Surveying II Manual

Department of Civil Engineering
G.H. Raisoni College of Engineering

Hingna Road, Digdoh Hills, Nagpur – 16
Laboratory Manual
FIFTH SEMESTER B.E. CIVIL
SURVEYING-II
DEPARTMENT
OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Survey-II
SURVEYING –II
List of Practical
1) Determination of constant of Tacheometer.
2) Determination of elevation of point by Tacheometric surveying.
3) Determination of elevation of point and horizontal distance between
them by Tacheometric survey.
4) Determination of gradient of given length if road by Tacheometric
survey.
5) Setting out of simple circular curve by offset from chord produced
method.
6) Setting out of simple circular curve by Rankine method of tangential
angle.
7) Setting out of simple transition curve by tangential angle method.
8) Study of stereoscope.
B) SURVEY CAMP (On any of the following topics)
1) Road Project.
2) Irrigation Project.
3) Water Supply Project
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Experiment No- 1
Aim: Determination of the Multiplying and additive constant of given Tacheometer
Apparatus : A tacheometer with tripod, tape, leveling staff, wooden pegs, ranging rods
etc.
Figure:
Formulae:
When the line of sight is horizontal, then
D = KS + c
Where,
D = Horizontal distance between instrument station and staff station.
K = Multiplying constant of a tacheometer
S = Staff intersect i.e. difference between top and bottom stadia hair
reading.
When line of sight is inclined and staff vertical then:
D = KS cos2 θ + c cosθ
Where,
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S = Staff intersect i.e. difference between top and bottom stadia hair reading.
θ = The inclination of the line of collimation to the horizontal.
c = The additive constant of the tacheometer
Theory:
PRINCIPLE OF STADIA METHOD
The stadia method is based on the principle that the ratio of perpendicular to the
base is Constant in similar isosceles triangles.In fig let two rays OA and OB be
equally inclined to the central ray OC. Let A2B2, A1B1 and AB be staff intercepts.
Evidently
OC 2 OC1 OC 1 β
= = = cons tan tk = Cot
A2 B2 A1 B1 AB 2 2
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This constant k entirely depends upon the magnitude of the angle β. If β is made
equal to 34’22”, the constant k=1/2Cot 17’11”=100. In this case the distance between
the staff and the point o will be 100 times the intercept. In actual practice, observation
may be made with inclined line of sight. in the later case, the staff may be kept either
vertically or normal to the line of sight. We shall first derive the distance elevation
formulae for the horizontal sights.
Horizontal Sight:- Considering fig in which o is the optical centre of the objective of an
external focusing telescope.
Let A,C and B= The point cut by the three lines of sight corresponding to the three
wires.
b, c and α (Top, axial and bottom )hairs of the diaphragm.
a b= i= interval between the stadia hairs (stadia interval)
AB=s=Staff intercept.
f=focal length of the objective.
f1=Horizontal distance of the staff from the optical centre of the objective.
f2=Horizontal distance of the cross-wires from O.
d= Distance of the vertical axis of the instrument from O.
D= Horizontal distance of the staff from the vertical axis of the instrument.
M= Centre of the instrument, corresponding to the vertical axis.
Since the rays Bob and AOa pass through the optical centre they are straight so
that ∆s
AOB and aob are similar.
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f1 s
= --------------------------------(1)
f2 i
Again, since f1 and f2 are conjugate focal distances, we have , from lens formula
1 1 1
= + --------------------------(2)
f f 2 f1
Multiplying throughout by ff1, we get
f
f1 = 1 f + f
f2
f s
Substituting the values of 1 = in the above, we get
f2 i
s
f1 = f + f --------------------------(3)
i
The horizontal distance between the axis and the staff is
D = f1 + d
f
D = s + ( f + d ) -------------------(4)
i
D = ks + C
Equation (4) is known as the distance equation. In order to get the horizontal distance,
therefore, the staff intercept s is to be found by subtracting the staff reading
corresponding to the top and bottom stadia hairs.
f
The constant k = is known as the multiplying constant or stadia interval factor and the
i
constant (f+d)=C is known as the additive stadia if the instrument.
Determination of Constant k and C
The values of the multiplying constant k and the additive constant C can be
computed by the following methods:
1st Method :- In this method ,the additive constant C=(f +d) is measured from the
instruments while the multiplying constant k is computed from field observations
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1) Focus the instruments to a distant object and measure along the telescope the
distance between the objective and crosshair.
1 1 1
= +
f f1 f 2
Since f1 is very large in this case, f is approximately equal to f2 i.e. equal to the
distance of the diaphragm from the objective.
2) The distance d between the instrument axis and the objective is variable in case
of external focusing telescope, being greater for short sights and smaller for long
sights. It should, therefore, be measured for average sight. Thus, the additive
constant (f +d) is known.
3) To calculate the multiplying constant k, measure a known distance and take
the S1 on the staff kept at that point , the line of sight being horizontal. using
equation
D1 = KS1 + C
D1 − C
K=
S1
For the average value, staff intercepts, s2, s3 etc., can be measured corresponding
to distance d2, d3 etc., and mean value can be calculated.
2nd Method:-
In this method, both the constants are determined by field observations as under:
1) Measure a line, about 200 m long on fairly level ground and drive pegs at some
intervals, say 50 meters.
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2) Keep the staff on the pegs and observe the corresponding staff intercepts with
horizontal sight.
3) Knowing the values of d and s for different points, a number of simultaneous
equations can be formed by substituting the values of d and s in equation (1.1).
The simultaneous solution of successive pairs of equations will give the values of k
and c, and the average of these can be found.
If s1 is the staff intercept corresponding to distance D1 and s2 corresponding to D2,
we have,
D1 = KS1 + C and-----------------------------------------------(1)
D2 = KS 2 + C ----------------------------------------------------(2)
Subtracting (1) from (2) we get,
D2 − D1
K= -----------------------------------------------------(3)
S 2 − S1
Substituting the values of k in (1) we get,
D2 − D1
C = D1 − S1
S 2 − S1
D1 S 2 − D1 S1 − D2 S1 + D1 S1
C=
S 2 − S1
D1 S 2 − D2 S1
C= -------------------------------------------------(4)
S 2 − S1
Thus, equations 3 and 4 give the values of K and C.
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1) Tacheometry: It is a branch of angular Surveying in which horizontal and
vertical distance of point are obtained by instrumental observation. )
Tacheometer: It is a transit theodolite having a stadia telescope i.e. telescope
fitted with stadia diaphragm.
A leveling staff can be used for sighting purpose up to 100m distance.
Procedure:
1) Select an instrument station A on a fairly leveled ground and fix a peg.
2) Do the temporary adjustment over A.
3) With vertical circle to the left of the observer and reading 00000’00” bisect staff
held at 10m, 20m, and 30m from A along straight line.
4) Note down the staff reading against top and bottom stadia hair on staff held
at 10m, 20, 30m from A.
5) In case of inclined line of sight the same procedure as stated above is
followed step by step with a vertical angle of 05000’00” in the vertical circle of
the theodolite. In this case, the vertical circle is held to the left of the observer
and with the reading 05000’00” in the circle the staff is bisected at 10m, 20m,
and 30m from A along straight but inclination line of collimation.
Observation Table:
Instrument Staff Distance Vertical Stadia hair Reading

Remark
station station angle Top Center Bottom
D1
A D2
D3
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Calculation:
D = Ks + c
For three staff stations,
D1 = Ks1+c ------- (1)
D2 = Ks2+c ------- (2)
D3 = Ks3+c ------- (3)
As ; s1, s2, s3 can be known solving (1) &(2), (2) & (3) , (1) & (3) to get 3 values
of m & c ,then average of three values is required answer.
D = Ks cos2 θ + c cosθ
For, three station the equations are;
D1 = Ks1 cos2 θ1 + C cosθ1 ------- (1)
D2 = Ks2 cos2 θ2 + C cosθ2------- (2)
D3 = Ks3 cos2 θ3 + C cosθ3------- (3)
As ; s1, s2, s3 can be known solving (1) &(2), (2) & (3) , (1) & (3) to get 3 values
of K & C ,then average of three values is required answer.
Result: a) For horizontal line of collimation;
1) The additive constant ‘c’ for a given tacheometer is found out to be ---------
2) The multiplying constant ‘m’ for a given tacheometer is found to be ---------
b) For inclination line of collimation;
1) The additive constant ‘c’ for a given tacheometer is found out to be ----------
2) The multiplying constant ‘k’ for a given tacheometer is found to be ---------
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Experiment No-2
Aim: Determination of Elevation of points by Tacheomentric surveying.
(the R.L.’s of First Floor and Second floor of Civil Engg.).
Apparatus: A tacheometer with tripod, tape, leveling staff, wooden pegs, ranging rods
etc.
Figure:
S1
h1
V1
θ
Horizontal line of
sight
O
Formulae:
Sin 2 θ
V = KS + c sin θ
2
D = KSCos 2θ + CSin θ
Where, K= Multiplying constant =100
C= Additive constant
S= Staff intercept.
V =Vertical distance measured from horizontal line of straight to
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Central stadia hair reading on staff.
H = Central stadia hair reading on staff.
θ = vertical angle
Theory:- The Tacheometer is an instrument which is generally used to determine
the horizontal as well as vertical distance . it can also be used to determine the
elevation of various points which cannot be determine by ordinary leveling.
When one of the sight is horizontal and staff held vertical then the RLs of staff
station can be determined as we determine in ordinary leveling .But if the staff
station is below or above the line of collimation then the elevation or depression
of such point can be determined by calculating vertical distances from
instrument axis to the central hair reading and taking the angle of elevation or
depression made by line of sight to the instrument made by line of sight to the
instrument axis.
Distance and Elevation formula for staff vertical.
Let P= Instrument station
Q= Staff Station
M= Position of instrument axis.
O= Optical centre of the objective.
A,C,B= Point corresponding to the readings of the three hairs.
S=AB= Staff intercept
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I =Stadia interval
Ø= Inclination of the line of sight from the horizontal.
L= Length MC measured along the line of sight.
D=MQ’= Horizontal distance between the instrument and the staff.
V= Vertical intercept, at Q between the line of sight and the horizontal line
H= Height of the instrument
R= Central hair reading
β = Angle between the extreme rays corresponding to stadia hairs.
Draw a line A’CB’ normal to the line of sight OC.
<AA’C=900+β/2, being the exterior angle of the ∆COA’.
Similarly, from ∆COB’, <OB’C=900-β/2,
Since β/2, is very small (its value being equal to 17011’for K=100), <AA’C and <BB’C may
be approximately taken equal to 900
<AA’C = <BB’C =900
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From ∆ACA’, A’C= ACcos Ø
A’B’=AB cos Ø=scos Ø
Since the line A’B’ is perpendicular to the line of sight OC,
Hence, we have
MC=L=KA’B’+C=KScos L= Length MC measured along the line of sight.
<AA’C=900+β/2, being the exterior angle of the∆COA’.
Smillarly,from ∆COB’, <OB’C=900-β/2,
Since β/2,is very small (its value being equal to 17011’for K=100), <AA’C and <BB’C may
<AA’C = <BB’C =900
Now, the horizontal distance D= LcosØ
=(kscosØ+c)cosØ
D=KScos2Ø+CcosØ---------------------------------(1)
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Similarly V= LsinØ
(KS cosØ.+c )sinØ
= KScosØ.sinØ+csinØ
sin φ
V = KS + C sin φ ------------------------------------------------------(2)
2
(a) Elevation of the staff station for angle of elevation
If the line of sight has an angle of elevation Ø, as shown in fig.
Elevation of staff station= Ele of instrument +h+ v-r
(b) Elevation of the staff station for the angle of depression
Elevation of Q= Elevation of P +h-v-r.
Procedure:
1) Set up the instrument in such a way that all the point should be visible from the
instrument station.
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2) Carryout the temporary adjustment and set vernier zero reading making line of
sight horizontal.
3) Take the first staff reading on Benchmark and determine height of instrument.
4) Then sight the telescope towards the staff station whose R.Ls are to be
calculated. Measure the angle on vernier if line of sight is inclined upward or
downward and also note the three crosshair readings.
5) Determine the R.Ls of various points by calculating the vertical distance.
Observation Table:
Instrument Staff Vertical Stadia hair Reading

Remark
A BM 00000’00” R.L.=
100.00m
G.Floor
First Floor
Second
Floor
Third Floor
Calculation:
D = KS cos2θ + C cosθ
1) For ground floor:-
V1 = (K1S1sin2θ)/2 + C sinθ
R.L of ground floor = RL of BM + h + V1-h1

Result:
The RLs of Various points are found as follows.
S.No POINTS R.Ls

1 G.Floor
2 First Floor
3 Second Floor
4 Third Floor
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Experiment No-3
Aim: Determination of elevation of points and horizontal distance between them by
Tacheomentric survey.
Apparatus : A tacheometer with tripod, tape, leveling staff, wooden pegs, ranging rods
etc.
Figure:
S1 S2
h1 h2
Fourth floor
V1
V2
θ
θ
Horizontal line of sight
B.M.
Formula:
OP = D1 = KSCos 2θ + cCosθ
OQ = D 2 = KSCos 2θ + cCosθ
Sin2θ
V 1 = KS + cSinθ
2
Sin 2θ
V 2 = KS + cSinθ
2
When line of sight is inclined and staff is held vertically, then.
Where,
V = Vertical distance measured from horizontal line of sight to central hair reading
on staff.
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Distance between P&Q (D) = D12 + D 2 2 − 2 D1D 2Cosα
D= Distance between one corner to other corner of college building.
OP = Horizontal distance between instrument station and IV floor of one end of
college building.
OQ = Horizontal distance between instrument station and IV floor of other end of
college building.
∝ = Horizontal angle between OP and OQ.
Distance and Elevation formula for staff vertical.
Let P= Instrument station
Q= Staff Station
M= Position of instrument axis.
O= Optical centre of the objective.
A,C,B= Point corresponding to the readings of the three hairs.
S=AB= Staff intercept
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I =Stadia interval
Ø= Inclination of the line of sight from the horizontal.
L= Length MC measured along the line of sight.
V= Vertical intercept,at Q between the line of sight and the horizontal line
Smillarly, from ∆COB’, <OB’C=900-β/2,
<AA’C = <BB’C =900
Since the line A’B’ is perpendicular to the line of sight OC,
Hence ,we have
MC=L=KA’B’+C=KScos L= Length MC measured along the line of sight.
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Smillarly,from ∆COB’, <OB’C=900-β/2,
<AA’C = <BB’C =900
Now, the horizontal distance D= LcosØ
=(kscosØ+c)cosØ
D=KScos2Ø+CcosØ---------------------------------(1)
Similarly V= LsinØ
(KS cosØ.+c )sinØ
= KScosØ.sinØ+csinØ
sin φ
V = KS + C sin φ ------------------------------------------------------(2)
2
(a) Elevation of the staff station for angle of elevation
If the line of sight has an angle of elevation Ø, as shown in fig.
Elevation of staff station= Ele of instrument+h+v-r
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Procedure
1) The instrument was setup in such way that the two point whose horizontal
distance in to be determined were visible and the temporary adjustment were
done.
2) The height of the instrument was determined by holding the staff vertically on
any selected BM and the R.L. of B.M. was taken as 100.00
3) The staff were held at first point &Second point & reading of three hairs were
taken with line of sight horizontal.
4) Set the 0º0’0” on vernier A and 180º on vernier B interest the staff at station
one , the upper plate clamping screw and lower plate clamping should be
tight during intersecting the first staff station .After taking the reading ,loosen
the upper plate clamping screw & turn the telescope clockwise intersect the
staff at 2nd station .Tighter the upper plate clamping screw take the staff
reading of cross hair &the reading of vernier A & vernier B. Again, loosen the
lower plate clamping screw &turn the telescope to intersect the staff at first
station. Then repeat the procedure same as above at least three times.
Observation Table:
Instrument Staff Vertical Horizontal Stadia hair Reading

Remark
station station angle angle Top Center Bottom
P 00000’00” R.L.=
O 00000’00”
Q 100.000m
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Calculation:
sin 2θ 1
V1= Ks1 + C sinθ1
2
sin 2θ 2
V2= Ks2 + C sinθ2
2
Where,
S1= Staff intercept between top and bottom stadia hair at IVrt floor of first
end of building. = ---------m.
S2 = Staff intercept between top and bottom stadia hair at IVrt floor of other
end of building. = ---------m.
V1 = Vertical distance between measured from horizontal line of sight to
central stadia hair reading on staff at IVrt floor of first end of building.
V2 = Vertical distance between measured from horizontal line of sight to
central stadia hair reading on staff at IVrt floor of other end of building.
θ1 = Vertical angle on staff at IVrt floor of first end of building.
θ2 = Vertical angle on staff at IVrt floor of other end of building.
K & C = are multiplying & additive constant of the tacheometer
respectively.
OP = Horizontal distance between one corner to other corner of college
building.
OQ = Horizontal distance between instrument station and IVrt floor of other
end of college building.
∝ = Horizontal angle between os and oe.
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PQ = Horizontal distance between instrument station and IVrt floor of first
end of college building.
(Note :- Use +ve sign when angle elevation is measured.
Use -ve sign when angle depression is measured.)
R.L. of IVth floor of first end of college building is
= R.L. of B.M. + back sight on B.M. + V1-h1.
R.L. of IVrt floor of other end of college building is
= R.L. of B.M. + back sight on B.M. + V2-h2.
Results:-
1)The distance between two station points is found to be--------------.
2) R.Ls of staff station P=-------------.
3) R.Ls of staff station Q=-------------.
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Experiment No- 4
Aim: Determination of gradient of given length of road by Tacheomentric survey
( Horizontal distance between two points)
Apparatus: A tacheometer with tripod, tape, leveling staff, wooden pegs, ranging rods
etc.
Figure:
S1
h1
V1
θ
H o r iz o n t a l lin e o f
s ig h t
S2
θ
h2
V2
B .M .
Formulae:
When the line of sight is horizontal, then
D = Ks + C
Where,
K = f/i=100 Multiplying constant of a tacheometer
C= (f+d)=0 additive constant of a tacheometer
D = KS cos2 θ + C cosθ
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Where,
θ = The inclination of the line of collimation to the horizontal.
C = The additive constant of the tacheometer
Distance between P&Q (D)= D12 + D 2 2 − 2 D1D 2Cosα
Gradient = (RLs of P-RLs of Q)/Length
Theory:
Trigomentrical levelling is the branch of surveying in which the relative elevations
of the points are determined from the observed vertical angles and known
horizontal distance. Whereas in ordinary leveling the difference in elevation is
ascertained by running a line between the given points.
Let P be the point whose reduce level is to determine and M be the reading on
bench mark.The instrument is set up at any convenient point B in the vicinity of
the object. The telescope is kept horizontal and staff reading M on the bench
mark is taken. The point A sighted and the angle of elevation is observed. The
reduced level of a point P can be ascertained as follows
Let D be the horizontal distance between the instrument and the object, H be the
height of point P . ø Be the angle of elevation, then we have
H=Dtanø
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RLs of P=RLs of B.M.+h+V-HI
RLs of Q= RLs of M+HI+V+h
Procedure:
1) Setup the instrument station A and level it carefully with respect to plate bubble
tube. First the centering be done.
2) Select the staff station at a convenient place and held it properly.
3) Release the vertical circle clamping screw and bisect the staff by making the
horizontal line of sight.
4) At the same time the horizontal vernier should read to (00 0’00”) and clamp it in
position.
5) Take three staff readings on the staff station and find the stadia intercept.
6) Release the upper plate clamping screw and bisect the another staff again
and take all three staff readings and then determine the staff intercept
7) Determine the horizontal angle between these two staff station and note the
value ø.
8) Now determine the horizontal distance and vertical distance between staff
station and instrument station respectively.
9) Determine the horizontal distance between two staff station by applying cosine
rule.
10)Determine the of two staff station.
11) Finally determine the gradient of given length by given formula
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Observation Table:
Instrument Staff Vertical Stadia hair Reading

Remark
P R.L.=
A 100.00m
Result: The gradient of given length of two staff station is found to be ___________ by
tachometric survey.
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Experiment-5
Aim:- Setting out of simple circular curve by offsets from chord produced method
Problem Two straight intersect at chainage (30+10), the deflection angle being
44º. Calculate the necessary data for laying out a curve by the method of offsets from
the chord produced. The degree of the curve being 7º. The peg interval being equal to
20meters.
Procedure for setting out of curve
1) Locate the tangent points T1 and T2 on the straights AB and CB.
2) Cut T1D1 equal to the length of the first sub chord (C1) already calculated along
the tangentT1B.
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3) With T1 as centre and T1D1 radius, swing the chain or tape such that the arc D1D=
calculated offset O1, thus fixing the first point D on the curve.
4) Keep the chain along T1D and pull it straight in the forward direction of T1D until
the length DE1 becomes equal to second C2 (i.e the length of normal chord).
5) With D as centre and DE1 as radius, swing the chain such that the arc
E1E=calculated offset O2, thus fixing the second point E on the curve.
6) Continue the process repeating the point (d) and (e) until that end the curve is
reached. The last point so fixed must coincide with the previously located points
T2 (the last curve tangent point ) if not,find out the closing error. If it is small (say
with in 2m) it should be distributed to all the points by moving them sideways by
an amount proportional to the square of their distances from the point T1,
otherwise the whole curve should be set out again.
Solution:- Given degree of curve,D=7º
Deflection angle,Ø=42º
1718.87
Radius of curve R = = 245.55m
7
Tangent length = R Tan Ø/2 =245.55x0.4040=99.20m
Π xRxΦ
Length of Curve = l = =188.57m
180 0
Chainage at the point of intersection = (30+10) chains = 30x20+10=610m
Chainage at 1st tangent point=610.00-99.20=510.80m (25+10.80) chains
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Chainage at end of curve or second tangent point = 510.80+188.57 = 699.37m
(34+19.37) chains
Note:-20m chain used.
Length of 1st Sub- chord =(26 +00)-(25+10.80) =9.20m
Number of full chord =34-26=8
Length of last sub-chord = (34+19.37)-(34+00)=19.37m
Check: Length of Curve = 1ST sub chord +Full chord + last sub chord
= 9.20+8x20+19.37 =188.57m
C12 9.20 2
Now from equation length of first offset, O1 = = = 0.77m
2R 2 X 245.55
C 2 (C1 + C 2) 20(9.20 + 20.00)

Length of second offset O2 = = = 1.19m
2R 2 X 245.55
Offsets from O3 to O8 are given by equation
C2 20 2
O3toO8 = = = 1.63m
R 245.55
C n (C n −1 + C n )
Last offset On =
2 xR
19.07(20.00 + 19.37)
O10 = = 1.55m
2 X 245.55
Results:- By offsets from chord produced method the simple circular curve was plotted
on the ground
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Experiment No – 06
Aim –: Setting out of simple circular curve by Rankine method of tangential angle.
Problem
Two tangent intersect at chainage (180+10) the defection angle being 20º.Calcuate all
the data necessary for setting out a 3º simple circular curve by method of deflection
angle (tangential angle) .The Peg interval may be taken as 30m.
λ3
δ3
λ2
δ2
δ 1= λ1
Procedure for setting out of curve
1) Locate the tangent points T1 and T2 on the straights AB and CB.
2) Set up the theodolite at the beginning of the curve T1.
3) With the vernier A of the horizontal circle set to zero, direct the telescope of the
ranging rod fixed at the point of intersection B and bisect it.
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4) Unclamp the vernier plate and set the vernier A to the first tangential angle ∆1,
the telescope being thus directed along T1D.
5) Measure along the line T1D, the length equal to first sub-chord (C1) thus fixing first
point D on the curve.
6) Unclamp the vernier plate now and set the vernier A to the second total
tangential angle ∆2 , the line of sight is now directed along T1E.
7) With the zero end of chain or tape at D1 and with a arrow held at distances of
D1E=C2 (second chord or say normal chord),swing the chain about D1 until the
line of sight bisects the arrow, thus fixing the second point Eon the curve.
8) Repeat the process until the last point T2 is reached.
Field Notes
The record, of various total tangential angles and angles to which the theodolite
readings are to be set, is given in tabular from as under.
TABLE OF TANGENTIAL ANGLES
Point Chainag Chord Tangential Total Actual Remarks
e in length in angle (δ) Tangential theodolite
meters meters angle reading
0 , ” 0 , ” 0 , ”
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Solution:-
Deflection angle,Ø=20º
Degree of the curve =3º
1719 1719
Radius of curve R = = = 573m
D 3
φ
Tangent length T = R tan = 573 tan 10 0 = 101.02m
2
3 . 14 x 573 x 20 0
πR φ
The length of the curve, l = = =200.02m
180 180
Chainage of the point of intersection=180x30+10=5410m
Chainage of the first tangent point T1=5410-101.02=5308.98m (176+26.98)
Chainage of the end tangent point T2=5308.98+200.02=5509.00m(183+19)
Length of 1st sub-chord =(177+00)-(176+28.98)=1.02m
Number of full chord =183-177=6
Length of last sub-chord =(183+19)-(183+00)=19m
Check length of 1st sub-chord +length of 6full chord +length of last chord = length of
curve (1.02+6x30+19)=200.02m
From equation
Cn
The tangential angle, δn = 1718.9
R
1.02
δ 1 forthe1stsubchord = 1718.9 min utes (0º3’3.60”)
573
30
δ 2 = δ 3 = δ 3 − − − − − δ 7 for full chord =1718.9 x = 89.99 minutes (1º29’59.46”)
573
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19
δ 8 = lastchord = 1718.9 x = 57 minutes (0º57’0”)
573
The tangential angles for various chord are as follows.
∆1=δ1=00º3’3.60”
∆2= ∆1+δ1=(00º3’3.60”)+(1º29’59.40”)= 1º33’3”
∆3= ∆2+δ2=(1º33’3”)+(1º29’59.40”)= 3º3’2.40”
∆4= ∆3+δ3=(3º3’2.40”)+(1º29’59.40”)= 4º33’1.80”
∆5= ∆4+δ4=(4º33’1.80”)+(1º29’59.40”)= 6º3’1.20”
∆6= ∆5+δ5=(6º3’1.20”)+(1º29’59.40”)= 7º33’00.60”
∆7= ∆6+δ6=(7º33’00.60”)+(1º29’59.40”)= 9º3’00”
∆8= ∆7+δ7=(9º3’00”)+(1º29’59.40”)= 10º00’00”
Check :- ∆8=1/2 ∆=1/2(20º)=10º
Point Chain Chord Tangential Total Tangential Actual theodolite Remarks

age in length angle (δ) angle reading
meters in 0 , ” 0 , ” 0 , ”
meters
T1 176- ----- --- -- -- -- --- --- --- --- ----
26.98
1 177+00 1.02 0 3 3.6 0 3 3.6 0 3 00
2 178+00 30 1 29 59.4 1 33 3 1 33 00
3 179+00 30 1 29 59.4 3 3 2.4 3 3 00
4 180+00 30 1 29 59.4 4 33 1.8 4 33 00
5 181+00 30 1 29 59.4 6 3 1.2 6 3 00
6 182+00 30 1 29 19.4 7 33 0.6 7 13 00
7 183+00 30 1 29 59.4 9 00 9 3 00
T2 183+19 19 0 57 00 10 00 00 10 00 00
Results:- By tangential angle method the simple circular curve was plotted on the
ground
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Experiment No – 07
Aim –: Setting out of simple transition curve by tangential angle methods
Problem
Two straight interest at chainage (102+10). The deflection angle of two straight is
42º.it is proposed to interest a right handed circular curve of 500m radius and
transition curve at each end, the road bend is to be designed for maximum speed
of 90km/hour and for maximum rate of change of acceleration of 30cm/sec3. make
all the necessary calculation for setting out the combined curve by tangential
deflection method. the peg interval for transition curve be taken as 15m and for
circular curve as 30m.
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Procedure for setting out a transition curve and circular curve by tangent offsets.
1) Locate the tangent point T1 .
2) Calculate the offsets for the transition curve by formula perpendicular offset
x3
' y' = Where x is measured along the tangent T1B and Tangential offset
6 RL
x3
' y' = Where l is measured along the curve.
6 RL
3) Starting from the point T1, with the help of tape and chain calculated
perpendicular offsets or tangential offsets such as y1,y2,y3----------at a length of
x1,x2,x3-----------or l1,l2,l3---------are laid at the end of the chainages x1,x2------- or
l1,l2------- likewise the junction point F is located. The number of chord in which the
length of transition curve is divided depends on the length of the transition curve.
Check :- at x=L/2, the transition curve bisects the shift and at x=L the perpandiclar
offset=4s.
4) The process is repeated to layout the other transition curve from T2.
5) The circular curve between the point F and H laid in the same manners as
explained in laying simple circular curve.
Note:- The peg interval for the transition curve may be from 10 to 15 meters, while
that for the circular it may be 20meters or 30meters.
90 x1000
Solution :-Ø=42º. R=500m,v=90km/hour= = 25m / sec , r=0.30m/sec2
60 x 60
V3 25 3
1) length of transition curve L = = = 104.17 m
rR 0.3 X 500
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L2 (104.17) 2
2) shift of curve, S = = = 0.904m
24 R 24 X 500
φ L
3) Total tangent length T1 B = ( R + S ) tan +
2 2
104.17
(500 + 0.904) tan 210 + = 244.38m
2
L 104.17
4) Spiral angle, Φ 1 = = = 0.10417radian
2 R 2 x500
0.1047 x180
deg rees = 5.97 0 = 5 0 58'12 ''
Π
Π R (φ − 2φ1)
5) Length of circular curve = = 262.31m
180 0
6) Chainages:
1) Chainage of intersection point B=102+10=102X30+10=3070m
2) Chainage of tangent point T1=3070-Total tangent length
= 3070-244.38=2825.62m (94+5.62)
3) Chainage of the junction point F of the transition curve and the circular
curve=2825.62+104.17=2929.79m (97+19.79)
4) Chainage of the junction point H of the circular curve with that of second
transition curve = 2929.79+length of circular curve
=2929.79+262.31 =3192.10m (106+12.10)
5)Chainage of last tangent point T2=3192.10+104.17=3296.27m (109+26.27)
Check:- Chainage of T2 = Chainage at T1+2XL+ length of transition curve
=2825.62+2x104.17+262.31=3296.27m
7) Tangential deflection angles for the transition curve are calculated as below.
Chainage of T1=94+5.62
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Chainage of1st point on the transition curve=(94+15)
Length of the 1st point on transition curve from tangent point T1 =(94+15)-
(94+5.62)=9.38m
Or L1=9.38m (as the peg interval is 15m for the transition curve)
Length for the 2nd point (L2)=9.38+15=24.38m
Length for the 3rd point (L3)= 24.38+15=39.38m
Length for the 4th point (L4)=39.38+15=54.38m
Length for the 5th point (L5)= 54.38+15=69.38m
Length for the 6th point (L6)=69.38+15=84.38m
Length for the 7thpoint (L7)=84.38+15=99.38m
Length for the 8th point (L8)= 99.38+15=104.17m
573l 2
Now tangential deflection angle α = min utes
RL
573 x9.38 2 ,
For 1st point α1 = = 0.968 = 0 − 0 ' − 58"
0
500 x104.17
573x 24.38 2 ,
For 2ndpoint α 2 = = 6.592 = 0 0 − 6 ' − 35"
500 x104.17
573x39.38 2 ,
For 3rd point α 3 = = 17.06 = 0 0 − 17 ' − 4 "
500 x104.17
573x54.38 2 ,
For 4th point α 4 = = 32.53 = 0 0 − 32 ' − 32 "
500 x104.17
573 x69.38 2 ,
For 5th point α 5 = = 52.94 = 0 0 − 52 ' − 56 "
500 x104.17
573 x84.38 2 ,
For 6th point α 6 = = 78.30 = 10 − 18 ' − 18"
500 x104.17
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573x99.38 2 ,
For 7th point α 7 = = 108.60 = 10 − 48 ' − 36 "
500 x104.17
573x104.17 2 ,
For 8th point α 8 = = 119.40 = 10 − 59 ' − 24"
500 x104.17
1 5 0 − 58 ' − 12 "
Check:- α 8 = φ1 = = 10 − 59 ' − 24 "
3 3
8) Tangential deflection for the circular curve:
Length of the sub-chord =(98+00) –(97+19.79)=10.21m
Number of full chord =106-98=8chains
Length of last last sub-chord (106+12.10)-(106+00)=12.10m
Check = length of curve =8x30+10.21+12.10=262.31m
Tangential deflection angle for the circular curve:
1718.9C n
δn = min utes
R
1718.9 xC1 1718.9 X 10.21

1st tangential deflection angle δ n = = = 35.10 min utes
R 500
= 0º-35’-6”
1718.9 x30
Tangential deflection angle for full chord δ 2 toδ 9 = min utes = 103.134
500
= 1º-43’-8”
1718.9 x12.10
Tangential deflection angle for last sub-chord = δ n = = 41.60 min
500
=0º-41’-36”
Total tangential deflection angles
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∆1=δ1=00º-35-6”
∆2= ∆1+δ2=(00º-35-6”)+(1º-43’-8”)= 2º-18’-14”
∆3= ∆2+δ3=(2º-18’-14”)+(1º-43’-8”)= 4º-1’-22”
∆4= ∆3+δ4=(4º-1’-22”)+(1º-43’-8”)= 5º-44’-30”
∆5= ∆4+δ5=(5º-44’-30”)+(1º-43’-8”)= 7º-27’-38”
∆6= ∆5+δ6=(7º-27’-38”)+(1º-43’-8”)= 9º-10’-46”
∆7= ∆6+δ7=(9º-10’-46”)+(1º-43’-8”)= 10º-53’-54”
∆8= ∆7+δ8=(10º-53’-54”)+(1º-43’-8”)= 12º-37’-2”
∆9= ∆8+δ9=(12º-37’-2”)+(1º-43’-8”)= 14º-20’-10”
∆10= ∆9+δ10=(14º-20’-10”)+(0º-41’-36”)= 15º-1’-46”
φ − 2φ1 42 0 − (2 0 − 58 ' − 12 " )2 30 0 − 3' − 36 "

Check= = = = 15 0 − 1' − 48"
2 2 2
9) Tangential deflection angles for the second transition curve:
The second transition curve is set out from the point of tangency T2 therefore
tangential deflection angles are calculated in the same manner as in the first
case but from point T2.
Now chainage at T2=(109+26.27)
Chainage at the first point on the 2nd transition curve=109+15
Length for the first point L1=(109+26.27)-(109+15)=11.27m
As peg interval for transition curve =15m
Length for the 2nd point from T2L2’=11.27+15=26.27m
Length for the 3rd point from T3L3’=26.27+15=41.27m
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Length for the 4th point from T4L4’=41.27+15=56.27m
Length for the 6thpoint from T2L6’=71.27+15=86.27m
Length for the 8th point from T2L8’=104.17mi.e of junction point H
573l 2
Now tangential deflection angle α = min utes
RL
573x11.27 2 ,
For 1st point α ' 1 = = 1.40 = 0 0 − 1' − 24 "
500 x104.17
573 x 26.27 2 ,
For 2ndpoint α ' 2 = = 7.59 = 0 0 − 7 ' − 35"
500 x104.17
573 x 41.27 2 ,
For 3rd point α ' 3 = = 18.73 = 0 0 − 18 ' − 43"
500 x104.17
573 x56.27 2 ,
For 4th point α ' 4 = = 34.83 = 0 0 − 34 ' − 50"
500 x104.17
573 x71.27 2 ,
For 5th point α ' 5 = = 55.87 = 0 0 − 55 ' − 52"
500 x104.17
573x86.27 2 ,
For 6th point α ' 6 = = 81.87 = 10 − 21' − 52 "
500 x104.17
573x101.27 2 ,
For 7th point α , 7 = = 112.83 = 10 − 52 ' − 50 "
500 x104.17
573 x104.17 2 ,
For 8th point α ' 8 = = 119.40 = 10 − 59 ' − 24 "
500 x104.17
1 5 0 − 58 ' − 12 "
Check:- α 8 = φ1 = = 10 − 59 ' − 24 "
3 3
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Table:1Tangential Deflection Angle for the (1st Transition Curve)
Point Chainage Chord Tangential Actual theodolite Remarks

in meters length in Deflection angle reading
meters 0 , ” 0 , ”
T1 94+5.62 ----- --- -- -- --- --- ----
1 94+15 9.38 0 0 58 0 1 0
2 95+15 24.38 0 6 35 0 6 40
3 95+15 39.38 0 17 4 0 17 0
4 96+00 54.38 0 12 32 0 32 20
5 96+15 69.38 0 12 56 0 53 00
6 97+00 84.33 1 18 18 1 18 20
7 97+15 99.38 1 48 36 1 48 40
T2 104.17 104.17 1 59 24 1 59 20
Table:2 Tangential Deflection Angle for the (2ndt Transition Curve)
Point Chainage Chord Tangential Actual theodolite Remarks

in meters length in Deflection angle reading
meters 0 , ” 0 , ”
T2 109+26.27 - - - - - - -
1 109+15 11.27 0 1 24 1 1 20
2 109+00 26.27 0 7 35 0 7 40
3 108+15 41.27 0 1 43 0 18 10
4 108+00 56.27 0 34 50 0 34 49
5 107+15 71.27 0 55 52 0 56 00
6 107+00 86.27 1 21 52 1 22 00
7 106+15 101.27 1 52 50 1 53 00
H 106+12.0 104.17 1 59 22 1 59 20
Poin Chainage in Chord Tangential Total Tangential Actual theodolite Remarks

t meters length in angle (δ) angle reading
meters 0 , ” 0 , ” 0 , ”
F 97+19.76
8 98+00 10.21 0 35 6 0 35 6 0 35 6
9 99+00 30.00 1 43 8 2 18 14 2 18 20
10 100+00 30.00 1 43 8 4 1 22 4 1 20
11 101+00 30.00 1 43 8 5 44 30 5 44 40
12 102+00 30.00 1 43 8 7 27 38 7 27 40
13 103+00 30.00 1 43 8 9 10 46 9 10 49
14 104+00 30.00 1 43 8 10 53 54 10 54 0
15 105+00 30.00 1 43 8 12 37 2 12 37 0
16 106+00 30.00 1 43 8 14 20 10 14 20 0
H 106+12.10 12.10 0 11 3 15 1 46 15 4 40
Result:- By transition curve and circular curve by tangent offsets was plotted on the
ground
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STEREOSCOPE
Stereoscope in an instrument used of viewing stereopairs. Stereoscopes are
designed for two purposes
1. To assist in presenting to the eyes the images of a pair of photographs so that
the relationship between convergence and accommodation is the same as
would be in natural vision.
2. To magnify the perception of depth.
There are two basic types of stereoscopic for stereoscopic viewing of
photographs:
A) Mirror stereoscope B) Lens stereoscope.
b' a'
a b
N e g a t iv e 1 N e g a t iv e 2
E Y E E Y E
C a m e ra L e n s C a m e ra L e n s
P H O T O 2 A P H O TO 2
B
( A ) S t e r e o p a i r o f n a il
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R E T IN A R E T IN A
EYE E E' EYE
M m M'
b a a' b'
P r in t 1 P r in t 2
A) Mirror stereoscope
The mirror stereoscope shown diagrammatically consist of a pair of small
eye-piece mirrors mirrors m’ and a pair of larger wing mirrors, M and M’ each of
which is oriented at 45% with the place of the photographs. Show a nail mounted
on a block of timber , and is being photographed by two camera position .The
camera lens is placed fist in the position of left eye and then in the position of
right eye, and separate photographs are taken in each position of left eye and
then in the position of right eye and separate photographs are taken in each
position. It will be noted that the head of the nail is to the left in the left film and to
the right in the right film. AB are the images of the nail AB in the two films.
Contact prints from these negatives are placed in the mirror stereoscope
as show in where only images of the nail are drawn .
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The dour mirrors transfer the light to the eyes exactly(exactly for accommodation)
as if it had come from nail as shown by dotted line. The convergence and retinal
disparity are sufficient for the observer to see the nail in three dimensions.
The total distance b M m E or ‘M’ m’ E’ from the eye to the pane of the
photographs varice 30 cm to 45cm, in order that the unaided eye may
comfortably view the photographs. The angle ϕis determined by the separation
of photographs that give the most eye comfort, and is compatible with the
distance bMme.’ If this distance is to be reduced, a pair of magnifying lenses is
placed at E and E’ each magnifier has a focal length slightly smaller than the
distance bMme. Some types of mirror stereoscope have a set of removable
binoculars which are place at the eye positions E and E’.
Show a wild ST – 4 mirror stereoscopes with a parallax bar manufactured by
Ms Wild Heerbrugg Ltd. It is used for spatial observation of stereo photographs
upon a maximum model size of approximately 18cm×cm. The distance between
the central point of mirrors is 25cm for all interpupillary distances. The whole
model area can be seen through the two lenses provided for correction of the
bundle of rays and for accommodating. A removable set of eyepieces with 3 X
magnification can be swung in over these lenses for closer examination of parts
of the model and study of details. A pair of eyepieces particularly useful when
selecting tie points in aerial triangulation. The two inclined binocular eyepiece
tubes are adjustable for interpupillarly distance of 56 to 74mm and have eye-
piece adjustments for focusing the separate images .
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The greatest single advantage of the mirror stereoscope is the fact that
photographs may be completely separated of the mirror stereoscope is the fact
that the photographs may be completely separated for viewing , and the entire
overlap area may be seen stereoscopically without having to slip the
photographs.
B) Lens stereoscope
A lens stereoscope consists of a single magnifying lens for each eye, and
no mirrors. The two magnifying lenses are mounted with a separation equal to the
average interpupillary distances of the human eyes, but provision is made for
changing this separation to suit the individual user.
The distance between the nodal point of the lens and the plane of the
photographs depends upon the focal length of the lens. The two photographs
can be brought so closet the eyes that proper convergence can be maintained
without causing the photographs to interfere with each other as show in since the
photographs are very close to the eyes, the images occupy larger angular
dimensions and therefore appear enlarged show a lens stereoscope.
The lens stereoscope is apt to cause eye strain as accommodation is not in
sympathy with convergence and the axes of the eyes are forced out their normal
conciliation and can be slipped in one’s pocket this type being called a pocket
stereoscope. Because of larger size, mirror stereoscope is not so portable as is the
pocket stereoscope.
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B) SURVEY CAMP (On any of the following topics)

1) Road Project.
Field book Page
S. Station Vertical Cross Hair Reading S V Height of Reduced

N. point Angle Instrument Level
Top Center Bottom
(Simple, Reverse, Compound and Transition curve)
By offsets from chord produced method

BY Rankine method of tangential angle.
Transition curve and circular curve by tangent offsets.
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1) Road Project.
Longitudinal Section
Gradient
Cutting and Filling
Cross-Section
Mass haul Curve
Design of Curve (Simple, Compound, Reverse, Transition and Vertical )
Preliminary Survey
Topographical Survey
Counter survey
Water Table Survey
Soil Classification
Catchments and command area calculation
Location Survey
Gradient computation
Source of Water supply
System
Intake Tank(Structure)
Pumping System Collection in Reservoir
Pumping System For Conveyance to water treatment plant
Survey-II
Treatment Plant to E.S.R.
Distribution System
Survey-II

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Department of Civil Engineering

G.H. Raisoni College of Engineering

1) Determination of constant of Tacheometer.

2) Determination of elevation of point by Tacheometric surveying.

3) Determination of elevation of point and horizontal distance between

them by Tacheometric survey.

4) Determination of gradient of given length if road by Tacheometric

5) Setting out of simple circular curve by offset from chord produced

6) Setting out of simple circular curve by Rankine method of tangential

7) Setting out of simple transition curve by tangential angle method.

B) SURVEY CAMP (On any of the following topics)

3) Water Supply Project

Aim: Determination of the Multiplying and additive constant of given Tacheometer

D = Horizontal distance between instrument station and staff station.

K = Multiplying constant of a tacheometer

When line of sight is inclined and staff vertical then:

D = Horizontal distance between instrument station and staff station.

K = Multiplying constant of a tacheometer

θ = The inclination of the line of collimation to the horizontal.

c = The additive constant of the tacheometer

PRINCIPLE OF STADIA METHOD

formulae for the horizontal sights.

external focusing telescope.

b, c and α (Top, axial and bottom )hairs of the diaphragm.

a b= i= interval between the stadia hairs (stadia interval)

f=focal length of the objective.

f2=Horizontal distance of the cross-wires from O.

d= Distance of the vertical axis of the instrument from O.

M= Centre of the instrument, corresponding to the vertical axis.

AOB and aob are similar.

therefore, the staff intercept s is to be found by subtracting the staff reading

corresponding to the top and bottom stadia hairs.

constant (f+d)=C is known as the additive stadia if the instrument.

Determination of Constant k and C

computed by the following methods:

instruments while the multiplying constant k is computed from field observations

distance between the objective and crosshair.

distance of the diaphragm from the objective.

constant (f +d) is known.

3) To calculate the multiplying constant k, measure a known distance and take

to distance d2, d3 etc., and mean value can be calculated.

intervals, say 50 meters.

3) Knowing the values of d and s for different points, a number of simultaneous

equations can be formed by substituting the values of d and s in equation (1.1).

and c, and the average of these can be found.

If s1 is the staff intercept corresponding to distance D1 and s2 corresponding to D2,

Subtracting (1) from (2) we get,

Substituting the values of k in (1) we get,

Thus, equations 3 and 4 give the values of K and C.

1) Tacheometry: It is a branch of angular Surveying in which horizontal and

vertical distance of point are obtained by instrumental observation. )

Tacheometer: It is a transit theodolite having a stadia telescope i.e. telescope

fitted with stadia diaphragm.

A leveling staff can be used for sighting purpose up to 100m distance.

1) Select an instrument station A on a fairly leveled ground and fix a peg.

2) Do the temporary adjustment over A.

held at 10m, 20m, and 30m from A along straight line.

at 10m, 20, 30m from A.

5) In case of inclined line of sight the same procedure as stated above is