conditions do not exist e.g. in acidic waste corrosion in potential regions which cause transpassive
storage tanks. corrosion for stainless steels. In addition, these were found to be

highly resistant to end grain corrosion also. The general concentration of acidic waste stream during vitrification and
corrosion rate was very low, < 2 mpy in concentrated boiling use of other corrosive additives will be accounted for to arrive
nitric acid solutions (e.g. practice C, A 262, ASTM). The influence at a safe material-process combination for a specified duration.
of beta phase that gets precipitated during welding/processing
was not found to be harmful possibly because of absence of
Vivekanand Kain, <vivkain@barc.gov.in>
depletion of the alloying elements around the beta phase.
Comparison of the localized corrosion

behaviour of alloy 33 in mill annealed
condition and
welded condition with that of alloy 22 in 1 N
HCl solution at 65 0 C
Vitrification of high level liquid waste involves molten glass and

the materials of construction have to be resistant to
degradation in it for a sufficiently long timeframe. The
interaction of materials of the process pot (alloy 690) with
molten glass needs to be studied in detail and mechanism of
degradation established. It is of utmost importance to be able to
predict the “safe” operating regimes in terms of temperature
and time for the process pots used in the vitrificaion process.
In future, different materials, including alloy 690 and its variants

will be exposed in molten glass at defined temperatures between
900 to 12000C for different time durations. This would help in
choosing the most optimum material and also to schedule
replacement of components ahead of its anticipated operation
life to ensure safe and reliable operation. Other factors like

Health Physics & Environment
12. H E A LT H P H Y S I C S & E N V I R O N M E N T
INTRODUCTION
In the siting of a nuclear power plant, three zones are defined for control of population. The innermost zone, called the Exclusion Zone
(EZ), surrounds the plant and defines an area directly under the control of the plant. The second zone, an annulus around the exclusion
zone defines the Sterilised Zone or the Low Population Zone, where the growth of population is limited by administrative control. The
outer-most zone defines the minimum distance to a high population centre This chapter talks about the evolution of exclusion zones,
siting practices and factors determining the extent of exclusion zone for the current and future nuclear facilities.

12.1 E X C L U S I O N B O U N D A R Y F O R N U C L E A R
FACILITIES
. Evolution of the Exclusion Zone
The concept of the Exclusion zone originated in the USA in the

Being adjacent to the plant fence, the exclusion zone is the area early 1950s, when there was an acute awareness of the
of greatest importance. It essentially defines a buffer zone where potential effects of nuclear accidents on the surrounding
the public has no access. It also helps to define the fenced plant population. This idea was mooted primarily to insulate the
area, the site area and the public area. A regulatory dose control public from the harmful effects of low probability, high
structure can now be put in place so that planned releases from consequence accidents.
the plant during normal operation and inadvertent releases dur-
ing abnormal conditions can be controlled to within The earliest attempt at sizing the EZ was made by the US
acceptable limits. Safeguards Committee in USAEC Document WASH-3, wherein
exclusion distance was numerically specified as a circle of radius
An interesting use of the exclusion area is that several nuclear R (miles) = 0.01 √P, where, P is reactor thermal power (kW).
power stations can share the same site and take support from This formula obviously would not yield practical sizes for
the common auxiliary facilities, such as fuel fabrication plants, medium-sized or large power reactors: for a typical
Fuel Reprocessing PSlants [FRPs], waste management facilities. 3000 MWt reactor, this formulation gives an exclusion radius
As many as four twin-unit stations have been co-located at sev- of 17.3 miles (27.9 km).
eral places around the world. The Rawatbhata site in Rajasthan
is an example. The US siting practice as embodied in 10 CFR 100 for the
determination of the exclusion boundary and the low population
zone around a reactor defines these radial
distances as follows:
An exclusion area of such size that an

individual located at any point on its boundary
for two hours immediately following onset of
the postulated fission product release would
not receive a total radiation dose to the whole
body in excess of 25 rem or a total radiation
dose in excess of 300 rem to the thyroid
from iodine exposure.
A low population zone of such size that an

individual located at any point on its outer
boundary who is exposed to the radioactive
cloud resulting from the postulated fission
product release (during the entire period of
its passage) would not receive a total radiation
dose to the whole body in excess of 25 rem or
a total radiation dose in excess of 300 rem to
the thyroid from iodine exposure.
Schematics of various zones

The methodology for implementing this in the US Context is On the lines of the above, all NPP sites in India have an exclusion
coded in the USAEC document TID-14844 . When implemented, boundary of radius 1.6 km, except the Kaiga site, where the
the exclusion distances for most US reactors fall in the range radius is 2.3 km. Where more than one twin station is sited, each
0.5–1.6 km. must have an exclusion radius of 1.6 km.
. Exclusion zone in the Indian Context . Siting Practice in Other Countries
The Indian siting code defines the exclusion area as follows: The practice in some countries is illustrated in the table:
An exclusion area of at least 1.5 km radius around the plant shall

be established. This area shall be at the exclusive control of the
. Factors Determining Exclusion Boundary
station and no public habitation shall be allowed in the area.

The factors determining the exclusion boundary are: reactor
Under design basis accident conditions, a member of the public
type and power, engineered safety features, containment design
shall not receive a dose equivalent more than 0.1 Sv for whole
and characteristics of the site. The US code of practice assumes
body and 0.5 Sv for thyroid of children.
a severe beyond design basis accident and does not give credit
to design features save the containment. In the Indian
A Sterilised area upto 5 km around the plant shall be established
regulatory practice, a design basis accident is considered at the
by administrative measures. In this area, natural growth is
reactor site and the distance is found out at which both the
permitted but planned expansion of activities which will lead to
reference levels are met defines the exclusion zone. However, a
an enhanced population growth are not allowed by administra-
minimum exclusion radius of 1.5 km is always applicable.
tive measures.
Typical National Practice

The first Indian power reactors were the two 210-MWe BWRs the consequence could be limited to the fenced area of each
sited at Tarapur. A site radius of 1.6 km was selected. The plant.
distance was believed to be conservative but to what extent
could not be ascertained. Recently an interesting application of In view of the involatile waste forms and relatively small
the 10 CFR 100 methodology was made to the Tarapur BWRs. inventories, the same can be said to be valid for waste
The results indicate an exclusion radius of about 950 m. An management facilities at power reactor sites.
adaptation of the US methodology to Indian PHWRs is shown in
Tables. For 220 MWe double containment PHWRs, an exclusion
boundary of about 625 m is calclulated.
. Exclusion Zone for Advanced Reactors
As stated earlier, an exclusion zone reflects the hazard to the

Similar results are also indicated from recent DBA calculations public from the normal and abnormal operation of a power
made on the Indian PHWRs for submission to the AERB’s NPP plant. It represents a passive safety area that cushions the
Zones Review Committee. An exclusion radius of about 800m impact on public of abnormal operation of a nuclear plant. Since
was indicated. It is on the basis of these and other calculations, releases for normal operation through the liquid and air routes
that the committee has recommended an exclusion zone of cannot be eliminated altogether and similarly, since high
1.0 km for all future Indian reactors with the same reference consequence accidents cannot be entirely ruled out, exclusion
levels. zones can be optimized but perhaps not done away with
. Exclusion Zone for Other Nuclear Facilities

altogether for the present reactors.
It is now accepted that while the second generation nuclear

Auxiliary nuclear facilities like fuel reprocessing plants are sited in plants aimed for improvement of reactor safety through active
the Exclusion Zone of an NPP, thereby implying that they pose a features and the third generation plants aim at the same through
relatively small hazard to the public which can be accommodated passive safety features, the Fourth Generation reactors aim to
within the buffer zone. This has been recently confirmed for the positively eliminate accidents through Safety-by-Design approach.
Tarapur site for two FRPs, one handling the irradiated PHWR fuel The last approach can obviate the need for off-site emergency
and the other the high burnup AHWR fuel, when it was preparedness, which in turn might make it possible to eliminate
demonstrated that for four Upper Limit accidents in the FRPs, the need for exclusion zone in power plant siting.
N.B.: Whole body dose controlling for Proposed Assumptions Exclusion Boundary Distance (m) for Light
Thyroid dose controlling for 10 CFR 100 Assumptions Water Reactors

N.B.: All exclusion distances above based on thyroid dose Exclusion Boundary Distance (m) for
which is controlling. Single-Containment PHWRs
N.B.: Partial double-containment exclusion distances controlled Exclusion Boundary Distance (m) for Double
by thyroid dose. Full double-containment exclusion Containment PHWRs
distances controlled by whole body dose

R&D on Life Management of
Reactor Components
13. R&D ON LIFE MANAGEMENT OF REACTOR COMPONENTS
INTRODUCTION
This chapter covers various research and developmental activities pertaining to the life management of ageing components of Indian
nuclear reactors. During the course of operation in the reactor environment, components age and degrade which affect their intended
performance and limit their service life also. Sometimes, unintended material degradations take place as well, for which no consideration
was given at the time of design. These unintended degradations not only affect the performance of the components but also shorten
their intended service live. Such a situation has among others, an economic penalty as well.
Several R&D activities are being carried out to meet the challenges posed by the situation. These activities range from the basic
experimental studies under the simulated environment to understand the mechanism of degradations, development of numerical models
for predicting such degradations in advance and design, development and commissioning of repair tools and technologies for life
management and life extension of these components.

Reactor Components
13.1 LIFE EXTENSION OF COOLANT CHANNELS
The loose fit garter springs of coolant channel assemblies, used

in the first seven Indian PHWRs, are found to be susceptible to
displacement from their initially installed locations due to
vibrations caused by a number of construction and
commissioning activities such as hot commissioning.
This displacement could result in occurrence of premature cold
contact between pressure tube and calandria tube due to creep
deformation of both the tubes in that channel, where such
displacement of GS is significantly large. This may lead to
formation of hydride blister over a period of reactor operation.
The embrittlement and cracks caused by the hydride blisters may
result in rupture and eventual failure of the pressure tube. There
was a need to design and develop a remotely operable system
which can precisely detect and relocate these displaced garter
spring spacers in the coolant channel assemblies of new as well
as operating reactor for extension of service life as part of the
programme for the life management of coolant channels of
Indian PHWRs.
Pressure Tube Flexing Tool was developed to reposition the

displaced loose fit garter springs by creating artificial “Walking
Mechanism” in fresh reactors. This tool uses the same technique
to reposition the displaced garter spring to the new desired
location, which is responsible for its displacement during the
Kundan Kumar, <kundan@barc.gov.in>
hot conditioning of the reactor. This tool was successfully
employed in Narora-1 and 2 and Kakrapar-1.
To accomplish similar task in

operating reactors, the INtegrated Garter
spring REpositioning System (INGRES) was
developed for repositioning of garter
springs in highly radioactive coolant
ch an n els . Th e ING RE S system
incorporates sophisticated electrical,
instrumentation, pneumatic, hydraulic
and mechanical sub systems. The system
is operated through computer interface
in a special control room outside the
reactor building. The various versions of
INGRES were developed and deployed at
different reactor sites.

Reactor Components
13.2 D E V E LO P M E N T O F A N A LY T I C A L T O O L S As the hydrogen-induced degradation mechanisms are amongst

FOR ASSESSING SERVICE LIFE OF PHWR the critical life limiting mechanisms, work related to hydrogen
COOLANT CHANNELS uptake model and the Delayed Hydride Cracking mechanism
(DHC -predominant mode of crack propagation in
A considerable amount of research and development work for Zr-2.5%Nb material) has been undertaken. Besides, analytical
the past 20 years, that has been directed towards models for optimisation of the pressure tube design and the
understanding the various degradation mechanisms of parameters for the pressure tube–end fitting rolling are also
Zircaloy-2 pressure tubes has led to the development of a under development.
number of numerical models relevant to these degradation
mechanisms. These models, developed and synthesised in the The subsequent sections deal with each of the models
form of computer codes, have undergone extensive validation developed.
through internationally available information and those derived
from indigenous ISI and PIE programmes related to pressure
tubes of Indian PHWRs. These computer codes are being used on
. Computer Code to Study the Crack
Propagation by Delayed Hydride Cracking
a regular basis for estimating the residual life of the coolant (DELHYC) Mechanism
channel components and taking various safety-related decisions.
The model ‘DELHYC’ uses Finite Difference numerical technique
As the pressure tube material in the new and the re-tubed Indian to solve the differential equation of hydrogen diffusion under
PHWRs is Zr-2.5%Nb, the era of zircaloy-2 as the pressure tube stress and concentration gradients. The basic concept of the
material will come to an end in near future. The in-pile model has been derived from published work. The model is based
degradation mechanisms of both the materials are similar except on the assumption that crack tip hydrostatic stress field has
for the rates and their severity. The critical parameters cylindrical symmetry and it remains constant inside the
determining the life of the Zr-2.5%Nb coolant channel are plastic zone and decays as a function of r-1/2 outside the plastic
different from those of zircaloy-2 pressure tubes. Some of the zone. Based on this assumption, the complex differential
degradation models developed earlier for zircaloy-2 pressure equation of 3-D hydrogen diffusion degenerates to
tubes like those of irradiation-induced creep and growth model a 1-D problem, which is then solved by the finite difference
and hydride blister model can be used for Zr-2.5%Nb pressure numerical technique. The model has the capability to simulate
tubes as well, provided the constants relevant to Zr-2.5%Nb (a) delayed hydride cracking under isothermal condition where
pressure tube material are used. These constants will have to be the test temperature is achieved either by heating or cooling
determined from information generated from ISI of these (b) effect of direction of approach to test temperature
channels. (c) effect of thermal cycling on delayed hydride cracking
mechanism.
Comparison of DELHYC predictions of crack growth velocity

with published experimental results

Reactor Components
The model first evaluates the critical length of hydride using the
inputs of applied stress intensity factor and material properties
. Computer code for design optimisation of
Pressure Tube thickness for AHWR
like Poisson ratio, yield strength, fracture strength of hydride at
a given temperature. Thereafter, rate of diffusion of hydrogen A computer program has been developed to optimise pressure
(hydrogen flux) to the crack tip under stress gradient and tube thickness from strength and creep/growth considerations.
concentration gradient is evaluated at the end of each small The diameter of pressure tube had been fixed based on thermal
time interval, which together constitutes the total experimental hydraulic and fuel bundle dimension considerations.
period. The hydrogen diffused to the crack tip is checked for its The minimum required thickness of pressure tube based on
potential to grow to hydride of critical length. When the strength consideration changes as per pressure and
hydrogen diffused to the crack tip is sufficient for the growth temperature conditions at different points along the length of
of hydride of critical length, the crack front is assumed to the tube. The program calculates the pressure and safe working
advance by an amount equal to the critical length of hydride. stress based on temperature at different points spaced at an
interval of 10 mm from inlet for design, normal operating and
Accurate analysis of the hydrogen diffusion at the crack tip hot shutdown conditions. For safe working stress at a particular
requires finite element analysis tools. Analysis based on finite temperature, it linearly interpolates the values at defined
difference method along with cylindrical approximation to the temperatures. Similarly for operating pressure and temperature
stress field at the crack tip gives results, which are in reasonable at a particular elevation, it linearly interpolates the defined
agreement with experiment. Some typical studies carried out values at previous and next data points defined by thermal
using this code for the published experimental work have shown hydraulics considerations. For all possible combinations of loads
an excellent match. from tail pipes and feeder pipes in addition to pressure loads, it
compares the stress components with allowable limits as per
ASME requirements. Based on this analysis, it arrives at a final
minimum thickness
required from strength
point of view for any
predetermined loading
condition. Based on the
final thickness for all
loading conditions, it
calculates creep and
growth of the channel
under normal operating
conditions and estimates
the probable life of the
pressure tube for
predetermined extreme
values of design
parameters.
Typical output of the minimum thickness required from

strength consideration

Reactor Components
. Computer Code for In-Service Simulation of

Composite Sleeve Rolled Joint
13.3 DEVELOPMENT
SCRAPING TECHNIQUE (SSST)
OF SLIVER SAMPLE
In this code, a composite sleeve (made of SS304L and SS403) Sliver Sample Scraping Technique (SSST), has been developed to
rolled joint with pressure tube has been simulated as a compound take samples from the inside surface of the operating pressure
tubes of Indian PHWRs. These samples are later analysed for
assessing safe operating life of the pressure tubes. The SSST is a
non-destructive technique as it does not affect the remaining
service life of pressure tube and is remotely operable. The sample,
Wet Scraping Tool (WEST)

Reduction in residual contact pressure with
increasing interface radius.
cylinder interference joint. In this simulation, the rolled joint

between pressure tube and intermediate sleeve (SS304L) is
simulated as an equivalent interference fit joint of same
Oxide Sample
dimensions. The shrink fit joint between the intermediate sleeve
and outer sleeve (SS403) has also been simulated. As the
composite sleeve is subjected to thermal cycle from room
temperature to the operating temperature, a reduction in the
contact pressure between pressure tube and intermediate sleeve Multiple Scraped
takes place. This code quantifies the reduction in contact pressure Regions within PT
in subsequent thermal cycles.

Metal Sample
The code has been utilized to arrive at a feasible interface radius

between intermediate and outer sleeve to have a reasonable weighing approximately 90 mg, is analysed for estimating the
contact pressure even after subsequent thermal cycles during hydrogen content of the sampled pressure tube. It is being used
service. frequently for estimation of hydrogen content of pressure tubes

of operating Indian PHWRs. Dry as well as wet versions of scraping
tools, based on SSST, have been developed. The wet version tool,
known as WEt Scraping Tool (WEST), is operated through fuelling
machine for obtaining the samples.
A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between BARC and

NPCIL was signed in March 2003 for fabrication of WEST tools
and their accessories, including training of manpower to carry
out scraping operation in operating reactors.
Variation of hoop stress at ID as well as OD in Scraping tools have been used extensively for life management
the intermediate sleeve at different conditions.
activities of pressure tubes since 1998. Till date, approximately
637 samples have been obtained from 170 pressure tubes in
S.K. Sinha, <sunilks@barc.gov.in> various campaigns and from various reactor sites.

Reactor Components
for obtaining samples from the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) of

weld H4A of the core shroud of Tarapur Atomic Power
Station (TAPS). Integration of Sampling Module-1 with its
13.4 BOAT SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
Boat Sampling Technique (BST) has been developed for obtaining

samples from the surface of any operating component. The
technique is a nondestructive surface sampling technique as it
does not cause any plastic deformation or thermal degradation
of the operating component. BST can be used, remotely and in
water-submerged condition, with the help of a handling
m ech an is m . The sampl es are boat- shaped, h a v in g
3 mm maximum thickness and require 180 minutes for getting
Sampling Module-1
scooped from a location. The samples are used for
metallurgical analysis to confirm the integrity of the operating
component. BST incorporates mainly sampling module, handling
mechanism and electric and pneumatic sub-systems.
Based on specific requirements, two types of sampling modules

have been developed. Sampling Module-1 has been developed
Sampling Module-2
Sample from SS Plate

Reactor Components
Handling Mechanism is being done and qualification of the whole

system is under progress. Boat Sample from soft material has
been obtained as preliminary qualification of the system. Full
scale mock-up is being planned and in near future the system
shall be deployed at TAPS.
Sampling Module-2 has been developed for obtaining in-situ

samples from flat plate and from any cylindrical vessel, having a
diameter of more than 9 inches. This technique is proposed to
be used at the Heavy Water Plant at Baroda in near future, for
obtaining boat samples from the Ammonia Converter.
13.5 HYDROGEN CHARGING AND STUDIES OF Schematic of the experimental set-up
HYDROGEN INDUCED DEGRADATION

MECHANISMS IN ZIRCONIUM ALLOY 40 ppm of hydrogen. The schematic of the experimental set-up
PRESSURE TUBE SPOOL PIECE is shown below.
It is well known that hydrogen, when present in zirconium alloys Several other studies like growth of hydride blisters, crack
manifests into problems like hydride blistering, hydrogen propagation by DHC mechanism under the simulated in-reactor
embrittlement and propagation of flaw introduced either condition of pressure and temperature and hydride
during service or in the manufacturing process by Delayed embrittlement etc., have been planned. Development of
Hydride Cracking (DHC) mechanism. These hydrogen-induced technique for in-situ measurement of hydrogen is being carried
degradations limit the safe operating life of Zirconium alloy out.
pressure tubes and hence are required to be studied for
(i) understanding their mechanisms and (ii) quantification of the These studies will not only help in understanding the
extent of damage by each of them on periodic basis under mechanisms in a better way but also help in strengthening the
in-reactor conditions. Several experimental and analytical in-house developed numerical models for these damaging
mechanisms.
.
studies related to these phenomena have been carried out world
wide and are still being done. Most of the published research
work is limited to small specimens and very few of them have Growth and Characterisation Studies of
been carried out on actual component. Difficulty in charging Hydride Blister
hydrogen in a large length of Pressure tube could be the prime
reason for lesser number of above studies on the actual The experiment of growing multiple blisters in a zirconium alloy
component. pressure tube piece under the simulated in-reactor pressure and
temperature condition was carried out in an experimental facility
The technology for accelerated but controlled charging of called ‘High Temperature Loop’ (HTL). A total of 10 blisters were
hydrogen in large length of pressure tube piece has been planned to grow on the hydrogen charged Zr-2.5%Nb pressure
developed over the past few years. In this, zirconium alloy tube spool piece. These were symmetrically located with respect
pressure tube piece filled with 1.0 M (or higher) aqueous solution to tube ends in two groups of five each. The axial separation
of lithium hydroxide and hydraulically sealed at both the ends is between the two groups was 50 mm. Within the group, the
heated to 300 C for several hours ranging from 50 hrs – 300 hrs
o blisters were located at different angular positions.
depending upon the amount of hydrogen to be charged.
Typically, 50 hrs of experiment will charge nearly 30 ppm –

Reactor Components
Experimental Set-up
The experimental set-up consisted of a 160 mm long Zr-2.5%Nb

alloy pressure tube piece hydraulically sealed at its both ends by Zoomed View showing the arrangement
SS flanges with the help of SS304 spiral wound graphite gasket of Brass Cooling Cones
of 4 mm thickness and 5 mm radial width and 6 high strength

Carbon Steel studs.
them. The photographs presented in figures show the actual
assembly of the experimental set-up.
Hollow brass cones of different tip diameters (3 mm – 8 mm)
were used for simulation of cold spots on the outside surface of
Experimental Conditions
pressure tube piece. The temperature of the cold spots was
maintained between 30 – 40o C by circulating cold water through
Th e t e mp e r a t u r e and pressure of 280O C and
90 Kg/cm2 respectively were maintained during the period of the
experiment. The pH was maintained around 9 – 10.5. The flow
rate was maintained around 10 – 15 lpm.
The experiment was conducted for 30 days. During this period,

all the above parameters defining the experimental conditions
were meticulously maintained. After the experiment was over,
the piece of the pressure tube was removed from the assembly
for visual observations and other examinations.
Characterisation of the blisters
Experimentally grown blisters were characterised by various non-

destructive and destructive techniques to find the size, shape,
integrity, depth etc. The techniques used included neutron
radiography, video-microscopy, 3D surface profiling, scanning
electron microscopy and optical microscopy. Examination
showed that blisters in the tube were of different sizes. The
smaller hydride blisters were free from cracks but larger ones
having depth of more than 0.4 mm were cracked.
Experimental set-up connected High Temperature Loop

Reactor Components
0.4mm deep blister

blister.. (Clock wise from top:
video image, 3D surface profile, neutron
radiograph and cross section of blister).
The figure gives video-microscope image on the tube surface,

the 3D surface profile of the blister, the neutron radiograph of
blister and the cross section of the hydride blister. The blister is
very small in size Its diameter is about 1.1mm and depth about

Reactor Components
Schematic of Assembly of Blistered Pressure tube

Piece to be Subjected to Burst Test
Observations on a small blister
with a thudding sound. The unique feature of this bursting was

that the crack length was extending from one end to another
0.3 mm. The image of the blister cross section shows that blister
and it had passed through the middle of both the blisters falling
is free from any cracks even though the tube was internally
in one line. The picture of the cracked pressure tube is shown
pressurized during the experiment.
below.
All the blisters present in the tube had lenticular shape, which
was similar to those observed in irradiated tubes.
. Burst Test of the Blistered Tube
The blistered tube was sealed at both the ends with

SS Flanges and SS304 serrated metallic gaskets.
The sealing load was applied by 6 high strength carbon steel
studs. The schematic of the assembly is shown below.
The sealed assembly was connected to a reciprocating type

hydraulic pump. Before the start of the pressurising process, the
assembly was kept inside a chamber made of 10 mm thick and
8” carbon steel pipe. The tube was pressurised in the step of
20 Kg/cm2. It was held for 10 minutes at each pressure. In this Cracked Blistered Zr-2.5%Nb Pressure tube piece
way, the pressure was raised up to 380 Kg/Cm2 at which it burst

Reactor Components
The yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the material designed to dislodge and remove sludge from secondary side of
of test pressure tube was not been measured at that moment. In tube sheet of mushroom type steam generators of PHWRs. This
these circumstances, the strength revealed by the burst test equipment comprises of
.
was compared with that available in the literature. In the
transverse direction, UTS of a CW Zr-2.5% Nb tube produced by Closed loop de-mineralised water circulation system
NFC, India, was found to be 641 MPa whereas the burst test of
the blistered tube revealed the value to be around 430 MPa. This
. High-pressure remote lancing Jet Manipulator
Assembly (JMA)
.
conclusively proves that the blistered tube is likely to fail at a
pressure much lower than that actually given by UTS. The extent Remote Visual Inspection System (RVIS)
of decrease in the burst pressure will depend upon the size of
hydride blister(s). In the present case depths of the cracked
. Instrumentation & control system.
blisters have been observed to be around 600 microns.

The equipment is basically divided into six process modules,
specially designed JMA, control panels, electrical power supply
S.K. Sinha, <sunilks@barc.gov.in>
panel and RVIS. All dimensions of modules are within 2.8 m. The
modules are interconnected with suitable flexible hoses with cam
type quick release couplings. This entire system including JMA &
13.6 SLUDGE LANCING EQUIPMENT (SLE) RVIS is monitored and manouvered by electronic instrumentation
and PLC-based supervisory control units. Successful working of
Periodic sludge lancing enhances steam generator life by sludge lancing equipment is demonstrated on a steam generator
mitigating corrosion between its tubes and tube sheet. mock up. The schematic flow diagram of the sludge lancing
The present modular sludge lancing equipment has been equipment is shown below.
System description

Reactor Components
The six process modules comprise: operated double diaphragm pump (EP-1 or EP-2) capable of
.
handling 0 to 18.0 m3 / hour of sludge water. This sludge water
Air-operated double diaphragm pumps for removing is passed through the rotary cleaner and further filtered using
the sludge water mixture, basket and cartridge filter stages before being circulated to the
.
high-pressure triplex pump. The discharge of the triplex pump is
Sludge tank and Rotary Cleaner for removing sludge connected to the nozzle head of the jet manipulator assembly.
particles above 100 μ;
.
The specially designed compact pneumatically-operated
30 μ, 2 μ & 0.5 μ filter assemblies for removal of manipulator carrying the nozzle head assembly (Jet manipulator
dislodged sludge, assembly) moves in forward and reverse directions, in the no
.
tube lane by gripping to the steam generator tubes. The nozzle
Storage tank with 4 cubic meter capacity and centrifugal head is also moved vertically up/down for effective lancing. The
pumps for circulation camera positioning, control and lighting module of the Remote
.
Visual Inspection System (RVIS) are connected to another
High pressure Triplex Plunger pump for generating pneumatically operated manipulator, for visual inspection of the
high-pressure water at 250 bar at a flow of 250 lpm. tube sheet. The camera module of the RVIS houses four CCD
cameras with 75,50,25 & 4 mm focal lengths and light source.
The pan & tilt mechanism gives angular orientation to the camera
The high pressure lancing water in the nozzle head assembly module. The process modules are located in the ground floor
generates multiple high velocity jets along the 3 mm wide inter and the manipulators & valve control stations are located close
tube lanes of the steam generator to clean the tube sheet. This to the steam generator in the SG floor.
high-pressure water jet dislodges the sludge from the secondary
side of steam generator tubes (of limited heights ~ 150 mm) The equipment is maneuvered remotely from two control
and tube sheet face, which gets collected on the bottom tube consoles. The interlocked equipment and manipulator controls
sheet. This is extracted to Sludge Tank (ST-1) by self-priming air are implemented using networked PLC-based control system.

Reactor Components
Air operated diaphragm pumps Sludge tank (ST-1), Centrifugal Pump Main storage tank (ST-2)
(EP-1 and EP-2), (BP-1), Rotary Cleaner (RC)
High pressure Triplex plunger pump (TP) Main control panel
Important equipment of the sludge lancing system

Reactor Components
Performance evaluation of lancing nozzles
Snapshots of the ceremony of handing over of sludge lancing system to NPCIL, attended
by
Chairman, AEC, Director, BARC, CMD, NPCIL

Seismic, Structural and LBB Studies
14 . SEISMIC, STRUCTURAL AND LBB STUDIES
INTRODUCTION
This chapter contains articles on analytical and experimental simulation for structural qualification of reactor components and systems
under normal, upset and accident conditions. Development of methodologies for meeting Leak before Break (LBB) criteria for high
pressure and temperature piping systems under all conditions, fracture studies on various piping components, generation of valuable
information by testing large piping components, analytical and experimental studies of bimetallic weld joints and development and
testing of energy absorbing devices like Elasto Plastic Dampers (EPDs) and Lead Extrusion Dampers (LEDs), are some of the important
research activities highlighted in this chapter.

14.1 CYCLIC FRACTURE INVESTIGATION ON significant reduction in the fracture resistance under cyclic loading
STRAIGHT PIPES UNDER REVERSIBLE conditions.
LOADING
The current Leak Before Break (LBB) assessment is based primarily

on the monotonic fracture tearing instability. The maximum
design accident load is compared with the fracture-tearing
resistance load. The effect of cyclic loading has generally not
been considered in the fracture assessment of nuclear power
plant piping. Indian nuclear power reactors consider Operational-
Basis-Earthquake (OBE) and Safe-Shutdown-Earthquake (SSE)
events in the design of various structures, systems and
components. It is a well-known fact that the reversible cyclic
Schematic Diagram of the Cyclic Tearing Test
loading decreases the fracture resistance of the material, which
leads to increased crack growth. Unlike monotonic fracture, in
cyclic fracture, the instability depends on the full load history
and on parameters such as loading ratio, loading range and
number of load cycles. A cracked component, which is safe for
monotonic load, may fail in limited number of cycles when
subjected to fully reversible cyclic load of same amplitude.
Keeping this in view a series 23 tests have been carried out on
circumferentially through wall cracked seamless and
circumferential seam welded straight pipes under reversible cyclic
bending loading. Out of the 23 tests, 15 were on SA333 Gr.6
Carbon Steel Pipes and the remaining 8 on AISI Type 304 LN
Stainless Steel Pipes. The carbon steel grade is same as that of the
Indian 500 MWe Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor’s (PHWR)
Primary Heat Transport (PHT) system and the stainless steel grade Image of a tested pipe
is the proposed material for Advanced Heavy Water Reactor’s

AHWR PHT system. The investigations have been carried out for
both load and displacement controlled loadings. All the tests
have been conducted under quasi-static i.e. slow loading rates
simulating only the cyclic nature of the loading, which has
substantial effect on the fracture resistance of the material. The
cyclic test results have been compared with the corresponding
monotonic pipe fracture test results.
The comparison of the displacement controlled quasi-static cyclic

test and the corresponding quasi-static monotonic test results
shows that the cyclic loading has less influence on the maximum
load carrying capacity but there is significant loss in the energy
absorbing capability of the piping during the cyclic loading.
Comparision of the J-R curves from cyclic fracture tests calculated
using the envelope curve and η factor procedure, with the Comparison of the load versus load line
displacement curves of displacement controlled
corresponding monotonic test J-R curve shows that there is
cyclic and corresponding monotonic test results.

load cycles) in term of the percent of monotonic critical load.

For the postulated 50 cycles of high amplitude loading, the
failure load reduces to 78% of the monotonic failure load for
the base material and to 74% of the monotonic failure load for
weld material.
The crack growth in cyclic tearing consists two parts, one is

crack growth due to low cycle fatigue and the other is due to
static tearing. Few load-controlled tests have been investigated
in detail with the objective to establishing a methodology for
prediction of instability and failure life under fully reversible cyclic
loads. In the study crack growth by both, fatigue (under large
Comparison of the J-R Curves Displacement Controlled scale yielding i.e. Low Cycle Fatigue Crack Growth) and static
Cyclic Tearing Tests and corresponding Monotonic fracture have been considered. The cycle-by-cycle crack growth
Fracture Test
contribution by both the modes has been calculated and then
accumulated predicted crack growth has been plotted against
number of cycles.
The load controlled quasi-static cyclic tests shows the importance
of the number of the load cycles in the fracture assessment of
piping subjected to cyclic loading event. The cyclic fracture tests
have shown that the pipes may fail in limited number of load
cycles with the load amplitude sufficiently below the monotonic
fracture/collapse load . A simplified material specific (for SA333Gr6
carbon steel) master curve has been generated directly from
these pipe cyclic tearing tests. The master curve is the plot of the
cyclic load amplitude (given as % of maximum load recorded in
corresponding monotonic fracture test) versus number of load
cycles to fail (Nf). This curve can readily be used in the current
practice for LBB qualification for evaluating the
critical load (which accounts for cyclic damage and number of
Crack growth ‘Δa’ versus Number of

cycles for load controlled cyclic
tearing tests ‘QCSP-8-60-L2-CSB
These experiments highlight the need of modifying the current

LBB design rules (i.e. allowable load limits for peak dynamic loads
at various postulated crack locations) to make the LBB design
more realistic.
Normalised Load Amplitude versus Number Suneel Gupta, <suneelkg@barc.gov.in>

of load cycles to fail (N f) curves Load
Controlled cyclic tests having Load ratio –1.

14.2 FRACTURE EXPERIMENTS ON PIPING

COMPONENTS
Leak-Before-Break (LBB) concept is now universally used to

design the Primary Heat Transport (PHT) piping of the
Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWR). The same is being
followed to design the newly built Indian PHWRs. This concept
aims at the application of fracture mechanics principle to
demonstrate that pipes are unlikely to experience catastrophic
break without prior indication of leakage. This requires detailed
Photograph of pipe fracture test
fracture mechanics analysis of different piping components e.g.
straight pipes, elbows and branch tees. There are several issues in
fracture mechanics analysis that requires experimental
validation, for example, transferability of specimen fracture
resistance data to component level, method of extrapolation of
fracture resistance curve beyond test range, lack of sufficient
elbow fracture test data to validate various new developments.
Against this background, a comprehensive Component Integrity
Test Program was initiated to address these unresolved issues.
Total 45 fracture tests were carried out at SERC, Chennai on Crack growth in a surface cracked pipe in
27 pipes and 18 elbows made of PHT carbon steel material carbon steel pipe
SA333Gr6 of 8-16 inch diameter with various crack

configurations subjected to bending moment loading.
During the fracture experiments, load, load line displacement,
crack growth, crack opening displacement at various locations
of the notch were measured continuously during experiments.
A new image processing system SPIAS was developed to measure
crack growth during fracture experiments.
Figures show the experimental set up for fracture tests and

also some typical out-of-plane crack growth in carbon steel
pipes and elbows. Figures also show the role of stress tri-axiality
in the transfer of J-R curve from small laboratory specimen
to component. These test results form a valuable database
for experimental validation of any new theoretical
developments in future related to the integrity assessment
methodology of piping components.
Elbow fracture test set up

Typical out-of-plane crack growth in carbon steel pipe

14.3 PROPOSING NEW EQUATIONS TO

EVALUATE FRACTURE PARAMETERS OF
PIPING COMPONENTS
Simple analytical formula to evaluate fracture parameters of

components often simplifies the integrity assessment. While many
formulae are available for pipes, very few are available for one of
the important piping components, namely, elbows. These
equations are especially useful for Leak-Before-Break
calculations of PHT piping components of Indian PHWR.
Crack opening of a throughwall-cracked

elbow in carbon steel pipe
Surface plot of weakening factor (symbols

show the FE data points and wire mesh
shows the smoothened surface)
Variation of stress-triaxiality (A nq ) near crack tip
with crack driving force (J-integral)
New closed-form equations have been proposed for the following

cases :
. To evaluate stress intensity factors of throughwall cracked

elbow under combined internal pressure and bending
moment. These equations were recommended by
European Structural Integrity code SINTAP for integrity
assessment of cracked elbows.
. To evaluate limit moment of throughwall circumferentially

cracked elbows under in-plane closing and opening
bending moments.
Identical J-R curves of specimens, pipes and

. To estimate elastic-plastic J-integral and Crack Opening
elbows having identical stress-triaxiality

Displacement (COD) of throughwall circumferentially
cracked elbow under closing moment.
Dr.J.Chattopadhyay, <jchatt@barc.gov.in> . To evaluate limit moment of defect-free elbows under

combined internal pressure and bending moment.

. Limit load based general expressions of ‘η’ and ‘γ’

functions to evaluate fracture resistance (J-R) curve from
test data.
All these newly proposed equations have been validated with the
experimental data, generated under Component Integrity Test
Program and also available in the literature. Large number of
research papers have been published in international journals
based on these works.
Figure shows the surface plot of weakening factor (ML/Mo), crack

angle (2θ) and radius to thickness (R/t) ratio for throughwall
circumferentially cracked elbows subjected to closing bending
Comparison of test data with predictions of the
moment. Table and figure show the comparison of test data newly proposed Crack Opening Displacement (COD)
with the predictions of the newly proposed closed-form estimation scheme for throughwall
circumferentially cracked elbow under closing moment
equations.
Comparison of experimental collapse moments with theoretical predictions

(The bracketed numbers indicate the percentage difference with J.Chattopadhyay, <jchatt@barc.gov.in>
respect to experimental values)

14.4 DEMONSTRATION OF LEAK BEFORE BREAK

DESIGN CRITERIA FOR PIPES OF PHT SYSTEM
PHWR
Fail-safe design criteria such as Leak-Before-Break (LBB) based

on fracture mechanics concepts requires the demonstration of
integrity of the piping system by showing that unstable crack
growth will not occur before a crack penetrates the wall thickness,
nor will it occur for a through-wall leakage size flaw. LBB
evaluation is divided in three levels. In level-1, it is shown that in
view of the stringent specifications in material, design, fabrication,
inspection and testing, there will be no crack initiation, thus
avoiding the possibility of crack propagation. In level-2, it is Maximum crack depth Vs number of cycles for
different initial crack depth and R=0.5
postulated that a crack of certain length and depth has escaped
detection. But, it can be shown that for the duration of plant

life this crack will not grow enough to penetrate the wall, let
alone cause catastrophic failure. In level-3, it is postulated that
the crack has penetrated the wall and showed that the resultant
through-wall crack is stable, produces leakage in sufficient
quantity to enable detection and corrective action can be taken
before it becomes critical.
Studies have been carried out on 28 carbon steel pipes and pipe
elbows to demonstrate the leak before break design criterion
and validate the analytical procedures. Summary of the typical
results for 200 NB pipes and elbows having part through notch
is given below.
In case of pipes, number of cycles to crack initiation can be

predicted well by evaluating local stress based on a fracture
mechanics approach. For the typical stress range expected in the
Test set-up Crack shape at different intervals of cyclic loading

piping of PHWR, the number of cycles to crack initiation is very 14.5 FATIGUE AND FRACTURE RESISTANCE OF
large compared to the expected number of cycles. Paris constants AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL PIPE AND
obtained from the standard specimens can be used directly for PIPE WELDS
crack growth rate analysis of pipes. The use of the fatigue crack
growth curve given in ASME Section XI will produce a conservative A component integrity test program was started to evaluate the
result. Even after crack initiation, the number of cycles required fatigue and fracture behaviour of the main heat transport system
for the crack to grow through-wall is enormously large thus piping of the Advanced Heavy Water Reactors. Under this
satisfying LBB level-2 criteria. The ratio of moment required to program, extensive studies have been carried out on pipe and
cause instability to the moment expected during SSE is more pipe welds of austenitic stainless steel material (type 304LN).
than √2 , thus Tests on full-scale pipe welds using different welding processes
satisfying the LBB are rare. The effects of crack shape evolution during crack growth
level-3 criterion. for different initial aspect ratio on fatigue life prediction have
also been studied.
In case of elbows,
crack initiation has Results of the studies on crack resistance behaviour of the
been observed from austenitic stainless steel pipe and pipe welds along with CT
the inside as well as specimens can be summarized as: For the typical stress range
outside surface of the expected in the piping of AHWR, the number of cycles to crack
crown region of the initiation is very large as compared to the expected number of
elbow irrespective of cycles. Fatigue crack growth also depends on the aspect ratio.
the nature of stress Aspect ratio (2C/a) at the point of through thickness lies in the
(i.e. tensile or range of 3 to 4 irrespective of the initial notch aspect ratio . This
compressive). Crack provides justification for the usual assumption in LBB that for a
growth from the reasonable part through crack the length at break out (leakage
outer and inner size crack) is not likely to be more than that is normally assumed.
surface in thickness Crack growth in surface direction is more for the aspect ratio
direction is shown in greater than 4 as compared to thickness direction. Notch of
figure. The two cracks semi circular front (2C/a=2) maintains its shape till through
join to produce thickness. Number of cycles required for crack to grow through
through wall crack. thickness is very large compared to expected during plant life.
There i s no c r a c k The use of the fatigue crack growth curve given in ASME Section
growth under XI will produce a conservative result. Fracture resistance properties
monotonic loading of the pipe and pipe welds prepared by GTAW are comparable
for the elbow having whereas that of pipe welds prepared by GTAW+SMAW is on
through wall crack at lower side. Initiation of crack growth starts prior to the maximum
the crown. Failure of moment attained by the pipe welds. For the base material the
the elbow has been growth is negligible or small. For GTA weld the growth is
observed by net marginally higher than base. There is substantial growth of crack
section collapse. in case of pipe welds (GTAW+SMAW) shown in figure. Because
of crack growth limit load expression available for the pipes gives
non-conservative results. This non-conservatism gets enhanced
Cracked Elbow
in pipe welds of GTAW+SMAW. Suitable multiplication factor
of 0.85 for GTAW and 0.7 for SMAW has been suggested for
J.Chattopadhyay, <jchatt@barc.gov.in>
conservative prediction of limit load based on flow stress
P. K.Singh, RSD, <pksingh@barc.gov.in>
of the base material.

Variation of aspect ratio with crack growth

Comparison of crack growth curve
Fracture surface showing crack shape
Comparison of crack growth rate

curve from pipe and ASME
Comparison of bending rotation for Comparison of tearing property

pipe and pipe welds of pipe and pipe welds

14.6 FATIGUE-RATCHETING INVESTIGATIONS

ON PRESSURISED PIPES, ELBOWS AND
PIPING LOOP
The Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) piping components, which are

under high pressure, are subjected to large amplitude reversible
cyclic loading during the earthquake event. During this event
the stresses may exceed the elastic limit of piping material. In
this situation there is a strong possibility of accumulation of
plastic strain by ratchet action in addition to the low cycle fatigue
Crack growth in base (300NB)
damage. Ratcheting can substantially reduce the fatigue life and
lead to failure due to excessive plastic strain accumulation.
To understand the failure phenomena, 3 the

fatigue-ratcheting experiment on 200 NB Sch 100 size pipes
were conducted at IIT, Madras. The phenomenon of ratcheting
was clearly observed. The pipe bulged under the application
of constant internal pressure and cyclic bending moment
applied through actuators. The circumferential strain
increased with number of cycles before the final rupture
at bulged portion.
Crack growth in base (150NB)
Crack growth in weld (GTAW+SMAW,300NB)
Bulging of pipe due to ratchetting
Similar studies were carried out on 90o elbows at IIT, Bombay.

These tests have been carried out under constant internal pressure
(0.3σys - 0.7σys hoop stress) and large amplitude (approximately
3-4Sm) cyclic displacement controlled loading. In all the tests,
the elbows have failed at crown location (axial through wall
crack formed at crown location), in limited number of cycles
Crack growth in weld (GTAW 150NB) (100- 400 cycles).

Significant ballooning (8-12%) has taken place with simultaneous

fatigue damage, which is followed by crack initiation and growth
till it becomes through wall thickness. Figures show the
accumulation of local hoop strain at crown and gross hoop
strain i.e. dilation/ballooning of the elbow cross section (increase
in crown-crown and extrados-intrados diameter). For detecting
the crack initiation, various techniques such as Acoustic Emission
Technique (AET), Ultrasound Technique (UT) and Magnetic
Barkhausen Noise Technique (MBT) have been used and consistent
readings obtained.
After performing the above component tests, a piping loop was

subjected to ratcheting test on a shake table, thus
Circumferential Strain Accumulation simulating the earthquake loading. Again there was strain
accumulation followed by failure due to fatigue-ratchetting.
Schematic of Elbow Ratcheting Test Setup

Hoop strain vs Number of cycles at crown
Failure of elbow ratcheting test % change in diameter vs number of cycles

Piping loop on shaketable

Ratchet Assessment Diagram (RAD) for 10 cycles
Prediction of ballooning vs Number of cycles

and comparison with test result
Strain Accumulation vs. no. of cycles

Following conclusions can be drawn:
On the analytical front, biaxial ratcheting analysis has been carried . The phenomenon of ratcheting has been observed in
out on the pressurized pipe tubes subjected to reversible cyclic piping components when loaded by actuators as well as
axial strain loading. The radial dilation after 5, 10, 20, … load when loaded on shaketable.
.
cycles has been evaluated for various combinations of primary
and secondary stresses. Based on these the Ratchet Assessment In general, the number of cycles required to produce
Diagrams (RADs) have been developed for SA333Gr6 carbon significant ratcheting is quite large. Detailed Ratcheting
steel material. The RADs are the plot of iso-strain (i.e. Assessment can help in reducing the conservatism in the
accumulated plastic strain after ‘N’ number of cycles) curves on seismic design of piping.
.
‘stress amplitude (secondary load)’ and ‘hoop stress (primary
load)‘ plane and provide a simplified way of ratchetting Further studies are required to formulate design rules to
assessment. account for this phenomenon.
The ballooning in the elbow tests was predicted from these RADs.
The comparison of the predicted and experimental values is Suneel Gupta, <suneelkg@barc.gov.in>
reasonably good.

14.7 RATCHETING STUDIES OF PIPING old and new PHWR respectively and 304L for AHWR. Ratcheting
MATERIALS FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS studies are being carried out on the above mentioned materials
both at the lab specimen and component level. The objective of
Ratcheting is defined as the accumulation of strain during the studies is to determine the most important factors leading
asymmetrical stress cycling in a material. This is quite significant to ratcheting, derive design criteria based on experiments and
as for a suitable combination of mean and cyclic loads there can finally validation of design in component level tests. Finite Element
be large deformations in the structure. In piping materials, even Analysis and modeling based on various coupled kinematic
at room temperature significant ratcheting strain accumulation hardening rules will be also used to predict the ratcheting
has been found both at specimen level and in actual piping behavior.
component. The seismic design aspect of piping components
receives high importance and is met through a conservative design An experiment has been conducted on a straight pipe subjected
practice, which leads to increase in cost of building nuclear to internal pressure and cyclic bending load. Cyclic bending load
facilities. It has therefore been realized that in order to develop has been applied to the pipe in three point and four point bend
realistic design code rules ensuring safety against seismic loads test configurations. Finite Element Analysis also has been carried
experimental ratcheting data needs to be determined. PHWR out to simulate ratcheting phenomenon. The pipe is modeled
and the proposed AHWR have an elaborate piping network to using large strain plastic shell element and analyzed for constant
cater to the PHT requirements of the respective nuclear reactors. internal pressure. Chaboche non-linear kinematic hardening model
They are primarily made up of SA 106 B and SA 333 Gr 6 for the is used for predicting ratcheting response.
Hoop strain vs. Number of Cycles for 3-point bend test on straight pipe

At system level, a 3 D piping system has been tested to study

ratcheting phenomenon under earthquake loading. The piping
system is made of carbon steel grade SA 106 Gr B, Schedule 40.
The piping system is supported on a single U-clamp and its both
ends are anchored to shake table. A tri-axial shake table system
with six degrees of freedom and ten ton payload capacity has
been used for the tests. The piping system is pressurized with
water and is subjected to a series of seismic waves. Strains are
recorded at different locations of the piping system. Ratcheting
has been observed at various locations of anchors and elbows.
The strain histories at different locations of the piping are shown
in figures.
Strain time history at elbow of piping system
14.8 INVESTIGATIONS ON IN-ELASTIC

BEHAVIOUR AND EFFECTIVENESS OF
RE-STRENGTHENING METHOD OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM
COLUMN JOINTS
Reinforced concrete structure undergoes deterioration under

various environmental and loading conditions during its lifetime.
Beam-column joints are critical sub-assemblages in reinforced
concrete structure. Under a severe earthquake, inelastic behavior
Test setup of the piping system
of these joints plays an important role in absorbing the energy
by the hysteretic behavior. Hysteretic behavior of joint primarily
depends upon its ductility, which in turn depends upon
reinforcement detailing. Ductility is defined as capacity of member
to sustain inelastic deformations without failure. In seismic
re-evaluation of old structures and evaluation of collapse load
for new structure, information related to ductility ratio and
degradation characteristics is vital. The collapse load of a structure
is that ultimate load pattern beyond which it will form a
mechanism leading to instability and thereby collapse. It is required
to ascertain that non-safety related structure would not fall on
the safety related structures. The main aim of this project is to
quantify the ductility factors available as prescribed by Indian
standards. This information will be helpful in the seismic re-
evaluation and seismic retrofitting of the reinforced concrete
Strain time history at anchor of piping system structure. This experimental scheme is focused on detailing
aspects and their influence on inelastic behavior of joints. About
M. K. Agrawal, A. Ravi Kiran, G. R. Reddy, 48 joints representing our existing structures with varying
<mkagra@barc.gov.in> cross-sections and reinforcement details are being tested.
Till now, testing of 16 joints has been successfully completed.

Load deflection characteristic of Beam-Column

tested under monotonic loading at SERC, Chennai.
An analytical model is developed which is validated with

experiment that can be used for nonlinear analysis of reinforced
concrete structures. This data is useful to our DAE for seismic
reevaluation of old structures, formulation of new codes and
development of strong database in this frontier.
Test set-up at SERC, Chennai
Testing arrangement at IIT Mumbai
Old structures built as per standard available then; or the

structure, which has seen some damage, may need some
strengthening to sustain earthquakes of greater intensity. Fiber
reinforced composites is one of the emerging material used for
repairing and re-strengthening of the reinforced concrete
structures. This activity deals with experimental and analytical
investigation of the inelastic behavior of reinforced concrete
beam-column joints under monotonic and quasi-cyclic loading.
The tested joints are being repaired using fiber reinforced
Crack pattern at ultimate stage for joint
tested under monotonic loading composites and again tested to check their re-strengthening
capacity.

Force Displacement Characteristics of EPD

Experimental Results of joint under quasi
cyclic loading conducted at IIT, Mumbai
stable yielding deformation, resulting in high levels of energy
dissipation or damping. The area of this force displacement
K.N. Vaity, <keshavnv@barc.gov.in> relationship gives the energy dissipated by damper plate.
14.9 ENERGY ABSORBING DEVICES FOR

SEISMIC RESPONSE REDUCTION
One of the ways of reducing seismic response is by using snubbers,

which permit low thermal movement but arrest the fast seismic
movement. However, snubbers are costly and require periodic
maintenance. Therefore there is thinking in favour of using energy
absorbers in place of snubbers to reduce the seismic response in
PHWR equipment and piping systems. Energy absorbers like
Elasto-Plastic Dampers (EPDs) and Lead Extrusion Dampers (LEDs) Comparison of response of piping
absorb large part of vibration energy and lesser energy is system with and without EPD
transmitted to piping systems and equipment.
Elasto-plastic dampers were fabricated and tested for its

Elasto-plastic Dampers, based on plastic deforming steel plates,
characteristics.. Shake table tests were performed on piping
consist of X-shaped plates. These plates sustain many cycles of
Comparison of test and analysis

Elasto-plastic Damper response of piping system with EPD

systems with EPDs. Subsequently the EPD was incorporated in a Lead Extrusion Dampers work on the principle of extrusion of
piping loop at SERC (Chennai) and the response of the loop with lead. LED absorbs vibration energy by plastic deformation of
and without EPD was measured. It is seen that there is significant lead and thereby mechanical energy is converted to heat. On
reduction in the response of the piping system. Nonlinear being extruded lead re-crystallizes immediately and recovers its
dynamic analysis was also carried out on the piping and the
methodology was validated by comparison with test results . A
complex piping with and without EPDs was also tested on shake
table at CPRI (Bangalore) and the reduction in the response of
the piping is observed.
Lead Extrusion Damper.
Complex piping system on shake table

showing location of Damper attached
Test carried out on Lead Extrusion
original mechanical properties before next extrusion. The area of

force displacement relationship of the damper gives the energy
dissipated in the extrusion of lead. Lead extrusion Damper of 15
tonnes capacity was designed and fabricated. Static and dynamic
tests are carried out on the LED at SERC Madras. The desired
hysteretic characteristics were demonstrated by this test. One
possible application of the LED is in the seismic response reduction
of coolant channel when it is coupled to the fuelling machine.
Comparison of response of the piping system
with and without damper The load transmitted to the coolant channel is significantly
reduced when the LEDs are attached to the F/Ms. Shake table

In BARC, comprehensive studies were performed at the

specimen level. The classical upper bound approach of limit
analysis was modified to include the presence of compressive
zones in specimens subjected to predominant bending load.
Theoretical plane-strain solutions were obtained for standard
SENB, TPB and CT specimens and were compared with the
classical slip-line field solutions. In order to determine the
fracture properties, experiments were performed on cracked
specimen to obtain their load-deflection behaviour. This load
deflection curve is then converted into J-R curve with the help
of plastic eta (η p) functions. For the case of homogeneous
Hysteretic Force displacement characteristics
specimens eta functions are available in ASTM (E 813-88)
of LED (Theoretical and Experimental)
standards. The theoretical solutions obtained from the
developed modified upper bound approach reveals that
tests are planned on vessels restrained by Lead Extrusion Dampers. compared with the η-factor for a homogeneous specimen a soft
under-matched weld will increase it while a hard over-matched
weld will decrease its value. This observation is in accordance
with the findings of other researchers working in this area. This
Y.M. Parulekar, <yogitap@barc.gov.in>
means that the current J-integral estimation equations may
underestimate the J-integral for under-matched welds but will
over-estimate them for over-matched welds. The modified
14.10 STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY ASSESSMENT upper bound approach was also used to obtain accurate plastic
OF BIMETALLIC WELDED JOINTS rotation factors (rp) for bi-metallic specimens like SENB, TPB and
CT specimens. These plastic rotation factors would be used to
Structural integrity assessment of Bi-Metallic Welds (BMW) is an obtain CMOD based eta functions (ηCMOD) as they provide a more
important issue for the power plant and process industry. robust and accurate J-estimation. The developed limit load
Bi-metallic joints are often used to connect ferritic pressure
vessel nozzles or ferritic piping with austenitic piping. Recent
international surveys of such welded joints have shown that
there are several cracking problems, due to fabrication induced
defects, ageing, corrosion or thermal fatigue caused by
temperature changes during service life of plant. Defects in
structural components often occur within or near welds across
which tensile properties may vary significantly. This mismatch in
tensile properties can affect the plastic deformation pattern of
the defective component and hence the crack driving force such
as the J-integral or the crack tip opening displacement.
Structural integrity assessment methods for homogeneous
structures can be applied to welded structures if the tensile Existing conservatism in the traditional approach
properties of the weakest material are used. However such a
simplified approach can lead to an unduly conservative result. solutions of bi-metallic specimens were used to obtain the
Conventional defect assessment methods such as R6 and equivalent homogeneous model. This equivalent stress-strain
GE/EPRI etc. have been modified to incorporate strength curve can then be used in the available defect assessment
mismatch effects. All these defect assessment procedures procedures or Finite Element Analysis to evaluate crack driving
require an accurate estimate of the limit load. force like J-integral or crack tip opening displacement. A typical

From the experience gained at the

specimen level it can be
concluded that for an over-matched
weld plasticity development is more
in the base material. Since the
adjacent base material dissipate
a large amount of energy during
plastic deformation the standard
ASTM (E 813-88) procedure is likely
to give much higher fracture
toughness. This higher “apparent
fracture toughness” does not
Cracked Welded Pipe represent the real loading which
the crack tip is subjected to. As a
result, there is a need to develop new solutions of plastic eta
comparison of the J-integral obtained from the equivalent
functions (ηp) for cracked bi-metallic pipe so that correct fracture
stress-strain relationship to that obtained by using the
toughness can be obtained experimentally. In an under matched
conventional approach is indicated in the above figure.
weld plastic strains get concentrated within the weld and thus
the crack driving force is high. Narrow gap weld can reduce this
In past two decades considerable work has been done in the
mismatch effect if under matching is mild. However if under
area of integrity assessment of cracked welded fracture
matching is too severe than a very high constraint would be at
mechanics specimens. However, no such comprehensive work
the crack tip due to the adjacent harder material and thin welds
has yet been done regarding the
assessment of cracked
welded pipe joints. Conventional
welding procedures are
designed to achieve over-match
that provides a shielding effect
on the base metal. This is
important in so far as the weld
properties can be less well
controlled as compared to the
base metal. In order to understand
the mechanics and development
of plasticity pattern in cracked
welded pipes priority was given
to over-matched welded pipes.
Since limit load solutions are
already available for various
specimens, efforts were made to develop the limit load solution would be more detrimental and may show a brittle failure.
of cracked welded pipe joints from those of bi-metallic specimens.
The basic issue in developing the limit load solution is to make
equivalence between the geometrical characteristics of a pipe I.A. Khan, V. Bhasin, K.K. Vaze, A.K. Ghosh, H.S. Kushwaha,
and those of a specimen. Using an analogy with three point <ccss@barc.gov.in>
bend specimen, the limit load of a welded pipe having a through
wall circumferential crack has been obtained.

Engineering - on - line integrity
monitoring systems
15. ENGINEERING ONLINE INTEGRITY MONITORING SYSTEMS
INTRODUCTION
This chapter covers various research and developmental activities pertaining to the online integrity monitoring of the components of
Indian nuclear reactors. These systems help in advance planning of programmes for in-service inspection, maintenance and life extension
of the ageing components. Besides, such systems also help in taking timely action against any abnormal behaviours by detecting them
in advance.
Several systems for online monitoring have been developed and deployed in field. A real time creep and fatigue monitoring computa-
tional code BOSSES has also been developed.

monitoring systems
15.1 ON-LINE HEALTH MONITORING OF TURBINE 15.2 ONLINE CONDITION MONITORING SYSTEM
BLADES FOR THE MAIN COOLANT PUMP NO-3 OF
DHRUVA REACTOR
The rotating blades in a steam turbine are
one of the most critical components working round the clock in Main coolant pumps of Dhruva research reactor in Trombay, are
hostile steam environment. Due to the demand of high duty in continuous use since 1985 when the reactor was made
cycle and adverse working environment, there are number of critical. Over these years, these pumps have served the plant
very well. However, in the recent times, there have been a couple
of reactor outages due to non-availability of these pumps. Pump
breakdown has largely been due to ageing related
deteriorations. One of the early indicators of ageing in any
machinery is its vibrations history. Realising the importance of
the continuous availability of the pumps for the reactor
operation, an online vibration monitoring system has been
installed on pump No.3 in September 2004. The mounted
blade failures reported all over the world. Such incidences are a accelerometers on the bearings of the motor and the flywheel
safety hazard as well as economic burden on industry. are connected to a PC-based data acquisition and analysis
Presently, there is no commercial diagnostic package available system. The system keeps a trend of the key frequency
for monitoring the health of the turbine blades during components in the vibration signal that help in monitoring the
operation. With a view to fulfill this industrial requirement, BARC health of the bearing and the shaft. On two occasions, the
in collaboration with NPCIL and thermal power plants in private system has detected premature failure in the bearing. The plant
sector have developed a blade diagnostic system. The system is has made good use of the system in the way it takes advance
non-intrusive, i.e. it can be implemented in an operating plant action to replace the faulty bearing. The system is operating
and is cost effective. The system is tuned to detect satisfactorily without any breakdown so far. Based on the good
blade vibration caused by internal excitation during off design feedback, action has been taken to install similar system on all
working condition or due to other design deviation that affect the three pumps..
the blade dynamics. The technique has been implemented and
validated in nuclear and thermal power plants.
A. Ramarao, <arr@barc.gov.in>
A. Ramarao, <arr@barc.gov.in>

monitoring systems
15.3 REAL TIME CREEP-FATIGUE MONITORING

SYSTEM
Real time creep-fatigue monitoring system is a regulatory

requirement in power plants of many countries. Such a system
helps during in-service inspection, maintenance and life extension
program to generate database for future design.
A finite element based in-house system BOSSES has been

developed for such purpose.The system is in operation in heavy
water plants and NTPC Dadri plant for many years. The system
has three main modules
. data acquisition,
. finite element solver and
. visualization.
Above figures show some of the computed results by this

system for HRH pipe bend at NTPC plant over the period
of monitoring.
B.K.Dutta, <bkdutta@barc.gov.in>

Engineering - in - service inspection
& remote automated tools
16. ENGINEERING IN-SERVICE INSPECTION

& REMOTE AUTOMATED TOOLS
INTRODUCTION
This chapter summarises several technological developments that have taken place in the field of in-service inspection of the components,
repair of the faulty components and handling of emergency situations in nuclear reactors and other nuclear facilities. All these tools have
been developed to meet the challenging requirements of remote operation under the harsh environment of radiation, temperature and
pressure. In addition, fail safe design and easy installation and operation have also been the guiding philosophies to meet the requirements
of inherent safety and keeping the reactor outages and the manrem consumption to a minimum. Some of the important developments
are channel inspection tool “BARCIS”, radiation-resistant camera, In-situ Property Measurement tool (IProM), CHannel Isolation Plug
(CHIP), remotely operated hydraulic trolley with manipulator (ROHYTAM) and water hydraulic manipulators.

16.1 BARC CHANNEL INSPECTION SYSTEM

(BARCIS) FOR KAPS
BARC Channel Inspection System (BARCIS) is an indigenous tool

developed for in service inspection of coolant channels of
Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWR). BARCIS system for
KAPS was developed and supplied to KAPS in August 2003. This
system is being used for in-service inspection in units 1 &2 of
KAPS.
Full bore leak arresting device
R.K. Puri, <rkpuri@barc.gov.in>
16.2 RADIATION-RESISTANT CCTV CAMERA
CCTV cameras are used extensively in inaccessible areas for

monitoring as well as for visual inspection. Commonly available
BARCIS drive mechanism in fuelling CCD cameras have limited radiation life (in the order of few
machine vault of KAPS thousand rads). Hence for application in highly radioactive
areas, radiation-resistant CCTV cameras are needed.
BARCIS-KAPS system has been designed to be lightweight for To fulfill this requirement, radiation-resistant CCTV camera has
ease of installation and hence considerably reducing total Man been developed indigenously. This camera has been designed for
Rem expenditure. The new system will also facilitate accessibility inspection of coolant channels of PHWRs. The camera has a
to top row channels by the BARCIS. Till date four BARCIS radiation life of 100 Mega-Rads. This camera system has been
systems have been supplied to NPCIL and more than 900 coolant successfully used in calandria tube inspection (during EMCCR) of
channels have been inspected. units 1&2 of MAPS. The camera was also deployed for visual
inspection of channel K11 in the unit 1 of Kaiga atomic power
Technique for inspection of rolled joint has been developed and station.
is being used to qualify the rolled joint spools in unit 1 of MAPS
before re-tubing. This technique is also being integrated in the
BARCIS system and will be available as an inspection option in the
near future.
. Improved
equipment for BARCIS
contingency handling
A device for handling leakages for full coolant channel bore has
been developed and integrated as part of BARCIS contingency
handling equipment. The device is very easy to handle and can Radiation Resistant CCTV Camera System
arrest a full bore leak in 30 seconds.

Use of this camera in various waste management

facilities is being considered. The camera is also being
adopted for calandria vault inspection of unit 1 of
KAPS.
R.K. Puri, <rkpuri@barc.gov.in>
16.3 I N - S I T U P R O P E R T Y M E A S U R E M E N T
SYSTEM (IProMS)
A hydraulically-operated system called In-situ

Property Measurement System (IProMS) has been
developed to estimate the mechanical
properties of structural components. The technique is
based on ball indentation, in which, multiple
indentation cycles are made on the component using a
spherical indenter. A minimum of eight cycles is used and
each cycle consists of indentation, partial unload and
reload sequences. The load and corresponding
deformation are recorded during the test. An analysis of
the data recorded gives an estimate of the yield stress,
true stress-true plastic strain curve, UTS, strain hardening
exponent and Brinell hardness of the material.
IProMS.
User-friendly software has been developed for the purpose
of data acquisition, analysis and presentation of results.
The use of hydraulic method for application of load and
LVDT for measurement of deformation has enabled
reduction in the size of tool head such that it can be used
for measurement of mechanical properties of pressure
tube by doing indentation on the inside surface. The
same tool head can also be used for indentation on the
external surface of pipes or on specimens, with suitable
clamping.
A large number of experimental trials have been carried

out on specimens prepared from material with known
mechanical properties to establish the feasibility of using
hydraulic application of load for ball indentation trials.
Close comparison has been observed between the
mechanical properties estimated from conventional test
and ball indentation tests. IProMS has been designed
based on feedback from these trials.
IProMS tool head.

The load deformation curve and the flow curve, estimated for a station hydraulically connected by a long hose. Measuring
typical material during the feasibility studies are shown in station consists of piston, cylinder, lead screw and hand wheel.
figures. As the hand wheel is rotated, the piston of measuring station
moves forward. The volume of liquid moved by this piston
enters and creates equivalent space in the cylinder of the
inspection head. The tapered piston rod in the inspection head
push out the radial legs until the legs are in contact with the
inside diameter of the tube. The final contact point can be
established by a sudden rise in force i.e., pressure in closed
volume. The linear scale at the measuring station is graduated in
terms of diameter with respect to axial movement. The linear
scale is fixable in such a way that final position of hand wheel
gives the direct reading in terms of inside diameter.
Typical load deformation curve for SS 410.
Qualification was done in two stages. In the 1 st stage,
qualification trials were carried out in dry tube without seal plug
and its handling system. In 2nd stage, qualification trials were
carried out in water filled pressure tube at the coolant channel
mock-up facility at KAPS, NPCIL. Feasibility of operating
procedure, compatibility with the existing ISI seal plug and drive
tubes and accuracy of measurement was checked and found to
be satisfactory during qualification trials.
After successful qualification trials, the system was found to be

suitable for its use in the reactor. As part of further
development work, automation of the operating system is being
Typical variation of true stress vs true plastic strain
done to increase speed of operation and to reduce radiation
dose.
K. Madhusoodanan, <kmadhu@barc.gov.in>
16.4 H Y D R A U L I C INSIDE DIAMETER

MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
Inside diameter of pressure tube of coolant channel of

operating Indian Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs)
increases due to irradiation and creep under operating
conditions. A hydraulically-operated three legged
micrometer type inside diameter measuring instrument, named
HYRIM, was developed for measurement of inside diameter of
pressure tubes in wet channel condition during in-service
inspection (ISI) activities. It has a measurement accuracy of
0.1 mm and an inspection range of 82 to 92 mm.
Inspection head and measuring station of HYRIM

The system consists of an inspection head and a measuring

Working principle of HYRIM

Nirupam Das, <ndas@barc.gov.in>
16.5 DESIGN AND EVOLUTION OF MAN-REM

SAVING TOOLS FOR OPERATING PHWRs
In 220 MW(e) PHWR there are 306 coolant channels. Pressure

tube m at erial for these cool ant chan n e ls is
zircaloy–2 / Zr-2.5 Nb. Coolant channel is the important
component of the Primary Heat Transport (PHT) System.
Heavy Water (D2O) circulates at high pressure (100 kg/cm2) and
high temperature (565 K) through PHT as coolant. Presence of
radiation deteriorates the material properties. Each coolant
channel has seal plug on either side to facilitate refuelling. To
enhance the performance of the PHWRs, life management
programme for coolant channels plays a major role. For
found suitable. A tool is developed which can hold the sensor in
satisfactory service life of the coolant channels it is required to
the FM. Software has been developed for acquisition and
carry out periodic inspection and maintenance. In the past,
processing the data and to give creep value in lattice shape of
technique/tools have been used for this purpose which need
the reactor. The scheme has been tried in one of the units on
channel in dry condition. Various techniques have been developed
.
experimental basis. Further refinement is in progress.
to monitor different parameters. For these techniques existing
FMs are used which makes it possible to do the job remotely and Special Sealing Plug for BARC Channel
quickly. These techniques have been described in the following Inspection System (BARCIS)
paragraphs.
. Axial Creep Measurement of coolant

channels
Periodic In-Service Inspection (ISI) of the coolant channels is
carried out to monitor the health of the coolant channels in
PHWRs. BARCIS has been developed to carry out the ISI of the
coolant channels. The special seal plug enables to install the
A technique is being perfected for non-contact axial creep inspection head remotely in the channel, to be inspected, by FM
measurement of coolant channel. Laser-based sensor and and also allows the entry of drive tube to be connected to
ultrasonic sensor have been tested for this and later has been inspection head for transferring the collected data by inspection

head to outside. Thus special seal plug plays a major role in ISI The entire scraping operation of one channel can be completed
operation. Different versions of plug have been evolved and in about 4-5 hours. This tool has become standard tool for
used for ISI of more than 700 channels in 220 MW (e) PHWRs. taking sliver samples. WEST has been successfully used for
scraping channels in different units of Indian PHWRs.
Recently Mark IV design has been
developed having advanced
features for better reliability and
safety. This design is mature, sturdy,
operator friendly and saves further
man-rem expenditure and time.
Maintenance frequency required is
also less. MK-IV design of the plug
has been used for ISI of 35 channels
at MAPS successfully.
WEt Scraping Tool (WEST)
Hydrogen concentration is an
important parameter that must be
assessed to evaluate the fitness for
service of pressure tubes. Earlier methods required removal of Leaky Seal Plug identification by using Acoustic
channel or required channel in dry condition. To increase the Emission Technique
productivity, to minimize man-rem expenditure and reactor shut
down time a scheme was worked out to convert the existing After installation of seal plug, fuelling machine ensures that
tool such that it can be used to take the sliver samples from leakage is within acceptable limit of 20 gms/min. After some
water filled channels using fuelling machines. This has been time this leakage is expected to reduce to less than 10 gms/day.
accomplished by incorporating in the tool some additional Considering large number of seal plug and rise in trtium activity
features like miniature, special bearings for self orientation at due to small leakage also routine monitoring of plugs is
12’O clock position, compatibility with fuel, provision of a piston necessary. For this purpose an acoustic emission based leakage
to transmit the fuelling machine ram force and motion to the monitoring system has been developed in collaboration with other
carriage of the tool etc.. The technique was named as WEt Scraping groups within BARC. The leakage through seal defect gives rise
Tool (WEST). ‘C’ Ram force of FM is applied to move the carriage to acoustic signal, which is picked up by an acoustic sensor and
at desired speed taking proper sliver cut. Scheme is such that signal is processed to assess the leakage. A tool mounted with
three WEST tools are used which enables taking of three sliver sensors is held by fuelling machine. Fuelling machine takes this
samples from three axial locations from each channel, in a single tool to reactor face and contact is established for monitoring
visit of fuelling machine. the signal. The data acquisition and analysis system is kept in

CHIP is installed by FM in the end

fitting. Some of the components
are removed to make the closure
seal face approachable.
After repair components
are installed back and CHIP
is removed by FM. ‘O’ ring seals
are used for sealing. Safety
features have been incorporated.
CHIP has become a standard
tool for all operating power
stations. This along with EFBA
were very helpful to repair the
heavily damage face in C-13
channel of KAPS-2. Job could be
completed in very short time.
accessible area. Laboratory experiments indicated that a leakage Pressure tube I.D. Measurement using Three Point
of 100 cc/hour might be possible to measure. The technique was Micrometer
used once in KAPS unit –2 and in NAPS unit -2 successfully.
Attempt is being made to develop the scheme for confirming A scheme for measuring coolant channel inside diameter in
the leakage from the detected leaky seal plugs. water filled condition for 220MW(e) PHWR was
e v o l v e d
jointly with
Nuclear Power
Corporation
of India. The
tool was
qualified and
used for
measuring
the inside diameter of some of the channels in KAPS unit
Channel Isolation Plug (CHIP) –2 in the year 2002. The measurement did not indicate
ballooning of pressure tubes. This tool was recently
During operation of the r e a c t o r, some time used again in KAPS.
clo s u re s eal fa ce gets
damaged. To enable this
repair in water filled
channel, a concept of
Channel Isolation Plug was
developed for isolating the
closure seal face and make
it accessible for repair. This
plug has been supplied to
almost all power stations.

.
End Fitting Blanking Assembly (EFBA)
Handling of fuel bundles of PHWR
EFBA has been developed to block the excessive leakage from
the seal plug temporarily till the next opportunity for the repair.
. Manual override operation of direction control valves of
MAPS fuelling machine
This works as a secondary sealing device. An ‘O’ ring seal is used
to be located, behind the seal plug on an adapter. This is retained . Nut splitting operation with integrating nut splitter
by split rings and retainer sleeve. It has got the provision for
releasing the pressure before removal. This has been qualified by
. Dismantling greylock joint nut using hydraulic torque
wrench
analysis as well as experiments. The dimensions are optimised
such that neighboring channels can be refueled. Installation takes
. Cleaning floors in an inaccessible area using vacuum
cleaner
.
about 1 minute time. This is being used by the operating PHWRs.
Operations on concrete structures by integrating
R.J. Patel, M. Dev, <fhdds@barc.gov.in> concrete rotary saw
. Operations on concrete structures by integrating

concrete hammer
16.6 REMOTELY OPERATED HYDRAULIC TROLLEY
ALONG WITH MANIPULATOR AND
concrete drill
.
DECOMMISSIONING TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT Operations on concrete structures by integrating
concrete splitter.
Remotely operated Hydraulic Trolley along with 6 DOF Hydraulic
Manipulator (ROHYTAM) has been developed for handling some
concrete spreader
of the emergencies, repair and decommissioning work in PHWRs
and other nuclear facilities. ROHYTAM is electro hydraulic servo . Operations by integrating tube cutter
controlled master-slave manipulator mounted on an

autonomous remotely operated mobile trolley. ROHYTAM
is operated remotely with CCTV video feedback. Wireless
PLC-based control system of ROHYTAM is with in built
safety features. Manipulator has master-slave controls
where as trolley is controlled through joystick. Two
micro controllers, one at trolley & other at control cabin
are interconnected as well as connected to computer &
control console. ROHYTAM can be controlled through
control console or soft master manipulator and soft
panel.
Payload capacity of ROHYTAM at gripper is 50 Kg and at

fore arm is 500kg. The reach of the ROHYTAM is up to
3 meters in both horizontal and vertical
directions. ROHYTAM has nine electro hydraulic servo
linear/rotary drives. ROHYTAM and various remote
operations demonstrated by the ROHYTAM are shown
in photographs. The various types of end effectors of
ROHYTAM provide following remote working
ROHYTAM
capabilities.
Remote Working Capabilities

. Operations by integrating crusher
Modified ROHYTAM, which does not have any external hoses

and cables, is under development. The new design is lightweight
and with improved work envelope. The modular design provides
flexibility and fully enveloped and streamlined construction
facilitates easy decontamination of ROHYTAM. The laser
guidance system will be used for precise positioning of the
manipulator arms, detecting obstacle and mapping the working
area. The modified ROHYTAM can be further extended for
under water operations.
Modified ROHYTAM
N.L. Soni, <nlsoni@barc.gov.in>
16.7 D E V E L O P M E N T O F W A T E R H Y D R A U L I C
SERVO ACTUATORS AND UNDER WATER
MANIPULATORS
Fuel bundle handling
Water hydraulic servo actuators are being developed in BARC

for applications like under water manipulators used for
tele-operations and repair work in underwater radioactive areas
like Calandria vault, fuel storage bay, reactor vessel, deep sea
applications etc. Water hydraulics provides superior power
transmission and control components to other power
technologies. In such applications it is required to use precise
position, velocity and force control system. Water hydraulic servo
linear and rotary actuators have been developed for such
application. Using these actuators Water Hydraulic Under Water
Manipulators are being developed.
Water hydraulic test facility has been established in fluid power

lab BARC for development and testing of Water hydraulic servo
Nut splitting operation actuators. Various standard experimental tests for evaluating a
servo linear actuator have been performed.

Water hydraulic servo linear actuator in test
Combined Double Axis Servo Rotary Actuator & its Cross Sectional View
developed for Under Water Manipulator
N.L. Soni, <nlsoni@barc.gov.in> Electro-Hydraulic servo rotary actuators

Role of Non - Destructive Examination
in Nuclear Industry
17. ROLE OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION IN NUCLEAR INDUSTRY
INTRODUCTION
Non-Destructive Examination (NDE) methods are traditionally employed for detection, location and characterisation of flaws in
engineering components. These three factors form vital inputs for structural integrity assessment of engineering components, their
residual life estimation and extension beyond the design life.
This chapter deals with the development of NDT methods for in-service inspection of reactor core components and characterisation of
material properties.

in Nuclear Industry
The past few years have witnessed a surge in the application of towards improvements in flaw and material characterization
NDE methods for characterization of material properties as well. capabilities and broadening the scope of NDE so that it can be
Extensive research is being carried out worldwide to develop applied on inaccessible components operating in hostile
NDE method(s) for measurement of residual stress. In environments. The key drivers in achieving these objectives will
Department of Atomic Energy, NDE methods are employed for be acoustic-based techniques like ultrasonics and acoustic
Quality Control during fabrication of nuclear fuel and reactor emission, electro-magnetic based techniques like eddy current
core components and Ageing Management of nuclear facilities and magnetic-based techniques like barkaussen noise, magnetic
like Power and Research Reactors, Heavy Water Plants and Waste flux leakage, 3MA approach, etc. The key goals will be to
Management Plants. In future there will be demands on develop and implement NDE methods and techniques
development of NDE methods for in-service inspection of new that are more sensitive, accurate, reliable, informative,
generation reactors like AHWR, VVER (PWR) and PFBR. The NDE cost-effective and fast so that the inspection can be
technology in the Department has evolved over the years from carried out effectively in the shortest possible time.
the conventional techniques like penetrant testing, radiography,
ultrasonic, etc. to more advanced techniques like ultrasonic 17.1 D E V E L O P M E N T O F N D T M E T H O D S F O R
imaging, acoustic emission, barkaussen noise, magnetic flux IN-SERVICE INSPECTION OF REACTOR
leakage, neutron radiography and so on. The impetus for this CORE COMPONENTS
development has come from the stringent quality requirement
of reactor core components and the need to monitor their de- The coolant channel, comprising of a pressure tube,
gradation periodically by NDE. The past decadeor so has surrounding calandria tube and a pair or two of garter spring
witnessed the development of two very successful indigenous spacers, is at the core of Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors
in-service inspection tools, one for the coolant channels of PHWRs (PHWRs). The integrity of zirconium alloy pressure tubes
and the other for core shroud of BWR. (Zircaloy-2 / Zr-2.5% Nb) is central to the safety of PHWR.
Non-destructive Examination (NDE) of coolant channels during
There exist numerous challenges during in-service inspection of periodic in-service inspection plays a crucial role in this regard. It
critical components, which are required to be addressed. provides information on presence or absence of flaws in
Suitable NDE methods like replication, optical profilometry and pressure tube, the location of garter spring spacers and the gap
ultrasonic spectroscopy need to be developed to classify the between the pressure tube and calandria tube. These inputs are
flaws in PHWR pressure tubes into sharp or blunt. Existing NDE vital to the plant operators and the regulatory authorities for
methods for detection of hydride blisters in coolant channels taking decision regarding the continued operation of coolant
will be fine-tuned and new methods like critical angle channels. The non-destructive examination of coolant channels
measurement and lamb waves will be studied. One of the most employ UlTrasonic (UT) and Eddy Current Testing (ECT) methods.
challenging tasks would be the measurement of hydrogen in the These sensors are mounted on an inspection head of a
pressure tube by NDE. Ultrasonic and Eddy Current based semi-automated tool, BARCIS (BARC Channel Inspection System).
methods hold good promise in this regard. In Pressure Vessel Hundreds of coolant channels in all the operating PHWRs of our
type reactors (BWRs, PWRs), the emphasis will be on country have been examined by BARCIS.
development of testing techniques for pressure vessels, nozzles
and pipelines. Advanced technology like ultrasonic phased array The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) initiated a
needs to be developed and employed for faster and reliable Coordinated Research Programme (CRP) on Intercomparison of
inspection. Ultrasonic Guided Wave technology will play a crucial Techniques for Pressure Tube Inspection and Diagnostics
role in examination of inaccessible pipelines in these reactors. involving countries, which include Canada, Korea, China,
Extensive analytical and experimental work using magnetic and Argentina, Romania and India. The objective of this CRP was to
ultrasonic methods will be required for assessment of irradiation intercompare inspection and diagnostics techniques for
damage in core components. pressure tubes during their service, as being used and developed
by participating countries. Phase 1 of this CRP, which deals with
In future, the key research areas in the field of NDE will be ‘Flaw Characterization in Pressure Tubes by in-situ

in Nuclear Industry
destructive means) for all the samples. This will help to identify
most accurate and reliable methods of characterization for
different kinds of flaws in pressure tubes and also define areas of
future R&D to fully meet the flaw characterization requirements
of PHWRs.
Indian Pressure Tube Sample for IAEA
Inspection Head for NDE of Pressure Tube Samples
Non-Destructive Examination (NDE) techniques’ involved

round-robin transfer of pressure tube samples containing
artificial flaws amongst participating laboratories. The flaws are
machined in such a manner that they closely resemble the real
defects of concern, like delayed hydride cracking and fretting
damage due to debris and bearing pads. The flaws are also
hidden by an outside cover so that the inspection personnel are
unaware about the number, location and type of flaws in the
sample. As part of this CRP, pressure tube samples from all the
participating countries were examined. Apart from the
conventional ultrasonic angle beam pulse-echo technique, new
methodologies such as angle beam pitch-catch technique and
normal beam pulse-echo technique, are used for flaw detection.
This approach ensured that flaws in all orientations
(axial, circumferential, equiaxed, inclined) on inside and outside
surface of pressure tube are detected with high reliability.
Advanced techniques like ultrasonic imaging and time-of-flight
based sizing techniques are used to accurately characterise the
flaws. At the end of Phase 1, the results of NDE examination by
participating countries will be compared with the true
dimensions of the flaws (found out by profilometry or

in Nuclear Industry
Ultrasonic B-scan Images of Flaws in Pressure Tube Samples flowing primary coolant from the downward flowing
feed-water. It also provides structural support to the core and
One of the most challenging tasks during in-service inspection maintains its geometry. The core shroud in BWRs at Tarapur is
of pressure tubes is the detection of zirconium hydride blisters. made of AISI 304 grade Stainless Steel. This material, if sensitized
The conventional ultrasonic testing technique based on during welding, is prone to IGSCC attack due to the presence of
reflection principle cannot detect the blister as there is no oxygenated water chemistry under BWR operating conditions.
significant acoustic impedance (product of sound velocity and In view of the above, it was decided to carry out in-service
density) difference between zircaloy and zirconium hydride. inspection of core shroud welds. The core shroud at Tarapur has
Ultrasonic examination techniques based on measurement of nine circumferential welds (H1 to H10), out of which only the
longitudinal to shear velocity ratio and time-of-flight based B &
C-scan imaging were developed in the laboratory for detection
of uncracked zirconium hydride blisters. When the pressure tube
is examined from the ID surface using normal beam longitudinal
wave, there is a reduction in time-of-travel of OD signal at the
blister location as the velocity of longitudinal wave is higher in
zirconium hydride as compared to zircaloy. The shift in OD signal
is clearly s een i n the B- scan i mag e. The r e v e r s e
happens while using shear wave. This technique was very reliable
for blisters of the order of a millimeter. In order to detect
blisters of much finer depth (0.2 mm), existing techniques are
being refined. New techniques based on critical angle and
spectral analysis are also being attempted in this regard.
B-scan Image of Hydride Blister
top four are accessible for non-destructive examination.
Development of Non-Destructive Examination Methods for The examination was required to be carried out remotely and
Core Shroud of Boiling Water Reactors (BWR) under-water from inside surface of the shroud using special
manipulators from top of the reactor.
In the early 1990s, several boiling water reactors all over the
world revealed InterGranular Stress Corrosion Cracking (IGSCC) Non-destructive examination methods based on visual and
in the heat affected zones of core shroud weld. The core shroud ultrasonic examination were developed, standardized and
is a cylindrical vessel (inside the pressure vessel) that surrounds implemented for carrying out in-service inspection of
the core of BWR. Its primary function is to separate the upward core shroud welds. While the objective of visual examination is

in Nuclear Industry
to detect IGSCC starting from ID surface, ultrasonic

examination was employed to detect cracks starting
from OD as well as ID and then
characterize them with respect to their length
and depth. In order to qualify the effectiveness
of visual examination, Sensitivity Resolution
Contrast Standard (SRCS) Panels were fabricated.
The panel consists of a stainless steel plate with
fine wires (15 to 70 microns diameter) running
across its length and width. The SRCS panel is
suspended in the reactor pools and the camera
is kept at a distance and angle that is
encountered during the examination of core
shroud. If the finest wire on the SRCS panel is
IGSCC in Test Plate
seen, then the visual examination system is
qualified for examination of core shroud. For
ultrasonic examination, probe holding mechanisms give the feedback to the operator on the radial direction of
were designed and fabricated for different weld geometry. ultrasonic beam. The top four welds of both the BWRs at Tarapur
One such mechanism is the Carriage for Retracting and were examined in a phased manner. No IGSCC was revealed in
any of the four welds of core shroud
at Tarapur.
The phenomenon of IGSCC in BWRs is

not just limited to Core Shroud, but
several other systems like primary
pipelines. Ultrasonic testing is the most
commonly employed NDE method for
detection and sizing of IGSCC. Since
IGSCC is characterized by extensive
branching, has rough surface and is
filled with corrosion products, the
conventional amplitude-based
ultrasonic testing techniques
undersizes IGSCC. In order to
overcome this limitation, extensive
study based on advanced time-of-
flight based ultrasonic testing
techniques was carried out. IGSCC of
varying depths were generated in the
CART Assembly for Core Shroud laboratory on 25 mm thick stainless
steel plates by accelerated tests. The cracks were subsequently
sized by conventional and advanced methods.
Advancing of Transducer (CART). The CART carries three
ultrasonic transducers, one each for angle beam examination
of top and bottom heat affected zone and one normal beam to

in Nuclear Industry
the length of fuel rod, which is responsible for thermal cycling

and irradiation growth during reactor operation. The purpose
of β heat treatment is to randomize the preferential
crystallographic texture and provide dimensional stability to the
fuel element in the reactor. Conventionally, β heat treatment of
uranium rods is qualified by thermal cyclic growth test, during
which the sample is subjected to 1000 cycles from 0o C to
550o C and back. The test is very time consuming and can be
Comparison of Conventional (Amplitude based) and
Advanced (Time-of Flight based) Technique for performed only on limited number of samples from a particular
IGSCC sizing batch. Hence, there was a need to develop an NDE technique by
means of which β heat treatment can be qualified non-
The study indicated that the time-of-flight based techniques are destructively. Ultrasonic testing technique based on velocity,
far accurate as compared to the conventional amplitude based attenuation and backscatter measurement was developed to
sizing techniques. qualify the β heat treatment. The study carried out on
samples corresponding to different conditions indicated
that the ultarsonic velocity in axial and radial direction for properly
PP Nanekar, <pnanekar@barc.gov.in>
heat treated rod is almost identical, while significant difference
was observed in velocity in these two directions, if the
17.2 D E V E L O P M E N T O F N D T M E T H O D S F O R heat treatment is not satisfactory. This technique has been
CHARACTERISATION OF MATERIAL employed to qualify the heat treatment of few batches of
PROPERTIES uranium rods as well as to qualify any changes made in the heat
treatment process.
Non-destructive examination (NDE) methods hold good

potential to characterize microstructural and mechanical
properties of components. They can be employed to
(i) determine various metallurgical properties like grain size,
inclusion content, elastic modulus, tensile strength, fracture
toughness, etc., (ii) qualify various thermo-mechanical
processing treatments during fabrication and (iii) assess the
service-induced damage on components due to various
degradation mechanisms like fatigue, creep, corrosion, thermal
and neutron embrittelement, etc. Numerous studies have been
Ultrasonic test parameters for different
carried out in the Department to characterize material conditions of uranium rod
properties on zirconium alloys, stainless steels, metallic and oxide
fuel, by employing NDE methods based on ultrasonic, eddy
current, magnetic and acoustic emission technique. Two of the
significant studies in this field are described below.
. Ageing degradation in alloy 625
. Qualification of β heat treatment of

uranium rods
Nickel base alloy 625 is extensively used in chemical industries,
like heavy water plants, for its high temperature strength and
corrosion resistance. Ageing degradation during long term
exposure at high temperature due to precipitation of
Uranium rods are used as fuel elements in nuclear research Ni3Nb / Ni2Mo phase causes reduction in ductility and fracture
reactors. One of the critical steps in the fabrication route of toughness. Study carried out to correlate ultrasonic testing
these elements is the β heat treatment of uranium rods after hot parameters viz. velocity and attenuation with the degree of age
rolling. The rolling operation introduces a [010] texture along hardening in Alloy 625 has shown excellent results. The

in Nuclear Industry
measurements were performed on samples with high

temperature service exposures (approx. 500o C to 600o C) for
25,000, 50,000 and 1,00,000 hrs. The results indicated that in
the service aged samples, both velocity and attenuation was
higher as compared to virgin sample.
Ultrasonic Test Parameters for Virgin & Service

Degraded Alloy 625
The samples were then subjected to heat treatment

(700 o C, 6 hrs.) in order to regain the mechanical properties.
Consequent to this heat treatment the velocity and attenuation
reduces and approaches that of the virgin sample. The study
established that the onset of age hardening in this alloy as well as
the recovery of its mechanical properties after heat treatment
can be detected by monitoring ultrasonic velocity and
attenuation.
The importance of non-destructive characterization of material

properties cannot be overemphasized. This approach overcomes
the limitation of the conventional ‘coupon based method’ and
can be employed during fabrication of components as well as to
get a realistic information of material property degradation
during service. Extensive analytical and experimental studies are
being carried out in the Department to develop NDE methods
for assessment of service-induced degradation of material
properties in nuclear components.
PP Nanekar, <pnanekar@barc.gov.in>

Engineering - Component Manufacturing,
Testing & Technology Transfer
18. ENGINEERING - COMPONENT MANUFACTURING,

TESTING & TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
INTRODUCTION
This chapter summarises some of the work done related to component manufacturing, development of facility for testing of the reactor
components, development of components for import substitution and development of several spin-off technologies to be transferred
to public / private enterprises. Manufacture of components for both power reactors and research reactors are being done in the
manufacturing facility built in BARC over a period of time. Some of the important components manufactured are fuelling machine
heads, sensor stop & pusher assemblies for fuelling machine, seal discs, components for control rod guide tubes of BWR (TAPS). A high
temperature and Pressure and Temperature Cycling Facility (PTCF) have been developed in BARC for testing of reactor
components like valves, pipe and pipe fittings, couplings, thermal and pressure sensors which are occasionally subjected to high
temperature and pressure.
Special purpose machines for reactor maintenance, fast acting valve and other special purpose valves have also been developed. The
know how of several technologies has been transferred to outside parties which include a hydraulic circuit with acceleration
deceleration valve, some water lubricated bearings etc.

18.1 MANUFACTURING OF COMPONENTS OF

POWER / RESEARCH REACTOR
. End fitting body and liner tube for
540 MWe PHWR
Manufacture of components for both power reactors and End Fitting Bodies and Liner Tubes (1700 each) required for TAPS
research reactors are being done in the manufacturing facility 3 & 4 have been manufactured. The tubular shaped end fitting
built over a period in BARC. This research centre pioneered in the body, with a maximum outer diameter of 188.5 mm and length
field of process development and manufacture of the several of 2516 mm is made out of solid AISI 403 type stainless steel
critical components of the nuclear reactors like fuelling machine forging. The raw material in the form of solid forging
heads, sensor stop & pusher assemblies for fuelling machine, seal undergoes 20 different stages of machining operations. The
discs, components for control rod guide tubes of BWR (TAPS) components are subjected to thermal stress relief operation for
etc. relieving residual stresses induced during the manufacturing
. Fuelling
540 MWe PHWR
machine components for
operation. Ultrasonic flaw detection, magnetic particle testing
and hydrostatic testing are being carried out at appropriate
stages to qualify these components.
Technology for the manufacture of ram housing assemblies, The liner tube is made out of a seamless stainless steel tube AISI
pressure housings and end covers for fuelling machines of 540 SS 410 grade. It has 111.86 mm outer diameter, 104 mm bore
MWe PHWRs has been developed. In addition, technology for and 2135 mm length, demanding IT7/ IT8 grade dimensional
electrolysing sealing plug jaws for use on these reactors has been tolerances, with stringent geometrical features like cylindricity
developed and matured to a level of batch production of this and straightness of the order of 0.01 mm / 100 mm.
component.
All the tooling, the manufacturing process
and the qualification procedures required for these
components have been developed in-house.
Ram Housing assembly
End Fitting Bodies
Pressure Housing & End cover Liner tubes

. Control Rod & Shut off Rod Mechanisms
Indigenous development of manufacturing of control rod and

shut-off rod drive mechanisms involved development of
procedures to weld dissimilar alloys, procedures for machining
of intricate, high precision components and rigorous
destructive and non-destructive quality assurance plans. Many
important sub-systems of this equipment were manufactured
and delivered.
Reactor tank for AHWR critical

facility (Matl. Al. 1060)
p l a t e s
(including both the longitudinal and circumferential welds) and
4-meter length of welding of 40 mm thick plate are
involved. All the welds were qualified by 100% radiography.
Exhaustive preparations Jigs / fixtures / pre-heating
arrangements etc. are made to execute this large vessel. For this
.
Control rod drive mechanism housing purpose, Vertical Welding (3G-position) with Twin Welders
Technique was developed, established and used.
Critical components for other reactors
AHWR Critical Facility Square Box

250 Seal Shield Plug Assemblies of improved design, which will
replace the existing assemblies were manufactured for the
The square box, made of Austenitic SS 304L material, is in direct
DHRUVA research reactor. Among the other critical components
communication with reactor tank and forms the outer
related to power/ research reactors manufactured
in BARC include bearing sleeve for sodium pump
for Fast Breeder Test
Reactor (FBTR) and sleeve for Prototype Fast
Breeder Reactor (PFBR).
. Components for AHWR critical

facility
Reactor tank
The Reactor tank is made of aluminium of grade

ASME SB-209 / Al-1060. The outside diameter of
tank is 3320 mm. The shell thickness is 10 mm and
the height is 5000 mm. The thickness of the base
plate is 25 mm which is fabricated from
40 mm thick Al-1060 plate. The welding is carried
out as per the requirements of ASME section III.
About 50-meter length of welding of 10 mm thick

18.2 DEVELOPMENT OF PRESSURE AND

TEMPERATURE CYCLING FACILITY (PTCF)
Reactor components like valves, pipe & tube fittings, couplings,

thermal & pressure sensors are occasionally subjected to high
pressure and high temperature cycling tests to satisfy
qualification standards such as BS 4368. It was observed that
even reputed Indian manufacturers and test agencies were not
boundary of the Critical Facility. The lattice girder assembly, placed

inside the square box, carries and positions the fuel assembly.
The square box is a fabricated leak tight enclosure of overall size
4610 mm sq x 1550 mm height. The top and bottom plates are
20 mm thick and the side plates are 6 mm thick. Neoprene
gasket is used to achieve leak-tightness between the top plate
and the square box. The bottom plate has a circular opening of
3300 mm diameter. A ring of 3470 mm diameter welded
concentric to this opening facilitates its connection to the reactor
tank through an elastomer seal ring.
The top plate has a circular opening of 3350 mm diameter to equipped for testing these items at high temperature and
allow access to the reactor tank. A revolving floor supported on pressure conditions specified for reactor applications. Therefore
a bearing closes this opening. An ingenuously designed oil seal the need was felt to develop an in-house high pressure &
comprising of two metallic ring shells of appropriate diameter temperature test facility.
and height welded to the top plate of the square box and
another similar ring shell welded to the revolving floor, isolates The Pressure and Temperature Cycling Facility (PTCF), which has
the atmosphere from the environment inside the box. The been developed for this purpose, is a mobile, rig-type, compact,
lattice girder system carries AHWR and PHWR test fuel high pressure and temperature test facility. It provides a test
assemblies, with flexibility of configuring the reactor core at any platform for evaluation of process instruments, components
desired square pitch between 206 mm and 286 mm. All lattice and small equipment designed for use at PHWR /AHWR process
positions within the variable square pitch are accessible though a
set of 4 flanged, oblong openings on the revolving floor. These
openings are provided with appropriate closures to ensure leak
tightness and are positioned and sized in such a way that rotating
the revolving floor to the required extent accesses all lattice
positions in the Reactor Core.
A.K. Sinha, <anilsk@barc.gov.in>

conditions. The facility can be operated either in high pressure 18.3 S P E C I A L PURPOSE MACHINES FOR
or in high temperature cycling mode depending upon the test REACTOR MAINTENANCE
requirements.
The process flow sheet of the facility is shown above. The overall
. Guide Sleeve and Sensor Tip Cutting
Machine for 220 MWe PHWR
size of the facility is 2(L)x2(W)x2.5(H) meters. The facility mainly
consists of a stainless steel water storage tank and a high A special purpose machine tool and machining process have
pressure simplex reciprocating pump, Interchanger, Loop Heater, been developed to cut the guide sleeve of the fuelling machine
Mixing chamber, Test Section and a Loop Cooler. The operating of 220 MWe PHWR, in case guide sleeve can’t be retracted back
conditions of PTCF are indicated in the table below. into the fuelling machine after a refueling operation. This will be
an emergency situation for a PHWR.
The Pressure and Temperature Cycling Facility (PTCF) has been

successfully developed & installed at BARC. The temperature
cycling tests to the maximum temperature of 200 deg C with Guide Sleeve Cutting Machine
4 hours cycle period and pressure cycling tests for 10 to

100 Kg/sq.cm. amplitude at 1 Hz, have been carried out. Material of the guide sleeve is 17-4 PH, having core hardness of
35 HRC. The surface is nitrided which gives the hardness of 60
HRC. The thickness of guide sleeve is 5.75 mm. Approach for
cutting this tube is only from the other end of the reactor
channel, which is at a distance of about 10 meters. The machine
is in modular form for ease of its assembly and handling.
. De-canning Tool (TAPS)
The De-canning tool has been designed and developed at CDM

and successfully used to de-channel the irradiated TAPS fuel
assemblies.
. Seal cutting Machine
This special purpose machine has been designed, manufactured

and tested to cut the Omega seal of the steam generator, which
is located in an inaccessible region. This tele-operated machine
M.K.Sapra, sapramk@barc.gov.in has 3 cutting heads, 3 feed drives and 3 chip suction heads. The
operation of this machine is fully computerised.

The maximum working distance of this machine is 2.7 meter and

minimum diameter that can be turned is 110 mm. This is operated
by central control console, which can be kept away from the
working area. All the chips generated during cutting are sucked,
and collected in chip strainer-cum-collector.
Boring and Grooving Machine
. Boring And Grooving Machine

A.K. Sinha, <anilsk@barc.gov.in>
Boring and grooving machine was developed to increase the

bore diameter and groove diameter of some of the existing
bores and grooves in the calandria tube sheet of MAPS
unit-2. The boring and grooving operations were done in-situ.
These operations involved enlarging the existing bore size from
120 mm to 122 mm and making of three grooves in the bores.

18.4 DEVELOPMENT OF FAST-ACTING VALVES
Fast-acting valves are required for conducting LOCA simulation

experiments in several test facilities. This valve has potential
application in Secondary Shutdown Systems of AHWR, 220 MWe
& 500 MWe PHWRs and specially wherever fast opening/closing
applications are involved. Design of this valve is based on stored
energy principle.
The manufacturing of this valve has been successfully completed

and has been subjected to 500 open-close cycles. The valve seat
is found to be perfectly leak tight at 110 bar up stream pressure.
The open and closing time for this valve is less than as specified
by users. The opening time is around 3 to 5 milli-second and
closing time is 2.5 to 3.0 seconds.
Since these valves are generally imported and are not
customized for the experimental requirement clubbed with very
K.L.Soni, <klsoni@barc.gov.in>
high price. Hence this fast-acting valve has been developed
indigenously as an import substitute.
18.5 D E V E L O P M E N T O F W A T E R H Y D R A U L I C
Design features
VALVES
a) Pressure: 125 Bars

These special purpose valves have been developed for controlling
b) Temperature: 300o C
the water hydraulic actuators of fuelling machine.
.
c) Opening Time: <10 m-sec
d) Closing Time : Not important
e) Upstream Size: 65NB
Differential Pressure Reducing Valve for
f) Downstream Size: 150/400NB

high pressure drop (DPRV)
g) Max. upstream pressure : 116 Bar.

The DPRV is used for controlling the force developed by the
fuelling machine water hydraulic actuators. A constant
The valve disc is kept pressed against the seat by several disc
differential pressure is required to be maintained between
springs over a shaft or stem. The shaft/ stem is so designed that
pressure housing and actuators supply line for proper operation
it is a combination of elbow levers which are stretched and
of actuators, which are located inside it. The differential
spring loaded when the valve is closed. By bending the elbow
pressure should remain constant even if there are fluctuations in
levers with an air actuated piston, the valve disc gets suddenly
fuelling machine pressure, pump supply pressure, actuator flow
unloaded from the spring power and can be opened by the fluid
etc. This critical requirement is achieved by fast response DPRV.
pressure. The time of opening of the valve is dependent on the
upstream pressure of the valve. This opening time is also
In-house developed DPRVs are being used at all new reactors.
dependent on several other design parameters such as:
Anti cavitation DPRV has also been developed. It can handle
. large pressure drop across it and give excellent performance.
.
disc diameter,
These valves are both of 30 lpm (220MWe PHWR) and 70 lpm
.
weight of the valve stem and associated parts and
(540MWe PHWR) capacity.
disc lift.

. Pressure Compensated Flow Control Valve

(PCFCV)
PCFCV is designed for pump pressure as well as flow control in a

hydraulic circuit. It maintains a constant flow in the circuit
irrespective of pump pressure or load and maintains the pump
pressure equal to the load. This way it saves lot of energy as well
as many imported components like control valves and
controllers in water hydraulic supply system for fuelling
machine. The valve is completely indigenous.
Differential Pressure Reducing Valve
. Auto Differential Pressure control Valve

(ADPCV)
This valve has been developed to control the actuator force as

well as direction of motion of the actuator. It works on the
principle similar to DPRV except the differential pressure for
advance and retract direction of actuator can be varied by
Pressure Compensated Flow Control Valve
fuelling machine control program remotely. This single valve
replaces large number of imported components in Ram-B and
Ram-C water hydraulic circuit of fuelling machine. . High Flow Servo Valve (HFSV)
High Flow Servo Valve has been designed and developed to meet
the requirement of high flow (1100 lpm) with precise control
(2% accuracy). The current design consists of two modules, high
flow control valve and a pressure compensator. It doesn’t
contain any dynamic elastomeric seal.
It is under manufacture and testing of the valve has been planned

at the Integral Thermal Facility (ITF), BARC.
3-Way Ball Valve
A passive 3-way ball valve has been designed for Emergency

Core Cooling System (ECCS) of AHWR. It will divert ECCS supply
to either inlet header or ECCS header depending upon which
header has failed. The ball valve actuates with the help of
differential pressure between two headers and same working
Auto Differential Pressure Control Valve fluid is being used to actuate the ball valve. It also has motorized
actuator attachment, which is normally kept detachable.

N.L. Soni, <nlsoni@barc.gov.in> 3-Way Ball Valve

18.6 ACCELERATION DECELERATION CONTROL 18.7 E L E C T R O LY S I N G O F R E A C T O R C H A N N E L

VALVE AND CIRCUIT FOR HYDRAULIC LIFT SEALING PLUG JAWS
The hydraulic circuit with acceleration deceleration valve is a

simple and cost-effective alternative for controlling the
acceleration and deceleration of hydraulic actuator while
starting and stopping. The circuit can be used for getting a jerk
It is a thin dense chrome plating process and consistently gives a
free motion of any hydraulic actuator. Since it is compact and
hardness value of RC 70 – 72 on a plating thickness of
low cost, it finds great application in hydraulic material
7 – 12 microns. With Electrolizing no grinding is necessary after
handling equipment where expensive proportional valves are used
plating because the process lends itself to flat even distribution
just to control the initial acceleration and final deceleration of
all over the part. This process is extensively used for elect
the actuator.
rolizing (hard chrome plating) the reactor channel sealing plug
jaws for 220 MWe and 540 MWe nuclear reactors.
The know-how for this technology has been transferred to
M/s. Expert Equipments Pvt. Ltd., Thane, (Maharashtra).
The know-how of “Electrolyzing of reactor channel sealing plug
jaws” has been transferred to M/s. Avasarala Automation Ltd.,
The party has manufactured the control valve & trial run is in
Bangalore.
progress. The valve will be shortly available in the market.
A.M. Patankar, <amp@barc.gov.in>
A.M. Patankar, <amp@barc.gov.in>

18.8 DEVELOPMENT OF INDIGENOUS WATER

LUBRICATED BEARINGS Development of coated water lubricated bearings, where
a standard carbon steel bearing is coated with suitable coating
Stainless steel (AISI 440C) bearings are used in Fuelling machines to prevent its corrosion while working under rolling contact, is
of Indian PHWRs. As they have to work under chemistry under way. After extensive studies on various coating materials
controlled water’ conventional lubricants cannot be used. Poor and testing for rolling contact fatigue in Four-Ball tester,
lubrication property along with the corrosive nature of water composite coating of Electroless Nickel (EN) was selected as the
medium limits the life of these bearings. Availability of these candidate material. Prototype bearing with this coating has been
bearings is always of concern, as they have to be imported. In developed and is being tested in the laboratory.
view of the above, it was envisaged to develop these bearings
indigenously which involved understating of material behaviour,
heat treatment, load rating under water lubricated condition
and wear.
With permutation and combination of parameters like ball

material, cage material, clearances etc., a set of bearings has
been fabricated. In-house expertise has been used in finalisation
of procedures of heat treatment of the materials and the testing
of bearings. Testing of these bearings in a test set-up developed
in-house for one million revolutions at the operating load did
not reveal any catastrophic failure. Imported bearing tested in
the similar condition had failed catastrophically much before the
desired life at operating load due to improper material and heat
treatment of the bearing races. EN coated standard SKF 6008 bearing &
prototype of alternate design of race
Bearings have been developed for Spent Fuel Chopper at Tarapur.

Installation of these bearings in the chopper has improved its
availability significantly. N.L. Soni, <nlsoni@barc.gov.in>
Water lubricated bearing test set-up

Nuclear Desalination
19. NUCLEAR DESALINATION
INTRODUCTION
This chapter briefly covers the work recently done in the field of nuclear desalination. The 300 MWe Advanced Heavy Water Reactor
(AHWR) being developed in BARC has a make up water requirement of about 360m3/day. This make up water has to be DeMineralised
(DM) water. Conventional technology exists for producing DM water from raw water. But, to meet this high requirement of AHWR, the
conventional method will not be cost effective. As such, there is a need to develop new technologies for DM water production to satisfy
the make up water need of the AHWR. The Desalination Division of BARC has come up with a Low Temperature Multi Effect Desalination
Plant (LT-MED) using low temperature steam, which would produce 500m3 of DM water every day.

BARC is setting up 300 MWe Advanced Heavy Water Reactor producing 500 m3/day DeMineralised (DM) water for in-house
(AHWR). Make up requirement of DeMineralized (DM) water for requirement as shown below.
this reactor is about 360m3/day. The conventional DM system
raw water is used to produce DM water at an exorbitant cost.
Desalination of seawater is one of the options that can be used One important feature of the LT -MED desalination technology
to meet the requirements of DM water for the reactor. AHWR is that it can produce high purity water from highly saline
uses seawater for condenser cooling. A small fraction of this seawater. This process requires minimum pretreatment and is
seawater can be taken as feed for desalination plant. eco-friendly. Another important factor is that it operates with
low pressure steam extracted from the LP turbine of power
plant which results in negligible loss of power. In addition to
19.1 LT-MED DESALINATION PLANT UTILIZING utilization of low pressure steam, sharing of common facilities
LOW PRESSURE STEAM AVAILABLE FROM for seawater intake and reject and operation and maintenance
THE LP TURBINE OF AHWR will drastically reduce the production cost of DM water. This
high quality water can be used by AHWR for DM water make up
A Low Temperature Multi Effect Distillation (LT -MED) with minor polishing and reduce load on the ion-exchangers bed
desalination plant, utilizing low pressure steam @ 0.95 bar (demineraliser) thereby cutting down the use of regeneration
available from the LP turbine of AHWR, is proposed to be chemicals which pollute to the environment. An other use of
integrated with the Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) for this high quality water is that it can be mixed with the existing
Conceptual scheme of proposed LT-MED based desalination plant with AHWR.

Schematic process flow diagram of proposed LT-MED desalination plant for AHWR.
brackish water in suitable proportion, thereby generated in the effects are reused in the succeeding effects as
augmenting the availability of potable water. heating medium. The effects are maintained at a lower pressure
than the preceding effect. The vapors generated in the last
The LT-MED plant is a 4-effect low temperature desalination effect are condensed in the final condenser. Condensate from all
plant having Horizontal Tube Thin Film (HTTF) type of the effects is collected as product water. Figure below shows the
evaporators. Low-pressure steam is used in the tube side as schematic flow diagram of the LT-MED Desalination Plant for
heating medium. Feed seawater is sprayed on the outside of AHWR.
horizontal tubes by spray nozzles forming a thin film of
seawater. Nucleate boiling takes place on the outside of the 19.2 LT E D E S A L I N AT I O N P L A N T U T I L I Z I N G
tubes. This type of boiling is more efficient than pool boiling due WASTE HEAT FROM MHT PURIFICATION
to heat transfer through, thin film of seawater and absence of CIRCUIT OF AHWR.
any hydrostatic head over the boiling liquid. This results in high
heat transfer coefficients and heat transfer is possible with low The design of AHWR incorporates several features to simplify
temperature differences. An intermediate heat exchanger is used the design and to eliminate certain systems and components, so
as an isolation barrier to eliminate any probability of radioactive as to make it economically competitive with other available
contamination and generate low pressure steam for use in the options for power generation. Utilization of waste heat by using
desalination plant. Low-pressure steam from the isolation heat desalination is one such feature of AHWR. A proposal to utilize
exchanger is used in the first effect as heating medium. Vapors waste heat from Main Heat Transport (MHT) purification circuit

Schematic process flow diagram of the proposed LTE desalination plant for AHWR.
to produce high quality desalinated water by Low

V.K. Srivastava, <vksriv@barc.gov.in>
Temperature Evaporation (LTE) process has been envisaged.
In AHWR Main Heat Transport (MHT) purification system

process water @ 33.3 kg/s at 259 oC and at 70 bar is cooled to
42 OC and at 10 bar before passing it through the purification
filters and ion exchange columns. Purification flow is cooled up
to 100°C in regenerative heat exchangers and 23 MWth heat is
recovered by purification return flow to MHT. Further cooling
up to 42°C is done by transferring heat to process water in
non-regenerative cooler in the present design. This cooling
results in loss of 8 MWth heat to process water. Considering this,
it is felt that a part of this waste heat can be utilized for
producing the desalted water. It is possible to utilize this heat for
desalination purpose in AHWR for producing about 250 m3/day
desalted water for the reactor make up and plant utilization.
Around 5 MWth heat (from 100°C to 64°C) can be utilized from
MHT purification flow for desalination purpose. Figure
shows the schematic process flow diagram of the proposed LTE
desalination plant for AHWR.

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1. Nuclear Fuel Cycle

1 ADVANCED HEAVY WATER REACTOR 1

2 R & D FOR PHWR 86

2.1 Fuel Management Studies to Optimize Fuel Utilization

3 COMPACT HIGH TEMPERATURE REACTOR (CHTR) 97

3.1 Physics design of CHTR 103

4 PROTOTYPE FAST BREEDER REACTOR (PFBR) 114

4.1 Design and development of Inclined Fuel Transfer Machine

5 BOILING WATER REACTOR 122

5.1 Simulated annealing optimization scheme for obtaining

6 KUDANKULAM VVER 128

6.1 VVER-1000 MWe Reactor Analysis 131

7 OPERATING RESEARCH REACTORS AT TROMBAY 136

7.1 Apsara 137

8 ACCELERATOR DRIVEN SYSTEMS (ADS) 145

8.1 Accelerator Driven Reactor Systems 146

9 NEW REACTOR CONCEPTS 154

9.1 Thorium Reactor Design With PuO 2 Seed 155

10 NUCLEAR SAFETY 158

1 0 . 1 Fluid-Structure Interaction Studies for PHWR Calandria

11 ENGINEERING - MATERIALS RESEARCH 171

1 1 . 1 Characterisation and development of new cladding alloys 172

12 HEALTH PHYSICS & ENVIRONMENT 192

1 2 . 1 Exclusion Boundary for Fuel Reprocessing Plant 193

13 R&D ON LIFE MANAGEMENT &

1 3 . 1 Life Extension of Coolant Channels 198

14 SEISMIC, STRUCTURAL & LBB STUDIES 211

1 4 . 1 Cyclic Fracture Investigation on Straight Pipes

15 ENGINEERING - ON-LINE INTEGRITY MONITORING SYSTEMS 230

1 5 . 1 On-Line Health Monitoring of Turbine Blades 231

16 ENGINEERING - IN-SERVICE INSPECTION & REMOTE

1 6 . 1 BARC Channel Inspection System (BARCIS) for KAPS 234

17 ROLE OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION IN

1 7 . 1 Development of NDT Methods for in-Service Inspection

18 ENGINEERING COMPONENTS MANUFACTURING,

1 8 . 1 Manufacturing of Components of Power / Research Reactor 251

19 NUCLEAR DESALINATION 261

1 9 . 1 LT-MED desalination plant utilizing low pressure steam

Reactor Technology & Engineering BARC HIGHLIGHTS 1

Advantages of Thorium Fuel Cycle

Important Safety Features of AHWR

2 BARC HIGHLIGHTS Reactor Technology & Engineering

Reactor Block Components

Reactor Technology & Engineering BARC HIGHLIGHTS 3

General Arrangement of AHWR

Some Distinctive Features of AHWR

4 BARC HIGHLIGHTS Reactor Technology & Engineering

AHWR Fuel Cluster

Reactor Technology & Engineering BARC HIGHLIGHTS 5

Important Design Parameters of AHWR

6 BARC HIGHLIGHTS Reactor Technology & Engineering

The cluster design allows use of burnable absorber in the

Reactor Technology & Engineering BARC HIGHLIGHTS 7

to be brought to the present level of quality that exists for the

AHWR core layout

Arvind Kumar, <arvind@.barc.gov.in>

. Nuclear Data and Needs for Thorium Fuel Cycle