ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly we would like to express our deepest gratitude thanks to Jimma University Institute of
Technology School of Electrical and Computer Engineering for providing this program as we
done such like project, which is help us to upgrade our theoretical knowledge. Next our heartfelt
thanks go to Mr. Samuel who plays a crucial role and stand within us by given comments and
some correction for the success of this project until we complete it.

I
ABSTRACT
This project is intended to Design automatic three phase changer using LM324 quad integrated
circuit in order to replace the manual based operating in power supply by automatic based
system. The system was designed and simulated using proteus software. The internal design is
comprise passive component versus active component where LM324 integrated circuit
(comparator) and 2N2222 transistors were termed as active components alongside other
components are passive. The Result shows that, when the three phase a.c inputs: Red phase (),
yellow phase () and blue phase () from public utility supply was fed to the system, the system
compared the inputs with regard to phase imbalances, and the input with the highest voltage
appears across the output. It also changes over from one phase to another immediately the circuit
senses further phase imbalance. Finally the adjustable and suitable power is supply for the
requirement load.

II
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................................. I
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................. II
LIST OF TABLE................................................................................................................................................ II
LIST OF FIGURE .............................................................................................................................................. II
ACCRONOMY............................................................................................................................................. II
CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 OBJECTIVE ........................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE ............................................................................................................. 2
1.2.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................ 2
1.3 SCOPE OF PROJECT ........................................................................................................................ 3
1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM .................................................................................................. 3
1.5 CHALLENGE WE FACED WHILE DOING THE PROJECT ......................................................... 3
1.6 METHOD TO OVERCOME THESE CHALLENGES ..................................................................... 3
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................................... 4
LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 4
2.1 OPERATION SYSTEM AT EARLY TIME ...................................................................................... 4
2.2 CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM OPERATION ..................................................................................... 4
2.3 MATERIAL REQUIREMENT .......................................................................................................... 5
2.4 HARDWARE COMPONENT ............................................................................................................ 6
CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................................... 7
METHODOLOY .......................................................................................................................................... 7
3.1 PROCEDURE WE FOLLOW FOR GENERAL DESIGN ................................................................ 7
3.2 ANALAYSIS AND TECHNIQUE .................................................................................................... 8
3.2.1 The Block Diagram of the General System Designing .................................................................. 8
3.3 POWER SUPPLY UNIT .................................................................................................................... 9
3.4 VOLTAGE SENSING UNIT ........................................................................................................... 10
3.5 SWITCHING UNIT .......................................................................................................................... 11
3.6 LIST OF COMPONENTS AND RATING VALUE ........................................................................ 13

I
 3.7.1 The Power Supply Unit .............................................................................................................. 13
3.8 VOLTAGE SENSING UNIT ........................................................................................................... 15
3.9 SWITCHING UNIT .......................................................................................................................... 16
CHAPTER FOUR....................................................................................................................................... 17
RESULT AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................... 17
4.1 OVER VIEW OF GENERAL DESIGN ........................................................................................... 17
4.2 DESIGN AND PRINCIPLE OPERATION ..................................................................................... 17
4.3 RESULT ........................................................................................................................................... 19
4.4 DISCUSSION OF RESULT .................................................................................................................... 20
4.5 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................... 21
4.6 RECOMMENDATION ......................................................................................................................... 22
REFERENCE .............................................................................................................................................. 23

LIST OF TABLE
TABLE 1 MATERIAL REQUIREMENT ..........................................................................................................................................5

TABLE 2 LIST OF COMPONENTS AND RATING VALUE ................................................................................................................13

TABLE 3 TRUTH TABLE SHOWING SUMMARIES OF RESULT ........................................................................................................19

LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE 1 LM324 COMPARATOR .....................................................................................................................................6

FIGURE 2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF THREE POWER SUPPLY UNIT .......................................................................................................9

FIGURE 3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF VOLTAGE SENSING UNIT ..........................................................................................................11

FIGURE 4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM SWITCHING UNIT .........................................................................................................................12

FIGURE 5 GENERAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DESIGN ........................................................................................................................18

ACCRONOMY
LM324…………………………………comparator model 324
2N222………………………………….Transistor model
RSW1…………………………………relay number one
RSW2…………………………………Relay Number two
A.C……………………………………alternate current
D.C…………………………………….direct current

II
Rsw3………………………………….contactor number one
Rsw4…………………………………contactor number two
Rsw5………………………………….Contactor number three
LED……………………………………..light emitting diode
VLED…………………………………… light emitting diode voltage

III
 CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
In developing countries the power instability and phase failure has posed serious threat to their
economic development. That is to say, where there is an erratic or irregular pattern of power
supply, there is no development. This is because one of the factors that encourage increasing
(boost) economic of a country is the availability of steady and stable power supply. However,
most companies; Industrial, commercial and even domestic are dependent on public power
supply which have erratic supply such as phase failure, phase imbalances or total power
failure due to one or more technical problem in power generation, transmission or
distribution area. Hence, there is need for automation of phase change during phase failure or
total power failure in order to safe guard consumer appliances from epileptic power supply. In
most cases, many manufacturing companies, be it domestic or industrial, which employ single
phase equipment for its operation sometimes experience challenges during unbalance
voltages, overloads and under -voltages in power supply and the emergency problem
occurrence is adjust through the process of manual change over. This means that time and the
process needed for the phase change may cause serious damages to machines and even the
products. Hence, there is need for automatic phase switching system. The system provides a
single phase correct voltage in the same power supply lines through relays from the other phase
where correct voltage is available. The system operates by stepping down 220 Volts AC to 12
Volts, rectified and fed into the operational amplifiers through the voltage divider circuit. The
operational amplifiers compare the three phases ( p1, p2 and p3 ) and switch the relays
through the transistor drivers. The automatic phase changer was made from several electronic
components which includes; operational amplifiers, diodes, resistors, capacitors, Zener diodes,
transformers, relays and fuses. Results obtained during the test shows that, whenever the system
senses a higher voltage across the three inputs and then engages the load. The system was
designed to handle light load and not big loads. This is because of the use of 12 Volts by 6A
relay switch in the system. Furthermore, the main aim of this project is to present the real idea of
an automatic phase switch for 220V to 240V alternating current.

1
1.2 OBJECTIVE
1.2.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this project is intended to designing and implementation of an automatic
three phase changer using LM324 quad integrated circuit in order to avoid the problem deviate
from phase failure, over voltage, under voltage and unbalanced voltage at the side of customer
and feeds the desired power supply for the equipment required. Identify and understand the term
over voltage, under voltage, unbalance voltage.

1.2.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

The specific objective of this project is also summarized and concentrates on how to specify and
selected the component requirement in the system designing.
 Total power failure due to one or more technical problem in power generation,
transmission etc.
 To engage the range of the voltage that feeds to designing system from the
utility.
 How the phase change can be performed in general system design.
 To what the range that the coming voltage is reduced.
 The range of adjustable voltage that feeds towards the equipment requirement.
 Identify the type of voltage feeds for equipment weather a.c. or d.c.
 Choose the transformer in order to step-down the incoming voltage from the utility.
 Select the LM324 model comparator for the purpose of comparison the step-down
voltage.

2
1.3 SCOPE OF PROJECT
In general the main scope of this project is to modernize the use of electrical power by reducing
the power failure and provide the suitable voltage to any appliance requirement.
1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In most cases, many manufacturing companies, be it domestic or industrial, which employ single
phase equipment for their operation sometimes experience challenges during unbalance voltages,
overloads and under voltages, in power supply, much time would be required in the process of
manual change over. Therefore, this and some problems are initiated us in order to deal with it
and propos a solution for the problem.
1.5 CHALLENGE WE FACED WHILE DOING THE PROJECT
In real, to carry out a solution for any problem the challenge will also rise within it. However,
try to overcoming these challenges makes the work done as successful in any direction. So, while
we carry out this initiative project there is also the problem that faced us. These challenge that
we set as the problem in our working is describe as below.
 Lack of the excess internet access or connection for more clarity information of
component used in the designed.
 Lack of enough time due to over-lap of class without gap.
1.6 METHOD TO OVERCOME THESE CHALLENGES
We have been tried to overcome the challenges that faced us while we performing
or carry out this project. The orders that overcome the challenge while we carried out our task
are describe as below:
 We organize the idea within our group and discuss with together
 Try to wisely use time as period of over-lap with the class.
 By reading some of reference and manual.

3
 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 OPERATION SYSTEM AT EARLY TIME
The system has the oldest operation method at which most companies; Industrial, commercial
and even domestic are dependent on public power supply which have erratic supply such as
phase failure, phase imbalances or total power failure due to one or more technical
problem in power generation, transmission or distribution and the failure detection done
manually by human during the fault is occurred. In general the principle operation of the system
at early time is a tedious due to human interference when the failure occurred, takes a time
interval during the failure is occurred and disconnected from the equipment or appliance at any
institution. For this reason many problem are in counted including the damage of the equipment
due to the delay of time, harmful emergency happen to the technician that try to disconnect the
load from the feeds power.

2.2 CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM OPERATION

The importance and advancement of control system in engineering have created different ways
in which automatic switching systems can solve domestic and industrial problems especially in
the developing countries. An automatic phase changer was designed. The system provides a
single phase correct voltage in the same power supply lines through relays from the other phase
where correct voltage is available. The automatic phase changer was made from several
electronic components which includes; operational amplifiers, diodes, resistors, capacitors, Zener
diodes, transformers, relays and fuses. Results obtained during the test shows that, whenever the
system senses a higher voltage across the three inputs and then engages the load. The system is
basically designed to select between the three phases at reasonable speed, and also address phase
imbalances with respect to loads. This means automatic switching between the three phases and
output only single phase. In other words, the switching consideration demonstrates the real and
practical situation for mainly domestic, moderate industrial advanced needs.

4
2.3 MATERIAL REQUIREMENT
The selection of equipment or material for any application is based on for what purpose
the system can be design, how it can be operated and other fundamental criteria. So in my project
design we select the material requirement for the project design in order to solve the thesis
problem touch above. The selection material is given below within the reason of selection.
Table 1 material requirement

5
2.4 HARDWARE COMPONENT
Comparator LM324 Model Device

U1:A

4
3
1
2

11
LM324

Figure 1 LM324 comparator

The comparator has two pins at the side of the input port and one pin on the side of the output
port. The two pins at the input side receive the electrical signal or voltage and compare these two
things in order to pass high voltage. So the comparators are compare these two signal or voltage
and pass the high voltage. For in detail description it has two pins, these are inverter and none
inverter. So its principle operation is based on the input feeds to it from the rectifier. when the
voltage on the side of the none inverter is greater than the inverter input, the comparator provide
high signal output (1). however when the input voltage to the inverter input is greater or equal to
the none inverting input part, then the comparator produce or give low signal or what we call it
as zero voltage (0). So in general function of the LM324 comparator model in this project is to
produce high or low electrical signal.

6
 CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOY
3.1 PROCEDURE WE FOLLOW FOR GENERAL DESIGN
Electricity acts as a backbone of any economy in the world and for the developing nation power
instability and high pressure over the natural resources available due to the overpopulation poses
a greater threat to their development. For this instance the suitable and modernized based use of
electric system is highly recommended in order to improve their life standard. So observing such
like sequence of the phenomena, we try to analysis and develop the automatic phase changer and
switching device during the fault is emerged at the side of the customer by automatic
disconnecting it from the load connected. So In this project we pass through many procedure as
listed below in order to develop and comprise the varies component for whole design completion
of this task.

 Thesis the idea forwarded to the sequence of problem occurred during the power failure.
 Thinking what the operating system at the early time is look like and its effect.
 Determine the range of the voltage feeds to the designing system.
 Analysis and determine the capacity of equipment that withstand within the range of the
output voltage from the system design for the safe guard purpose.
 Select the transformer in order to step-down the incoming voltage from the utility for the
next procedure performance in the system design.
 develop the idea as the power converter is required in the system designing and identify
the types of the converter that withstand with this system design
 try to understand the concept, there the generation of the harmonics during the period of
the power converter and analysis how we eliminated its effect in the whole system
designing
 forwarded the idea how the phase change can be possible when there is the phase
imbalance between the three phase
 determine only the phase having high voltage can be appeared at the outside of the output
system design

7
3.2 ANALAYSIS AND TECHNIQUE
3.2.1 The Block Diagram of the General System Designing
The block diagram of the system indicate the general design of the system starting from power
supply, step-down the incoming power from the national grid, power converter, comprising the
converting power, the phase changer when there is phase imbalance between the three phase,
automatic switching device during the period of the fault occurrence and finally deliver the
single phase output.

Power supply unit

Voltage divider Voltage sensing

section
Unit

Comparator
section

Driver section

Actuator section Visual section

Switching unit

Single phase output

Block diagram of automatic Three Phase Changer.

8
3.3 POWER SUPPLY UNIT
This serves as input unit to the system because AC mains enter the circuit through this
point. It has its own circuit designing diagram comprising many components. In this unit, power
is converted from A.C to D.C and filtered as shown in figure part of (a), (b) and (c).

F1 D1 D2
TR1 (a)
RED
+ LED DIODE DIODE

C1 D13
240v 12v R1
0.28k 1nF DIODE
D3 D4
_

TRAN-2P2S DIODE DIODE VDc1 Vcc1

F2
TR2
(b) D5 D6
+
BLUE
LED DIODE DIODE

12v R2 C2 D14
240v
0.25k
_
330uF DIODE

TRAN-2P2S D7 D8
VDc2 Vcc2
DIODE DIODE

F3 TR3
(c)
+ D9 D10
YELLOW
LED DIODE DIODE
240v C3 D15
12v
_ R3
330uF DIODE
0.25 k
D11 D12
TRAN-2P2S
Vcc3
DIODE DIODE VDc3

Figure 2 Circuit diagram of three power supply Unit

The circuit diagram of three phase power supply consist of step-down transformers (T1, T2, T3),
diodes (D1 to D12), Fuses (F1, F2, F3), capacitors ( C1, C2, C3), Resistors (R1, R2, R3) and
Light emitting diodes (LED1, LED2, LED3 ).The operation of the power supply unit occurs in
three stages; the transformer stage, rectifier stage and filter stage.

a) Transformer Stage: This section consists of three Step-down transformers (120/12V), three
fuses (1 ampere), and light emitting diodes (Red, Yellow, and Blue). The rating of transformers

9
was chosen because of the conversion of 240V to 12V AC which was the circuit requirement.
Fuses were also used to protect excess current coupled with resistors as current limiters for Light
emitting diodes. The light emitting diodes serve as indicators for presence of the mains supply.
b) Rectifier Stage: - In rectifier section, diodes were configured in a full wave bridge rectifier so
as to boast the circuit efficiency. The rectifier converts 12V AC voltage from the Supply from
the transformer output to 12V pulsating DC. During circuit operation, diode D2 and D3 conducts
and produce a positive cycle, that is forward biased, while diodes D4 and D1 becomes reverse
biased. In negative cycle, diodes D4 and D1 conduct and becomes forward biased. But since
load current is in the same direction in both half cycles, full wave rectifier appears across
the output terminals

C. Filter Stage: An electrolytic capacitor is used to filter the pulsating D.C voltage that comes
out from the rectifier section. During operation, the capacitor charges up (i.e. Store energy)
during conduction of half cycle thereby opposing any changes in voltage. Hence, filter out
voltage pulsations.

3.4 VOLTAGE SENSING UNIT

The voltage sensing Unit consists of Comparator (Cm1 and Cm2), diodes (D16 and d17 ),
resistor (R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8 and R9) and capacitors (C4, C5, C6 and C7). This
circuit operates by reducing the rectified voltages to half with the help of voltage divider. The
reduced voltages are compared through the inverting and the non-inverting inputs of the
comparators.

10
 Vcc

R4 U2:A

4
V1
2.5 k
3 VO1
1
5K R5 C4 2
100UF LM324
CM1

11
R6
2.5 k
V2
C5
100UF

D16 D17
DIODE DIODE Vcc

V 1,2
R7

4
2.5 k U2:B
5 VO2
7
R8 C6 6
5K 100UF CM2
LM324

11
V2
R9
2.5 k

C7
100F

Figure 3 circuit diagram of Voltage Sensing Unit

During the process, when the voltage in the non-inverting input is greater than the
inverting, input the output of the selected comparator becomes read “high” (1). But in a
situation where the voltage in the inverting inputs is greater or equal to the non-inverting
inputs, the output of the other selected comparator is will become read “low” (0) now.

3.5 SWITCHING UNIT

The switching unit is responsible for making and breaking electrical contacts. It is subdivided
into drivers, actuators and display sections. The devices involved were resistor (R10 and R11),
relays (Rsw1 and Rsw2) and contactors (Rsw3, Rsw4 and Rsw5) as shown in figure below.

11
 P3 P2 P1 N

N
RL3
12V
L1

L2

L1
12V

R10 Q1
VIN 1 RL1
NPN
4.8k D1 NTE-R22-5-12
DIODE

L2
12V
RL2
R11 Q2 NTE-R22-5-12
VIN 2 NPN D2
4.8k DIODE

N L3
12V

Figure 4 circuit diagram switching unit

A) Drivers Section: - as shown in above design part of the switching device part the
Transistors are used to drive the relays in this unit. The unit consists of two NPN transistors (Q1
and Q2) and resistors (R10 and R11). Transistors (Q1 and Q2) conducts when its base senses
voltage Vin1 and Vin2 from the outputs of the comparators. This transistor were used to
swings the collector current to the quantity required by the coils of the relays.

B) Actuator Section: - similar to the other component describe in this part of the switching
device part, the actuator section consist of relays and contactors switches. The relays (Rsw1 and
Rsw2) are used to actuate the contactors (Rsw1, Rsw2, and Rsw3). This is because the contactors
coils used operate with A.C voltage.
C) Visual Section: - The visual unit was design with three incandescent lamps (Lmp1, Lmp2,
and Lmp3). This section displays the nature of the output system. In other words, the phase that
appears across the system output is indicated with the colour of the Lamp weather Red Lamp
(Lmp1) Yellow Lamp (Lmp2) or Blue Lamp (Lmp3).

12
3.6 LIST OF COMPONENTS AND RATING VALUE
Since that according to the general idea is proposed and develop in the above block diagram,
different component within its range of rating and operating were selected. So the general
Component requirement in the system design can be selected and give in the below table.
Table 2 List of Components and Rating Value

3.7 SYSTEM DESIGN ANALYSIS

3.7.1 The Power Supply Unit

In power supply sections, 240V/12V transformers and 1A fuses rating were chosen because it’s
met the requirement of the circuit.
A) Current Limiting Resistors (R1, R2 and R3)
Vs. = 12V (supply voltage), VLED= 2.2V, = 35mA (maximum allowable current across the
LED)
R1= (Vs-VLED)/ILED
R1= (12-2.2)/35Ma = 9.8/0.035
R1= 280 ohm

13
Therefore current is drawn by Red LED;
ILED = Vs/R1→ 12/280 = 0.043A
ILED = 43mA
To determining R2, VLED = 3.2, Vs = 12V (supply voltage) and ILED = 35mA (maximum
allowable current across the LED).
R2 = Vs- VLED/ILED
R2 = (12-3.2)/35mA
R2 = 251 ohm
Therefore the current is drawn by the yellow LED,
ILED = VS/R2→ 12/250
ILED = 48mA
To determine the value of the R3, VLED = 3.8, Vs = 12v (supply voltage) and ILED = 35mA
(maximum allowable current across the LED).
R3 = (Vs- VLED)/ILED
R3 = (12-3.8)/35mA→ 8.2/0.035
R3 = 234 ohm
Since 234 ohm resistor is not standard so 250 ohm resistor is used as the closest value in the
design.
Therefore the current is drawn by the Blue LED;
ILED = 12/250 = 0.048A→ 48mA
B. Peak Inverse Voltage
Peak Inverse voltage is twice the maximum voltage across the half wave,
That is P1V = 2Vm = 2Vs
Therefore PIV = 2*12 = 24v
The value of diode used in full wave bridge rectifier circuit was 1N4001 because it has voltage
rating of 50V as required by the circuit. The rating is also chosen to avoid any damage to
the diode in case of reverse operation occurs.
C. Average DC Current (IC)
The average DC current was calculated using the expression
Idc = 2Vm RL
A 200Ω load resistance was considered across the outputs.

14
Root mean square (Rms) of the secondary = 12V
Maximum voltage across the secondary (Vm) = 12 x √2 = 17V
Dc current flowing through the load (Idc) = 2*17/3.14*200 = 34/628.4 = 0.054A
Average dc voltage across the load (Vdc) = Idc x RL = 0.054 x 200 = 10.8V
However, the values of dc voltages (Vdc1, Vdc2 and Vdc3) and currents (Idc1, Idc2 and Idc3)
across the three phases were equally 10.8Volts and 54mA respectively.
d. Filter capacitors (C1, C2 and C3)
The filter capacitors were calculated using the expression.
C = 1/4√3fyR
But for full wave rectifier circuit [8];
f = frequency of ripple voltage = 50Hz
y = Ripple factor = 5% = 0.05
R = Diode resistance =?
R =Vdc/Idc = 200Ω
C = 1/4√3*50*0.05*200 = 0.000288F
C = 288µF

Since 288µF capacitor is not standard, 330µF capacitors were used as (C1, C2 and C3) in the
standard value in the design.

3.8 VOLTAGE SENSING UNIT

Since voltage is considered in this unit, the values of R4, V_ and Vcc (V1) were taken to be
2.5KΩ, 6V and 12V respectively. Thus the value of was calculated using the expression;
V_ = (R5*V1)/R5+R4
V_ (R4+R5) = R5V1
V_R4+V_R5 = R5V1
V_R4 = R5V1-R5V_
V_R4 = R5 (V1-V_)
R5 = V_R4/V1- V_
R5 = (6*2500)/12-6→1500/6 = 2500 ohm.
RR5 = 2.5Kohm since resistor R5 is common to resistor (RR4 and RR5) and each having 2.5KΩ
resistances, 5KΩ variable resistor was adopted in the design so as to produce 2.5KΩ resistance to

15
resistors (RR4 and RR6 ) when tuned to it midpoint. However, the same calculation is also done
in second voltage divider stage and the value of RR8 = RR5 = 5KΩ.

3.9 SWITCHING UNIT

a. Collector Current (Ic)
From the expression; IB = Ic/B
Where supply voltage (Vcc ) = 12V
Base emitter voltage (VBE) = 0.6
Gain (HFE) = 25
Recall coil resistance = 400Ω
IC = Vcc/RL= 12/400 = 0.03A = 30mA
Base Current (IB) = 0.03/25 → 0.0012 A
But to ensure sufficient base current to drive the transistor into saturation, the quantity of the
base current is doubled.
i.e. = 2 X 0.0012
IB= 0.002A→2mA
b). Base Resistance (R10 and R11)
R10 = Vcc-VBE/IB
R10 = 12-0.2/0.002 = 4708Ω→ 4.7KΩ
The value of used in the design was 4.7KΩ.

16
 CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 OVER VIEW OF GENERAL DESIGN
The general designing of the system is consisted three units where this unit has its own function.
The first unit is power supply unit, where the power is feeds to the system design from the main
supply. The next unit in the sequence of the system design is, voltage sensing unit. In this unit
the incoming voltage is step-down by the transformer according to the parameter designing. This
voltage is still a.c voltage so the rectifier is required to convert this voltage sinusoidal into the
pulsating d.c voltage and the filter is remove the noising part or harmonics. The filtered voltage
is feeds to the sensing Unit where it is consisted of consists of Comparator, diodes, resistor and
capacitors. This circuit operates by reducing the rectified voltages to half with the help of voltage
divider. The reduced voltages are compared through the inverting and the non-inverting inputs of
the comparators. During the process, when the voltage in the non-inverting input is greater
than the inverting, input the output of the comparator selected is becomes “high”. But in a
situation where the voltage in the inverting inputs is greater or equal to the non-inverting inputs,
the output will become “low. So before the output of this comparator is appear as the single
phase output, the switching unit is responsible to making and breaking electrical contacts where
it is subdivided into drivers, actuators and display sections that has its own function. And finally
the single phase output is appeared.

4.2 DESIGN AND PRINCIPLE OPERATION

The schematic diagram showed in below displays the interconnectivity of the phase changer and
automatic switching device when the fault is occurred. So the system general designing
and principle operation is given and elaborates as below.

17
 N P3 P2 P1

TR1 TR2 TR3

TRAN-2P2S TRAN-2P2S TRAN-2P2S

D1 D2 D3
R1 R2 R3
0.28k 0.25k 0.25k
LED LED LED

D4 D5 D8 D9 DIODE D12 D13

DIODE DIODE DIODE DIODE DIODE

C2 C1 C3
1uF 1uF 1uF
D14
D6 D7 D10 D11 DIODE D15
DIODE DIODE DIODE DIODE DIODE

D16 D17 D18

DIODE DIODE
DIODE

D19

D20
DIODE

R4 R5 DIODE R7
10k RV1 10k R6 RV2 10k
1k 10k 1k

U1:B
4

U1:A
6

12 3
12 3
2

LM139
1

LM139

R8
R9 10k
10k

Q1 Q2
2N2369 2N2369

D22 D21

DIODE DIODE

RL2
NTE-R22-5-12
RL1
L2
LMP1 12V
NTE-R22-5-12
12V

RL5
RL4
12V 12V RL3
12V
LMP3
12V

L2 L1 N

Figure 5 general circuit diagram design

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The circuit has three transformers (T1, T2 and T3) which receive the inputs voltages. The
transformers step-down the 240V AC to 12V AC. Full wave bridge rectifiers were used to
convert 12V AC voltage to 12V DC voltage. However, the rectified voltages are fed into the
inverting and non-inverting inputs of the two comparators through the voltage dividers. The
voltage dividers were used to reduce each of the rectifier voltages to half so that the comparators
will not sink. In this section, the system compares the input voltages and takes logical decisions.
These logical decisions are in two ways, for instant (i) the output of the comparator becomes
High (1) when the voltage in the non-inverting is greater than the inverting input. (2) When the
voltage in the inverting is greater than or equals to the non-inverting, the comparator output
remains low (0). Accordingly, Transistors (Q1 and Q2) were connected across the comparator
outputs so as to swing and drive a sufficient Current to operate the relay coils (Rsw1 and Rsw2).
But since the system includes contactors because of handling big loads, the small relays (Rsw1
and Rsw2) are used to actuate the contactors (Rsw1, Rsw2 and Rsw3).

4.3 RESULT

Table 3 Truth Table Showing Summaries of result

Note: - High (1); ˃ 5V

Low (0); ≤ 5V

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4.4 DISCUSSION OF RESULT
The table above describes summaries of the result during the testing of the system. The 0 and 1
signify “Low” and “High” respectively. In other words, 1 is considered 5V and above while 0
Indicate signal less than 5V. It shows that when P1 is High (1), P2, P3 are low, the output signal
is “High” (1). This is because the signal at non inverting input is greater than the inverting input,
hence, P1 (Red phase) will appear in the output. Secondly, when P1, P3 are low, the output P2
(Yellow Phase) will become “High”. Also, when P1, P2 are all low and P3 is high, automatically
P3 (Blue Phase) will appear across the output.

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4.5 CONCLUSION
In this work an automatic three phase changer using LM 324 comparator has been designed and
operates smoothly as expected. The incoming power from the utility is feeds to the system and
the transformer is step-down into the required interval of the range. Still the reduced voltage is
a.c so the rectifier converter is converted into d.c current and the ripple generating is eliminated
by the capacitor as it is charge and discharge with the constant time according to connected in
the circuit diagram. The smooth electrical signal is feeds to the LM324 model comparator and
produce only one output based on its input appear at the side of inverting and none inverting
pins. Transistors are used to drive the relays in this unit. By swings the collector current to the
quantity required by the coils of the relays. Contactor caused to operate or actuate by the relays
where it is operate only on a.c voltage only. Finally the single phase output is appeared at the
output side where it is the desired and adjustable voltage.

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4.6 RECOMMENDATION
As such a project is very indispensible for the successfulness of the students; the students must
be participating accordingly in doing the projects. The school needs to focus to access some
prerequisites for the students. For instance, internet access, lab class and some material for who
want to do the hardware practically. The scope this project can be extended to 220v d.c output
voltage for the future implementation.

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REFERENCE
[1] Available online at www.ijeatr.org

[2] Comparator Circuit. Retrieved: 10/01/2016.

[3] Muhammad Jamal P. (2007), Automatic Phase Changer.

[4] Shepherd J., Morton A. H and Spence L. F. (1973). Basic Electrical engineering. Pitman
Publishing. London

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