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    Class-4 The Vehicle - Vehicle Resistance 1

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    Monique Barbara
    This document provides an introduction to analyzing road vehicle performance and the factors that influence roadway design. It discusses the major sources of resistance that vehicles experience, including aerodynamic, rolling, and grade resistance. Aerodynamic resistance increases significantly with speed and has increased over time with lower drag coefficients for newer vehicles. Rolling resistance depends on factors like tire and roadway properties and increases slightly with speed. Grade resistance is directly proportional to the vehicle weight and the grade or slope of the roadway. Understanding vehicle performance serves as the basis for roadway design guidelines and standards.

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    Class-4 The Vehicle - Vehicle Resistance 1

    Uploaded by

    Monique Barbara
    60 views5 pages
    This document provides an introduction to analyzing road vehicle performance and the factors that influence roadway design. It discusses the major sources of resistance that vehicles experience, including aerodynamic, rolling, and grade resistance. Aerodynamic resistance increases significantly with speed and has increased over time with lower drag coefficients for newer vehicles. Rolling resistance depends on factors like tire and roadway properties and increases slightly with speed. Grade resistance is directly proportional to the vehicle weight and the grade or slope of the roadway. Understanding vehicle performance serves as the basis for roadway design guidelines and standards.

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    Class-4 the vehicle - vehicle resistance 1

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    This document provides an introduction to analyzing road vehicle performance and the factors that influence roadway design. It discusses the major sources of resistance that vehicles experience, including aerodynamic, rolling, and grade resistance. Aerodynamic resistance increases significantly with speed and has increased over time with lower drag coefficients for newer vehicles. Rolling resistance depends on factors like tire and roadway properties and increases slightly with speed. Grade resistance is directly proportional to the vehicle weight and the grade or slope of the roadway. Understanding vehicle performance serves as the basis for roadway design guidelines and standards.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    60 views5 pages

    Class-4 The Vehicle - Vehicle Resistance 1

    Uploaded by

    Monique Barbara
    This document provides an introduction to analyzing road vehicle performance and the factors that influence roadway design. It discusses the major sources of resistance that vehicles experience, including aerodynamic, rolling, and grade resistance. Aerodynamic resistance increases significantly with speed and has increased over time with lower drag coefficients for newer vehicles. Rolling resistance depends on factors like tire and roadway properties and increases slightly with speed. Grade resistance is directly proportional to the vehicle weight and the grade or slope of the roadway. Understanding vehicle performance serves as the basis for roadway design guidelines and standards.

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    You are on page 1of 5

    9/4/2009

    Introduction to Road Vehicle


    Performance
    Roadway design is governed by:
    Road Vehicle Performance: 
     Vehicle capabilities
    Introduction and Resistance  acceleration/deceleration
     braking
     cornering (chap. 3)

    CE 322  Human capabilities (late chap. 2, chap. 3)


     perception/reaction times
    Transportation Engineering  eyesight (peripheral range, height above
    roadway)
    Dr. Ahmed Abdel-Rahim

    Introduction to Road Vehicle


    Performance Introduction
     Basis for roadway design guidelines:  Studying vehicle performance serves
     length of acceleration / deceleration lanes two important purposes:
     maximum grades 1. insight into
     stopping-sight distances 1. roadway design
    traffic operations and
     passing-sight distances 2.

    3. compromises
     setting speed limits
     timing of signalized intersections
    2. basis to assess impact of advancing
     How does performance affect max vehicle technologies on design guidelines
    grades?

    1
    9/4/2009

    Tractive Effort and Resistance Tractive Effort and Resistance


     Opposing forces determining straight-  Major sources of vehicle resistance:
    line performance  Aerodynamic
     Tractive effort = force available to  Rolling (originates from the roadway
    perform work surface/tire interface)
     Resistance = force impeding vehicle  Grade or gravitational
    motion

    Tractive Effort and Resistance Aerodynamic Resistance


     Illustration of forces with vehicle force diagram  Effect of speed?
    Air  Sources:
    Fig. 2.1  Turbulent air flow around vehicle body (≈ 85%)

     Friction of air passing over vehicle body (≈ 12%)


    Gravity, Rg

    Rolling
    Tractive  Air flow through vehicle components (≈ 3%)

    Ff + Fr = ma + Ra + Rrlf + Rrlr + Rg
    F = ma + Ra + Rrl + Rg

    2
    9/4/2009

    Aerodynamic Resistance Aerodynamic Resistance


     Aerodynamic resistance force equation:  Air density properties (Table 2.1).
      altitude,  density
      temperature,  density
    Ra  CD Af V 2
    (Eq. 2.3) 
    2

    Ra = aerodynamic resistance in lb (N)


    ρ (rho) = air density in slugs/ft3 (kg/m3)
    CD = coefficient of drag (unitless)
    Af = frontal projected area of vehicle in ft2 (m2)
    V = vehicle speed* in ft/s (m/s)

    Aerodynamic Resistance Aerodynamic Resistance


     Drag coefficient accounts for all 3 sources  How sensitive is Ra to speed?.
     Road vehicle drag coefficients Table 2.2
    (for different types)
     Let’s develop a relationship for how
     Drag coefficients trend  Table 2.3 much power is needed to overcome Ra.
    (past 35 years)
     What is the trend?
     What impact could this have on roadway design?

    3
    9/4/2009

    Aerodynamic Resistance Rolling Resistance (Rrl)


     Power is the product of force and speed, so  Source
    multiplying Eq. 2.3 by speed gives:  vehicle’s internal mechanical friction
      Pneumatic tires and interaction with the roadway.
    PRa  CD Af V 3 (Eq. 2.4)
    2  Tire deformation (≈90%)
     Tire slippage and air circulation around tire &
    or, since 1 horsepower = 550 ft-lb/sec, wheel (about 6%)
    CD Af V 3  Tire penetration/surface compression (about 4%)
    hpRa 
    1100

    Sensitivity of power to speed…

    Rolling Resistance (Rrl) Rolling Resistance (Rrl)


     Factors affecting Rrl  Approximated as product of a friction term
    (coefficient of rolling resistance) and vehicle weight.
     Rigidity of tire and roadway surface
     Tire inflation pressure and temperature  Coefficient of rolling resistance (frl) on paved surfaces

     Vehicle speed (Eq. 2.5)


     V 
    f rl  0.011   with V in ft/s
     147 

     V  with V in m/s
    f rl  0.011  
     44.73 

    4
    9/4/2009

    Rolling Resistance (Rrl) Rolling Resistance (Rrl)


     Rolling resistance approximation:  Power required to overcome rolling
    resistance:
    Rrl  f rlW cos  g
    (Eq. 2.7)
    For a 10% grade, what is the cosine term? f WV

    hp Rrl  rl horsepower
    550
    Rrl  f rlW
    PRrl  f rlWV N-m/s

    (Eq. 2.6)

    Grade Resistance (Rg) Grade Resistance (Rg)


     What is the grade resistance to vehicle
    motion? Rg  W sin  g

    sin  g  tan  g

    Rg  WG
    (Eq. 2.9)

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