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ANIMAL HUSBANDRY (ALT B)

1. PREAMBLE
This syllabus has been designed to portray animal husbandry as a trade for livelihood with
emphasis on the acquisition of knowledge and entrepreneurial skills in animal husbandry.

Candidates will be expected to answer questions on all the topics set out in the column
headed Syllabus. The notes therein are intended to indicate the scope of the questions which
will be set, but they are not to be considered as an exhaustive list of limitations and
illustrations.

2. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The syllabus will therefore seek to assess candidates’ knowledge and skills in:

(1) basic animal production practices such as feeding, housing, pest and disease control;
(2) efficient and effective management of animal enterprise;
(3) efficient processing, preservation, packaging, storage and marketing of animal products;
(4) basic entrepreneurial skills in animal husbandry related vocations;
(5) basic knowledge and skills in animal improvement and health.

3. REQUIREMENTS
(1) Schools offering Animal Husbandry are expected to raise at least one species of farm
animals from each of the following groups:
(a) monogastrics e.g. poultry, pigs, snails, camel, donkey, horse, rabbit, bee.
(b) ruminants e.g. cattle, sheep and goat.
(2) It is recommended that the schools should have agricultural laboratories.
(3) It is also recommended that candidates keep practical notebooks and specimen albums
which should contain records of activities undertaken and observations made on the
school farm and field trips and of specimens collected.
(4) It is also expected that the study would be supplemented by visits to well established
livestock and poultry farms, abattoirs, feed mills, animal product-based companies and
other institutions related to animal

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION

For candidates in Nigeria only

EXAMINATION SCHEME

There will be three papers, Papers 1, 2 and 3 all of which must be taken. Papers 1 and 2
will be a composite paper to be taken at one sitting.
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PAPER 1: Will consist of forty multiple choice questions all of which should be
answered within 40 minutes for 40 marks.

PAPER 2: Will consist of six essay questions drawn from the entire syllabus. Each
question carries 20 marks. Candidates will be required to answer four
questions within 2 hours for a total of 80 marks.

PAPER 3: Will be a practical paper for school candidates and a test of practical work
paper for private candidates. Each version will consist of four questions all
of which should be answered within 1½ hours for 60 marks.

DETAILED SYLLABUS

CONTENTS NOTES
A. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION

(1) Importance of farm animals. Discussion should include:

- source of food(meat, milk, eggs,
honey etc);
- raw materials e.g. hide and skin,
bones, hooves, hair/fur, egg shells;
- source of manure (fertilizer, bio-
gas, bio fuel), growing of maggots
and earthworms;
- source of feed ingredients- blood
meal, bone meal, meat and bone
meal, snail shell, egg shell, feathers
etc;
- animal power (animal traction,
transportation);
- research (laboratory, field), drugs,
vaccines, hormones etc;
- source of employment;
- sales of products and by-products;
- social functions e.g. payment of
bride price, cultural displays
(weddings);
- for security e.g. ducks, bees,
turkeys;
- as pets e.g. rabbits, sheep, chickens;
- sports and games e.g. horse racing,

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chicken fighting;
- religious festivals e.g. turkeys, rams
etc;
- source of foreign exchange through
export of animal products and by-products.
2. Classification of farm animals.
(a) Classification of farm animals. Discussion should be based on stomach
type:
(a) Simple stomach (non- ruminant or
monogastric). e.g. poultry (avian),
pig (swine), rabbits, horses,
donkeys, snails, bees, grasscutters;
(b) Complex stomach (polygastric or
ruminants) i.e. cattle, sheep and
goat.

(b) Identification of ruminants and Identification should include:

non-ruminants. (i) external features of common
ruminants and non-ruminants;
(ii) differences should be based on type
of stomach and type of feed
consumed.

3. Internal organs and their functions Identification of internal organs of farm

in farm animals. animals e.g. (liver, lungs, heart, kidney,
spleen, pancreas, stomach, crop, caecum,
gizzard, small intestine, large intestine,
tongue etc, and their functions.

4. Body systems and their functions in Discussions should include digestive,

farm animals respiratory, nervous, circulatory, skeletal,
reproductive systems. Students are
expected to understand the functions of
each system.
5. Reproduction in farm animals

(a) Definition of terms used in Discussion should include ovulation,

livestock reproduction. oestrus cycle, heat period, signs of heat,
mating, gestation, parturition, lactation,
colostrum, flushing, steaming up, dystocia,
vaginal prolapse etc.

(b) Reproduction in Discussion should include detection of

livestock(mammals). heat, mating systems, pregnancy detection
and signs of parturition.

(c) Reproduction in poultry. Knowledge of the process of egg formation

in poultry is required.

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(d) Reproductive hormones and Sources and roles of female hormones

their functions. (oestrogen, progesterone, relaxin, oxytocin
etc) and male hormones
(testosterone/androgen) should be
emphasised.
(e) Management of pregnant Discussion should include regular and
farm animals. adequate feeding, body exercise, steaming
up, separation from male animals,
provision of clean and adequate water and
administration of drugs where necessary,
dipping to eliminate ecto-parasites,
parturition etc
6. Livestock management systems. Knowledge of livestock management
systems: intensive, semi-intensive and
extensive system is required. Discussion
should include advantages and
disadvantages of each of the systems.

7. Management practices of livestock. Discussion should include housing

requirements for each of the farm animals
and students are expected to have the
knowledge of the use of local materials for
construction of the animal houses.
Understanding of other management
practices: feeding, sanitation, hygiene,
castration, dehorning, deworming,
vaccination, inoculation, culling,
debeaking, smoking (in bees), docking
(detailing), means of identification of farm
animals (tattooing, branding, ear-notching,
rings etc), isolation, weaning, care of the
young animal until they are weaned etc, is
essential. Simple record keeping including
income and expenditure accounts is
necessary. Importance of each of these
practices should be discussed. Discussion
should also include the management
practices from birth to maturity of a named
large ruminant, small ruminant, poultry,
pigs, grasscutter, bees and snails.

B. ANIMAL NUTRITION

1. Meaning and classes of animal Discussion should include the meaning of

feeds. animal nutrition, feed nutrients
(carbohydrates, proteins, fats and oil,
vitamins, minerals and water), their

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functions and sources and their deficiencies

in farm animals. Students should also be
exposed to classification of animal feeds
into concentrates, roughages, supplements,
feed additives etc.

2. Animal feeds and feeding Study should include meaning of livestock

(a) Livestock rations rations and types (balanced, maintenance,
production rations. Malnutrition: meaning,
causes, symptoms and practical ways to
check malnutrition such as feeding
balanced rations to animals, feeding weaker
animals separately, deworming animals,
giving supplementary feeds, addition of
feed additives to stimulate appetite,
protecting animals from toxic plants and
harmful substances, adjusting stocking
rates appropriately, provision of good
quality and adequate water etc, should be
studied

3. Formulation of livestock rations. Students should be exposed to practical

diet formulations for the different classes of
farm animals (starter, grower and finisher
diets). Students should be able to identify
different feed ingredients used for diet
formulations e.g. blood meal, fish meal,
cotton seed cake, oyster shell, groundnut
cake, maize grains, salt, premix, glycine
etc. Factors to consider in feed formulation
for farm animals e.g. physiological status
of animal, species, age, body weight,
production target, acceptability of feed,
nutrient composition of the feed, ingredient
availability, cost of feed ingredients etc,
should be studied.
4. Processing and marketing of animal
products.

(a). Processing techniques for The processing techniques to include; pre-

different farm animal products. slaughtering, slaughtering and post-
slaughtering activities. Hygienic conditions
in processing are also important. Students
should understand slaughtering techniques
for different farm animals. Students should
also be exposed to processing of animal
products e.g. egg, milk, meat, skin, wool,

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honey, snail shell and feathers, fur, hooves,

horns, blood, faeces/droppings into other
forms (value addition).

(b). Marketing of animal products. Understanding of common marketing

channels and agents such as producers,
wholesalers, retailers, consumers etc is
required. Advantages and disadvantages of
each marketing channel and agent should
be discussed.

C. PASTURE AND RANGE

MANAGEMENT

1. Pasture management.
(a). Meaning and importance of Discussion should include definition,
pasture and forage crops. examples and importance of pasture and
forage crops.
(b). Types of pasture and forage Understanding of the types and features of
crops. pasture and forage crops is required.

(c). Terminologies in pasture Knowledge of basic terminologies in

management. pasture management is required.

2. Rangeland improvement.

(a). Meaning and characteristics of Understanding of the meaning and features

rangelands. of rangeland is required.

(b). Methods of rangeland Knowledge of methods of rangeland

improvement. improvement (reseeding, rotational
grazing, controlled stocking, deferred
grazing, controlled burning, fertilizer
application, pest control, disease control etc
is required.
(c). Importance of rangeland. Knowledge of the role of rangeland in
livestock production e.g. provision of
vegetable and grasses for animals, exercise,
provision of hay and silage etc is required.
D. ANIMAL IMPROVEMENT

1. Animal improvement.
(a). Meaning of animal Understanding of the meaning and
improvement. terminologies used in animal improvement
is required.

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(b). Aims/importance of farm animal Knowledge of aims: high reproductive

improvement. efficiency, potency, mothering ability, cool
temperament, high libido, resistance to
pests, resistance to diseases, tolerance to
harsh environment, etc is required.
1. Methods of farm animal
improvement.

(a). Methods used in farm animal Discussion should include various methods
improvement. used in farm animal improvement:
introduction, selection and breeding.

(b). Merits and demerits of methods Students are required to understand merits
used in farm animal improvem and demerits of each method used in farm
ent. animal improvement.

2. Artificial insemination.

(a). Meaning of artificial inseminat- Explanation of the term artificial

ion. insemination is required

(b). Methods of artificial Discussion to include identification of

insemination. materials, methods, steps and precautions
in carrying out artificial insemination.

(c). Advantages of artificial Knowledge of advantages of artificial

insemination. insemination is required.

E. ANIMAL HEALTH

1. Farm animal diseases and

pathogens.

(a). Concept of farm animal disease. Knowledge of meaning and causal agents
(bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa) of
diseases in farm animals is required.

(b) General symptoms of diseases Discussion to include signs of a sick

in farm animals. animal e.g. loss of appetite, loss of weight,
diarrhoea, high body temperature, blood
stained urine, gnashing of teeth, discharges
from natural openings, blood stained
feaces, ruffled feathers or fur, standing
hair, undue noise, excessive salivation,
anaemia, staggering gait, difficulty in
breathing, coma, sudden death etc.

(c). Diseases of farm animals, Ability to identify the main diseases of

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prevention and control. farm animals, their causal agents, mode of

transmission and symptoms is required.
Simple preventive and control measures
including the use of antibiotics and ethno
veterinary practices are required.
(d) Factors predisposing farm Knowledge of factors that predispose farm
animals to diseases. animals to diseases e.g. poor nutrition, poor
health status, poor sanitation, inadequate
bio security, overcrowding, unfavourable
weather conditions, low immunity etc is
required.
2. Livestock parasites and pests.

(a). Livestock parasites. Understanding of the meaning, classes,

control/prevention and effects of parasites
on farm animals is required. Discussion to
include lif cycles of the parasites. Ability to
identify and understand economic
importance of ecto-parasites (ticks, lice,
mites, fleas etc.) and endo-parasites
(tapeworm, roundworm, hookworm,
pinworm, liver fluke, trypanosome etc) is
required.
(b). Livestock pests. Knowledge of livestock pests (rodents,
snakes, soldier ants, birds, weevils,
termites, flies etc), prevention/control using
dewormers, acaricides, pesticides and ethno
veterinary practices, and effects of pests on
farm animals will be assessed. Ability to
identify and knowledge of economic
importance of storage pests (rodents,
weevils, termites, cockroaches etc), field
pests (soldier ants, birds, snakes flies etc)
are required.

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY (PRACTICALS)

CONTENTS NOTES
1. Products and by-products of farm Ability to identify and knowledge of the
animals. uses of animal products and by-products
such as meat, eggs, milk, honey, hides,
skin, blood, hair, wool, feathers, horn,
hooves, bones, snail shell, animal dung etc.
will be assessed.

2. Identification of farm animals. Ability to describe, draw and label the

external parts of farm animals will be

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assessed.

3. Internal organs and their functions Ability to identify and draw the major
in farm animals. internal structures in the various body
systems of a named ruminant, poultry and
pig is required. Differences in the
structures and their functions will also be
assessed.

4. Tools and equipment used in Ability to identify the following tools and
management of farm animals. the equipment used in animal management
practices is required e.g: Housing (head
pan, trowel, shovel/spade, hammer,
pincers, pliers, spanner, screw driver etc),
Brooding (coal pots, kerosene stoves,
hurricane lantern, electric bulb, hoover,
chick feeder, flat trays, chick drinker,
brood guard/surround, thermometer,
hygrometer etc), Feeding (feeders,
drinkers, weighing scale etc), Identification
(branding iron, ear clips, neck chains,
marker, ear notcher, indelible ink etc),
Debeaking (debeaking machine, sharp
knife, heater etc), Castration (surgical
blade/scalpel, burdizzo, elastrator, elastic
ring, cotton wool, suture needle, suture
thread etc ), Handling ( krawl, restraining
ropes, wooden rod- sanda, pad, nose ring,
etc), Dehorning (iron saw, knife/cutlass
etc), Incubation (incubator, hatcher, chick
box, egg tray, humidifier, candler,),
Milking (cheese cloth, milking machine,
milking chute, milk testing cup, drenching
bottle, milking pails, buckets etc),
Slaughtering (cutlass, knife, stunning gun,
electric shocker, defeathering machine,
eviscerator, conveyor, weighing scale, blast
freezer, cold rooms); Pasture and forage
crops (sickle, knife/cutlass, harvesters, silo
etc). The maintenance of these tools and
equipment should be discussed.

5. Feeds and feedstuffs Ability to identify and knowledge of uses

of feeds and feedstuffs such as common
feed ingredients (maize, groundnut cake,
soya bean meal, palm kernel cake, fish
meal, bone meal, oyster shell, limestone,

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salt, salt lick, premix, wheat offal etc), crop

residues, agricultural by-products and non-
conventional(jack bean, rumen digesta,
cassava peel etc) and the major nutrients
they contain will be assessed.

6. Pasture and forage crops. Ability to identify and the knowledge of

uses of common pasture and forage crops
are required. Hay and silage making should
be discussed.

7. Artificial insemination. Ability to identify the tools and equipment

and their uses are required. Simple
techniques of semen collection,
preservation and insemination should be
discussed.

8. Pests and parasites of farm animals.

Ability to identify and knowledge of the
(a). Pests of farm animals. economic importance of storage pests
(rodents, weevils, termites, cockroaches
etc), field pests (soldier ants, birds, snakes,
flies etc) are required.
Ability to identify and knowledge of
(b) Parasites of farm animals. economic importance of ectoparasites
(ticks, lice, mites, fleas etc) and
endoparasites (tapeworm, roundworms,
hook worm, pin worm, liver fluke,
trypanosomes etc) are required.Study
should also include life cycles, prevention
and control of these parasites.

LIST OF FACILITIES AND MAJOR EQUIPMENT

A. FARM BUILDING/STRUCTURE

ITEM EQUIPMENT QUANTITY

NO REQUIRED
1.
Poultry/Pig 1
House/Battery Cages
2.
Cattle/Goat/Sheep Pen 1
3.
Rabbit/Grass cutter 1
Hutch

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4.
Snairy/Bee Hive 1

B. LIVE ANIMALS

ITEM EQUIPMENT QUANTITY

NO.
REQUIRED

1. Poultry/Pig 10

2. Rabbits/Grass cutter 10

3. Cattle/Sheep/Goat 10

4. Snails/Bees 50/100

C. SPECIMEN

ITEM EQUIPMENT
NO.

1. Tick

2. Lice

3. Liver fluke

4. Tapeworm

5. Roundworm

6. Flea

7. Tsetse fly

8. Pests

D. CHARTS AND PICTURES

ITEM EQUIPMENT QUANTITY

NO. REQUIRED

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1. Digestive system of ruminants 5

2. Digestive system of non-ruminants 5

3. Reproductive organs of male 5

livestock

4. Reproductive organs of female 5

livestock

5. Reproductive tract of poultry 5

E.
6. Skeletal system of farm animals 5

7. Circulatory system 5

8. Muscular system 5

9. Endocrine system 5

10. Calendar of ovulation 5

11. Calendar of Oestrus cycle 5

12. Classes of farm animals 5

13. Calendar of heat period 5

14. Calendar of animal diseases 5

MACHINES AND EQUIPMENT

ITEM EQUIPMENT QUANTITY

NO. REQUIRED

1. Buddizor pliers/castrators 2

2. Elastrators 2

3. Debeakers 2

4. Candlers 2

5. Dehorning saw 4

6. Ear notching knife 2

7. Electro-ejaculator 2

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8. Artificial Inseminators 2

9. Hand sprayer/Knapsack sprayer 2

10. Refrigerators to store materials 2

11. Clinical thermometer 2

12. Films Many

13. Television 2

14. CD Video Player 2

15. 16mm Film Projector 2

F. DRUGS/VACCINES/MATERIALS

ITEM EQUIPMENT QUANTITY

NO. REQUIRED

1. First aids kits/boxes containing 2

surgical blades, cotton wool,
iodine and razor.

2. Sterilizers e.g. Dettol, Izal 4

3. Syringes and Needles 10

4. Vaccines (various forms) 5

5. Formalin, etc. 2 bottles

G. FEED SAMPLES

ITEM EQUIPMENT QUANTITY

NO. REQUIRED

1. Bone meal ½ kg

2. Blood meal ½ kg

3. Fish meal ½ kg

4. Groundnut cake ½ kg

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5. Maize grains ½ kg

6. Groundnut meal ½ kg

7. Coconut meal ½ kg

8. Egg shell meal ½ kg

9. Palm kernel meal ½ kg

10. Periwinkle shell ½ kg

11. Mineral salt lick, etc. ½ kg

H. OTHER MATERIALS

ITEM EQUIPMENT QUANTITY

NO. REQUIRED

1. Feeding trough (Metal and 5

Plastic)

2. Drinkers (Metal and Plastic) 5

3. Lanterns (source of heat) 5

4. Foot dips 5

5. Notebooks for Accounts and 5

Records

6. Wheelbarrow 5

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