Verification of Bernoulli's Theorem

OBJECTIVE:
To verify Bernoulli's equation experimentally to plot the total energy line

Vs distance.
INTRODUCTION:
Bernoulli's theorem states that when there is a continuous connection between

particles of flowing mass of liquid, the total energy at any section of flow will
remain the same provided there is no reduction or addition of energy at any
point.
THEORY:
This is the energy equation and is based on the law of conservation of energy.
This equation states that at two sections of flow field the total energy remains
the same. Provided that there is no loss or gain of energy between the two
sections. This situation is valid only for steady and non-turbulent
E =( p1/ρg) + (v12/2g) + Z1 = (p2/ρg) + (v22/2g) + Z2
where:
E = Total Energy
P1/ ρg = pressure energy per unit weight of fluid or pressure head at point 1
V12/2g = Kinetic energy per unit weight or kinetic head at point 1
Z1 = Potential energy per unit weight of potential head at point 1
P2/ρg = pressure energy per unit weight of fluid or pressure head at point 2
V22/2g = Kinetic energy per unit weight or kinetic head at point 2
Z2 = Potential energy per unit weight of potential head at point 2
P1 = pressure of fluid at point 1
P2 = pressure of fluid at point 2
V1 = Velocity of fluid at point 1
V2 = Velocity of fluid at point 2
ρ = Density of fluid
g = acceleration due to gravity
DESCRIPTION:
The present experimental set-up for Bernouli's Theorem is self-contained re

circulating unit. The set-up accompanies the Sump tank, Constant Head Tank,
Centrifugal Pump for water lifting, Measuring tank etc. Control Valve Is
provided to regulate the flow of water in Constant Head Tank. A conduit, made
of Perspex, of varying cross section is provided, which is having converging
and diverging section. Piezometer tubes are fitted on this test section at regular
interval. The inlet of the conduit is connected to constant head tank. At the
outlet of conduit, a gate valve is provided to regulate the flow of water through
the test section. After achieving the constant head, discharge through test
section can be measured with the help of measuring tank and Stop Watch.
Please observe that head may vary in piezo-meter tubes due to turbulent flow
regime and friction encountered by fluid and thus overall result may differ .
SPECIFICATION:
Test Section : Material Acrylic.
Piezometer Tubes : Material P.U. Tubes.
Water Circulation : by means of centrifugal Pump MM II CG

make.
Flow Measurement : Using Measuring Tank with Piezometer

tube and stopwatch.
Sump Tank : Capacity 85 Ltrs.
Constant head Tank : Capacity 25 Ltrs.
Stop WatchControl Panel Comprises of : Standard make On/Off Switch,

Main Indicator, etc.
The whole set-up is well designed and arranged in a good quality painted
structure.
FORMULAE:
1. Discharge(Q) : ________________________(1)
Q1 = (A*R/t1)
2. Velocity of fluid(V) : ________________________(2)
V = (Q/a)
3. Total Energy (E) : _________________________(3)
E = (p1/ρ*g) + (V2/2g) + Z
p/ρg = h
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS:
DATA:
G = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2
A = Area of measuring tank = 0.1m2
S. No. of Cross sectional area Distance from reference point
Test A(m2) S(m)
Points
1. 6.1575 x 10-4 0.030

2. 4.9088 x 10-4 0.059
3. 3.4636 x 10-4 0.088
4. 2.4053 x 10-4 0.117
5. 1.5394 x 10-4 0.146
6. 2.4053 x 10-4 0.175
7. 3.4636 x 10-4 0.204
8. 4.9088 x 10-4 0.233
9. 6.1575 x 10-4 0.262
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S R(cm) T(sec.) h(cm)
No. at piezometer tube no.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1.
2.
3.
CALCULATION TABLE :
Run no. =
Discharge = m3/s
Tube No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
V(m/s)
p/ρg=h
V2/2g
Z
E
Plot Total Energy v Distance.
NOMENCLATURE:
E = Total Energy.
p/ρg = Pressure energy per unit weight of fluid or pressure head.
V2/2g = Kinetic energy per unit weight or kinetic head.
Z = Potential energy per unit weight of potential head.
P = Pressure of fluid (m of water).
V = Velocity of fluid (m/s).
Q = Discharge through test section.

v = Volume of water collected in measuring tank.
R = Rise of water level in Measuring Tank.
t = Time taken for R.
PRECAUTION & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Do not run the pump at abnormally low voltage.
2. Never fully close the gate valve provided at the end of test section and By-
Pass line Valves simultaneously.
3. Always keep apparatus free from dust.
4. To prevent clogging of moving parts of pump, Run Pump at least once in a

fortnight.
5. Frequently Grease/Oil the rotating parts, once in three months.
6. Always use clean water.
7. If apparatus will not in use for more than one month, drain the apparatus
completely, and fill pump with cutting oil.
TROUBLESHOOTINGS:
1. If pump gets jam, open the back cover of pump and rotate the shaft manually.
2. If pump gets heat up, switch off the main power for 15 minutes and avold
closing the flow control valve and by pass valve simultaneously during
operation.
REFERENCES:
1. McCabe, W.L., Smith, J.C., Harriott, P., "Unit Operations of Chemical

Engineering", 4th ed. McGraw Hill, NY, 1985.
2. Perry, R.H., Green, D.(editors), "Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook", 6th
ed., McGraw HM, NY, 1985. 3. Foust, A.S., et. al., "Principles of Unit
Operations", 2nd ed., John Wiley, NY, 1980.
4. Brown, G.G., "Unit Operations", 1st ed., CBS, ND, 1995.
5. Coulson, J.M., Richardson, J.F., "Coulson & Richardson's Chemical

Engineering Vol. - 1", 5th ed., Asian Books Itd., ND, 1996.

Verification of Bernoulli's Theorem

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Verification of Bernoulli's Theorem

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Verification of Bernoulli's Theorem

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

OBJECTIVE:

To verify Bernoulli's equation experimentally to plot the total energy line

Bernoulli's theorem states that when there is a continuous connection between

E =( p1/ρg) + (v12/2g) + Z1 = (p2/ρg) + (v22/2g) + Z2

The present experimental set-up for Bernouli's Theorem is self-contained re

Test Section : Material Acrylic.

Piezometer Tubes : Material P.U. Tubes.

Water Circulation : by means of centrifugal Pump MM II CG

Flow Measurement : Using Measuring Tank with Piezometer

Constant head Tank : Capacity 25 Ltrs.

Stop WatchControl Panel Comprises of : Standard make On/Off Switch,

2. Velocity of fluid(V) : ________________________(2)

3. Total Energy (E) : _________________________(3)

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS:

1. 6.1575 x 10-4 0.030

Plot Total Energy v Distance.

p/ρg = Pressure energy per unit weight of fluid or pressure head.

V2/2g = Kinetic energy per unit weight or kinetic head.

Z = Potential energy per unit weight of potential head.

P = Pressure of fluid (m of water).

V = Velocity of fluid (m/s).

Q = Discharge through test section.

R = Rise of water level in Measuring Tank.

t = Time taken for R.

PRECAUTION & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Do not run the pump at abnormally low voltage.

3. Always keep apparatus free from dust.

4. To prevent clogging of moving parts of pump, Run Pump at least once in a

5. Frequently Grease/Oil the rotating parts, once in three months.

6. Always use clean water.

1. McCabe, W.L., Smith, J.C., Harriott, P., "Unit Operations of Chemical

2. Perry, R.H., Green, D.(editors), "Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook", 6th

4. Brown, G.G., "Unit Operations", 1st ed., CBS, ND, 1995.

5. Coulson, J.M., Richardson, J.F., "Coulson & Richardson's Chemical

You might also like