5 6165872371740704849

fzpdp mwpKfk; UNIT
02
Introduction to Computer
2.1 nra;Kiwtopahf;fy;fspd (Processors) tpUj;jpAld; njhlu;Gila Kf;fpa

khw;wq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; fzpdp gbKiw tsu;r;rpia ntspf; nfhzu;thu;
 fzpj;jypd; tuyhW (History of Computing)

 fzpdpj; jiyKiwfs;
 gy;NtW tifg;gLj;jy; Kiwfs;
fzpg;nghwpf;F mwpKfk;
 fzpg;nghwp ,d;W kdpj tho;ifapd; xU Kf;fpa mq;fkhfj;
jpfo;fpwJ.
 Njhopy,; Jiw, murhl;rp, fy;tp, kUj;Jtk;, Muha;rp ,rl;lk;, r%f
Nrit, ,ir, Xtpak;, jpiug;glk; Nghd;W gy JiwfspYk;
fzpg;nghwpia vq;F gad;gLj;jyhk; vd;gJ ek; fl;gidahy;
kl;LNk fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
fzpg;nghwp vd;gJ vd;d?

 xU rpWtDf;F my;yJ rpWkpf;F mJ vt;thW Njhw;wkspf;fpwJ?
thndhyp njhiyf;fhl;rp jpiug;glk; Nghd;wtw;wpd; fyit vdj;
Njhd;wyhk;.
 ,J XusTf;F cz;ik Mdhy; fzpg;nghwpapd; mw;Gjkd
jpwikfs; ,jpy; ntspg;gltpy;iy.
 fzpg;nghwp xU kpd;dZ ,ae;jpuk; mJ $l;ly; fopj;jy; ngUf;fy;
tFj;jy; Nghd;w fzpjr; nray;ghLfisr; nra;a KbAk;.
 mjdhy; jftiyr; Nrkpj;J itf;f KbAk;.
 mijg; gpwF gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;. mJ xu; tpdhbapy;
gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd nray;fisj; jtwpy;yhky; nra;Ak;.
 fzpj Vuzr; nray;ghLfisj; jhdhfr; nray;gLj;Jk; ty;yik
ngw;wJ fzpg;nghwp mjd; Jy;ypaKk; NtfKk; kpf mjpfk;
rypg;gpd;wp Ntiy nra;Ak; xU ez;gd; vdyhk;.
 vz;ZtJk; $l;LtJk; kdpj Fyj;jpw;F Mjpfhyj;jpNyNa Vw;gl;l
xU Njit.
 vz;Ztjw;F tpuy;fspdhy; Gs;sp itg;gJ, rpW NfhL, fpopg;gJ
vd;W njhlq;fpdhd; vYk;Gfspy; fPwp itj;jhd;.
 rpW fw;fs; kzpfs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpdhd;.
 gpwF vz;fis cUthf;fpdhd; mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp fzf;Ffis

nra;aj; njhlq;fpdhd;.
 mtw;iw tpiuthf nra;a Kjypy; ifapdhy; ,af;Fk;
fUtpfisAk; mLj;J kpd;rhuj;jhy; ,af;Fk; fUtpfisAk;
gilj;jhd;.
 mLj;J te;jJ jhd; ,d;iwa kpd;dZf; fzpg;nghwp.
Mjpfhy tuyhW
fp.K. 2500- mghf];
 vz; fzpjj;jpw;fhf fz;L
gpbf;fg;gl;l Kjy; fUtp mghf];
vdyhk;.
 ,jpy; EhypiofSk; mtw;wpy;
kzpfSk; ,Uf;Fk;.
 xt;nthU ,ioAk; xU gjpd;k
(jrk) epiyiaAk; xt;nthU
kzpAk; xU gjpd;k
,yf;fj;ijAk; Fwpf;Fk;.
 eLtpy; cs;s rl;lj;jpd; mUfpy;
cs;s kzpfs; xU vz;izf;
Fwpf;Fk;.
 Kjypy; mghf]; $l;lYf;Fk; fopj;jYf;Fk; gad;gl;lJ. gpd;du;
ngUf;fYf;Fk; tFj;jYf;Fk; tpupthf;fg;gl;lJ.
fp.gp. 1614 – Neg;gpau; Fr;rpfs;
 ngUf;fis tpiuthfr; nra;a cjTk;

rhjdk; ,J.
 [hd; Neg;gpau;(John Napier) vd;Dk;
];fhl;yhe;Jf;fhuyhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,jpy; xt;nthU ,yf;fj;jpw;Fk; xU
Fr;rp ,Uf;Fk; ,e;jf; Fr;rpfis
Njitahd ngUf;fYf;F Vw;wJ Nghy;
mLf;fp itj;jhy; ngUf;fis
tpiuthfr; nra;ayhk;.
fp.gp. 1633 – efUk; rl;lk; (Slide Rule)
 tpy;ypak; Ml;nul; (William Oughtred) vd;gtu; ,jid

cUthf;fpdhu;. ,J yhfupjk; (Logarithm) vd;gjd; mbg;gilapy;
nray;gLfpwJ.
 ,jd; ,UGwq;fspy; epiyj;j rl;lq;fSk; eLtpy; xU efUk;
rl;lKk; cs;sJ.
 ,ijg; gad;gLj;jp ngUf;fisAk; tFj;jiyAk; $l;ly; fopj;jy;
Nghd;W nra;ayhk;.
fp.gp. 1642 – Roy; rf;fuf; fzpg;ghd;
 ,J gpNsa;]; gh];fy; (Blaise

Pascal) vd;Dk; gpNwQ;R
mwpQuhy; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,d;iwa fzpg;nghwpf;F
Kd;Ndhb vdyhk;.
 ,jpy; nek;gpfSk;
Ntfkhw;wpfSk; (Levers and
gears) ,Ue;jd.
 jd; je;ijapd; fzpg;Gfis
tpiutgLj;j gh];fhy; ,ij
cUthf;fpdhu;.
 mg;NghJ mtUf;F taJ
gj;njhd;gJjhd;.
fp.gp. 1822 – b/gud;]; vd;[pd; (Difference Engine)
 ,J rhu;y]; ghNg[; (Charles

Babbage) vd;Dk;
Mq;fpNyauhy;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,tu; fzpjk; kw;Wk;
nghUspay; Jiwfspy;
mwpQu;.
 ,d;iwa fzpg;nghwpapd;
mbg;gilj; jj;Jtq;fis
cUthf;fpajhy; ,d;iwa
fzpg;nghwpapd; je;ij vd;W
Nghw;wg;gLfpwhu;.
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fp.gp. 1890- N`hy;upj; NlGNybq; kp]pd; (Hollerith Tabulating
Machine)
 Jisaplg;gl;l ml;ilfisg;ghu;j;J mtw;wpy; cs;s

jfty;fisg;gbj;J mtw;iw myrp MuhAk; jd;ik gilj;jJ
,e;jf; fUtp.
fzpg;nghwpapd; jiyKiwfs;
 fzpg;nghwpia cUthf;Fk; njhopy; ql;gj;jpy; Vw;gl;l gyg; gy
Kd;Ndw;wq;fspy; rpy kpf Kf;fpakhdit.
 mit fzpg;nghwpapd; jpwd; Ntfk; ek;gfj;jd;ik Nghd;wtw;iw
mjpfupj;jd.
 tpiyia Fiwj;jd. ,e;j Kf;fpa njhopy; ql;gq;fspd;
mbg;gilapy; fzpg;nghwpapd; jiyKiwfisg; gpupf;fyhk;.
 mtw;iwg;gw;wp ,q;F ghu;g;Nghk;.
Kjy; jiyKiw – 1940-1956 ntw;wplf; Foha;fs;
 ntw;wplf; Foha;fis (Vaccum Tube) kpd; Rw;wpYk; fhe;j
cUisia epidtfkhfTk; gad;gLj;jpa fzpg;nghwpfis
Kjy; jiy Kiw vd;fpNwhk;.
 ,it mstpy; ngupajhfTk; mjpf ntg;gj;ij
Vw;gLj;JtjhfTk; ,Ue;jd.
 ,tw;iw ,af;f mjpf msT kpd;rhuk; Njitg;gl;lJ.
 mjpf msT ntg;gk; cUthdjhy; fzpg;nghwpapd; ghfq;fs;
mbf;fb gOJgl;ld.
 ,it fzpg;nghwp nkhopapy; (Machine Language) kl;LNk
nray;gl;ld. jfty;fs; Jis ml;ilfs; kw;Wk; fhfpj
ehlhf;fs; %yk; cs;sPL (Input) nra;ag;gl;ld.
 ntspaPLfs; (Output) mr;Rg;nghwp topahf mr;rplg;gl;L
ntspte;jd. ,e;jf; fzpg;nghwpfs; xU rkaj;jpy; xU fzpg;ig
kl;LNk nra;Ak; jpwd; ngw;wit.
 Adptu;ry; Ml;Nlhnkbf; fk;A+l;lu; (Universal Automatic Computer-
UNIVAC) kw;Wk; vnyf;l;uhdpf; epA+kupfy; ,d;lf;Nulu; mz;l;
fhy;FNyl;lu; (Electronic Numerical Integrater and Calculator – ENIAC)
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Kjy; jiyKiwfs;.
,uz;lhk; jiyKiw – 1956 – 1963 buhd;rp];lu;
 ntw;wplf; Foha;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf
uhd;rp];lu; (Transistor) gad;
gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 ,jdhy; msTk; Njitahd
kpd;rhuKk; Fiwe;jJ.
 l;uhd;rp];lUk; mjpf ntg;gj;ij
ntspapl;ljhy; fzpg;nghwp rpy
rkaq;fspy; jtwhf nray;gl;lJ.
 Mdhy; Ke;ija jiy
KiwapypUe;J ngUksT
Kd;NdwpapUe;jJ.,jpy; cs;sl P ;Lf;F Jis ml;ilfSk;
ntspaPl;bw;F mr;Rg; nghwpfSk; gad;gl;ld.
 fzpg;nghwp nkhopapypUe;J mnrk;g;sp nkhopf;F (Assemply Language)
Kd;NdwpaJ.
 ,jpy; fl;lisfs; rpW nrhw;fs; %yk; nfhLf;fg;gl;ld.
 ,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; jhd; Nfhghy; (COBOL) Nghu;l;uhd; (FORTRAN)
Nghd;w cau;epiy nkhopfspd; (High Level Languages)
njhlf;fg;gjpg;Gfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
 ,e;jj; jiyKiwapy; epidtfj;jpw;F fhe;j tisaq;fs; (Magnetic
core) gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
 juTfis kl;Lkpy;yhky; fl;lisfisAk; epidtfj;jpy; itf;Fk;
njhopy; ql;gk; mwpKfkhdJ.
%d;whk; jiyKiw – 1964- 1971 xUq;fik
RW;Wfs;
 gy nuhd;rp];fisf; FWf;fp xNu
rpy;ypy; (chip) mlf;fp
cUthf;fg;gl;lit xUq;fik
Rw;Wfs; (Integrated Circuits)
 ,it fzpg;nghwpapd;. jpwidAk;
Ntfj;ijAk; kpfTk; mjpfg;gLj;jp
xU jiyKiw khw;wj;ijNa
Vw;gLj;jpd.
 NkYk; tpirg;gyifAk; (keyboard)
jpiur; rhjdKk; (Monitor)
cs;sPl;L ntspaPl;Lr; rhjdq;fshf te;jd.
 fzpg;nghwpapd; gy gFjpfisAk; epu;tfpf;Fk; ,af;f mikg;Gfs;
(Operating system) Njhd;wpd.
 ,jdhy; gy fzf;FfSf;F xNu rkaj;jpy; jPu;Tfhd Kbe;jJ.
ehd;fhk; jiyKiw – 1971- ,d;W tiu :
qz;nrayp
 gyg;gy xUq;fik
Rw;Wfis xNu rpy;ypy;
cs;slf;fp qz;
nraypfs; (Micro
processor)
cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
 ,it fzpg;nghwpapd;
jpuid xU Gjpa
epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L
nrd;wd. NkYk; gy
fzpg;nghwpfis
,izj;J tiyfs;
cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
,jdhy;
fzpg;nghwpfspd; $l;Lr; nraw;ghL njhlq;fpaJ.
 ,e;jf; $l;Lwtpd; mstw;w gadhy; ,d;iwa ,izak; (Internet)
cUthdJ.
Ie;jhk; jiyKiw - ,dp tUq;fhyk; : nraw;if

mwpT
 jhdhfr; rpe;jpj;Jr; nray;gLtJ Nghy; Njhd;Wk; mikg;G nraw;if
mwpT (Artificial Inteligence) nfhz;lJ vdg;gLfpwJ.
 fzpg;nghwp ,g;gbr; nray;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fpy; Muha;rpfs;
ele;J tUfpd;wd.
fzzp tifgLj;jy;
fzpdpia gpd;tUk; Kiwfspd; gpupj;Jg; ghu;f;yhk;
gUkid mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L
 Super computer
 Main frame computer
 Mini computer
 Network sever
 Personal computer
Nehf;fj;ij mbg;gilahf; nfhz;L

 nghJ gad;ghl;L Nehf;fk;
 tpNrl gad;ghl;L Nehf;fk; : tpNrl Njit
njhopw;Ew;gj;ij mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L
 xg;gpay; fzpdp (Analog computer)
 vz;zpay; fzpdp (Digital computer)
 Hybrid computer
1) gUkid mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L tifg;gLj;jy;
 gUkid mbg;gilahf vd;gJ mjDila ngsjPf Njhw;wj;jpd;

msT> nraw;wpwd; xNu Neuj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jk; ghtidahsu; msT>
mjDila ngWkjp vd;gtw;wpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,J
tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
kPf;fzdp (super computer)
 kPf;fzpdpfs; ,d;iwa fzpdpfspy; mjpf nraw;wpwd; kpf;fJk;

tpiy $baJk; mjp cau; njhopy; E;l;gj;jpYk; mikag;
ngw;wpUf;Fk; fzpdpNa ,JthFk;.
 ,it ngUk;ghYk; gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; Muha;r;rpf; $lq;fs; ngUk;
Ntiyg; gOTs;s epWtdq;fspNyna gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
 ,it Mapuf;fzf;fhd Ez;nraypfis (miroprocessors) jd;dfj;Nj
nfhz;Ls;sNjhL vkJ tPl;bYs;s fzpdpfis tpl gd; klq;F
nraw;wpwd;kpf;fJ.
jiyikf; fzpdp (Main frame computer)
 ,e;j fzpdpfshdJ ngupa rf;jp tha;e;j KiwikfshFk;.

 ,e;j fzpdpapd; ghtizahsu;fs; (Terminal) Clhf
,izf;fg;gl;bUg;gu;. ,it xU jlitapy; 1000f;F Nkw;gl;l
ghtizahsu;fis ifahsj;jf;f ty;yikAilaJ.
 ,it tq;pfspy; tpkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J epWtdq;fsJ
nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ 1000f;fzf;fhd ghtidahsu;fSila
Njitfis ruPhf; ifahStjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
Main computer
 ,J (Main frame) fzpdpfis tpl nraw;wpwd; Fiwe;jJk; Mdhy;

(PC) fistpl nraw;wpwd; kpf;fJkhd fzpdpfshFk; mJ
ntspahd Neuj;jpy; ,Ue;j fapdpfis tpl rpwpajhf ,Ue;jjpdhy;
,e;j ngaiu ,J ngw;wJ.
 ,JTk; jiyikf; fzpdpfisg; Nghy; gy ghtidahsu;fis xNu
Neuj;jpy; ifahsf; $ba jpwd;kpf;fJ.
 Terminal/ PC %yk; ,jDld; njhlu;gpid Vw;gLj;j KbAk;.
tiyg;gpd;dy; Nritafq;fs; Network servers
 xU fzpdp tiyg;gpd;dypy; gy jdpafs; fzpdpfs; kw;Wk; fzpdp

rhu; futpfs; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
 ,t;thW ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;f $ba fzpdpfs; kw;Wk; fUtpfis
Kfhik nrw;tjw;Fk; mtw;wpw;Fj; Njitahd juTfs; kw;Wk;
nkd;nghUl;fis toq;Ftjw;fhfntd njhopw;glf; $ba fzpdpNa
tiyg;gpd;dy; Ntitafq;fs; (Network server) vdg;gLk;.
 nghJthf epWtdj;jpd; Njtapid nghWj;J gy fzpdpfs;
,t;tiyaikg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
 ,t; tiyg;gpd;dy; Nritafq;fspd; gad;fshtd:
 Email sever fshf gad;gLj;jyhk;
 Internet server (proxy); fshf gad;gLj;jyhk;
 Print server Nfhg;Gf;fis gfpu;e;J nfhs;s gad;gLj;jyhk;
 (Print sever) printer cld; ,izf;fg;gl;L gad;gLj;jg;gly
 (Data base server) Ald; ,izf;fg;gl;L gad;gLj;jg;gly;

jdpahs; fzpdpfs Personal computer (PC)
 jdpg;gl;l egu;fspd; ghitf;fhfntd cs;s fzpdpfNs

,itahFk;. mjdhNyNa ,J jdpahs; fzpdpfs Personal computer
(PC)) vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ,it nghJthf fhupahya kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l Ntiyg;ghLfshd
jl;lr;R nra;jy; tiujy; md;whl tzpf nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs;
nra;jy; jdpg;gl;l nghOJ Nghf;F kw;Wk; nrhe;j NjitfSf;fhf
gad;gLj;jg;Lk;.
 ,jid xNu Neuj;jpy; xUtNu gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
 NkYk; ,jDila nghsjPf Njhw;wj;jpd; mstpid kd;dpl;L rpy
Neuk; ,J Ez;fzdpfspd; (Microcomputer) vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.
gpd;tUk; tifahd PC f;fs; ,d;W gad;ghl;by; cs;sd.
1. Nkirf; fzpdpfs; Desk top computers
 ,it jdpg;gl;l ghtidf;fhfntd Nkirapy; itj;Jg;
ghtpf;fg;gLtjdhy; ,e;j ngaiug; ngw;wJ.
2. Work station
 ,JTk; jdpg;gl;l ghtidf;fhfTs;s xU fzpdpagFk;. Mdhy; ,J
rhjhuz nkirf; fzpdpia tpl rf;jp tha;e;jnjhd;W
 ,J tpQ;Qhdpfs; xspg;gl gilg;ghspfs; tiugl
nghwpapayhsu;fSf;F vd fbd ntiyfis Ntfkhf nra;tjw;F
s;s xd;whFk;.
3. Note book fzpdpfs;
 ,J tpUk;gpa ,lj;jpw;F vLj;Jr;nry;yj;jf;f tifapy;
nky;ypajhfTk; Fiwe;j epiwAlDk; Nkirf; fzpdpfs;
nraw;ghLfs nghz;ls;s fzpdpfshFk;.
 ,it kpd; fyq;fspd; (Battery) apd; Jiz nfhz;L ,aq;ff;
$baJ.
4. Table pc
 Note book apid tpl Fiwe;Jk; Note book y; xs;s ,ay;Gfis tpl
$Ljyhd ,ay;Gfis nfhz;lJkhFk;.
 ,jpy; styles/ digital pen (njhl jpiuapy; fl;lisapLtjw;fhf
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Fr;rp) gad;gLj;jf;bajhf ,Ug;gNjhL njhL
czu;Tld; $ba jpiuapidAk; nfhz;L fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ.
 ,e;j pen fshdJ fl;lisfsid toq;Ftjw;F rpy Icon fis
njupT nra;tjw;fhfTs;sJ.
 ,J rpy nkd;nghUl;fspd; tpNrl gjpg;gpd; %yNk nraw;glf;
$bajhfTs;sJ.
5. Hand held pc
 ,J iff;flf;fkhdjhf ,Ug;gjdhy; ,e;j nghaiu nfhz;L
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,J gpd;tUk; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
 Fwpg;G vLg;gjw;F
 njhiyNgrp njhlu;HG tpguq;fis tpgupg;gjw;F
 ehshe;j jpd;f;fhl;bia ghu;g;gjw;F
 ehshe;j jpdf;fhl;bia ghu;g;gjw;F
tiyaikg;G ,izaj;Jld; ,izg;gjw;fhd trjpia nfhz;bUg;gNjhL
njhiyNgrpahfTk; music player MfTk; njhopw;gLfpd;wJ.
kpfTk; gpugykhd Hand held fzpdpahf personal digital assistant (PDA)
njhopw;gLfpd;wJ.
6. Smart phone
 ,J tpNrl ,ay;Gfis nfhz;l njhiyNgrpahFk;.
 ,J toikahd ifj;njhiyNgrpia tpl ngupaJ.
 xU rpwpa (keyboard, internet, email, calendar, etc) Nghd;w trjpfisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
2) Nehf;fj;jpid mbg;gilahf nfhz;L

tifg;gLj;jy;
 fzpdpahdJ gy;NtWgl;l NijitfSf;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
 xU fzpdp vy;yhj; NjitfSf;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy.
NjitfSf;f Vw;g mit gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
tpNrl Nehf;fj;jpw;fhd fzpdpfs;
 Muha;r;rp Nghd;w tpNrl NjitfSf;F vd tbtikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
fzpdpfs; ahTk; ,t;tifiar; rhUk;.
 ,it me;Nehf;fq;fis epiwntw;wj;jf;f tifapy; nraw;wpwd;
kpf;fjhfTk; ,aYik kpf;fjhfTk; fhzg;gl;L mikAk;.
Eg: Super Computer
nghJ Nehf;fj;jpw;fhd fzpdpfs;
 ,it gy;NtWgl;l Njitfis epiwt nra;Ak; Nehf;Fld;
jahupf;fg;gl;l fzpdpahFk;. Rpy re;ju;gq;fspy; ,it tpNrl
Njitfis u;jj ; p nra;aTk; gad;gLk;.
Eg: PC
3) njhopy; El;gj;jpid mbg;gilahf; nfhz;L

fzpdpfis tifg;gLj;jy;
vz;zpay; fzpdp (Digital computers)
 vz;zpay; fzpdpfshdJ gy;NtWgl;l cs;sPl;L fUtpfs; %yk;
,yf;fq;fs; vOj;Jf;fisg; ngw;W mjid mt; cs;sPl;Lf;
fUtpfs; cs;sPLfis kpd;rhu Jbg;Gf;fshf (on, off, (1,0)) khw;wp
mjid fzpj kw;Wk; ju;f; uPjpahd nraw;ghLfSf;F
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
 NkYk; ,e;j nraw;ghl;bw;F Nkyjpfkhf
 nrad;Kiwf;fhf jfty;fis Nrfupj;jy;
 ju;f;f uPjpahf nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;
 Delete gd;dy;
 ,jd; kfg;ngupa ed;ik ahnjdpy; ,j tzpf gpuNahf

tpz;zg;gq;fSf;F nghUj;jkhdJk; mt; tpz;zg;gq;fspy; vt;tsTf;f
mjpfkhf jrkjhdq;fis nfhz;L fzpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhz;lhYk;
kpfr;rupahd fzpg;gPl;bidj; jUk;.
 ,jd; jPik ahnjdpy; nryT $baJ kw;Wk; nra;epuypLtJ
rpf;fyhdJ.
Analog computers (njhlupay; fzpdp/ xg;Gikf; fzpdp)
 ,f;fzdpfspy; juT cs;sPlhdJ njhlu;r;rpahf toq;fg;gLk;.
 mjhtJ cs;sl P hf toq;fg;gLfpd;w voltage, ntg;gepiy, mOj;jk;
vd;gd fzpdpapd; Kwptilahj xl;lj;ijAila jhtyhf
nfhs;sg;hLk;.
 NkYk; nghwpapay; kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhd tpz;zg;gq;fspy; ngupa
mstpy; nrad; Kiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
 juTfshdJ miy tbtpy; jho;e;J Nghf $ba voltage
mOj;jq;fshf ,Uf;Fk;.
 ,e;j njhopy; El;gk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l single purpose fUtpfspNyNa
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
,jd; ed;ik:
 tpiy FiwT
 ,yfthf nrw;epuy; ,lKbAk;
,jd; jPik:
 kpfr;rupahd jd;ikAila ntspaPl;bid ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ fbdk;.
,jdhy; ,jidg; gad;gLj;jp ghupa mstpyhd tzpf
nraw;ghLfSf;F gad;gLj;JtJ cfe;jjy;y
2.2 fzpdpnahd;wpd; nraw;ghl;il mjd; td;nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd;
,ilKfq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; Muha;thu;
 cs;sPl;Lf;fUtpfs;
 tpirg;gyifAld; xg;gpLk;NghJ Neub cs;sPl;Lf; fUtpfspd; mD$yq;fs;
 ntspaPl;Lf;fUtpfSk; mtw;wpd; jd;ikfSk;
 kj;jpa nraw;ghl;L myFk; (CPU) mjd; jha;g;gyifg; nghUe;JifAk
 Nrkpg;gfq;fs;
 ; rkhe;ju kw;Wk; Nfhl;Lr;rl;lf; (grid) fzpik (computing)
cs;sPl;lfq;fs;
 gadUf;FK; fzpg;nghwpf;Fk; ,ilNa ,it xU ghykhfr;
nray;gLfpd;wd.
 xU fzpg;nghwpAld; gy cs;sl P ;lfq;fis ,izf;fyhk;.
 ,it juTfisg; ngw;W fzpg;nghwpf;Fg; GupAk; tpjj;jpy; cs;Ns
mDg;gp itf;Fk;.
tpirg;gyif
 juTfis cs;spl ,d;W
mjpfk; gad;gLk; rhjdk;
tpirg;gyif.
 ,jpy; jl;lr;Rg; gyifapy;
,Ug;gJ Nghy gy
tpirfs; cs;sd.
 Mq;fpy vOj;;JfSf;F
vz;fSf;F fhw;Gs;sp
Nghd;w epWj;jy;
FwpaPLfSf;F rpwg;Gr;
nray;ghLfSf;F vd
ehd;F tif tpirfs;
cs;sd.
 ,jpy; cs;s tpirfs; jl;lg;gl;lhy; Njitahd M];fp FwpaPl
(ASCII) fzpg;nghwpf;F mDg;g;gLfpwJ.
Rl;b
 Rz;nlyp Nghd;W ,Ug;gjdhy; Mq;fpyj;jpy;
,J Mouse vd;Nw miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ,J jpiuapy; Njhd;Wk; ,lk; Rl;bia
(Cursor) efu;jj
; g; gadgLfpwJ. ,jd;
mbapy; xU rpW ge;J ,Uf;Fk;. ,j
jiuapd; kPJ gLk;.
 Rl;b efUk; NghJ ,J efUk; ,ij
czUk; Rl;b ,e;j rkpf;iQfis
fzpg;nghwpf;F mDg;gp ,lk; Rl;bia
efu;jJ; k;.
 xd;iwj; Nju;T nra;a ,lk; Rl;bia mjd;
kPJ itj;J Rl;bapd; Nky; cs;s ,lJ
nghj;jhid mYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
 ,J f;spf; nra;jy; vdg;gLk;.
rhjhudkhfRl;b xU ug;gu; ml;ilkPJ itf;fg;gLk;
tUb (Scanneer)
 ,J glq;fisAk; ciuiaAk; cs;spl cjTk;.

 ,jd; kPJ itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhfpjj;jpy; cs;sij xU glkhff;
fzpg;nghwpf;Ff; nfhLf;Fk;.
 ,e;jg; glj;jpy;
vOj;Jf;fs; ,Ue;jhy;
mtw;iwg; ghu;jJ ;
me;j vOj;Jf;fis
mwpAk;
nkd;nghUSf;F
XrpMu; (OCR- Optical
Recognition Sofetware)
nkd;nghUs; vd;W
ngau;.
gl;ilf; FwpaPL gbg;ghd; (Bar Code Readder)
 xU nghUisg; gw;wpa jfty;fis (milahsk; tpiy Nghd;wit)
me;jg; nghUspd; ngl;bapd; Nky; gy tpj jbkd;fs; cs;s
NfhLfspd; njhFjpfshf mr;rpl;bUg;ghu;fs;.
 ,J gl;ilf;FwpaPL vdg;gLk;.
 ,ijg;gbf;f jdpahf xU gbg;ghd; cs;sJ.
 ,J me;jg;gl;iliag; ghu;jJ
; nghUspd; ngau; tpiy Nghd;wtw;iw
fzpg;nghwpf;F mDg;Gk;.
 ,J rpwg;G mq;fhbfspy; ngupJk; gad;gLfpwJ.
 gzpahsu;fspd; Neuj;ij kpr;rg;gLj;JtNjhL jtUfs; Neu;tijj;
jLf;fpwJ.
,yf;f tiff; Nfkuh

 ,J glq;fis vLj;J mtw;iwf; fzpg;nghwpf;F
mDg;Gk;.
 ngUk;ghYk; efuhg; glq;fis vLf;Fk;.
 efUk; glq;fis vLf;Fk; tifAk; cz;L.
njhLjpiu ( Touch Sensitive Screen)
 jpiuapy; fhz;gpf;fg;gLk; gytw;wpy;
xd;wpidj; Nju;T nra;a me;jj;
Nju;tpd; kPJ tpuyhy; njhl
Ntz;Lk;.
 jpiu ,ij czu;e;J vJ Nju;T
nra;ag;gl;lJ vd;gijf;
fzpg;nghwpf;F mDg;Gk;.
fhe;j ik vOj;J czu;j;jy;(Magnetic Ink Character Recognition

MICR)
 vk;IrpMu; fhNrhiyfs; tq;fpfspy; ngupJk; gad;gLfpwJ

 ,jpy; fhNrhiy kw;Wk; tq;fp vz;fs; ehk; gbf;ff;$ba vz;fs;
fhe;j ikapdhy; mr;rplg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
 ,tw;iw ,ae;jpuq;fs; gbg;gjdhy; jtWfs; NeuhJ Neuj;ij
kpr;rkhf;FfpwJ ghJfhg;ghfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.
xsp top vOj;J czu;jy; ( OCR- Optical Character Recognition)
 rhjhuzkhf mr;rplg;gl;l vOj;jf;fisg; ghu;jJ
; mjhtJ
tUbapdhy; glkhf khw;wg;gl;lijg; ghu;jJ
; me;j vOj;Jf;fis
milahsk; fhZjy; xsptop vOj;J czu;jy; vdg;gLk;.
 ,jw;F vk;IrpMu; Nghy; fhe;j ik Njitapy;iy rhjhuz ik
NghJk;.
 rpy xsp top vOj;J czupfs; Fwpg;gpl;l mikg;gpy; mr;rplg;gl;l
vOj;Jf;fis kl;Lk; milahsk; fhZk;.
 Gj;jfq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; cs;s gy tpj vOj;Jf;fisAk;
milahsk; fhZk; czupfSk; cs;sd.
 Mq;fpyk; jkpo; Nghd;W gy nkhopfSf;Fk; ,e;j czupfs;
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 ,e;j czupfs; gbf;Fk; vOj;Jf;fis khw;wq;fs; nra;af; $ba
ciuahf khw;wpj; jUk;.
xsp top FwpaPL czu;j;jy; (Optical Mark Recognition - OMR)

 Vw;fdNt ,jw;nfd rpwg;ghf mr;rplg;gl;l gbtq;fspy; gy rpW
ngl;bfs; ,Uf;Fk;.
 Njitahdtw;wpy; ngd;rpyhy; my;yJ ikapdhy; epug;g Ntz;Lk;.
,jw;nfd;W cs;s gbg;ghd; ve;je;jg; ngl;bfs; epug;gg;gl;Ls;sd
vd;gijf; fzpg;nghwpf;F njuptpw;Fk;.
 mjdhy; gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd gbtq;fis rpy kzp Neuj;jpNyNa
cs;spl KbAk;.
 fy;Yu; EisTj; Nju;T tpilfs; ,k;khjpupjhd; kjpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.
njhopw;rhiyfspYk; Neug;gjpTj; juTfs; ,t;thE jug;gLtJ
cz;L.
xspg; Ngdh (Light Pen)
 Ngdh tbtpy; cs;s ,J jpiuafj;Jld;
,idf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
 ,jd; Kidaj; jpiuapd; kPJ itj;jhy;
me;j ,lk; xspUk; Neuj;ijf; fzf;fpl;L
Ngdh njhLk; ,lk; mwpag;gLk;.
 ,ijr; nray;gLj;JtJ vspikahf
,Ug;gjpy;iy.
 mjdhy; mjpfk; gad;gLj;Jtjpy;iy.
 ,ijf; nfhz;L Neubahfj; jpiuapy;
tiua KbAk; vd;gJ ,jd; rpwg;G.
fhe;j gbg;ghd; (Magnetic Reader)
 fhe;jg;gl;iliag gbf;fTk; vOjTk; cjTk;

rhjdk; ,J.
 gw;W ml;il (Credit Card) Vb vk; ml;il
(ATM Card) ngl;Nuh ml;il (Petro card)
Kjypatw;wpy; cupikahsiu tpiuthf
milahsk; fhz cjTk
Rl;b ml;il (Smart Card)
 me;j ml;ilapy; cs;s xU rpW Ez;
nraypapy; juTfis vOjp itf;fyhk;
khw;wp itf;fyhk; ,;jj; juTfis gpwF
fzpg;nghwpf;F mDg;gyhk;.
 ngUk;ghyhd milahs ml;ilfs; ,e;j
tifapy; Kf;fpar; nra;jpfisg; gjpj;J
itf;f cjTfpd;wd.
Fwpg;G vLg;ghd; (Notes Taker)
 ,jpy; xU rhjhud NgdhTld; ,lk; mwpAk;

trjpAk; nra;ag;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,e;j ,lk;
gw;wpa nra;jpia miyfshf ntspapLk;.
 mijg; ngWk; trjp gpbg;ghd; (Clip) Nghd;w
xU gFjpapy; cs;sJ. ,jpypUe;J
fzpg;nghwpf;Fj; jfty; nry;Yk;.
 ,jd; %yk; ehk; vOJk; vOj;J glk;
Kjypatw;wpy; cs;s Gs;spfs; tupirahf
fpilf;fpd;wd.
 ,jpypUe;J vOj;Jf;fis mwptjw;F
jdpahf nkd;ndghUs; Njit.
 ,e;j nkd;nghUs; ifnaOj;ij kpd;
ciuahf khw;wpf; nfhLf;fpwJ.
Ez; Ngrp (Micro Phone)
 NgRk; xypiag; ngw;W fzpg;nghwpf;Fj; juTfshf

mDg;Gk; rhjdk; ,J. ,e;j juTfis myrp ve;jr;
nrhw;fs; Ngrg;gl;ld vd;gijf; fz;lwpa nkd;nghUs;fs;
Njit.
 ,J tpirg;gyif Rl;b Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;j
Kbahjtu;fSf;F ngupJk; gad;gLk;.
 ghu;itaw;NwhUf;F ,J kpfTk; cjTk;.
 Mdhy; ,e;j Ngr;R czUk; nkd;nghUSf;fhd njhopy;
El;gk; ,d;Dk; Kjpu;e;j epiyia milatpy;iy.
njhLjpiu Touch Pad
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,yf;fkhf;fp Graphic Tablets
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R+l;bif ml;il thrpg;gd; Smart Card Reader

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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ntspaPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs;
fzpg;nghwpapy; ,Ue;J ntsptUk; jfty;fis ntspapl cjTk;
rhjdq;fs; fzpg;nghwpAld; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,tw;wpy; jpiuafKk;
mr;Rg; nghwpAk; gutyhfg;; gad;gLfpd;wd.
jpiuafk; (Monitor)
 mjpf mstpy; gad;gLk; ntspaPl;Lr; rhjdk; ,J. fhl;rpj; jpiu
vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. fzpg;nghwpAld; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
 njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; jpiuafq;fs; xU tz;zj; (Monochrome)
jpiufisNa ngw;wpUe;jd.
 jw;NghJ gy tz;zq;fisf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. vOj;Jf;fSld;
glq;fSk; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.
 jpiuapy; gy Gs;spfs; xspu;yjd; %yk; glq;fSk; vOj;Jf;fSk;
cUthfpd;wd.
 ,e;jg; Gs;sp gpf;nry; (Pixel – Picture element) vdg;gLk;.
 ,e;j Gs;spfspd; vz;zpf;if 640 × 480× 600 1024 ×768 gy
tpjq;fspy; ,Uf;Fk;.
 ,it vy;yhNk 4 : 3 ,Ug;gijf; fhzTk;. ,J mfy cau tpfpjk;
(Aspect ratio) vdg;gLk;.
 Gs;spfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhf mjpfkhf glq;fs; Js;spakhfj;
njupAk;.
LCD CRT LED
mr;Rg;nghwp (Printer)
 “td;gb” (hard copy) vdg;gLk;. glq;fSk; ciufSk; mr;rplg;gl;l
gf;fq;fis fzpg;nghwpapypUe;J ngw cjTtJ mr;Rg;nghwpfs;
Ntfk; mr;Rj; juk; vd;gtw;wpy; ,it gythW NtWgLk;.
 mr;Rg;nghwpfis nghJthf ,uz;L FOf;fshfg; gpupf;fyhk; jl;ly;
tif (Impact) jl;lh tif (non –Impact) vdg;gLk;.
 jl;ly; tifapy; xU rpW fk;gp fhfpjj;jpd; kPJ jl;b xUGs;spia
Vw;gLj;Jk;. my;yJ xU KO vOj;Nj jlb me;j vOj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jk;.
 jl;Lk; jiyf;Fk; fhfpjj;jpw;Fk; eLtpy; ik ehlh (Rinnom)
,Uf;FK;. mjpypUe;J jl;lg;gLk; ,lj;jpy; vOj;J cUthFk;
jl;ly; tif mr;Rg;nghwpapd; jd;ikfs;

 ,t; tifapy; fhfpjj;jpd; kPJ jl;Lthjy; Gs;sp my;yJ vOj;J
cUthfpwJ.
 Fiwe;j tpiy rpwe;j ciog;G vd;gjhy; kpf mjpf msT
mr;rpLtjpy; ngupJk; gad;gLfpd;;wd.
 xNu rkaj;jpy; gy gbfs; vLf;f KbAk;.
 mbf;Fk; nrayhy; rj;jk; mjpfk;.
 efUk; ghfq;fisf; nfhz;L nray;gLtjhy; Ntfk; FiwT.
 xsp Gfk; js;fspy; mr;rpl KbahJ.
jl;lh tif mr;Rg;nghwpfspd; jd;ikfs;
 efUk; ghfq;fs; FiwT vd;gjhy; Ntfk; mjpfk;.
 jl;ly; vJTk; ,y;iy rj;jk; ,y;iy.
 vOj;jf;fis gyg;gy tbtq;fspy; vspjpy; ngwyhk;
 mjpfk; juk; cs;s glq;fis tiuayhk;
 xsp GFk; jhs;fspy; mr;rpl KbAk;
 gy gbfs; vLf;f KbahJ. xU rkaj;jpy; xU gb jhd; fpilf;Fk;.
tup mr;Rg;nghwp (Line printer)

 kpf tpiuthf xU rkaj;jpy; xU
tupia mr;rpLk; jpwd; ngw;wit
 ,it xU epkplj;jpy; 150 Kjy; 3000
tupfs; tiu mr;rpLk;.
 ,tw;wpd; nray; gy tuk;GfSf;F
cl;gl;lJ mit-
 xU vOj;JUtpy; kl;Lk; mr;rpLk;.

 glq’fs; tiuahJ
 mr;Rj; juk; FiwT
 mjpf rj;jk; vOg;Gk;.
Mdhy; mjpf msT ciufis kpf Ntfkhf gy gbfspy; vLj;Jf;
nfhLg;gjpy; ,tw;Wf;F ,iz ,y;iy.
Gs;sp mzp mr;Rg; nghwp (Dot Matrix Printer)

 rpW fk;gpfshy; Gs;spfis
itj;J vOj;J glq;fis
cUthf;Fk;. mjdhy; Ntfk;
kpfTk; FiwT
 Mdhy; nryT FiwT vd;gJk;
gy gbfs; vLf;f KbAk;
vd;gJk; ,e;j tif mr;Rg;
nghwpfs; mjpfk; tpw;gidf;F
fhuzq;fs;.
 ,it xU tpdhbf;F Rkhu; 300
vOj;Jf;fs; mr;rpLk;.
………………………………………………………………………………………
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ntg;g tif mr;Rg;nghwp (Thermal Printer)
 Gs;spfs; Ntz;ba ,lj;jpy; kpd;rhuj;jhy;

ntg;gk; mjpfupf;fg;gLfpwJ. ntg;gk;
czUk; rpwg;Gj; jhs;fs; ,e;j
ntg;gj;jhy; me;j ,lq;fspy; gs;spfis
cUthf;FfpwJ.
 njhiyefyp (Fax) fzpg;ghd; (Calculater)
Nghd;wtw;wpy; ,e;j tif gad;gLfpwJ.
 #upa ntspr;rk; ntsp ntg;gk;
Nghd;wtw;why; ,e;jj; jhs;fs;
ghjpf;fg;gLk;.
 mjdhy; rpythuq;fspy; ,jpy; mr;rplg;gl;lit kq;fp tpLk; ,jd;
mr;Rj; juKk; kpff; FiwT.
Nyru; mr;Rg;nghwp (Laser Printer)
 Nyru; xspiaAk; Jfshf tUk; ikiaAk;

nfhz;L nray;gLk; tif ,J.
 kpfr; rpupa Gs;spfis cUthf;Fk; jpud;
ngw;wJ. mjdhy; juk; mjpfk; cs;s
glq;fis mr;rpLk;
 ,e;jj; juj;ij xU mq;Fyj;jpw;F ,j;jid
Gs;spfs; vd;W $Wtu;. fpl;lj;jl;l 300 Kjy;
2400 tiuapy; gy msTfspy; Gs;spfis
itf;Fk; jpwd; cs;sit.
ikgPr;R mr;Rg;nghwp (Inkjet

Printer)
 ,jpy; tz;z ikapd;kpfr; rpW

Jsp ntspNa gPr;rpabf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ,ij kpd; fhe;jj; jfLfs; rupahd
ghijapy; mDg;gp itf;fpwJ.
 ,e;jj; Jspfs; fhfpjj;jpd; kPJ
gbe;J glj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ.
tz;zg;glq;fis cUthf;f
rahd; (cyan) k[e;jh (Magenta)
kw;Wk; kQ;rs; (Yellow) epw ikfs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
 ,e;j %d;W tz;zq;fs; fye;J vy;yh epwq;fisAk; cUthf;Fk;
fUg;G epw ikAk; jdpahf xU Fg;gpapy; (catridge) tUk;.
xyp ngUf;fp (Speaker)

 xyp tifapy; Ngr;irAk; ,iriaAk; ntspapl cjTk; rhjdk;
 xyp ngUf;fp ciuapypUe;J Ngr;ir cUthf;f jdp nkd;
nghUs;fs; cs;sd.
 ,e;j tif ntspaPL tpkhd epiyaq;fs; tq;fpfs; jhdpaq;F
jfty; ikak; Nghd;wtw;wpy; gad;gLfpwJ.
tiutp (Plotter)
 tPL fl;Ltjw;fhd tiuglq;fs; nghwpfs; kw;Wk; rhjdq;fspd;
mikg;igf; $Wk; glq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwj; jahupg;gjw;nfdNt ,e;j
tiutpfs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ikar; nrayfk;
ikar; nrayfj;jpd; gzpfs;
ikar; nrayfk; jhd; fzpg;nghwpapd; %is vdyhk;. mJ ,U
Ntiyfisr; nra;fpwJ.
 fzpg;nghwpapd; vy;yhg; gFjpfisAk; fl;Lg; gLj;jp Ntiy
thq;FfpwJ.
 fzpj Vuzr; nray;ghLfisr; nra;fpwJ.
rPgPA+tpy; %d;W ngupa gFjpfs; cs;sd. mit
 fzpj Vuzr; nrayfk; (AlU- Arithmetic Logic Unit)

 fl;Lg;ghl;;lfk; (Control Unit)
 gjpNtLfs; (Register)
fzpj Vuzr; nrayfk; - Vvy;A+

 fzpg;gpy; cs;s fzpjr; nray;ghLfshd $l;ly; fopj;jy; ngUf;fs;
tFj;jiyAk; Vuzr; nray;ghLfshd ,U vz;fs; my;yJ
vOj;Jf;fs; my;yJ rpwg;Gf; FwpaPLfis xg;gpLjy; OR, NOT
nray;ghLfs; Nghd;wtw;iw nra;Ak; gFjp ,J.
 ,jw;Fj; Njitahd juTfis vLj;Jf; nfhLg;gJ ve;jf; fzpg;igr;

nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W nrhy;tJ vd;gij vy;yhk; fl;Lg;ghl;lfk;
jPu;khdpj;J mjw;fhd fl;lisfis gpwg;gpf;Fk;.
epidtfk; OR Njf;f rhjdq;fs; (Storage Devices)

Kjd;ik epidtfk; (primary memories)
fzpdpapd; nraw;ghl;Lf;F kpf mtrpakhd epidtfq;fs; Kjd;ik
epidtfk; vdg;gLk;
epidtfq;fspd; tiffs; kpd;dpizg;G kw;Wk; fzpdp nraw;gLk; NghJ
juTfis Nrkpj;jy; vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
epidtfq;fis 2 tiffshf gpupf;fyhk; .
1) epiyaw;w or mopTWk; or MtpahFk; (volatile)epidtfk;

2) epiyahd or mopTwhj or Mtpahfhj (non volatile )epidtfk;
epiyaw;w epidtfk;
kpd;rhuk; toq;fg;gLk; tiu or fzpdp nraw;gLk; tiu juTfis
Nrkpf;Fk; epidtfq;fs; MFk; .
mjhtJ kpd; Jz;bf;fg;gLk; NghJ jdJ juTfis ,of;Fk; epidtfk;

MFk;
 vOkhw;W mZfy; epidtfk;

 gJf;fy; epidtfk;
 gjpap
,J gpd;tUk; 3 tbtq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;
1) SD RAM
(Synchronous dynamic RAM /xUq;fpizg;G ,af;ftpay; RAM )
………………………………………………………………………………………
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2) D RAM
(Dynamic RAM or epiyahd RAM)
………………………………………………………………………………………
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3) S RAM
………………………………………………………………………………………
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RAM f;F gpujhdkhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; epidtfq;fs; MFk;

,J jw;NghJ gpd;tUk; tbtq;fsps; fhzg;gLfpwJ .
1)SD RAM- 256 MB/512 MB

2)DDR - (Dual dynamic RAM) -512MB/1GB
3)DDR2-2GB/4GB
4)DDR3-4GB/8GB
5)DDR4-8GB/16GB
SRAM
,J gJf;fy; epidtfk; >gjpap vd;gtw;iw rhu;e;j epidtfkhf
fhzg;gLk; .
DRAM SRAM
 ,q;F fhzg;gLk; juTfis  ,q;F mbf;fb Gj;Jzu;T

mbf;fb Gj;Jzu;T Cl;Ljy; Cl;l Ntz;ba mtrpak;
Ntz;Lk; ,y;iy
 tpiy kpf Fiwe;jJ  tpiy kpf mjpfk;
 nfhs;ssT kpf mjpfk;  nfhs;ssT kpf FiwT

 juT gupkhw;w Ntfk; FiwT  juT gupkhw;w Ntfk; kpf
mjpfk;
 juT mZfy; Neuk; (Access  juT mZfy; Neuk; FiwT

time) mjpfk;
 kpd; ghtid mjpfk;  kpd; ghtid FiwT
 mlu;j;jp (Density) mjpfk;  kpd; ghtid FiwT

 Power On >Off Ntfk;  Power On>Off Ntfk; mjpfk;
FiwthdJ
gJf;fy; epidtfk; (cache Memory)

Kjy; kl;l gJf;fy; epidtfk; (L1)
 ,J nraypapy; fhzg;gLk;
 ,J nraypapd; Ntfj;Jf;F kpf neUf;fkhf (gjpapd; Ntfj;Jf;F
neUf;fkhf) njhopw;gLk;
 ,J KB msTfspy; fhzg;gLk;
,uz;lhk; kl;l gJf;fy; epidtfk; (L2)

 ,J jha;gg ; yifapy; fhzg;gLk;
 ,jd; NtfkhdJ L1>L3 t;fJf;F ,ilg;gl;l Ntfj;jpy; njhopw;gLk;
 ,J KB / MB msTfspy; fhzg;gLk;
Kd;whk; kl;l gJf;fy; epidtfk; (L3)

 ,J jha;gg ; yifapy; fhzg;gLk;
 ,jd; NghJ NtfkhdJ RAM ,d; Ntfj;Jf;F neUf;fkhf
fhzg;gLk;
 ,J MB msTfspy; fhzg;gLk;
NOTE : L3 gJf;fy; epidtfkhdJ RAM ,ypUe;J juit ngw;W L2 f;F
toq;Fk; L2MdJ L3 ,ypUe;J juit ngw;W L1f;F toq;Fk;
gjpap
 kpf Ntfkhd >Fiwe;j nfhs;ssT cila (KB)nraypapd; epidtf
gFjpahFk;
 ,J nraypapd; nraw;ghl;bd; NghJ juTfis jw;fhypfkhf Nrkpf;Fk;
gbf;f kl;Lk; epidtfk;. ( ROM)

 ,jpy; jfty;fs; rpy;ypid cUthf;Fk; NghNj vOjp itf;fg;gLk;.
 ,e;jj; jfty;fis khw;w KbahJ.
 kpd;rhuk; ,y;yhj NghJk; ,jpy; cs;s jfty;fs; mopahJ.
fzpg;nghwpiaj; njhlq;Fk; NghJ nra;a Ntz;ba nray;fs;
Nghd;wit ,j;jifa epidtfq;fspy; itf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
epuyhf;F gf;f kl;Lk; epidtfk;. (PROM)

 ,JTk; mopah tif epidtfk;.
 ,jpy; jfty;fis xU Kiw kl;Lk; vOjyhk;.
 rpy;ypid cUthf;Fk; NghJ jfty;fs; vOjg;gLtjpy;;iy.
 mjw;fd jdpahf cs;s td;nghUisf; nfhz;L epuy; %yk;
vOjyhk;.
,opAk; epuyhf;F gbf;f kl;Lk; epidtfk; (EPROM)
 ,e;jr; rpy;ypy; <g;uhk; epuyhf;fpiaf; nfhz;L gyKiw mopj;J

vOjyhk; Gw Cjh (,y;l;uh ity;yl;) xsp %yk; jfty;fs;
msf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 ,JTk; mopah tif epidtfk; jhd;.
kpd;rhuj;jhy; mopAk; epuyhf;F gbf;f kl;Lk;

epidtfk; (EEPROM)
 ,JTk; mopj;J vOjf; $ba xU epidtfk;.
 mopg;gjw;F GwCjh xsp Njitapy;iy.
 kpd;rhuj;ijr; nrYj;jpNa mopj;J tplyhk; ,J mopah tif
epidtfk;
 gpsh]; epidtfk; (Flash Memory) ,e;j tif jhd; ,e;j tif
epidtfk; kw;wtw;iwg; Nghy; Ntfkhfr; nray;glhJ.
 mjpfj; juTfis mjpf Neuj;jpw;F Njf;fp itj;jpUe;J Njitahd
NghJ fzpg;nghwpf;Ff; nfhLg;git Njf;f rhjdq;fs; mt;tJ
njf;fq;fs; vdg;gLk;. fhg;Gj; Njf;fk; (Backup Storage) vd;Wk;
$wg;gLk;.
 td; tl;L nefpo; tl;L fhe;j ehlh rPb Nuhk; (CD ROM) Nghd;wit
Njf;fq;fs; mtw;iwg; Gupe;J nfhs;s fhe;jk; kpd;dZtpay; kw;Wk;
kpd; ,ae;jpuq;fs; gw;wp mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Jiz epidtfk;
 mjd; tiffs;
fhe;j Nrkpg;Gr; rhjdk;
 ,r;Nrkpg;Gr; rhjdj;jpy; Nfl;nghyp> fhnzhsp kw;Wk; NtW tifj;
juTfs; vd;gdtw;iwg; gjpT nra;tjw;fhf XU eLj;ju
fhe;jg;Gyq;fis ifahSfpd;wJ.
 gpujhd fzpdp Nrkpg;G topKiwfs; nghJthfj; jl;Lf;fis
my;yJ fl;likg;Gfisr; Rw;Wtjd; Clhfj; juTfis thrpg;gjw;F
my;yJ Nrkpg;gjw;F ,ay;ghdjhf;fg;gLk;.
 gy;NtW tifahd fhe;jr; Nrkpg;Gr; rhjdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
cjhuzk;: td;jl;L> nefpo; tl;L> fhe;j Nrkpg;Gr; rhjdk;
xspapaw; Njf;f rhjdq;fs;
 juTfisr; Nrkpg;gjw;Fk; thrpg;gjw;Fk; Nyru; fjpiug; gad;gLj;Jk;

,r;Nrkpg;Gr; rhjdq;fs; fhg;ngLj;jy; Nehf;fq;fSf;Fg;
gad;gLfpd;wd. CD/DVD Nghd;w xspapay; Clfq;fSf;Fj; juT
gjpag;gLtJ toikahFk;.
 gy fhykhf xspapaw; Nrkpg;Gr; rhjdq;fs; njhlu;ghf ,lk; ngw;w
Ma;Tfspd;gb fzpdpfspy; gad;gLk; td;jl;L kw;Wk;
fhg;ngLj;jYf;Fg; gad;gLk; fhe;j ehlhf;fs; vd;gtw;iw xspapay;
tl;Lf;fs; kpf tpiutpy; gjpypg;glf;$Lk; vd mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
 xspapaw; Njf;fr; rhjdq;fs; fhe;j ehlhf;fisf; fhl;bYk; ePz;l
ehl;fSf;Fg; ghtpf;fg;glf;$badthfTk; kw;Wk; #oy;
epiyikfSf;Ff; Fiwe;j mstpy; jhf;fk; nfhz;ljhfTk;
fhzg;Lfpd;wd.
 vdpDk;> ,it td;jl;bidf; fhl;bYk; Nrkpf;Fk; Ntfk;
FiwthfTk; Fiwe;j nfhs;sstpidf; nfhz;ljhfTk; fhzg;gLk;.
 cjhuzk; : xspj;jl;L> ,Wtl;L> ,yf;f tPbNah tl;L (DVD)>
ePyf;fjpu; tl;L (BRD)
jpl epiy Nrkpg;G (SSS)
 rpypf;fd; Ez;rpy;Yfisg; gad;gLj;jp jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s

,r;rhjdq;fs; fzpdp Nrkpg;gf tifnahd;whFk.;
 SSS MdJ td;jl;Lfs; my;yJ fhe;j ehlhf;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; fhe;j
mbg;gilapyhd Nrkpg;Gf;Fg; gjpyhf ,yj;jpudpaypidg;
gad;gLj;jpj; juTfisr; Nrkpf;Fk;.
 jpl epiy Nrkpg;ghdJ fPof ; hzg;gLk; %d;W tiffisf; nfhz;lJ.
1) solid-state drives (SSD)
2) solid-state cards (SSC)
3) solid-state modules (SSM)
 jpl epiy Nrkpg;Gr; rhjdq;fs; ve;j tpjkhd ,ae;jpu ghfq;fisAk;

nfhz;bUf;fhik kpfg;gpujhdkhd gad;ghlhf cs;sJ.
 ,J juTfisr; Nrkpf;Fk; nghOJk; gupkhWk; nghOJk; Vida
Njf;fr; rhjdq;fspidf; fhl;bYk; kpf tpiuthdJk;
Nrkpg;gfq;fSf;F ePz;l ghtidapid vjpu;T $wf;$bajhfTk;
Nrkpg;Gfis toq;Ffpd;wJ.
 Vd; vdpd; ,jpy; miraf;$ba gFjpfs; xd;Wk; fhzg;glhjJld;
SSD fs; HDD ,id tpl kpff;Fiwe;jsT ntg;gjpid
ntspapLfpd;wd.
cjhuzk;: gspr;rPl;L epidtfk;> epidtf ml;il.
td; tl;L (Hard Disk)
 ,jpy; fhe;jg; Gs;spfshy; Md gy tl;lq;fs; ,Uf;FK;.

 vy;yh tl;lq;fSf;Fk; nghJthf xU ikak; ,Uf;Fk; ,e;j
tl;lq;fs; xt;nthd;WK; xU jlk; (Track) vdg;gLk;.
 xU jlk; gy gpupTfshfg; (Sector) gpupf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
 tl;L mjpf Ntfj;jpy; RoYk;. epkplj;jpw;F Rkhu; 3600 Kiwfs;
RoYk;. tl;bd; Nky; gbahky; kpkf mUfpy; xU jiy (Kid)
,Uf;Fk;.
 Kjypy; ,J Njitahd jlj;jpd; Nky; te;J epw;Fk; gpwF me;jj;
jlj;jpy; cs;s xU gpuptpy; cs;s vy;yh igl;LfisAk; gbf;Fk;.
 ,e;jj; jiy gbf;fTk; nra;Ak;. vOjTk; nra;Ak;.
 vOJtJ vd;why; vd;d? xU fhe;jg; Gs;spia (fhe;jj; Jz;bid)
mjd; tlJUtk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gf;fk; ,Uf;Fk; gb itg;gJjhd;.
 tlJUtk; xU gf;fk; ,Ue;jhy; mJ 0 vdTk; vjpu;g; gf;fk;
,Ue;jhy; mJ 1 vdTk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
 vOJk; NghJ
Njitf;Nfw;w gb
fhe;jg; Gs;spfs;
mikf;fg;gLk;.
gbf;Fk; NghJ
ve;fg; gf;fk; tl
JUtk; cs;sJ
vd;gijg; ghu;jJ;
mij 0 1 fshf
Mf;fpf;
nfhLf;fpwJ.
 gbf;Fk; jiy
Fwpg;gpl;l jlj;jpy;
te;J epw;gjw;F
rpwpJ Neuk; MFk;.
 gpwF tl;L RoYk;
NghJ Njitahd
gpupT jiyf;F
mbapy; tuNtz;Lk;.
 ,jw;F Roy; Rzf;fk; (Rotational Latency) vd;W ngau;.
 ,J ruhrupahf tl;L xU Kiw RoYk; Neuj;jpy; ghjpahFk;.
 ,e;j ,U Neuq;fSk; Nru;e;J jhd; xU gpupitg;gbf;f vOj vLf;Fk;
Neuk; tl;by; ,Uf;Fk; ve;jg;gpupitAk; Neubahf mZfp juTfis
tpiutpy; ngwyhk;.
 xU td;tl;by; gy jl;Lfs; ,Uf;fyhk;.
 xt;nthU gf;fj;jpw;Fk; jdpj;jdpahf xU gbf;Fk; vOJk; jiy
,Uf;Fk;. Kjy; kw;WK; filrpj; jl;Lfspd; ntspg;gf;fq;fs;
rhjhudkhfg; gsd;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy.
 xU td;tl;bd; nfhs;sstpid ,t;thW fzf;fplyhk;.
 jiyfspd; vz;zpf;if x xU jl;bd; jlq;fspd; vz;zpf;if x xU
jlj;jpd; gpupTfspd; vz;zpf;if x xU gpuptpy; cs;s igl;Lfspd;
vz;zpf;if.
 ,J gy fpfh igl; mstpy; tUk;. xU tl;by; jlq;fisAk;
gpupTfisAk; mikg;gJ tbtikj;jy; (formatting) vdg;gLk;.
fhe;j ehlh (Magnetic tape)

 gpah];bf; ehlhtpd; kPJ fhe;jg; glyk; xd;W G+rg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
 ,tw;wpy; ehlhtpy; FWf;fhf 7 my;yJ 9 fhe;jg; Gs;spfs;
,lg;gLk;. ,it tupirahf ,lg; gLtjhy;; ehlhtpy; mj;jid
NfhLfs; ,Ug;gJ Nghy; ,Uf;Fk;.
 fhe;jg;Gs;spapd; tl JUtk; ve;jg;gf;fk; cs;sJ vd;gijg;
nghUj;J. mJ 0 my;yJ 1 vd;W nfhs;sg;gLk;. 0 Gs;spfs; vd
,Uf;Fk; NghJ mjpy; xU Gs;sp kPjp vl;L Gs;spfspy; 0 my;yJ 1
,ul;ilg;gil my;yJ xw;iwg;gilapy; cs;sJ vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
 ,jdhy; xU Gs;spapy; VNjDk; jtW Neu;e;jhy; fz;Lgpbj;J
tplyhk;.
 ,jpy; ehlhtpy; igl;Lfs; tupirahf vOjp itf;fg;gLk;.
 xt;nthU jlj;jpw;Fk; xU gbf;Fk; vOJk; jiy ,Uf;Fk; ,e;jj;
jiyfs; efu;tjpy;iy.
 ,jd; fPo; ehlhjhd; efUk;.
 ,jdhy; ehlhtpd; eLtpy; cs;s xU igl;ilg; gbf;f ehlh
mt;tsT Jhuk; efu;e;jhf Ntz;Lk;.
 mjdhy; ,J tupirKiwj; (Sequential) Njf;fk; vdg;gLfpwJ.
 ,jpy; juT ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;ijg; nghUj;J mijg; gbf;Fk; Neuk;
ngupJk; khWgLk;.
 mjdhy; ,e;j tifj; Njf;fk; gy fhyk; Njf;fg;gl Ntz;ba
juTfSf;F gad;gLfpwJ.
 vLj;Jf;fhl;L – thdpiyj; juTfs; NkYk; td;tl;bd; juTfisg;
ghJfhg;ghfr; Nrkpj;J itf;fTk; cjTfpwJ.
nefpo; tl;L (Floppy Disk)

 nefpOk; nky;ypa gpsh];bf; jhspd; Nky; ,U gf;fq;fspYk;
fhe;jg;glyk; G+rg;gl;lJ.
 xU jhs; kl;Lk; ,Uf;Fk; ,jd; Nky; xt;nthU gf;fj;jpYk; xU
jiy gbe;J epw;Fk;.
 td;tl;Lg; Nghd;W xU gf;fj;jpy; gy tl;lj; jlq;fs; ,Uf;Fk;.
jlq;fs; gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;LUf;Fk;.
 jhs; Row;rpAk; jiyahy; gbg;gJk; vOJtJk; td;tl;by; ,Ug;gJ
Nghyj;jhd; Mdhy; jhs; nkJthfr; RoYk; epkplj;jpw;F Rkhu; 360
Rw;Wfs;.
 8” tl;lj;jpy; njhlq;fp gpwF 51/4” vd Mfp jw;NghJ 3 ½” vdr;
RUq;fp tpl;lJ.
 ,jd; nfhs;ssT 1.44 vk;gp (MB).
 ,e;j tl;by; vOjpajpd; kPJ jtWjyhf kPz;Lk; vOjp mopj;J
tplhky; ,Ug;gjw;fhf xU ghJfhg;G Kiw cs;sJ.
 ,jd; xU Kidapy; cs;s rpW nghj;jhid efu;jj ; p mq;fpUf;Fk;
rpW Xl;iliaj; jpwe;J itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
nefpo; tl;bd; jd;ikfs;
 Ntfk; Fiwe;jJ
 nfhs;ssT FiwT
 tpiy kypT
 vspjhf vLj;Jr; nry;yyhk;.
 Neubahf juTfis mZfyhk;.
FW tl;L (Compact Disk)
 rPb Nuhk; (CD ROM) vd;gJ Compact Disk – Read Only Memory vd;gjd;
FWf;fk;.
 ,jpy; fpuhk/Nghd; ,irj;jl;Lfspy; ,Ug;gJ Nghy;
njhlf;fj;jpypUe;J filrp tiu xNu xU jlk; jhd; ,Uf;Fk;.
 ,jpy; 0 1 vd;gJ gs;sk; NkL vd;gjhf ,Uf;Fk; ,e;jf; FWk;
gs;sq;fis Nyru; xspahy; Njhz;lyhk;.
 gs;sk; ,Uf;fpwjh vd;gijg; ghu;f;fTk; Nyru; xsp gad;gLfpwJ.
 mjpff; nfhs;sst (650MB 700MB) kw;Wk; kpff; Fiwe;j tpiy
,tw;wpd; gad;ghl;il ,d;W mjpfupj;Js;sJ.
 fzpdp Kiwikapy; juT >jfty;fis epue;jukhf or jw;fhypfkhf
Nrkpg;gjw;fhf epidtfq;fs; ghtpf;fg;gLfpwJ
DVD
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Blueray disk
……………………………………………………………………………
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rkhe;juf; fzpik (Parallel computing)
 rkhe;juf; fzpj;jy; vd;gJ fzpj;jypd; xU tifahFk;.
 ,J gy nray;epuy;fs; my;yJ Kiwtopahf;fq;fs; xNu jlitapy;
eilngWtijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
 ,jpy; rpf;fyhd gpur;rpidfs; rpWgFjpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;L> gpd;du;
mit xNu Neuj;jpy; jPu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 ngupa gzp xd;W rpW rpW gFjpfshf;fg;gl;L mit xNu Neuj;jpy;
Kiwtopahf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 ,it xU fzpdpapy; my;yJ xU tiyaikg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;l
fzpdpapd; Clhf Kiwtopahf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
fPo;fhzg;gLtJ vspa kw;Wk; rkhe;ju Kiwtopahf;fj;jpw;F
cjhuzkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Y = (4 x 5) + (1 x 6) + (5 x 3)
vspa Kiwtopahf;fj;jpy; Y ,d; ngWkhdj;ijf; fzpg;gjw;Fg; gpd;tUk;

gbKiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
 gb 1: Y = 20 + (1 x 6) + (5 x 3)
 gb 2: Y = 20 + 6 + (5 x 3)
 gb 3: Y = 20 + 6 + 15
 gb 4: Y = 41
rkhe;ju fzpj;jypy; fPo; cs;s fzpj;jy; gbKiwfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

 Step 1: Y = 20 + 6 + 15
 Step 2: Y = 41
 rkhe;ju fzpj;jypd; %ykhff; fzpj;jy; Ntfkhf
nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. xU fzpdpapidg; gad;gLj;jp Fwpj;j
gzpapid Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ X Neuk; vLf;fpd;wJ vdf;
fUjpdhy;> Fwpj;j mNj gzpapid ,uz;L fzpdpfisf; nfhz;L
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ Kjy; vLj;j Neuj;jpd; miuthrpahFk;.
 ,t;thNw %d;W fzpdpfs; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ Fwpj;j mNj gzpf;F
vLf;Fk; Neuk; %d;W klq;fhy; FiwtilAk;.
 ,J rhkhe;ju fzpj;jypd; nraw;ghl;il tpsq;Ftjw;F vspikahd
cjhuzkhFk;.
 vdpDk; eilKiwapy; ,J vg;NghJk; cz;ikay;y.
 gzpapidg; gpupf;f Kbahj re;ju;g;gj;jpy;
 gpupf;fg;gl;l gFjpfs; rkdhff; fhzg;glhj re;ju;g;gj;jpy;.
 gzpfs; gpupf;fg;gl;l gpd;du; njhlu;GgLj;jg;glhik.
vdNt> xU nray;jpwd; mjpfupg;Gg; nghJthf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ me;j
mjpfupg;G xU #j;jpuj;jpidAk; gpd;gw;whJ.
Nfhl;Lr;rl;lff; fzpik (Grid computing)
 Nfhl;Lr;rl;lff; fzpik vd;gJ rpf;fyhd gpur;rpid xd;wpidj;

jPu;g;gjw;fhf ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; gy vz;zpf;ifapyhd
fzpdpfspd; tpepNahfpf;fg;gl;l fl;likg;G MFk;.
 Nfhl;Lr;rl;lff; fzpikapy; Nrkpg;gfq;fSk; jdpahs; fzpdpfSk;
Rje;jpukhd gzpfisf; nfhz;L ,aq;fty;yd.
 ,it gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;s nkypthd ,izaj;jpid my;yJ
Fiwe;j Ntf tiyaikg;gpidAk; nfhz;Ls;sd.
 fzpdp NeubahfNth my;yJ jpl;lkply; mikg;GfspNyh
,izf;fg;glyhk;.
 Nfhl;Lr;rl;lf mikg;ghdJ mjDld; ,izf;fg;gl;l mNj
tsq;fisg; $l;lhfg; gad;gLj;JfpwJ.
 Nfhl;Lr;rl;lf mikg;ghdJ xU nghJthd ,yf;if milAk;
nghUl;Lj; jfty;fisAk; gzpfisAk; tiyaikg;Gf;
fzpdpfSf;F tpepNahfpg;gjw;fhf ,Uf;Fk; xU gpujhd
fzpdpahFk;;.
 md;whlk; gad;gLk; rpf;fyhd my;yJ fbdkhd fzpj my;yJ
tpQ;Qhd fzf;fPLfis Nkw;nfhs;s ,J gad;gLfpwJ.
gpd;tUtd Nfhl;Lr; rl;lf gpuNahfj;jpw;Fk; gad;ghl;L tbtq;fSf;Fkhd
cjhuzq;fs; MFk;.
 gpur;rpidapidg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; gpupj;jy;
gad;ghLfspd; ghFgLj;jy;.
 gzpfs; kw;Wk; gzpaplq;fisf; fz;LgpLj;jy; kw;Wk;
jpl;lkply;.
 Njitg;gLk; NghJ vg;NghJ Ntz;LkhdYk; rpf;fy; juit
tpepNahfpf;Fk; juTj; njhlu;ghly;.
 gad;ghl;Lf; FwpaPLfs; Fwpg;gpl;l fzpzp Kidfspy;
(nodes) toq;Fjy; kw;Wk; tpepNahfpj;jy;.
 Rw;Wr; #oy; KbntLf;Fk; nray;fspy; cjTjy; kw;Wk;
KbTfspd; Kfhik.
 Ra fl;likg;G> jd;dpaf;fthf;fk;> Ra kPl;G kw;Wk; Ra
Kfhik Nghd;w jd;dpaf;f mk;rq;fs;.
Kiwg;gLj;jy; (Schedulers)
 gpuNahfq;fspd; Ntiyfspd; Nkyhz;ikf;Fg; nghWg;ghd
gad;ghLfspd; tiffs;> kw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l Ntiyf;Fj; Njitahd
ts xJf;fPL nra;tJ> gzpfisr; rkhe;jukhf epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fg;
gfpu;e;jspg;gJ> juT Kfhikj;Jtk;> epfo;T njhlu;G kw;Wk; Nrit
mstpyhd Kfhikj;Jt jpwd;fs;> vd;gd Kiwg;gLj;jy; MFk;.
 ,e;j Kiwg;gLj;jy;fs; gpd;du; gbepiyf; fl;;likg;ig
cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
 ,J kPw;wh Kiwg;gLj;jy; (meta) root kw;Wk; NtW jho;epiy
Kiwg;gLj;jy; vd;gdtw;wpidf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
 ,it Fwpj;j KiwgLj;jypd; jd;ikapid gbfspy; nfhz;Ls;sd.
Nkw;Fwpj;j Kiwg;gLj;jy;fs; vspa Kiwg;gLj;jy;
eilKiwg;gLj;jy; mZfypid Fwpj;j xU Ntiyf;F my;yJ
NtW kPw;wh Kiwg;gLj;jypid my;yJ nfhj;J Kiwapyhd
rhkhe;ju Kiwtopg;gLj;jypidf; nfhz;L fhzg;gLk;.
2.3 thd; epA+kd; (Von Neumann) fl;likg;ig Muha;thu;
 Nrkpf;fg;gl;;l nra;epuy;;
 jUtpg;G epiwNtw;Wr; Row;rp
 kj;jpa nraw;ghl;lyF
 gy;fU nraypfs
Von-Neumann
 Von-Neumann fl;likg;gpd; kj;jpa nraw;ghl;L myF epidtfk;>
cs;sPl;Lr;rhjdq;fs;> ntspaPl;Lr;rhjdq;fs; vd;gdtw;wpidf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
 nra;epuy;fs; epidtfj;jpy; Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwd.
 fl;Lg;ghl;L myfhdJ xU re;ju;g;gj;jpy; epidtfj;jpy; ,Ue;J xU
mwpTWj;jiyg; ngw;W mjidr; nray;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
2.4 gy;NtW epidtf tiffisAk; mtw;wpd; jd;ikfisAk; mwpe;J
nfhs;tjw;fhff; fzpdp epidtfj;ij Muha;thu;
 epidtf gbepiy
 epiyaw;w epidtfKk; mjd; gz;GfSk;
 thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtf tiffs;
 ,uz;lhe;ju epidtfk
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juTg;ghl;il
 fzpdp my;yJ rhjdk; xd;wpw;Fs; ,izg;gpfs; my;yJ
tlj;njhFjpfs; vd;gdtw;wpidf; nfhz;Ls;s juT gupkhw;wj;jpw;F
trjpaspf;Fk; xU KiwikahFk;.
fl;Lghl;Lg; ghl;il
 rhjdq;fSf;Fk; $WfSf;Fk; gytifahd fl;Lg;ghl;L rkpf;iQfis
mDg;Gtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
Kiwik ghl;il
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tpyhr ghl;il
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fzzp vd;why; vd;d nghwpay;Jiw
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Nghf;Ftuj;JJiw
jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk; vd;gij
tiuaiw nra;f …………………………………………………
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………………………………………………… njhlu;ghly;Jiw
jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk; gpd;tUk; …………………………………………………

Jiwfspy; vt;thW gad;gLj;jgLfpwJ ? …………………………………………………
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fy;tpj;Jiw …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… fzzp td;nghUl;fspd; tiffis
………………………………………………… tpsf;Ff
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kUj;Jtj;Jiw …………………………………………………
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………………………………………………… fzzp ,aq;f Njitahd ghfk;fs; ahJ
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tq;fpj;Jiw …………………………………………………
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………………………………………………… gpd;tUk; Input device ,d; Njit >
………………………………………………… gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopy;El;gk; vd;gtw;iw
tpsf;Ff
ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw
Mouse
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nghOJNghf;FJiw
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A.M.JAHAN 0773536566 G.C.E.A/L

Njit MICR
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gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopy;El;gk
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Njit
Key board
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Njit OMR
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Njit
Touch Pad
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Njit OCR
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Bar Code Reader
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Smart Card Reader
Njit
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Scanner …………………………………………………
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Web Cam
Njit
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Magnetic Strip Reader gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopy;El;gk
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Digitizer

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Remote Control
Njit
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gpd;tUk; Monitor; ,d; tiffis xg;gpl;L
………………………………………………… NtWgLj;Jf
Graphic Tablets CRT LCD LED
Njit mr;Rnghwp tiffis fhl;rpgLj;Jf

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Sensor
Njit
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epidtfj;jpd; tiffis
ml;ltizgLj;Jf
epidtf kl;lj;ij xOq;F

tupirapy; $Wf?
gpd;tUk; epidtfj;jpd; nfhs;ssT

epidtf tiffis gpd;tUk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopy;El;gk; jd;ik
jiyg;gpy; xg;gpl;L Muha;f. vd;gtw;iw tpsf;Ff
Magnetic Tape
mZfy;
mZfy;
f tif
nfhs;t
ngsjPf
epidt
Ntfk;
tpiy
msT
Kiw
CD
dT
Floppy Disk
Hard disk
gjptfq;
fs;
mZfy; Ntfk;
…………………………………………………
epidt
…………………………………………………
fq;fs;
gJf;F
mZfy; Neuk
…………………………………………………
vOkhd
epidt
…………………………………………………;
mZF
fk;
mZfy; Kiw
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………………………………………………....
epidt
fq;fs;
Jiz
td;ntl;L gFjpahf;fspd; ed;ikfs;

jPikfs;
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ehlhf;f
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fhe;j
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s;
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………………………………………………… John Von Neumann Structure
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S RAM , D RAM; vd;gtw;wpd; NtWghl;il
$Wf
SRAM DRAM
ROM; ,d; tiffis NtWgLj;jp tpsf;Ff fzzp tiffis; tpsf;Ff
PROM EPROM EEPROM 1. …………………………………………

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Cache Memory ,d; tiffis $Wf …………………………………………
2. …………………………………………
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 …………………………………………
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ika nrayfj;jpd; %d;W gFjpfis $wp
tpsf;Ff 3. …………………………………………
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Down Sizing, Mini Sizing
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1. jftyhf fUjg;glf; $baJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1. khztdpd; ngau;
2. tFg;nghd;wpy; cs;s nkhj;jkhztu; vz;zpf;if.
3. Number,Text,Image
4. tFg;nghd;wpy; fzpjghlj;jpy; ngwg;gl;l ruhrupg;Gs;sp.
5. ,d;iwa khztu;tuT.
2. jfty; xd;wpd; ngWkjp fhyj;Jld; khWtij fhl;Lk; rupahdtiuG?
1). 2). 3).

Information value infor notion value
Information value
AN
* * -—4
Time
Tirma
Time
4). 5). Information value

.information value
AH
+*
Time
lime
.J
3). gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ tiuglgadu; ,ilKfj;jpy; mj;jpahtrpakhd
Rl;Lk; fUtpahFk;?
1). Keyboard 2). Mouse 3). Joystick
4). LightPen 5). Trackball
M
4) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ntspaPl;Lf;fUtp my;yhjJ vJ?

1). Scanner 2). Printer 3) FlatScreen
4) Plotter 5). TouchScreen
A.
5) gpd;tUtdw;Ws; vt; epidtfkhdJ mjd; nfhs;ssT tiuaiwAilAJk;>

mjpy; cs;s jfty;fis khw;wk; nra;aNth mopf;fNth KbahjJkhFk;?
1.FloppyDisk 2) HardDisk 3) CDROM

4) TapeDrive 5). FlashDrive
6) CD fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopy;El;gk; vJ?

1. Mechanical 2. Magnetic 3. Electrical
4.. ElectroMagnetic 5. Laser
7) fzpdpfspd; td;nghUl;fspd; ROM fspy; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLk;

nra;epuy;fis vt;thW miog;gu;?
1. Hardware 2. Software 3. Liveware
4. Firmware 5. ROMWare
G.C.E. A/L ICT njd;kuhl;rp fy;tp tyak; 5
1
8). juitAk; nra;epuy;fisAk; NtWgpupj;jwpaf; $ba gFjp gpd;tUtdtw;Ws;
vJ?
1. InputDevice 2. OutputDevice 3. MainMemory
4. Memory 5. Microprocessor
9). Stored program concept vj; jiyKiwf;FupaJ?
1. 1k; jiyKiw 2. 2k; jiyKiw 3. 3k; jiyKiwy

4. 4k; jiyKiw 5. 5k; jiyKiw
10). Muk;g fhyq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l fzpfUtp…..

1.Abacus 2. Clock 3. DifferenceEngine
4. AddingMachine 5. Nkw;$wpa vJTkd;W
11). KjyhtJ nghwpKiw fzpfUtpapid cUthf;fpatu;?
AN
1. Joseph MarieJacquard 2. John Mauchly 3. HermanHollerith
4. BlaisePascal 5. HowardAiken
12). Jisaplg;gl;l ml;ilapid (PunchCard) mwpKfk; nra;jtu;?

1. Powers 2. Pascal 3. Joseph MarieJacquard
4. Jacquard 5. Herman Hollerith
13). xspg;Ngdh (LightPen) vd;gJ?

AH
1. Mechanical Inputdevice 2. Optical input device 3. Electronicinput device
4. MechanicalOutputDevice 5. Optical output device
14). ,uz;lhk; jiyKiwf; fzpdpfs;…………….mbg;gilahf nfhz;lit.

1. Vacuum Tube 2. Silicon Chips . 3. MicroChips
4. Transistor 5. BioChips
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15). BIOS vd;gjd; tpupthf;fk;
1. BasicInput Output System 2. Best Input Output System
4. BaseInput Output System
3 BasicInput Output Symbol
5. BasicInput Output Software
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16). fzpdpj; jpiuapd; kpfr;rpwpa gFjpapid vt;thW miog;gu;?

1. Cell 2. Element 3. Pixel
4. Bit 5. Dots
A.
17). fzpdpfspd; jiyKiw vjdbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ?

1. gad;gLj;jg;gLk; epidtfk;> gpujhd td;nghUs; njhopy;El;gtpay;
2. fzpdpapd; Ntfk;.
3. fzpdp khjpupfs;(Model)
4. fzpdpfspd; Jy;ypak;.
5. gad;gLj;jpa fhyk;.
18). fzpdp xd;wpd; td;nghUl;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; vg;gFjpapd; Clhf

தkf;Fs; njhlu;gpid Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
1. Keyboard 2. System Bus 3. Monitor
4. Memory 5. NetworkInterfaceCard
19). Cassette tape ,y; vt; tifahd jfty;mZfy;(Access)

Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wJ?
1. DirectAccess 2. SequentialAccess 3. RandomAccess
4. Nkw;$wpaahTk; 5. Nkw;$wpa vJTkd;W.
2
6 njd;kuhl;
njd; rpkfy;
uhl;trp p tyak;
fy;tp tyak; G.C.E. A/L ICT G.C.E. A/L ICT
20) gpd;tUk; vt;tif epidtfj;jpw;F kPs;jfit(Refresh)
nraw;gLj;jy; eilngWk;.
1. SRAM 2. DRAM 3. ROM
4. FlashMemory 5. MagneticTape
21). mr;R ,ae;jpuq;fspd; ntspaPl;bd; juj;jpid(Quality) ………………

.,dhy; mstplg;gLk;.
1. Dot per sq.inch 2. Dot per inch 3. Dots printed per unit time
4. Resolution 5. Nkw;$wpa ahTk;.
22). gpd;tUk; epidtfq;fspy; vJ kpff; Fiwe;j mZfy; Neuj;ij

(AccessTime) cilaJ?.
1. CacheMemory 2. Virtual Memory 3. HardDisk
4. MagneticTape 5. ExternalMemory
AN
23). gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ cs;sPl;Lf; fUtpahf mikahjJ?
1. Touch Screen 2. Optical Scanners 3. Touch Pad
4. TrackBall 5. MousePad
24). Laser Printer fspd; NtfkhdJ …………….vDk; myfpdhy;

mstplg;gLfpd;wJ.
1. LPM 2. PPM
AH 3. DPI 4. DPS 5. RPM
25). tiyaikg;nghd;wpy; gq;fPL nra;aKbahj td;nghUs; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws;vJ?

1. CDDrive 2. Printer 3. Mouse
4. HardDisk 5. Multi-MediaProjector
26). "ENIAC" ,y; ghtpf;fg;gl;l ,yj;jpudpay; $W vJ?

1. Transistors. 2. IC 3. Vacuum tube
4. Microchips 5. AI
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27). fzpdp tiffis mtw;wpd; tbtikg;G njhopDl;gj;jpd;gb
(DesignTechnology) tifg;gLj;jiy gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vJ rupahff;
fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
1. DeskTop, LapTop, NoteBook.
M
2. DigitalComputer, AnalogComputer, HybridComputer.

3. SuperComputer, MainframeComputer, MiniComputer, MicroComputer.
4. SpecialPurpose, GeneralPurpose.
5. Workstation, PersonalComputer, Smart-Phone
A.
28). kpd;rhuj;jpd; %yk; jfty;fis mopj;J kPz;Lk; jfty;fis gjpaf;$ba

epiyj;j epidtfk; (ROM) gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vJ?
1. EPROM 2. PROM 3. EEPROM 4. DRAM 5. CD-ROM
29). Kjy; fzpdp nra;epuyhsu; vd miof;fg;gLgtu;

1. AndaAugusta. 2. Ada AugustaLovelace
3. HermanHollerith 4. BlaisePascal 5. Joseph MarieJacquard
30). CRTMonitor ,idtpl LCDMonitor gad;gLj;Jtjdhy fpilf;Fk;

mD$yk; gpd;tUtdtw;wpy vJ?
1. xg;gPl;lstpy; nryT FiwT. mj;Jld; njspthd fhl;rpfisAk;
ngwKbAk;.
2. Fiwe;jsT kpd;rhuj;ij Efu;tJld; Fiwe;jsT ,lg;gug;ig
vLf;fpd;wJ.
3
G.C.E. A/L ICT
njd; kuhl;rp fy;tp tyak; G.C.E. A/L ICT njd;kuhl;rp fy;tp tyak; 7
3. tpk;gq;fs; kPs;GJg;gpf;fg;gl mjpfNeuk; vLg;gJld; tpiyAk;
FiwthdJ.
4. jpiuapd; khw;wy; tpfpjk; FiwthfTk; mjpf ntg;gKk; ntsptplg;gLk;.
5. Nfhzg;ghu;it kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gJld; mjpf kpd;rhu Efu;r;rp.
31). KjyhtJ tiuglgadu; ,ilKf trjp nfhz;l (GUI) gzp

nray;Kiwikapid cUthf;fpa epWtdk; vJ?
1. MicroSoft 2. Apple 3. IBM
4. Samsung 5. Adobe
32). gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fspy ;cz;ikahdJ vJ?
1. BlaisePascal ,d;iwa fzpdpfspd; je;ijnad miof;fg;gLfpwhu;.
2. PunchCard MdJ Joseph Marie Jacquard ,dhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. Difference Engine MdJ Ada Augusta Lovelace ,dhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
AN
4. ,uz;lhk; jiyKiw fzpdpfspy; cs;sPl;Lf;fUtpahf
tpirg;gyif gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
5. ENIAC fzpdp %d;whk; jiyKiwf; fzpdpfSf;F cjhuzkhFk;.
33). Ez;nraypapd; vg;gFjp fzpdpapd; td;nghUl;fis

fl;Lg;gLj;jp nraw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ?
1. ALU 2. Register 3. CU 4. CacheMemory 5. NorthBridge
AH
34). gpd;tUk; cs;sPl;Lf; fUtpfisf; fUJf.
A. OMR B. MICR C. OCR D. BarCodeReader
gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fspy; cz;ikahdJ vJ?
1. A,B kl;Lk; tUbfshFk;.
2. C MdJ glq;fis cs;sl P hf toq;Ftjw;F gad;gLfpd;wJ.
3. A,B,C,D ahTk; tUbfs; tifapid Nru;e;jit.
4. A MdJ fhNrhiyfspy; cs;s jfty;fis cs;sPlhf
.J
toq;fgad;gLfpwJ.
5. B MdJ gy;Nju;T tpdhf;fis kjpg;gpLtjw;F gad;gடுfpwJ.
35). gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fisf; fUJf.

$w;W1 .SRAM MdJ DRAM ,idtpl jfty; gupkhw;wNtfk; $baJ.
M
$w;W2. nghJthf fzpdpfspy; td;jl;bd; nfhs;ssT RAM ,d;

nfhs;ssit tpl mjpfkhdJ.
$w;W3. fzpdpapd; Ntfk; td;jl;bd; nfhs;sstpy; jq;fpAs;sJ.
A.
NkYs;s $w;Wfspy; vJ/vit rupahdJ/rupahdit?

1. $w;W1 khj;jpuk;. 2. $w;W1,2 Mfpad 3. $w;W2,3Mfpad
4. $w;W1,2,3ahTk;. 5. $w;W1,3Mfpad.
36). gpd;tUk; epidtfq;fs; rk;ge;jkhd $w;Wf;fspy; rupahdJ vJ/vit?

A. td;jl;L> nefpo;tl;L Nghd;wd fhe;jtif epidtfq;fshFk;.
B. CD, DVD, BD Nghd;wd xspapay; epidtfq;fshFk;.
C. gspr;rpl;L epidtfk; (FlashMemory)> MemoryCard Nghd;wd
jpz;kepiy epidtfkhFk;.
1. $w;W A khj;jpuk; 2. $w;W B khj;jpuk; 3. $w;WA,BMfpad
4. $w;WA, B, CahTம் 5. $w;WA CMfpad.
37). Rl;bf;Fg; gjpyhf gad;gLj;jf; $ba kpfg; nghUj;jkhd cs;sPl;Lf;fUtp vJ?

1. TouchScreen 2. Joystick 3. TrackBall
4. LightPen 5. Keyboard
8 njd;kuhl;rp fy;tp tyak; G.C.E. A/L
4 ICT
njd;kuhl;rp fy;tp tyak; G.C.E. A/L ICT
38). jftypd; ngWkjpf;Fம் Neuj;jpw;Fkhd
tiuglk; mUfpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mt;tiuglk; njhlu;ghf gpioahd $w;W vJ?
1. jfty; ngwg;gLk; Neuj;jpy; mjd;
ngWkjp cau;thdJ.
2. fhyk; nry;y jftypd; ngWkjp O4/jBtJia
Fiwtile;J kPz;Lk; juthf
khWk;. *»
3. Neuk; G+r;rpakhFk; NghJ jftypd; ngWkjp

cau;thFk;.
4. Neuk; G+r;rpakhFk; NghJ jftypd; ngWkjp FiwtilAk;.
5. fhyk; nry;y jftypd; ngWkjp FiwtilAk;.
39) gzpnray; Kiwiknahd;W (OperatingSystem) Kjd;Kjypல்
vj;jiyKiwf; fzpdpfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ?
1. Kjyhk; jiyKiw 2. ,uz;lhk;jiyKiw 3. %d;whk;jiyKiw
4. ehd;fhk; jiyKiw 5. Ie;jhk;jiyKiw
AN
40). gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; Kiwik nkd;nghUs; my;yhjJ vJ?
1. OperatingSystem. 2. Anti-VirusSoftware. 3. Compiler
4. MizilaFirefox 5. Diskcleanup
41). cau;juj;jpy; mike;j tu;z tiuglq;fis td;gpujpfshf

(HardCopy) ngWtjw;F nghUj;jkhd ntspaPl;Lf;fUtp vJ?
1. LEDMonitor 2. Plotter 3. Ink-jetPrinter
4. LaserPrinter
AH 5. Dot-MatrixPrinter
42). fhe;jjl;L (MagneticDisk) xd;wpd; nfhs;ssT gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vjpy;

jq;fpAs;sJ?
1. jl;bd; Nkw;gug;gpd; xU myfpy; cs;s Trackfspd ;vz;zpf;if (Trackper
Inch).
2. Track fspd; xUmyfpy; cs;s Bits fspd; vz;zpf;if
.J
(BitsperInchofTrack).
3. jl;Lf;fspd; Nkw;gug;gpy; cs;s jl;Lg;gilfspd ;(DiskLayers) vz;zpf;if.
4. xU Bit ,id gpujp nra;tjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Nkw;gug;gpd; gUkd;
(SizeofoneBit).
5. Nkw;$wpa ahTk;.
M
43). gpujhd epidtfj;jpd; ,uz;L tiffSk; vit?

1. Primary and Secondary 2. ROM and RAM 3. Magnetic and Optical
. Random and Sequential 5. Nkw;$wpa ahTk;.
A.
44). fhe;jjl;by;(Magnetic Drum) cs;sjfty;fisifahSk;Kiwgpd;tUtdtw;Ws;vJ?

1. RandomAccess 2. Direct Access 3. Sequential Access
4. (1)and(2) 5. (2) and (3)
45). ve;jtifahd fzpdpfis jdpegu; fzpdpfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ?

1. SuperComputer 2. Main-FrameComputer 3. MiniComputer
4. MicroComputer 5. Nkw;$wpa vJTkd;W.
46). Fwpg;gpl;l rpy Njitfis epiwT nra;tij Nehf;fkhf nfhz;L

cUthf;fg;gl;l nkd;nghUl;fis vt;thW miog;gu;?
1. SystemSoftware 2. OperatingSystem 3. UtilitySoftware
4. ApplicationSoftware 5. Nkw;$wpaahTk;.
47). nefpo;tl;bd; msthf mika KbahjJ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?

1. 8” 2.5.25” 3. 5.5” 4. 3.5” 5. Nkw;$wpavJTkd;W.
G.C.E. A/L ICT 5

njd;kuhl;rp fy;tp tyak; 9
48). ntw;wplf; Fohapid mwpKfk; nra;jtu;.
1. John Bardeen 2. William Shockley 3. Leede Forest
4. Herman Hollerith 5. Blaise Pascal
49). nra;epuy;fis fzpdpfspy; Nrkpf;fyhk; vDk; vz;zf;fUit $wpatu;.

1. John Mauchley 2. J.P.Eckert 3. John Neumann
4. Joseph Jacquard 5. William Shockley
50). Kjyhk; jiyKiwf; fzpdpfs;……………..,id epidtfkhf

gad;gLj;jpd.
1. Vacuumtubes 2. Siliconchips 3. Magneticdrum
4. RAM 5. Nkw;$wpa vJTkpy;iy.
51). fzpdpapd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gLgtu;?
AN
1. Charles Babbage 2. John von Neumann 3.Herman Hollerith
4. Clifford Berry 5. Ada Augusta Lovelace
52. gFg;gha;T nghwpapid fz;L gpbj;jtu; ahu;?

1. gpNsap]; g];fhy; 2. rhs;]; gNg[; 3. Aiken
4. Forest AH 5. N[hd; nthd; epAkd;
53. juTfis gpujp nra;tjw;fhd %d;W njhopy;El;;gq;fisAk; nfhz;l njhFjpahf

miktJ?
1. nefpo;tl;L(FloppynDisk), ,Wtl;L(CompactDisk)> fhe;jehlh (Magnetictape)
2. nefpo;tl;L> fhe;jehlh> td;jl;L(Hard disk)
3. nefpo;tl;L> ,Wtl;L> gspr;rPl;Lepidtfk;(Flash memory)
4. nefpo;tl;L> ,Wtl;L> td;jl;L
5. RAM, nefpo;tl;L> gspr;rPl;Lepidtfk;
.J
54. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ Fthz;lk; fzpdpapaypd; (Quantum computing)
,ay;G my;yhjjhFk;?
M
1. cah; juT Kiwtopahf;f Ntfk;

2 jfty; kiwg;G (cryptographic) eltbf;iffSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdJ
3. juthdJ vOj;Jfshy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ
4. nghpastpyhd eltbf;iffSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdJ
A.
5. juthdJ qubit ,dhw; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ
55. 3D graphic designing y; mjpfstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fzzp tif vJ?

1. Laptop Computer 2. Desktop Computer 3. Work Station
Computer 4. Palmtop Computer 5. Mini Computer
56. rPuhd ts ,lq;fhzp (URL) http://www.idm.uk/branchidm.html vd;gjidg;

gw;wpa rhpahd $w;W ahJ??
1. uk Xh; cah;epiy Ml;fskhFk; (domain)
2. www Xh; nrk;ikelg;G tof;fhFk;;
3. http Xh; NritahFk;
4. www Xh; Ml;fsg; ngauhFk;
5. branchidm.html Xh; nrk;ikelg;G tof;fhFk;
10 njd;kuhl;rp fy;tp tyak; G.C.E. A/L ICT
6
57. Aj;jeltbf;iffs;> vz;nza; Ma;T Nghd;w tpNrl fUkq;fspw;fhf
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fzzp tif vJ?
1. Central Purpose Computer 2.Special Purpose Computer
3. Digital Computer 4.Analog Computer 5. Hybrid Computer
58. CPUd; Ntfk; msf;f gad;gLk; myF ahJ?

1. KB 2. GHz 3. Bytes 4. Bits/s 5. MB
59. Xuplj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,d;Ndhuplj;jpw;F juTfis flj;j gad;gLk; BUS tif
vJ?
1. Address Bus 2. Data Bus 3.Control Bus 4.Serial Bus 5.CTB Bus
60. MAC Kftupfspd; Mff;$ba gpw;Wf;fspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ?

1) 48 2) 24 3) 16 4) 32 5) 56
AN
61. cs;sPl;L rhjdkhfTk;> tUtpisT rhjdkhfTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rhjdq;fs;
vit?
1. Mouse 2.CD 3.Touch Screen 4.DVD 5.Track Ball
62. fzdpapd; re;jjpapy; mjpfupf;ifapy; fzdpapd; gpd;tUk; vt;tpay;G

mjpfupf;Fk;?
1 .fzdpapd; msTAH 2. ntspaplg;gLk; ntg;gj;jpdsT
3. Njitahd kpd;rhuj;jpd; msT 4. ,lg;gug;G
5. fzdpapd; Ntfk;
63. td;gpujp vd;gjhy; ahJ tpsq;Ffpd;wPu;?

1. jfty; xU NghJk; ntspaPlhf tuhJ
2. ntspaPL mr;R gpujpahf fpilf;Fk;
3. ntspaPl;il fhl;rpj;jpiuapy; fhzyhk;
4. ntspaPL ROMy; Nrkpf;fg;gLk;
.J
5. Flash Drivey; Nrkpf;ff; $baJ
64. Processorxd;wpd; tbtikg;gpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jgit gpd;tUtdtw;Ws;
vJ/vit?
A. Transistorfspd; vz;zpf;if
M
B. Registerfspd; vz;zpf;if
C. Cache Memeoryfspd; vz;zpf;if
1. A kl;Lk; 2. A,C kl;Lk; 3. A,B kl;Lk; 4. B,C kl;Lk; 5. A.B,C kl;Lk;
A.
65. Ez;nraypapd; ghfkhfTk; juTfisAk; fl;lisfisAk; jd;dfj;Nj

itj;jpUg;gJkhd jw;fhypf Nrkpg;gfk; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
1. EPROM 2. Registers 3. Ram
4. Virtual memory 5. Flash memory
66. CPU I cw;gj;jp nra;ak; epWtdk; vJ?
1. imb 2. intel 3. Microsoft 4. dmi 5. idm
67. Moniter I fzdpAld; njhLg;gjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Fij vJ?

1. PS/2 port 2. USB port 3. VGA port
4. Modem port 5. Sound port

7
68. CD ,d; nfhs;ssT vJ?
1. 650MB-900MB 2. 4.7GB-7GB 3. 1GB
4. 100MB-750MB 5. 1000MB
69). mr;rpl;l glq;fis vOj;Jf;fis fzdpg;gLj;j gad;gLj;Jk; rhjdk; vJ?
1. Mouse 2. Printer 3. Speaker 4. Scanner 5. Plotter
70. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ/vit fzdp nkd;nghUl;fis ghjpf;fty;yd?
1. Virus 2. Hoxes 3. Worms 4. Spyware

1) 1,2 kl;Lk; 2) 1 kl;Lk; 3) 2, 3,4 kl;Lk;
4) 1 ,2, 3 kl;Lk; 5) 1, 2, 3, 4 kl;Lk;
AN
71. Laptop vd miof;fg;gLk; Computer vJ?
1. Super computer 2. Personal Computer 3. Micro Computer

4. Palmtop Computer 5. Workstaion Computer
1. Cache Memory
AH
72. gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vJ/vit Non-Volatile Memory ahf fUjg;gLk;?
2.Flash Memory 3.ROM 4.Ram
1). 1, 2 kl;Lk; 2). 3, 4 kl;Lk;

3). 1, 2, 4 kl;Lk; 4). 2, 3 kl;Lk; 5) ahTk; rupahdit
73. Impactprinter tif my;yhjJ vJ?

.J
1. Daisywheel printer 2. Dotmatrix printer 3. Thermal printer
4. Line printer 5. Nkw;$wpa vJTky;y
74. juT CLflj;jy; Kiwfspy; halfduple w;F cjhuzkf miktJ

M
1. Telephone 2. Walkie-talkie 3. Radio

4. TV 5. Microphone
75. ,yj;jpudpay; rhjdkhd fzpdpapd; tiutpyf;fzkhf miktJ?
A.
1) vz; mbg;gilapyhd fzpg;Gf;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;

2) juTfis cs;thq;fp mwpTWj;jy;fspw;fika nraw;ghLfis nra;jy;
3) tpirg;gyifapDhlhf juTfis Vw;wy;
4) fhl;rpj;jpiuapy; juTfis fhz;gpj;jy;
5) ju;ff
; mbg;gilapyhd fzpg;Gf;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;
76) KjyhtJ fzzp nra;epuyhsu; vd miof;fg;gLgtu; ahu;?

1) Ada Augusta Lovelace 2) Charles Babbage
3) Pascal 4)Aiken 5)n`l;gpul; tpy;ypak;
77) Kjyhk; jiyKiwf; fzzpfspy; Nrkpg;gfkhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lit?
1)Magnetic Tapes 2)Magnetic Drums

3)Integrated circuits 4)Processor 5)Vaccum Tubes
78) Low Level Language vd miof;fg;gLtJ vk; nkhopahFk;?
1)Assembly Language,Python 2)Python,SQL
3)Machine Language,Python 4)Assembly Language,Machine Language
5)PHP,SQL
79) Ez;Kiw topahf;fpapw;F ntspg;Gwkhf mike;Js;s gFjp gpd;tUtdtw;Ws;

vJ.?
1) ALU 2) Register 3) CU 4) RAM 5) level 1 cache
80) kpd;dpaiyg;gad;gLj;jp mopj;J jpUk;gTk; ghtpf;ff; $ba epiyj;j

epidtfk;(ROM) gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vJ?
1. EPROM - (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
AN
2. PROM - (Programmable Read Only Memory)
3. EEPROM – (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
4. DRAM – (Dynamic Random access Memory)
5. RAM(Random Access Memory)
81) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; nfhs;ssT(Capacity)$bdJ ahJ?

1) Ram 2) Register 3) Hard Disk
4) ROM
AH 5) Cache Memory
82) 4k; jiyKiwf;fzzpfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nkhop ahJ?
1) Machine Language 2) Assembly Language

3) ADA,Fortran 4). Mercury, Prolog 5) PHP,SQL
.J
83) ABACUS ahuhy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ?
1) fpNuf;fu;fs; 2) mnkupf;fu;fs;
3) ,e;jpau;fs; 4) rPdu;fs; 5) u~;au;fs;
M
84) Difference Engine(tpj;jpahrg;nghwp) ahuhy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ?

1) Herman Hollerith 2) Ada Augusta Lovelace 3) Charles Babbage
4) n`l;gpul; tpy;ypak; 5) Aiken
A.
85) thdpiy mtjhdpg;G epiyaq;fspy; gad;gLk; fzzp vJ?

1) xj;jpirf;fzzp 2) ,yf;ff;fzzp 3) jdpahs; fzzp
4) Nkirf;fzzp 5) kbf;fzzp
86) CPU ,d; gpujhd gFjpfs; vit?

1)ALU,CU,Memory Register 2)Bus,RAM,ROM
3)Memory Register,CU,RAM 4)ALU,CU,RAM
5)Monitor,Keyboard,Mouse
87) fzzpapy; eilngWk; ml;rufzpj nraw;ghLfSf;F gad;gLtJ vJ?

1) CU 2) Memory Register 3) ALU
4)BUS 5) Topology

9
88) Ntiyfis ,yFthf nra;J Kbf;f SQL fzzp nkhop gad;gl;l
jiyKiwfs; vJ?
1)1st Generation Computer 2)2nd Generation Computer
3)3rd Generation Computer 4)4th Generation Computer
5)5th Generation Computer
89) 3rd Generation Computery ,y; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l njhopy;El;gk; vJ?

1)Integrated Circuit 2) Transistor 3)Vaccum Tube
4) Micro Processor 5) VLIC
90) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ/vit Kd;whk; jiyKiwf; fzzp nkhopfspy;

rk;ge;jkhdJ
A- Python 3rd Generation Computer Language MFk;.
AN
B- Pascal 3rd Generation Computer Language MFk;.
C- Ke;ija jiykiwAld; xg;gpLifapy; nray;epuy;fspy; mgptpUj;jp
,yFthdJ?
1) A kl;Lk; 2) B kl;Lk; 3) B,C kl;Lk;
4) A.B,C midj;Jk; 5) A, C kl;Lk;
91) fzzp tsu;r;rp jiyKiw xOq;F vJ?

AH
1) Vaccum Tubes,Integrated Circuit,Transistor
2) Transistor,Vaccum Tubes,Integrated Circuits
3) Vaccum Tubes,Transistor,Integrated Circuits
4) Transistor,Integrated Circuits,Vaccum Tubes
5) Nkw;$wpa vJTky;y
92)
.J
clypd; nra;$W Kiwtopahf;fy;fis Kg;gupkhd Kiwapy;
ntspg;gLj;JtJ vJ?
1) CAT 2) PET 3) X-Ray 4) CT 5) MRI
93) 4k; guk;giuf; fzpdpfspd; tpNrl mk;rkhf miktJ
1. NgusT xUq;fpize;j Rw;Wfspd;(VLIC) ghtidiaAk; Fiwe;jsthd
M
kpd;rf;jp Efu;r;rpAk;.
2.;. 3k; jiyKiwf; fzpdpfis tpl Fiwthd kpd;Efu;r;rpAk;> mstpy;
rpwpajhfTk; mike;jpUj;jy;.
3. 2k; jiyKiwf; fzpdpfis tpl Ntfk; $badthfTk;> mstpy;
A.
rpwpajhfTk; mike;jpUj;jy;.
4. 5k; jiyKiwf; fzpdpfis tpl $Ljyhd kpd;Efu;r;rpAk;> mstpy;
ngupajhfTk; mike;jpUj;jy;.
5. Nkw;$wpa ahTk; rup
94) gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; ntspapl;Lr; rhjdk; vJ?

1. rhtpg;gyif 2. Rl;b. 3. xspapay; Ngdh.
4. ik gPrR; mr;Rg; nghwp. 5. Nkw;$wpa ahTk;
95) fzpdp Kiwtopahf;fpfs; (Processors) gw;wpa gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf;

fUJf.
A – fjp B - nfhs;ssT
C - Kiwtopahf;fpapy; cs;s Crpfspd; (Pins) vz;zpf;if

10
,tw;wpilNa fzpdpiaf; nfhs;tdT nra;Ak;NghJ fUj;jpy; nfhs;s
Ntz;ba tplakhf/ tplaq;fshf mikahjJ/ mikahjit>
1). A khj;jpuk; 2). B khj;jpuk; 3). C khj;jpuk;
4). A, B Mfpad khj;jpuk; 5) B, C Mfpad khj;jpuk;
96) cs;sPl;Lf; fUtpfs;> ntspaPl;Lf;fUtpfs; ,uz;ilAk; nfhz;Ls;s

fzpdpap;d; cgKiwik gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vJ?
1. td;nghUs; Kiwik 2. nkd;nghUs; Kiwik
3. capu;g;nghUs; Kiwik 4. epiyg;nghUs; Kiwik
5. Nkw;$wpa vJTky;y
97) fNjhl; fjpu; Foha;(CRT) fhl;rpj;jpiuia tpl jputg;gspq;;F fhl;rpj;jpiuiag;

(LCD) gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; fpilf;Fk; mD$yk; gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vJ?
AN
1. tpk;gq;fs; kPsg;GJg;gpf;fg;gl mjpf Neuk; vLg;gJld; tpiyAk;
FiwthdJ.
2. Fiwe;jsT kpd;rhuj;ij Efu;tJld; Fiwe;j ,lg;gpukhzj;ij
vLf;fpd;wJ.
3. xg;gPl;lstpy; nryT FiwT. mj;Jld; njspthd fhl;rpfisAk;
ngwKbAk;.
4. jpiuapd; khw;wy; tpfpjk; FiwthfTk; mjpf ntg;gKk; ntsptplg;gLk;
AH
5. Nkw;$wpa ahTk;.
98) fzpdp tbtikg;G njhopDl;gj;jpd; gb(Design Technology) gpd;tUtdtw;wpy;

vJ rupahd tifg;gLj;jiyf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
1. kbf; fzpdp(Lap Top), kPf;fzpdpfs;(super computers), Nritafk;(Sever
computer)
.J
2. ,yf;f Kiwf; fzpdpfs;(Digital), xg;Gopf; fzpdpfs;(Analog), fyg;gpd
fzpdpfs (Hybrid);.
3. gpujhd rl;lf; fzpdp (Mainframe), ikaf; fzpdpfs;, Ez;ghff;
fzpdpfs;.
M
4. rhjhuz Njitf;fhfg; gad;gLk; fzpdpfs;(General Purpose), tpNrl

Njitf;fhd fzpdpfs;(Special Purpose).
5. Nkw;$wpa ahTky;y
A.
99) fzpdpahy; Mw;wg;gLk; 5 njhopw;ghLfs; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpy; rupahd

xOq;fpy; mike;j tpiliaj; njupT nra;f?
1. ntspaPL> epuw;gLj;jy;> cs;sPL;> Nrkpj;jy;> fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.
2. Nrkpj;jy;> fl;Lg;gLj;jy;> cs;sPL> epuw;gLj;jy;> ntspaPL
3. cs;sPL> epuw;gLj;jy;;> ntspaPL> Nrkpj;jy;> fl;Lg;gLj;jy
4. fl;Lg;gLj;jy;> cs;sPL> epuw;gLj;jy;> ntspaPL> Nrkpj;jy;
5. Nkw;$wpa vJTky;y
100) CPU ,y; ,uz;L my;yJ ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l nray; xOq;Ffis

mKy;gLj;jy; vt;thW miof;fg;gLk;?
1) MultiProcessing 2) Time Sharing
3) Multi-Tasking 4) Multi Programming 5) Multi plexing
11
Grid Computer, Parallel Computer gy;fU nrayp
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
………………………………………………… …………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Clock Speed
jUtpg;G epiwNtw;W Row;rp Kiwia

G+uzgLj;Jf …………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………;
Word Size
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Bus
System Bus
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Address Bus
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Data Bus
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
Control Bus
…………………………………………………
…………………………………………………

gy;Nju;T tpdhf;fs;.
1) rhu;s;]; gNg[; “fzpdpapd; je;ij” vdr; rpyuhy; $wg;gLfpd;whu;.
Vnddpy; mtu;>
(1)g];fiyd; (Pascaline) vDk; nghwpKiwf; fzpg;ghidf;

fz;Lgpbj;jjhy; MFk;.
(2)kPs; nra;epuw;gLj;jf;$ba (re – programmable) KjyhtJ
,yj;jpudpay; fzpf;Fk; ,ae;jpuj;ij fz;Lgpbj;jjhy; MFk;.
(3)IBM epWtdj;jpd; KjyhtJ jdpegu; fzpdpia cUthf;ftjpy;
jiykj;Jtg; gjtpia tfpj;jhu; vd;gjdhy; MFk;.
(4)etPd fzpdpfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cs;sPl;Lr; nrad;Kiw
kw;Wk; tUtpisT vDk; vz;zf;fUf;fis Kjd; Kjyhf
mwpKfk; nra;jhu; vd;gjhyhFk;.
(5)KjyhtJ ,yj;jpudpay; ,af;fKiwf; fzpdpahd ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) ,d; ];jhgfu;
vdgdhy; MFk;.
2) fzpg;Gr; rhjdq;fspd; (Computing Devices) gupzhk tsu;r;rp

njhlu;ghd rupahd $w;W gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
(1)ntw;wplf; Foha;fisg; gad;gLj;jp gpnsa;]; g];fhy; %yk;
g];fiyd; (Pascaline) ,ae;jpuk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
(2)g];fiyd; Kjyhk; jiyKiwf; fzpg;Gr; rhjdkhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
(3)ntw;wplf; Foha;fs; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;l fzpdpfs; ,uz;lhk;
jiyKiwf; fzpdpfshf fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
(4)(ENIAC) Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer fzpdp
ntw;wplf; Foha;fisg; gad;gLj;jp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
(5)mg;gps; I, mg;gps; II vd;gd ,uz;lhk; jiyKiwf; fzpdpf;Fupa
,U cjhuzq;fshFk;.
3) gpd;tUk; g+uzg;gLj;jhj trdj;ijg; g+uzg;gLj;Jf. “1980 N[hrg;

[f;Fthl; vd;gtu; jd;Dila nerT miyia jd;dpaf;fkhf;Ftjd;
%yk; juTfisg; gjpT nra;tjw;F ……………………………
vd;gjidg; gad;gLj;jpdhu;.
(1)$l;lw; nghwp (adding machine)
(2)Jisaplg;gl;l ml;ilfs; (punch cards)
(3)xyp ml;il (sound card)
(4)ghFghl;Lg; nghwp (Difference engine)
(5)gFg;Gg; nghwp (analytical engine)
4) gNg[pd; “Difference Engine” ……………………… mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;lJ. NkNy cs;s $w;wpd; ntw;wplj;ij epug;g nghUj;jkhd
njhopEl;gk; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
(1),ae;jputpaw; njhopEl;gk; (Machinery Technology)
(2)ntw;wplf; Foha; njhopEl;gj;ij (vacuum tube technology)
(3)jpupjilaj; njhopEl;gj;ij (transistor technology)
(4)xUq;fpize;j $w;Wf;fspd; njhopEl;gj;ij (IC technology)
(5)mjpNgusT xUq;fpizg;G Rw;Wj; njhopEl;gj;ij (VLSI Circuit
technology)
5) gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fSs; cz;ikahdJ vJ?

(1)Herman Hollerith vd;gtu; gFg;Gg; nghwpapid tbtikj;jhu;.
(2)Pascaline vd;gJ $l;ly; kw;Wk; fopj;jy; nra;iffSf;fhf
rhu;s;]; gNg[pdhy; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ.
(3)g];fiyd; vd;gJ gpsapy; g];fhypdhy; Jisaplg;gl;l
ml;ilfspypUe;J jutpid thrpg;gjw;F tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ.
(4)ghFghl;Lg; nghwpahdJ gpsapy; gh];fhypdhy;
tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ.
(5)mlh yt;N]; vd;gtu; KjyhtJ fzpdp nra;epuyhsuhff;
fUjg;gLfpd;whu;.
6) jfty;fis Nrkpg;gjw;fhf epfo;r;rp epuyhf;fg;gl;l KjyhtJ

vz;zpay; tiff; fzpdp ahJ?
(1) ENIAC (2) EDVAC (3) MARK I
(4) PASCALINE (5) ANALYTICAL ENGINE
7) 3k; guk;giuf; fzpdpfspy; Kjd;ik epidtfkhf …….. vDk;

cgfuzKk; ,uz;lhk; epidtfkhf ……….. vDk; cgfuzKk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
(1)fhe;j cUis (Magnetic Drum), fhe;j ehlh (Magnetic Tape)
(2)fhe;j cUis> fhe;j tl;L (Hard Disk)
(3)fhe;jg; gz;Gs;s cs;sfk; (Magnatic Core), fhe;j tl;L
(4)LSI Fiwflj;jp> xspapay; tl;L (Optical Disk)
(5)VLSI Fiwflj;jp> fhe;j tl;L
8) EDVAC fzpdpia tbtikj;jtu; ahu;?

(1) John Von Neumann (2) J.Presper Eckert
(3) Charles Babbage (4) Ada Lovelace
(5) Blais Pascal
9) nra;epuy;fis fzpdpfspy; Nrkpf;fyhk; vDk; vz;zf;fUitf;

$wpatu;>
(1) John Mouchley (2) J.P. Eckert
(3) Jhon Neumann (4) Joseph Jacquard
(5) William Shockley
10) ngWkjpkpf;f jftypd; ,ay;ghd Neutpay;G (Timelines) vd;gij

tiuaiw nra;af;$baJ vJ?
(1)jftiy gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfTk; gad;gLj;jf;$ba jd;ik
(2)midj;J Kf;fpakhd cz;ikfisAk; (Facts) nfhz;bUj;jy;
(3)jftypd; ek;gfj; jd;ik
(4)jfty; Njitg;gLk;NghJ mjid toq;ff;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
(5)jfty; rupahdjh vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jf;$ba jd;ik
11) gp;dtUtdtw;Ws; juT> jfty; vd;gJ njhlu;ghd rupahd $w;W

vJ?
(1)kpf mjpfsthd juTfs; fpilf;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ
khj;jpuNk jpu;khdq;fs; vLf;fg;gLk;.
(2)jutpd; nry;YgbahFk; jd;ik (Validity) ahdJ jutpd; Jy;ypaj;
jd;ikapw; jq;fpapUf;Fk;
(3)juTfis nrad;Kiwf;Fs;shf;fpg; ngwg;gLk; jftyhdJ
vg;NghJk; Jy;ypakhf ,Uf;Fk;.
(4)jfty;fisg; ngWtjw;F juTfs; gy;NtW %yfq;fspy; ,Ue;J
Nrfupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(5)jutpd; Jy;ypaj; jd;ikahdJ cs;sPl nra;Ak; juTfspd;
Jy;ypaj; jd;ikapy; kl;Lk; jq;fpapUf;Fk;.
12) ,yq;iff; fpwpf;fl; mzp T – 20 cyff; fpz;zk; 2014

Nghl;bia ntw;wpnfhz;lJ. ,yq;iff; fpwpf;fl; ,urpfu;fSf;F
,j;jfty; mjpAau; ngWkhdj;ijj; je;jJ …………
(1) ,Wjpg; Nghl;b Muk;gkhdNghjhFk;.
(2) jprhu ngNuuh ntw;wp Xl;lj;ijf; Ftpj;jNghjhFk;.
(3) jiytu; yrpj; kypq;f ntw;wpf; fpz;zj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l
NghjhFk;.
(4) mtu;fs; gj;jpupifapy; nra;jpiag; ghu;jj
; NghjhFk;.
(5) mtu;fs; fpwpf;fl; tPuu;fis fl;Lehaf;f tpkhd epyaj;jpw;
fz;lNghjhFk;. (2014)
13) “jfty; gw;wpa nghd; tpjpfs;” (The Golden Rule if Information)

fspy; jftypd; ngWkjp gw;wpa gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fSs; vJ
gpioahdJ?
(1) jfty;fspd; ngWkjp mjd; nghUj;jg;ghl;by; jq;fpAs;sJ.
(2) jfty;fis epu;khzpf;Fk; NghNjh my;yJ mjidg;
ngWk;NghNjh mjw;Ff; $ba ngWkjp cs;sJ.
(3) Neuk; G+r;rakhFk;nghj jftypd; ngWkjp FiwtilAk;.
(4) fhyk; nry;yr; nry;y jftypd; ngWkjp gbg;gbahff; Fiwe;J
mit kPz;Lk; juTfshf khWk;.
(5) Nkw;$wpa ahTk; rup
14) ngWkpf;f jfty;fs; njhlu;ghd $w;Wf;fisf; fUJf.

A. mJ ek;gfj; jd;ikAs;sjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
B. mJ Neue;jtwhik ,ay;igf; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;;
C. mJ Jy;ypakhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
(1) A. khj;jpuk; (2) B khj;jpuk; (3) A, C khj;jpuk;
(4) A, B khj;jpuk; (5) A, B, C midj;Jk;
15) capup msT (Biometric) njhopEl;gj;ijf; mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;l cs;sPl;Lf; fUtp / fUtpfs; vJ / vit?
A. tpuy; gjp tUb (finger print scanner)
B. Kf mq;ff P hu thrpg;ghd;. ( facial recognition reader)
C. Fuy; mq;ff P hu thrpg;ghd (Voice recognition reader)
D. Fr;rp (stylus)
(1) A, B khj;jpuk; (2) B, D khj;jpuk; (3) B, C khj;jpuk;
(4) A, B, D khj;jpuk; (5) A, B, C khj;jpuk;;
16) vOkhW epidtff; (RAM) $Wfs; (modules) mbf;fb

xg;gplg;gLtJ ………. myfpy; mstplg;gLk; mjd;
nfhs;sstpdhYk; kw;Wk; ……. myfpy; mstplg;gLk; mjd;
fjpapdhYk; MFk;. Nkw;Fwpj;j $w;wpd;,ilntspia epug;Gtjw;F
kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd nrhw;fs; KiwNa
(1) fpNyhigl;];> [pfhigl;];
(2) [pfhigl;];> nkfhigl;]; nrf;fDf;F
(3) [pfhigl;];> nkfh Nù;l;];
(4) nkfh Nù;l;];> fpNyh Nù;l;];
(5) ]fhgpl;];> nkfhgpl;]; nrf;fDf;F
17) fzpdp xd;wpd; juT mZfy; Ntfk; …………… vDk;

myFfspYk;> gjpahdJ ……………. vDk; nfhs;sstpYk;
msf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,ilntspia epug;Gtjw;F kpfTk;nghUj;jkhd
nrhw;fs; KiwNa.
(1) GHz, bits (2) MHz, MB (3) Hz, Kb
(4) MHz, Kb (5) KHz, MB
18) Ez;Kiw topahf;fpahdJ nghJthf mjd; fbfhuf; fjpapdhy;

(Clock Speed) xg;gplg;gl;L ………….. My; mstplg;gl;L my;yJ
mjd; vOj;jpdhy; (word Line) xg;gplg;gl;L ………….. My;
mstplg;gl;L mJ xw;iwf;fbfhur; rf;fuj;jpdhy; (Single clock Cycle)
NkYs;s $w;wpd; ntw;w ; plq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdJ?
(1) gpl;]; (bits), nkfh Nù;l;]; (MHz) (2) igl;]; (Bytes),
[pfhNù;l;]; (GHz)
(3) MHz, gpl;]; (4) igl;]; (5) nrf;fd;l;]; (Soconds),
gpl;];
19) jdpegu; fzpdpapy; (Personal Computer) cs;s vOkhW mZfy;

epidtfj;jpd; (RAM) Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gad;ghL (typical Use) my;yhjJ
gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ahJ?
(1) Kiwtopahf;fj;jpw;fhf jutfis itj;jpUj;jy;
(2) nra;iffSf;fhf (operations) mwpTWj;jy;fis itj;jpUj;jy;
(3) gzpnray; Kiwikf;fhfj; Njf;fj;ij (Storage) itj;jpUj;jy;.
(4) tUtpisTf;fhd jfty;fisj; jf;fitj;jpUj;jy;
(5) njhlf;Ftjw;F (boot – up) BIOS nra;epuiy itj;jpUj;jy;.
20) Ez;Kiw topahf;fpapd; xU ghfkhf ,Ue;J juTfisAk;

fl;lisfisAk; nraw;ghl;bd;NghJ (Execution) jd;dfj;Nj
itj;jpUf;Fk; kpf Ntfkhd jw;fhypf Nrkpg;gfk; (High Speed
Temporary Storage)………….. vd miof;fg;gLk; ,ilntspf;Fg;
nghUj;jkhdit?
(1) gjpapfs; (2) vOkhW mZfy;
epidtfk;
(3) kha epidtfk; (Virtual Memory) (4) EP Rom
(5) gspr;rPl;L epidtfk; (Flash Memory)
21) Fwpg;ghf gJf;F epidtfk; (cache memory) ………………….

Nrkpf;fg;gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,f;$w;wpd; ntw;wplj;ij epug;Gtjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhdJ vJ?
(1) mjpfsthd juTfisj; jw;fhypfkhf
(2)kpff; Fiwthf (Least Frequently) ngWk; juTfis epue;jukhf
(3)kpff; Fiwthf (Least Frequently) ngWk; juTfis jw;fhypfkhf
(4)kpff; mjpfkhf (most Frequently) ngWk; juTfis jw;fhypfkhf
(5)kpff; mjpfkhf (most Frequently) ngWk; juTfis epue;jukhf
22) Ez;Kiw topahf;fpf;F ntspg;Gwkhf mike;Js;s gFjp

(Component) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ?
(1) fzpjj; ju;f;ftpay; myF (2) vOkhW mZfy;
epidtfk;
(3) fl;Lg;ghl;L myF (4) gjpapfs;
(5) Kjyhk; kl;l gJf;F epidtfk;
23) r%f tiyaikg;Gj; jsq;fs; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk;$w;Wf;fis

fUJf.
A. Nju;jy; gpur;rhu epfo;r;rpfSf;Fupa Clfkhf ,tw;wpd; ghtid
mjpfkhfg; gad;gLfpd;wd.
B. r%f tiyaikg;Gj; jsj;jpy; gadupd; cz;ikahd
milahsg;gLj;Jif vg;NghJk; cj;juthjg;gLfpd;wJ.
C. etPd r%fj;jpy; kdpjcwTfisg; NgZtjw;F ,t;tizak;
Kw;wpYk; Njitahd xd;whFk;. Nkw;Fwpj;j $w;Wf;fSs;
rupahdJ / rupahdit vJ / vit?
(1) A. khj;jpuk; (2) B khj;jpuk; (3) C
khj;jpuk;
(4) A, B khj;jpuk; (5) A,C khj;jpuk
24) Kfg;Gj;jfk; (Facebook) vd;gJ ehs;NjhWk; Gjpa mq;fj;jtu;fs;

,izAk; kpy;ypad; fzf;fhd kf;fisj; njhlu;GgLj;jK; gpurpj;jp
ngw;w r%f tiyaikg;ghFk;. gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fSs; rupahdJ>
(1) cq;fs; FLk;g cwTfisf; fl;bnaOg;GtjpYk; NgZtjpYk;
Kf;fpakhd tfpgq;fpid Kfg;Gj;jfk; m+w;Wfpd;wJ.
(2) ,d;W fhzg;gLk; xNunahU r%f tiyaikg;g Kfg;Gj;jfk;
MFk;.
(3) Kfg; Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s jdpj;Jt mikg;gpd (Privacy setting)
%yk; epr;rak; gadu;fspd; ,ufrpaj; jd;ik g+uzkhfg;
Ngzg;gLfpd;wJ.
(4) Kfg;Gj;jfj;jpy; jdpg;gl;l jfty;fis ntspapLtjhy; rpy
Jujp\;l rk;gtq;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;sd.
(5) Kfg;Gj;jfj;jpy; jdpegupd; milahsg;gLj;Jif vg;NghJk;
cj;juthjkhdJ.
25) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; rupahd $w;W vJ?

(1) fzpdpia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fw;wy; Mrpupau; rhu;e;j
El;gkhFk;.
(2) ];ifg;; (Skype) xU gpugy;akhd fhnzhsp khehL (Video
Conferencing) El;gkhFk;.
(3) jdpg;gl;l kha tiyaikg;G (VPN) njhiyj; njhlu;Gf;fhd
(Telecommuting) Clfj;ij toq;Ffpd;wJ.
(4) njhlu;gpyh (Offline) guPl;irfs; elhj;jg;gLtJ fzpdp
cjtpAldhd fzpg;gPLfshff; (Computer aided assessment)
fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
(5) ikf;Nuh nrhgl; gtu;nghapd;l; (Microsoft PowerPoint) vd;gJ
fzpdpia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epfo;jJ ; iff;Fupa ,ytr
jpwe;j %y nkd;nghUs (FOSS) MFk;.
26) gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fisf; fUJf.

A. r%f tiyj;jsq;fspy; gadhsupd; glq;fis ntspapLtJ
vg;NghJk; ghJfhg;ghd epiyia Vw;gLj;Jk;.
B. xUtupd; mdkjpapd;wp ,izaj;jsq;fspy; mtupd; jftiy
ntspapl vy;NyhUf;Fk; mDkjp toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
C. njhopEl;g tsu;r;rp fhuzkhf fzpdp ghfq;fs; mjpfkhff;
fopf;fg;gLtJ #oy;khriltjw;Ff; fhuzkhf mikayhk;.
,f;$w;Wf;fSs; cz;ikahdJ>
(1) A. khj;jpuk; (2) B khj;jpuk; (3) C khj;jpuk;
(4) A, C khj;jpuk; (5) A, B, C Mfpad midj;Jk;.
27) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; jpwe;j %y nkd;nghUs;>

(1) my SQL (2) Unix (3) Python
(4) vb.net (5) macOS
28) jpwe;j %y nkd;nghUs; gw;wp $w;Wf;fSs; cz;ikahdJ>

A. ,jd; %y epuy; (Source program) ntsaplg;glj; Njitapy;iy
B. ,jpy; Freeware Shareware vDk; ,U tbtq;fs; cz;L
C. ,k;nkd;nghUisf; nfhz;L khw;Wk;> tpw;Fk; VidNahUf;Fk;
toq;Fk; nraw;ghl;il Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.
(1) A, B khj;jpuk; (2) B, C khj;jpuk; (3) A,C khj;jpuk;
(4) A, B, C midj;Jk; (5) C khj;jpuk;
29) gpd;tUk; cupikAila jpwe;j %y nkd;nghUs; njhlu;ghd
$w;Wf;fisf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;f.
A. cupikAila nkd;nghUs; vg;nghJk; xU egupd;> epWtfj;jpd;
cupikiaf; nfz;bUf;Fk;.
B. jpwe;j %y nkd;nghUl;fs; vg;NghJk; fl;lzkw;w Nritapid
toq;Fk;.
C. jpwe;j %y nkd;nghUl;fis rpy Njitapd; nghUl;L
fl;lzq;fis mwtpl KbAk;.
Nkw;$wpatw;Ws; rupahdit / rupahdJ>
(1) A. khj;jpuk; (2) B khj;jpuk;
(3) A, B khj;jpuk; (4) A, C khj;jpuk;
(5) B,C khj;jpuk;
30) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ Xu; juT nry;Ygbahf;fy; Kiwad;W

(1) tif rupghu;g;G (2) tuT rupghu;g;G
(3) tPr;R rupghu;g;G (4) nkd;nghUs; rupghu;g;G
(5) ePs rupghu;g;G (Length check)
31) fzpdp Kiw topahf;fpfs; (Processors) gw;wpa gpd;tUk;

tplaq;fisf; fUJf.
A. fzpdpapy; ghtpf;fg;gLk; ,ae;jpu nkhopapy; nrhy; xd;wpy;
mlq;Fk; gpw; (bit) fspd; vz;zpf;if mjd; nrhy; msT (Word
Size) vdg;gLk;.
B. fzpdpapd; gFjpfSf;fpilapy; juTfs; rkpf;iQahfg; gazk;
nra;Ak; ngsjPf topfs; BUS vdg;gLk;.
C. fzpj kw;Wk; ju;ff;g;gFjpfspd; rkpf;iQfis epue;jukhfr;
Nrkpj;J itg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,lk; gjpap vdg;gLk;.
Nkw;$wpatw;wpDs; rupahdJ / rupahdit>
(1) A. khj;jpuk; (2) B khj;jpuk;

(3) C khj;jpuk; (4) A, B khj;jpuk;
(5) B,C khj;jpuk;
32) jw;fhyf; fzpdpahdJ ntd; epA+khd; fl;likg;gpd; mbg;gilapy;

tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mJ njhlu;ghf gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fSs;
gpioahdjhf miktJ>
(1) fzpdp epuYf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; njhlu;r;rpahf fzpzdp
epWj;jg;gLk;tiu nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;.
(2) epitfq;fs; ,jd; cg Kiwahff; nfhs;sg;gLk;.
(3) Nrkpg;gfq;fs; ,jd; cg Kiwahf mikjw;fhd
rhj;jpaf;$Wfs; mjpfk;
(4) ALU, CU, vd;gd ,t;tikg;gpy; cg Kiwahff;
nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
(5) vy;yh rkpf;iQfSk; CU tpdhy; nfhz;L nry;yg;gLfpd;wJ.
33) gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; nfhzu; - epiwNtw;Wr; Row;rp (fetchexecute
cycle) njhlu;ghd $w;Wf;fis tupir Kiwahff; nfhz;l xOq;F
tupir
A. mLj;j fl;lisia vLf;f(fetch next instruction)
B. fl;lisiaf; FwpaPlhf;Ff (Encode the instruction)
C. fl;lisi FwpKiw ePf;fk; nra;f (Decode the instruction)
D. fl;lisia ,af;Ff (Execute the instruction)
(1) A, B, C khj;jpuk; (2) A, B, D khj;jpuk;
(3) A, C, D khj;jpuk; (4) B, C, D khj;jpuk;
(5) A, B, C, D Mfpa midj;Jk;
34) ika Kiwthf;f myfpy; vLj;j mwpTWj;jypid

,dq;fhz;gjw;fhf ………. vDk; gFjp gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
,ilntspf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd nrhy;>
(1) ALU
(2) nra;epuy; vz;zp (Program counter
(3) fl;Lg;ghl;L myF
(4) gJf;F epidtfk;
(5) RAM
35) CPU ,Ds; cs;s mwpTWj;jy;fis Fwpatpo;f;Fk;; (decodes)

$w;Wf;F toq;fg;gLk; ngau;>
(1) Kjy; epidtfk; (2) gjptf myF
(3) fl;Lg;ghl;L myF (4) ALU
(5) nra;epuy; vz;zp (Programm counter)
36) epiwNtw;Wf; nfhzu; Rw;wpd;NghJ jw;fhypf gpujhd epidtfkhf

gjpap gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,J njhlu;ghd kpfr; rupahd $w;W>
(1) ,J jw;fhypf epidtfkhf khj;jpuk; njhopw;gLk;.
(2) ,jpy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;s fl;lisj; njhFjpiaf; nfhz;Ls;s
epue;ju epidtfg; gFjpAk; fhzg;gLk;.
(3) gjpapahdJ Fiwe;j mDfy; Ntfj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
(4) gjpapapd; nfhs;ssT kpf mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;
(5) gjpapahdJ fzpdpapd; jha;g;gyifapy; nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
37) kpd; fw;if (e – learning) rk;ge;jkhf gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fisf;

fUJf.
A. fw;wy; nghwpKiwia Nkk;gLj;jtjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w xU
njhopEl;g KiwahFk;.
B. ,yj;pudpay; topKiwfspd; Clhf tbtikf;fg;gl;l rpy
cs;slf;fq;fs; Clhf ghuk;gupa Kfj;jpw;F Kfk; (face – to –
face) fw;gpj;jiy Nkk;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
C. mJ Xu; KOikahd fw;wy; khjpupakhFk; mNj Ntis
ghuk;gupa fw;wy; topfisf; Nfs;tpf;Fs;shfpd;wJ.
NkYs;stw;Ws; rupahdJ>
(1) A. khj;jpuk; (2) A, C khj;jpuk;
(3) B, C khj;jpuk; (4) A, B khj;jpuk;
(5) A, B, C midj;Jk;
38) nkd;nghUs; jpUl;L vd;gJ…………
(1) tPl;by; nkd;nghUspidj; jpULtJ
(2) nkd;nghUspidg; gpujp nra;tJ
(3) cw;gj;jp epWtdq;fspypUe;J nkd;nghUisj; jpULtJ
(4) nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gl;l nkd;nghUspidg; gpujp nra;tJ
(5) gpujp nra;Ak; cupik ,y;yhj xU ghtidahsu;
nkd;nghUspid rl;lj;jpw;F Kuzhfg; gpujp nra;jy;
39) cd;dplk; 2MB Ngdh nrYj;jp xd;w fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;f

nfhs;f. mNjNghy;> 1024Kb, 1.2MB, 219 bytes Mfpa msTfspy;
Nfhg;Gf;fs; fhzg;gl;lhy; gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fSs; rupahd $w;iwj;
njupT nra;f.
(1) 1024 Kb Nfhg;gpid Ngdh nrYj;jpapy; Nrkpf;f KbAk;.
(2) 1024Kb, 1.2MB, 219 bytes Mfpatw;iw Nrkpf;f KbAk;.
(3) 1.2 MB Nfhg;gpid khj;jpuk; Nrkpf;f KbAk;.
(4) 1024Kb, 219 bytes Mfpatw;iw khj;jpuk; Nrkpf;f KbAk;.
(5) 219 bytes Nfhg;gpid khj;jpuk; Nrkpf;f KbAk;.
40) ngsjPftpay; juTfisj; njhlu;r;rpahf thrpj;Jf; fzpdpf;Fs;

cs;sPL nra;tjw;fhf ……….vDk; cgfuzk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
(1) czu;thd; (Sensor)
(2) Eiothd; (Loggers)
(3) cs;sPl;L cgfuzk;
(4) xspapay; vOj;JU thrpg;ghd; (OCR)
(5) fhe;j vOj;JU thrpg;ghd; (MICR)
41) njhuwhr; Nritfis (on – line Services) ,Ljy; gw;wpa gpd;tUk;

$w;Wf;fisf; fUJf.
A. thbf;ifahsu; njhluwh Nritia milaj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;
B. thbf;ifahsu; nfhLg;gdTfisr; nra;a ,yj;jpudpaw;
njhopEl;gj;ijf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
C. ahjhapDk; xU nghUSf;Ff; fl;lisapLk; NghJ
thbf;ifahsupd; Msilahsk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
D. thbf;ifahsUk; nrit toq;FdUk; xNu Gtpapaw; gpuNjrj;jpy;
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
Nkw;Fwpj;jj njhluwh Nritf;F Kf;fpakhdit>
(1) A, B khj;jpuk; (2) A,B, C khj;jpuk;
(3) A, B, D khj;jpuk; (4) A, C, D, khj;jpuk;
(5) B, D, E khj;jpuk;
42) tPbNah khehl;il elhj;jy; (video conferencing) vd;gJ gy;NtW

,lq;fspy; ,UtUf;fpilNa my;yJ gyUf;fpilNa ……
eilngWk; ……… fye;Jiuahlnyd kpfr; rpwe;j tpjj;jpy;
tpgupf;fg;gLk; ,ilntspf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdit?
(1) TV, tPbNah
(2) njhiyNgrp> nrtpg;Gy
(3) tiyaikg;G> nrtpg;Gy
(4) Tv, nrtpg;Gy
(5) tiyaikg;G> nrtpg;Gy> fl;Gy
43) jd;dpaf;f ryit ,ae;jpuj;jpd; nraw;ghlhdJ mjd; ,ae;jpuk;

nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;s rpy;Y xd;wpy; fhzg;gLk; epuy; xd;wpy; %yNk
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,r;nraw;ghL vd;d nraw;gLj;jiy
Nkw;nfhs;Sk;?
(1) gy; nraw;gLj;jy;
(2) njhluwh nraw;gLj;jy;
(3) njhFjp nraw;gLj;jy;
(4) epfo; Neu nraw;gLj;jy;
(5) njhluwh my;yhj nraw;gLj;jy;
44) epiyg; nghUs; (firm were) njhlu;ghf gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fisj;

fUJf.
A. fzpdpj; njhFjpiaj; njhlf;Ftjw;F (boot tap) Njitahd
nra;epuyhFk;.
B. fyit ,ae;jpuj;jpy; epiyg; nghUs; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
C. epiyg; nghUs; gpd;G ,yFthf khw;wpaikf;fyhk;.
Nkw;Fwpj;jtw;Ws; vJ / vit rupahdJ / rupahdit
1) gpd;tUk; nkd; nghUl;fspy; gad;gL nkd;nghUl;fisj; njupT

nra;J vOJf.
Hanthana, Anti – virus, Disk – cleanup, Windows, fedora, Disk partitions,
notepad, python
…………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………….
2) gpd;tUk; ml;ltizahdJ ngwkjpkpf;f jftypdJ ,aylGfisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. epuy; A ,w;Fg; nghUj;jkhd nrhw;fis epuy; B,y;
vOJf. nrhw;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
epuy; A epuy; B
tpidj;jpwd; va;Jtjw;F
rupahd Neuj;jpy; jPu;khdk;
va;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
jftypd; rupahd ek;gfj;
jd;ikapidg; gw;wp ek;gfj;
jd;ikia cWjpg;gLj;jy;
rhj;jpakhFk;.
jftypdJ ngWkjp
mDkjpaspf;fg;glhj gadu;
nraw;ghLfspdhy; mopTw
KbAk;
jPu;khdk; vLj;jy; Kiwtop
rhu;ghf jftypdJ ngWkjp
jftypd; nghUj;jg;ghl;bd;
mbg;gilapy;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
3) gpd;tUk; nrayp xd;wpd; tpguf; $w;Wf;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
nrhw;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
xU nraypahdJ xU 1)
jlitapy; gad;gLj;Jk;
gpl;fspd; vz;zpf;if
juT> rkpf;iQfis 2)
flj;Jtjw;Fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ngsjPf
topfs;
ALU ,d; 3)
nraw;ghl;bd;NghJ
jw;fhypf epidtfkhfj;
njhopw;gLtJ.
nraypapd; Ntfj;jpw;F 4)
Vw;wthW ram ,ypUe;J
ngw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk;
epidtfk;.
5) jdpj;Jtk; (Privacy) fhg;G (Pattern) vDk; gjq;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisj;

jUf.
6) gjpg;Gupik (Copyright) kw;Wk; jpUl;L (plagiarism) Mfpatw;wpdhy;

ePu; ahJ fUJfpd;wPu;?
7)
i. xU epWtdj;jpd; njhiyJ}u (Tele computing) fzpdpapd;
gad;ghl;ilj; jUf?
ii. njhiyJ}u fzpdpapd; gad;ghl;Lf;Fj; Njitahd tplaq;fisf;

Fwpg;gpLf.
8) ,uz;lhk; kw;Wk; ehd;fhk; jiyKiwf; fzpdpfSf;fpilapyhd

njhopEl;g NtwghLfs; ,uz;ilAk; ehd;fhk; jiyKiwf;
fzpdpapd; mD$yq;fs; ,uz;bidAk; Fwpg;gpLf.
9) epiwNtw;Wf; nfhzu; Rw;whdJ ntd;epa+khd; fl;likg;gpy; xU
mwptpj;jy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; tpjj;ijf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,J njhlu;ghd
gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fSf;F nghUj;jkhd nrhy;iy vOJf.
RAM ,ypUe;h mwpTWj;jy;
ngwg;gl;L
nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
gjpapDs;
cs;sPlhf;fg;gLjy;
rkpf;iQiag;
gupkhw;Wtjd;
%yk;mwpTWj;jy;fis
epiwNtw;Wjy;
mwpTWj;jy;
epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd
nraw;ghLfis fzpj;J
mtw;iw ALU Tld;
njuptpj;jy;
10) Fiw flj;jp (Semi – conductor) cw;gj;jpf; fk;gdp xd;wpd; fpisfs;

[g;ghdpYk;> mnkupf;fhtpYk; cs;sd. jwlNghJ
mgptpUj;jpf;FOtpd; gpujpepjpfs; jkJ njhopEl;g tpthj tplaq;fs;
gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLtjw;F fk;gdpapd; Vida fpisfSf;F mbf;fb
nrd;Wtu Ntz;Lk;. fle;j gy Mz;Lfshff; fk;gdp ,g;nghwpEl;gk;
nryT kpf;fJk; Neuj;ij vLg;gJkhFk; vd;gij czu;e;Js;sJ.
i. Vida fpisfSf;Fr; nrd;W tuhky; njhopEl;g kPl;lha;Tf;
$l;lq;fis elhj;Jtjw;F (ICT) mbg;gil Kiwia Xu; ICT
khztd; vd;w uPjpapy; njuptpf;f.
ii. NkNy (i) ,y; njuptpj;j Kiwf;Fj; Njitahd 03 mj;jpatrpa

ICT rhjdq;fis (devices) Fwpg;gpLf.
11) ,yq;if murhdJ tlf;Fg; gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLk; vz;nza; tsk;

njhlu;ghd Muha;r;rpf;fhf nghUj;jlhd fzpdpia tbtikf;f
cj;Njrpf;fpd;wJ.
i. ICT khztd; vd;w tifapy; ,jw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd fzpdp
tifapidj; njuptpf;f.
ii. ,jidj; njupT nra;tjw;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?

CHECK LIST
i. fzpj;jypd; tuyhW
ii. fzpdpj; jiyKiwfs;
iii. ;gy;NtW tifg;gLj;jy; Kiwfs
iv. cs;sPl;Lf;fUtpfs;
v. tpirg;gyifAld; xg;gpLk;NghJ Neub cs;sPl;Lf; fUtpfspd;
mD$yq;fs;
vi. ntspaPl;Lf;fUtpfSk; mtw;wpd; jd;ikfSk;

vii. kj;jpa nraw;ghl;L myFk; (CPU) mjd; jha;g;gyifg; nghUe;JifAk
viii. Nrkpg;gfq;fs;
ix. rkhe;ju kw;Wk; Nfhl;Lr;rl;lf; (grid) fzpik (computing)
x. Nrkpf;fg;gl;;l nra;epuy;;
xi. jUtpg;G epiwNtw;Wr; Row;rp
xii. kj;jpa nraw;ghl;lyF
xiii. gy;fU nraypfs
xiv. epidtf gbepiy
xv. epiyaw;w epidtfKk; mjd; gz;GfSk;
xvi. thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtf tiffs;
xvii. ,uz;lhe;ju epidtfk

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fzpdp mwpKfk; UNIT

2.1 nra;Kiwtopahf;fy;fspd (Processors) tpUj;jpAld; njhlu;Gila Kf;fpa

 fzpj;jypd; tuyhW (History of Computing)

fzpg;nghwp vd;gJ vd;d?

 gpwF vz;fis cUthf;fpdhd; mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp fzf;Ffis

 ngUf;fis tpiuthfr; nra;a cjTk;

fp.gp. 1633 – efUk; rl;lk; (Slide Rule)

 tpy;ypak; Ml;nul; (William Oughtred) vd;gtu; ,jid

 ,J gpNsa;]; gh];fy; (Blaise

fp.gp. 1822 – b/gud;]; vd;[pd; (Difference Engine)

 ,J rhu;y]; ghNg[; (Charles

 Jisaplg;gl;l ml;ilfisg;ghu;j;J mtw;wpy; cs;s

Ie;jhk; jiyKiw - ,dp tUq;fhyk; : nraw;if

Nehf;fj;ij mbg;gilahf; nfhz;L

1) gUkid mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L tifg;gLj;jy;

 gUkid mbg;gilahf vd;gJ mjDila ngsjPf Njhw;wj;jpd;

 kPf;fzpdpfs; ,d;iwa fzpdpfspy; mjpf nraw;wpwd; kpf;fJk;

 ,e;j fzpdpfshdJ ngupa rf;jp tha;e;j KiwikfshFk;.

 ,J (Main frame) fzpdpfis tpl nraw;wpwd; Fiwe;jJk; Mdhy;

tiyg;gpd;dy; Nritafq;fs; Network servers

 xU fzpdp tiyg;gpd;dypy; gy jdpafs; fzpdpfs; kw;Wk; fzpdp

 jdpg;gl;l egu;fspd; ghitf;fhfntd cs;s fzpdpfNs

2) Nehf;fj;jpid mbg;gilahf nfhz;L

3) njhopy; El;gj;jpid mbg;gilahf; nfhz;L

 ,jd; kfg;ngupa ed;ik ahnjdpy; ,j tzpf gpuNahf

 ,J glq;fisAk; ciuiaAk; cs;spl cjTk;.

,yf;f tiff; Nfkuh

fhe;j ik vOj;J czu;j;jy;(Magnetic Ink Character Recognition

 vk;IrpMu; fhNrhiyfs; tq;fpfspy; ngupJk; gad;gLfpwJ

xsp top FwpaPL czu;j;jy; (Optical Mark Recognition - OMR)

fhe;j gbg;ghd; (Magnetic Reader)

 fhe;jg;gl;iliag gbf;fTk; vOjTk; cjTk;

Fwpg;G vLg;ghd; (Notes Taker)

 ,jpy; xU rhjhud NgdhTld; ,lk; mwpAk;

Ez; Ngrp (Micro Phone)

 NgRk; xypiag; ngw;W fzpg;nghwpf;Fj; juTfshf

R+l;bif ml;il thrpg;gd; Smart Card Reader

jl;ly; tif mr;Rg;nghwpapd; jd;ikfs;

tup mr;Rg;nghwp (Line printer)

 xU vOj;JUtpy; kl;Lk; mr;rpLk;.

Gs;sp mzp mr;Rg; nghwp (Dot Matrix Printer)

 Gs;spfs; Ntz;ba ,lj;jpy; kpd;rhuj;jhy;

Nyru; mr;Rg;nghwp (Laser Printer)

 Nyru; xspiaAk; Jfshf tUk; ikiaAk;

ikgPr;R mr;Rg;nghwp (Inkjet

 ,jpy; tz;z ikapd;kpfr; rpW

xyp ngUf;fp (Speaker)

 fzpj Vuzr; nrayfk; (AlU- Arithmetic Logic Unit)

fzpj Vuzr; nrayfk; - Vvy;A+

 ,jw;Fj; Njitahd juTfis vLj;Jf; nfhLg;gJ ve;jf; fzpg;igr;

epidtfk; OR Njf;f rhjdq;fs; (Storage Devices)

1) epiyaw;w or mopTWk; or MtpahFk; (volatile)epidtfk;

mjhtJ kpd; Jz;bf;fg;gLk; NghJ jdJ juTfis ,of;Fk; epidtfk;

 vOkhw;W mZfy; epidtfk;

RAM f;F gpujhdkhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; epidtfq;fs; MFk;

1)SD RAM- 256 MB/512 MB

 ,q;F fhzg;gLk; juTfis  ,q;F mbf;fb Gj;Jzu;T

 tpiy kpf Fiwe;jJ  tpiy kpf mjpfk;