RECOMMENDED SCAFFOLDING ERECTION PROCEDURE

Introduction 20. Side Bracket—A cantilevered arm unit, supported by

This guide has been prepared by the Scaffolding, Shoring & the scaffolding frame.
Forming Institute to assist contractors, architects, engineers, deal- 21. Sill or Mud Sill+—A footing, usually wood, which
ers, erectors, and users, etc., for the proper use of scaffolding distributes the vertical leg loads to the ground.
equipment. Scaffolding Safety Rules published by the Institute 22. Ties—A tension compression member used to securely
should be used in conjunction with this publication, as well as the attach scaffold to a structure.
instructions for the use of scaffolding provided by the manufacturer. 23. Toeboard—A barrier secured along the sides and ends
Safety precautions and requirements prescribed by local, state, and of a platform, to guard against the falling of material.
federal agencies, including OSHA, must be followed at all times and 24. Towers—A composite structure of frames, braces, and
persons working with scaffolding systems should be equipped with accessories.
requisite safety devices. 25. Ultimate Load—The maximum load which may be
Nomenclature placed on the scaffolding causing failure by buckling of
1. Accessories—Those items other than frames and braces column members or yielding of some component.
used to facilitate the construction of scaffolding towers + These terms can be used synonymously.
and structures. Inspection of Scaffolding
2. Adjustment Screw—Device composed of a threaded Equipment Prior to Erection
screw and an adjusting handle used for the vertical The three main areas of inspection are for corrosion,
adjustment of the scaffolding. straightness of members and welds. This applies to all
3. Base Plate—A device used to distribute the leg load. components of a scaffolding system.
4. Climbing Ladders—A separate ladder attached to the 1. CORROSION—Heavily rusted or eroded scaffolding
scaffolding structure or built into the scaffold frame. equipment is a telltale sign of abuse or neglect.
5. Casters—Wheels of a suitable dimension and unit de- 2. STRAIGHTNESS OF MEMBERS—Mishandling,
signed to attach to the base of a tower and containing a trucking and storing may cause damage to scaffolding
brake to prevent the wheels from rotating. equipment. All scaffolding components should be straight
6. Coupling Pin—Device used to align and connect lifts or and free from bends, kinks or dents.
tiers together vertically. 3. WELDS—Equipment should be checked before use for
7. Cross-bracing—System of members connecting frames damaged welds and any piece of equipment showing
or panels of scaffolding to make a tower structure. damaged welds or rewelding beyond the original factory
8. Extension Device—Any device used to obtain vertical weld should not be used. The factory weld reference
adjustment of scaffolding other than an adjustment screw. pertains to location and quality of rewelds.
9. Factor of Safety—the ratio of ultimate load to the While CORROSION, STRAIGHTNESS, and WELDS
allowable load. are of primary concern other component parts should be
10. Frame or Panel+—the principal prefabricated, welded checked.
structural unit. 4. Locking devices on frames and braces shall be in good
11. Guardrail-A rail secured to uprights and erected along working order, and if not, must be repaired or replaced
the exposed sides and ends of platforms. prior to use.
12. Horizontal Diagonal Bracing—Diagonal braces run-
ning horizontally between frames of scaffolding. 5. Coupling pins must effectively align the frame or panel
13. Lifts or Tiers+—The number of frames stacked one legs.
above each other in a direction. 6. Pivoted cross braces must have the center pivot securely
14. Locking Device—A device used to secure the cross in place.
brace to the panel.
15. Putlog or Truss—A separate horizontal load carrying 7. Caster Brakes shall be in good working order and if not
member. must be repaired or replaced prior to use.
16. Rolling Towers—A composite structure of frames, Safe Bearing Loads for Soils
braces, platforms, guardrails, and accessories supported Considering that the allowable loads (bearing) on various
by casters. soils and rock range from less than 1,000 p.s.f. to more than
17. Safe Leg Load—That load which can safely be directly 50,000 p.s.f. care should be exercised in determining the
imposed on the frame leg. capacity of the soil for every scaffolding job, realizing that
18. Safe Scaffold Frame Horizontal Member Load— weather conditions can turn an otherwise suitable ground
That load which can safely be directly imposed on a condition into a hazardous situation. As an example, dry clay
horizontal member. with an allowable bearing capacity of 8,000 p.s.f. could
19. Scaffolding Layout—An engineered drawing prepared become very plastic after a rainfall and drop to less than 2,000
prior to erection showing arrangement of equipment for p.s.f.
proper scaffolding use.

PAGE 1 OF 4
 Care should also be taken not to excessively disturb the Planking and Accessories
soil. If fill is required in areas where scaffolding is used, a Use only lumber that is properly inspected and graded for
qualified engineer should be consulted as to materials and use as scaffold plank.
compaction. Planking shall have at least 12" of overlap and extend 6"
beyond center of support or be cleated at both ends to prevent
Foundations sliding off support. Do not allow unsupported ends of plank
The purpose of a good foundation or mud sill is to to extend beyond supports. Secure plank to scaffolding when
distribute the scaffolding load over a suitable ground area. necessary.
The size of the footing or sill is determined by the total load All scaffold accessories shall be used and installed in
carried over a particular ground area, and by the nature of the accordance with the manufacturer's recommended proce-
soil supporting these sills. dures. Accessories shall not be altered in the field.
The total load should be computed and the sills designed When installing hanger or clamp supported putlogs
accordingly. (trusses), care should be taken to see that they extend at least
When scaffolding from earth or fill, the areas should 6" beyond the point of support. Also, make sure that the
be leveled and the sills spaced in a pattern assuring proper bracing is placed between putlogs (trusses). When the
adequate stability for all scaffolding legs. span between supporting members is more than 12' addi-
Erection of Frames tional bracing between the putlogs (trusses) and the support-
The work of erecting the scaffolding should be under the ing member may be required. Do not cantilever or extend
supervision of a person with proper experience and aptitude putlogs (trusses) as side brackets without thorough consider-
for securing a safe installation and who is familiar with all ation for loads to be applied or transmitted to the scaffold.
Local, State and Federal Regulations concerning scaffolding, When clamping putlogs, clamp capacity may control rather
as well as the SSFI Scaffolding Safety Rules. than putlog capacity. Consult scaffold manufacturer.
It shall be the responsibility of the person supervising the All brackets should be seated correctly with side brack-
erection of the scaffold to see that all components and locking ets parallel to the frames and the end brackets at 90 degrees
devices are in working order, and no damaged or deteriorated to the frame. Brackets shall not be bent or twisted from
equipment is used in the setup. Should any scaffolding normal position.
become damaged after the equipment has been erected, Equip all planked or staged areas with proper guard rails
workmen shall not be allowed on same until the damaged and add toeboards when required.
items have been repaired or replaced.
Advanced planning will help the erection of scaffolding
Final and Daily Inspection of Erected
to progress smoothly. The equipment should be unloaded as
Scaffolding
The following is a list of check points to be covered when
close to the area of use as possible and should be arranged in
making a final and daily inspection of scaffolding prior to
the order it is to be used. Adjustment screws should be set to
use. All points should be carefully checked to insure a safe
their approximate final adjustment before setting up the
and accident-free job and be periodically rechecked.
scaffolding. At this time, a person should check to see that all
1. Check to see that there is proper support under every leg
panels which require coupling pins have them. Consult
of every frame on the job. Check also for possible
safety rules as recommended by the Institute.
washout due to rain.
After erecting the first tier of scaffold frames, plumb and
2. Check to make certain that all base plates and adjustment
level (using instruments) all frames so that no matter how
screws are in firm contact with their supports. All
high the final scaffolding setup, the additional frames will
adjustment nuts should be snug against the legs of the
also be in correct alignment.
frame.
As erection proceeds, securely tie all scaffolding to the
3. Frames should be checked for plumbness in both direc-
structure at the ends and at least every 30' horizontally, and
tions.
at height intervals not to exceed* 4 times the minimum base
4. If there is a gap between the lower end of one frame and
dimension. Free standing scaffold towers must be restrained
the upper end of another frame it indicates that one
from tipping by guying or other means. Scaffold frames must
adjustment screw must be adjusted to bring the frames in
be fastened together at coupling pins where there is a possi-
contact. If this does not help it indicates the frame is out
bility of uplift.
of square and should be replaced.
When scaffolds are to be partially or fully enclosed,
5. Each leg of each frame should be cross braced to the
specific precautions must be taken to assure frequency ad-
corresponding leg of the next frame.
equacy of ties attaching the scaffolding to the building due to
6. While checking the cross braces also check the locking
increased load conditions resulting from effects of wind and
devices to assure that they are all in their closed position
weather. The scaffolding components to which the ties are
or that they are all tight.
attached must also be checked for additional loads.
7. Check to be certain that all planking and accessories are
When erecting additional lifts, always work from plank-
properly installed.
ing placed within the scaffold structure. Move planking as
8. Check to make certain all ties are secured between the
erection progresses.
structure and the scaffolding.
PAGE 2 OF 4
9. Check to be certain all guard rails are in place. 8. Plank according to Plank and Accessories Section of
10. If scaffolding is enclosed, check to see that additional Erection Procedure.
precautions have been taken as noted in Section of * EXCEPTIONS: Three times in California, Ohio, Oregon,
Erection. Recheck periodically ties, clamps, etc., for Montana, Maine; 3-1/2 times in Washington.
movement.
11. Insure that safe access to work platform(s) is provided. Final Inspection of Rolling Towers
The following additional points should be checked when
Dismantling of Scaffolding making a final inspection of rolling scaffold towers prior to
The work of dismantling scaffolding should be under the their use. These points are in addition to the applicable items
supervision of an individual with proper experience and covered under the preceding section entitled, "Final Inspec-
aptitude. The following should be observed while disman- tion of Erected Scaffolding."
tling. 1. Check to see that the platform height does not exceed*
1. Check to see if scaffolding has been structurally altered four (4) times the smallest base dimension unless the
in any way which would make it unsafe, and if so tower is properly guyed or otherwise stabilized.
reconstruct where necessary before commencing with 2. Check to see that, if adjusting screws have been used,
the dismantling procedures. they are not extended more than 12".
2. Dismantle scaffold from the top down. Begin by remov- 3. Check to make sure the caster brakes are in good working
ing all accessories from that lift being dismantled at the condition and are applied when tower is not being moved.
time. 4. Inspect to make sure horizontal diagonal bracing has
3. Always work from a minimum of two plank placed on the been placed near the bottom, top, and at 20' intervals
tier of frames below those being removed. Move the measured from the rolling surface. A hook on manufac-
planking down as dismantling progresses. tured platform properly attached to the top frame may be
4. Do not remove ties until dismantling has reached the tier equivalent to the top horizontal diagonal brace.
to which they are attached. 5. Cross bracing has been installed on both sides of every
5. Always stay within the inside of the scaffold. Do not lift.
climb on the outside for any reason when dismantling. 6. Check the area in which the tower is to be used to insure
Do not climb on ties, braces or unbraced frames. there are no obstructions either in, on, or above the floor
6. Only remove fastening devices from bottom of frames which will interfere with the proper and safe use of the
being removed. rolling tower.
7. Lower scaffolding components in a safe manner as they 7. Check for guardrails.
are dismantled. Avoid dropping or throwing the compo- 8. Check to see that all planks and fabricated platforms are
nents as this could result in damage to the equipment, or properly installed.
injury to personnel below. 9. Insure that safe access to work platform(s) is provided.
Erection of Rolling Towers REFER TO SCAFFOLDING, SHORING & FORMING
When erecting rolling scaffolding towers, the following
INSTITUTE SCAFFOLDING SAFETY RULES BEFORE
additional items apply. These items are in addition to the
USING SCAFFOLDING.
application portions of the preceding section.
1. Caster should be of adequate load capacity and size in The procedures outlined in this Guide describe conventional
relation to the height of the tower, the surface over which procedures for erecting and dismantling scaffolding systems.
the tower is to be used and in accordance with all However, equipment and systems differ and, accordingly,
government, state, and local codes, ordinances, and regu- reference must always be made to the instructions and proce-
lations. dures of the manufacturer or supplier of the equipment. Since
Casters with plain stems shall be attached to the panel or field conditions vary and are beyond the control of the
adjustment screw by pins or other suitable means. Institute and its members, safe and proper use of this equip-
2. Do not extend adjusting screws on rolling towers more ment is the responsibility of the user and not the Institute or
than 12". its members.
3. The platform height shall not exceed* four (4) times the
smallest base dimension unless guyed or otherwise stabi- SCAFFOLDING AND SHORING INSTITUTE
lized. 1230 KEITH BUILDING
4. Horizontal diagonal braces should be used near the CLEVELAND, OHIO 44115
bottom, top and at 20' intervals measured from the rolling
surface.
5. When side brackets are used, consideration should be
given to the overturning effect these brackets will have
upon the stability of the tower.
125 TAYLOR PARKWAY
6. Cross brace every lift-both sides.
ARCHBOLD, OHIO 43502
7. Install guardrails.
Printed in the U.S.A. © Bil-Jax, Inc. 2004 FORM NO. SSI-83-80-68
PAGE 3 OF 4
 SCAFFOLDING SAFETY GUIDELINES
as Recommended by SCAFFOLDING, SHORING & FORMING INSTITUTE
It shall be the responsibility of all employers and employees to read and comply with the following common sense guidelines which are designed
to promote safety in the erecting and dismantling of scaffolds. These guidelines do not purport to be all-inclusive nor to supplant or replace other
additional safety and precautionary measures to cover usual or unusual conditions. Local, State or Federal statute or regulations shall supersede
these guidelines if there is a conflict and it is the responsibility of each employee to comply.
GENERAL GUIDELINES
I. POST THESE SCAFFOLDING SAFETY GUIDELINES in a conspicuous place and be sure that all persons who erect, dismantle or use scaffolding are aware
of them.
II. FOLLOW ALL STATE, LOCAL AND FEDERAL CODES, ORDINANCES AND REGULATIONS pertaining to scaffolding because they may be more
restrictive. For example, height or width requirements may vary.
III. SURVEY THE JOB SITE—A survey shall be made of the job site for hazards, such as untamped earth fills, ditches, debris, high tension wires, unguarded
openings, and other hazardous conditions created by other trades. These conditions shall be corrected or avoided as noted in the following sections.
IV. INSPECT ALL EQUIPMENT BEFORE USING—Never use any equipment that is damaged or defective in any way.
V. KEEP ALL EQUIPMENT IN GOOD REPAIR—Avoid using corroded equipment—the strength of corroded equipment is not known.
VI. INSPECT ERECTED SCAFFOLDS DAILY—or at the beginning of every shift to be sure that they are maintained in safe condition.
VII. NEVER USE EQUIPMENT FOR PURPOSES OR IN WAYS FOR WHICH IT WAS NOT INTENDED.
VIII. REPORT ANY UNSAFE CONDITION. NEVER TAKE CHANCES—Do not work on scaffolds if your physical condition is such that you feel dizzy or
unsteady in any way.
IX. WORKING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL OR ILLEGAL DRUGS IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED.
X. CONSULT YOUR SCAFFOLDING SUPPLIER—NEVER TAKE CHANCES—Consult manuals and instructions provided by the supplier; scaffolding is
his business.
GUIDELINES FOR ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDS
A. PROVIDE ADEQUATE SILLS for scaffold posts and use base plates. P. FOR ROLLING SCAFFOLDS THE FOLLOWING ADDITIONAL GUIDE-
B. USE ADJUSTING SCREWS for other approved conditions. LINES APPLY.
C. PLUMB AND LEVEL ALL SCAFFOLDS as the erection proceeds. Do not force 1. CASTERS WITH PLAIN STEMS shall be attached to the panel or adjust-
braces to fit—level the scaffold until proper fit can be made easily. ment screw by pins or other suitable means.
D. BRACING. Each frame or panel shall be braced by horizontal bracing, cross 2. DO NOT EXTEND ADJUSTING SCREWS ON ROLLING SCAFFOLDS
bracing, diagonal bracing or any combination thereof for securing vertical MORE THAN 12 INCHES.
members together laterally. All brace connections shall be made secure, in 3. WHEELS OR CASTERS shall be provided with a locking device and kept
accordance with manufacturers' recommendations. locked during erection and dismantling or any time scaffolds are not being
E. DO NOT CLIMB CROSS BRACES. Use only an access (climbing) ladder, moved.
access steps, frame designed to be climbed or equivalent safe access to scaffold. 4. SECURE OR REMOVE ALL MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT from
F. TIE RUNNING SCAFFOLD TO WALL or structure when the height exceeds* platform before moving scaffold.
four (4) times the minimum scaffold base dimension. The first vertical and 5. USE HORIZONTAL DIAGONAL BRACING near the bottom and at 20 foot
longitudinal tie shall be placed at this point. Vertical ties shall be repeated at intervals measured from the rolling surface.
intervals not greater than 26 feet. Longitudinal ties shall be placed at each end 6. DO NOT USE brackets or other platform extensions without consideration
and at intervals not greater than 30 feet. Ties must prevent the scaffold from of overturning effect.
tipping into or away from the wall or structure. 7. THE HEIGHT OF A ROLLING SCAFFOLD excluding its uppermost
G. WHEN SCAFFOLDS ARE TO BE PARTIALLY OR FULLY ENCLOSED, guardrails, must not exceed* four times its smallest base dimension unless
specific precautions must be taken to assure frequency and adequacy of ties it is stabilized by an engineered counterweight system or some other
attaching the scaffolding to the building due to increased load conditions equivalent means.
resulting from effects of wind and weather. The scaffolding components to which 8. CLEAT OR SECURE ALL PLANKS.
the ties are attached must also be checked for additional loads.
9. DO NOT ATTEMPT TO MOVE A ROLLING SCAFFOLD WITHOUT
H. WHEN FREE STANDING SCAFFOLD TOWERS exceed* four times their SUFFICIENT HELP—watch out for holes in floor and overhead obstruc-
minimum base dimension vertically, they must be restrained from tipping. tions—stabilize against tipping.
I. DO NOT ERECT SCAFFOLDS NEAR ELECTRICAL POWER LINES UN- 10. DO NOT RIDE ROLLING SCAFFOLDS.
LESS PROPER PRECAUTIONS ARE TAKEN. Consult the power service
11. JOINTS shall be restrained from separation.
company for advice.
Q. FOR "PUTLOGS" AND "TRUSSES" the following additional guidelines apply.
J. DO NOT USE ladders or makeshift devices on top of scaffolds to increase the
height. 1. DO NOT CANTILEVER OR EXTEND PUTLOGS/TRUSSES as side
brackets without thorough consideration for loads to be applied.
K. DO NOT EXCEED MANUFACTURERS' RECOMMENDED LOAD RAT-
ING. 2. PUTLOGS/TRUSSES SHOULD BE EXTENDED AT LEAST 6 inches
beyond point of support.
L. EQUIP AND MAINTAIN ALL PLATFORMS with proper guardrails, mid-rails,
and toeboards along all open sides and ends of scaffold platforms. 3. PLACE RECOMMENDED BRACING BETWEEN PUTLOGS/TRUSSES
when the span of putlog/truss is more than 12 feet.
M. ALL BRACKETS shall be seated correctly with side brackets parallel to the
frames and end brackets at 90 degrees to the frames. Brackets shall not be bent R. WHEN DISMANTLING SCAFFOLDING THE FOLLOWING ADDITIONAL
or twisted from normal position. Brackets (except mobile brackets designed to GUIDELINES APPLY:
carry materials) are to be used as work platforms only and shall not be used for 1. CHECK TO SEE IF SCAFFOLDING HAS BEEN STRUCTURALLY
storage of material or equipment. When brackets are used, the scaffold shall be ALTERED in any way which would make it unsafe, and if so, reconstruct
tied to the structure or otherwise restrained to prevent tipping. where necessary before commencing with dismantling procedures.
N. ALL SCAFFOLDING ACCESSORIES shall be used and installed in accordance 2. VISUALLY INSPECT PLANK prior to dismantling to be sure that they are
with the manufacturers' recommended procedure. Accessories shall not be safe to work on.
altered in the field. Scaffolds, frames and their components of various manufac- 3. COMPONENTS SHOULD BE LOWERED as soon as dismantled in safe
turers shall not be intermixed. manner so as to protect personnel below.
O. FOR PLANKING, THE FOLLOWING GUIDELINES APPLY: 4. DO NOT ACCUMULATE EXCESS COMPONENTS OR EQUIPMENT
1. Use only lumber that is properly inspected and graded as scaffold plank. on the level being dismantled.
2. Planking shall have at least 12 inches of overlap and extend 6 inches beyond 5. DISMANTLED EQUIPMENT should be stockpiled in an orderly manner.
center of support, or, be cleated at both ends to prevent sliding off supports. S. FOLLOW ERECTION PROCEDURES AND USE MANUALS.
3. Fabricated scaffold planks and platforms, unless created or restrained by
hooks, shall extend over their end supports not less than 6 inches nor more * EXCEPTIONS: Three times in California, Ohio, Oregon, Montana, Maine; 3-1/2
than 12 inches. times in Washington.
4. Secure plank to scaffold when necessary.
"These safety guidelines set forth common sense procedures for safely erecting and dismantling scaffolding equipment. However, equipment and scaffolding
systems differ, and accordingly, reference must always be made to the instructions and procedures of the supplier of the equipment. Since field conditions vary and
are beyond the control of the Institute, safe and proper use of scaffolding is the responsibility of the user and not the Institute."
Reprinting of this publication does not imply approval of product by the Institute or indicate membership in the Institute. Permission to reproduce in entirety can
be obtained from Scaffolding, Shoring & Forming Institute, 1230 Keith Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio 44115
Printed in the U.S.A. PAGE 4 OF 4 FORM NO. 3-61/4-89
 INSTRUCTIONS FOR ERECTING
ROLLING OR STATIONARY TOWERS
Bil-Jax, Inc. recommends that all users of this equipment be supplied with safety
information and OSHA rules and regulations. This information must be thoroughly
read and understood before using the equipment. If you have not been provided
with OSHA regulations or safety literature, please call 419/445-8915 before use.

GUARD RAIL
& POSTS Bil-Jax Rolling Towers
STEEL offer large work platform
TOEBOARD
areas and adjustable plat-
form levels, while provid-
STEP
FRAME ing workers with a quick,
easy and safe assembly.
INSERT PIN

Frame
Locking
Methods DIAGONAL A Rolling Tower should
BRACE
only be used on solid, level
and clear floor areas. Do
not use on soil or unlevel
surfaces. Check for over-
head obstructions which
may interfere with the
OUTRIGGER
tower.

CAT-A-CORNER
SQUARING
BRACE CASTER
WARNING
Metal conducts electricity. Do not
use this equipment in areas where
contact may be made with power
lines or other live electrical circuits.
NOTE: Some areas may require separate access ladders or Failure to comply with the preceding
warning will result in serious per-
stairs. Consult your local authorities for information before begin- sonal injury or death.
ning scaffold erection. AII 0202-0253

1. Before starting scaffold erection, check all parts for damage, making sure that they are in
proper working order. Any part that does not look to be in good working condition or is
damaged in any way should not be used.
PAGE 1 OF 4
 BRACING

2. Attach diagonal bracing to frame

sections, securing in place with
the frame brace locks (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1
J-LOCK (Standard
w/Notched Braces)

Fig. 3 CASTERS, JACKS, BASE PLATES

Fig. 2
Stem
Retainer
Clamp 3. Insert casters and secure with attaching
pin or bolt. Set brakes on all casters
(Fig. 2) before proceeding with tower
Attaching erection. If leveling casters or exten-
Pin
sions are used, secure with stem re-
tainer clamp, wire, or other suitable
means (Fig. 3). Do not extend leveling
screws more than 12". If application
Fig. 4
does not call for a Rolling Tower, follow
Fig. 5 above procedure and replace casters
with leveling jacks (Fig. 4) or base plates
(Fig. 5) on mud sills.

Leveling Swivel Rigid

Jack

CAT-A-CORNER SQUARING BRACE

4. Install cat-a-corner squaring brace (this

should be installed at the base and
every additional 20' of height).

PAGE 2 OF 4
 OUTRIGGERS

5. Determine tower height required to com-

plete the job. If height exceeds 3 times
the minimum base dimension, (see Free
Standing Tower Height section below)
install outriggers to increase minimum
base dimension or tie in to permanent
structure as codes require. Pin caster to
outrigger and attach outrigger to scaffold
leg. Adjust to desired angle and tighten
clamp firmly to prevent movement. Set 1 outrigger on
caster brakes. each tower corner

Bil-Jax, Inc. recommends the maximum free-standing

tower height permitted for a Rolling Tower be 3 times the
minimum base dimension, although OSHA codes allow
4 to 1 in most states. Consult your state and local codes
to insure your tower complies with all applicable regula-
Some bracing has
been omitted in this tions.
illustration for clarity.

B. Tower
Height

A x 3 = B
(smallest (some states (maximum
base allow 3-1/2 tower height
dimension) or 4—check permitted)
A.Base
Dimension A.Base
your local &
Dimension state codes)

(use smallest of the base dimensions)

ADDING FRAME SECTIONS

6. Hoist end frames and braces to next level by means of rope

and tag line. Install diagonal bracing. Secure frames together
using inserts and insert locking pins. Be sure to erect step
frames so that the steps continue above one another on the
same side of the frame. Full decking should be installed on
completed tier before attempting to assemble next tier, and
should be moved up as each additional tier is completed.
NOTE: When required, access ladder or stair sections must be
installed at the same time as each scaffold section is added.
All photos and drawings are for illustration only. Always concerned with the improvement of the quality of this product, the manufacturer reserves the right to modify specifications without prior notice. Follow
all applicable ANSI and OSHA Codes and Regulations for use of this equipment. Do not use this product in areas where user can come in contact with live power.

PAGE 3 OF 4
 GUARD RAILING - FINAL DECKING

7. Upon completion of tower to desired height, install

and lock double guard railing and toeboards on all
4 sides as required by OSHA. Make sure all guard
rail posts are secured with lock pins. Install walk-
boards to fully deck platform work area. Secure
walkboards in place by using an 8 penny nail (Fig.
6), engaging slide lock (Fig. 7), engaging rotation
lock (Fig. 8), as equipped. See OSHA regulations
for additional information concerning securing
decking.
Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. 8

IMPORTANT: CAUTION
• Inspect scaffold daily or before each use. • Do not use braces as a platform support.
• Do not exert horizontal force from on top of a free- • Do not use personnel brackets (side brackets) on a
standing scaffold. Rolling Tower.
• Do not climb or stand on cross braces or horizontal • Use approved access ladder or stairs to climb scaf-
braces. fold. Properly erected step type end frames will
• Do not swing around corner of scaffold to enter provide "equivalent, safe access" as required by
platform from the cross brace side. OSHA.
• Do not use boxes, ladders, or other means to in- • When hoisting material or using side brackets, scaf-
crease working height. fold must be restrained from tipping by guying, tying
to a permanent structure or other acceptable means.
• Do not stand or sit on guard rails.
• Restrict loading to safe working loads. If unsure of
• Do not use bricks, boxes, concrete blocks, or any
safe load limit, consult your scaffold dealer.
other unstable objects under scaffold leg.
• If you have not been provided with OSHA regula-
• NEVER ride a moving scaffold.
tions or safety literature, or for any questions con-
• Do not move scaffold by applying a pulling or pushing cerning the safe use of this equipment, call 419/445-
force at or near the top. 8915 before use.

NOTE: All OSHA , state and local codes and regulations

pertaining to this equipment should be obtained, read, and
thoroughly understood before attempting to erect or use this
equipment. Persons under the influence of drugs, alcohol, or
prescription medication should not be on or near this equipment. 125 Taylor Parkway Archbold, OH 43502-9309
Common sense should be implemented at all times during the Phone 419-445-8915 • 800-537-0540
erection and use of this equipment. DO NOT USE THIS Fax 419-445-0367
EQUIPMENT IN AREAS WHERE EQUIPMENT OR USER
MAY COME IN CONTACT WITH LIVE POWER SOURCE. Printed in the U.S.A. 8CCI/6-9 OL

PAGE 4 OF 4
 TIPS ON SCAFFOLD SAFETY
The following safety tips are offered by the engineering
department of bil-jax, inc. as guidelines in avoiding job-site
situations that could prove dangerous to scaffold workmen. Courtesy of Archbold, Ohio
POST WHERE WORKMEN CAN SEE
CHECK SAFETY CODES:
OSHA, state and local safety codes should be consulted; and NAME PHONE
approval obtained from Building Safety and Industrial Com-
mission on scaffold tips.

INSPECT AND CHECK:

Take no chances. Inspect the scaffold set up after erection
and daily while in use. Don't remove or allow removal of, any
parts without the OK from the proper authorities. When wire
rope is used, inspect it on each job.

BEGIN WITH GOOD FOOTING:

Use base plates, sills or footers (or
combination) on solid ground; make
sure scaffold is leveled or plumbed.

REJECT DAMAGED PARTS:

Bent or otherwise damaged end frames or braces should not be
used. Put them aside for replacement. For repair, call bil-jax, inc.

DON'T SHORT-CHANGE BRACING:

Use bracing at all points provided; add extra braces if needed to
insure stability.

TIE SCAFFOLD TO THE BUILDING:

Scaffolding should be tied to the structure
using heavy wire or tie-in devices. The
first vertical tie should be at the maximum
height of 4 times the narrowest base
dimension. Additional ties are not to
exceed 26 feet vertically. Maximum hori-
zontal distance between ties is not to
exceed 30 feet.

FIRE
DON'T OVERLOAD SCAFFOLDING:
Follow the safe load capacities as given POLICE
by the scaffold manufacturer. There's a
limit even to what steel can support. A 4- AMBULANCE
to-1 safety factor must be figured on scaf-
Do not use where user can come in contact with live power.
folding.

USE METAL CATWALKS, PLATFORMS;

Where available. If wood plank is used, it must be scaffold grade or
better. Inspect thoroughly before every job to make sure it is free from
breaks, knots, cracks or warpage. Decking should be full width.

DON'T CLIMB BRACES:

DON'T RIDE MOVING SCAFFOLD; Use the steps provided on most steel
and remember scaffold units are limited scaffolds to climb up to or down from
in height to 4* times their narrowest work levels. Use scaffold climbing
base dimension (unless base is wid- ladders where required.
ened by outriggers, or more end frames; USE DOUBLE GUARD RAILS;
or tied into building.) Always keep cast- and toeboards on exposed sides at
ers locked. (except to re-spot) PROTECT WORKING LEVELS: platform heights of 6 feet or more.
Use overhead canopies to protect workers on lower work levels
*Exceptions: 3 times in CA, OH, OR, MT, ME when work is being done overhead. Rope off unsafe areas
3 1/2 times in WA underneath scaffold or provide wire mesh around work area.
Printed in U.S.A. FORM 3-69TIPS/2-9CTI
Page 1 of 2
 SCAFFOLDING SAFETY GUIDELINES
as Recommended by SCAFFOLDING, SHORING & FORMING INSTITUTE Climbing Ladder
It shall be the responsibility of all employers and employees to read and comply with the following common sense guidelines which are
designed to promote safety in the erecting and dismantling of scaffolds. These guidelines do not purport to be all-inclusive nor to supplant or
replace other additional safety and precautionary measures to cover usual or unusual conditions. Local, State or Federal statute or
regulations shall supersede these guidelines if there is a conflict and it is the responsibility of each employee to comply.
GENERAL GUIDELINES
I. POST THESE SCAFFOLDING SAFETY GUIDELINES in a conspicuous place and be sure that all persons who erect, dismantle or use
scaffolding are aware of them. Rolling Tower
II. FOLLOW ALL STATE, LOCAL AND FEDERAL CODES, ORDINANCES AND REGULATIONS pertaining to scaffolding because they may
be more restrictive. For example, height or width requirements may vary.
III. SURVEY THE JOB SITE—A survey shall be made of the job site for hazards, such as untampered earth fills, ditches, debris, high tension
wires, unguarded openings, and other hazardous conditions created by other trades. These conditions shall be corrected or avoided as noted
in the following sections.
IV. INSPECT ALL EQUIPMENT BEFORE USING—Never use any equipment that is damaged or defective in any way.
V. KEEP ALL EQUIPMENT IN GOOD REPAIR—Avoid using corroded equipment—the strength of corroded equipment is not known.
VI. INSPECT ERECTED SCAFFOLDS DAILY—or at the beginning of every shift to be sure that they are maintained in safe condition.
VII. NEVER USE EQUIPMENT FOR PURPOSES OR IN WAYS FOR WHICH IT WAS NOT INTENDED.
VIII. REPORT ANY UNSAFE CONDITION. NEVER TAKE CHANCES—Do not work on scaffolds if your physical condition is such that you feel
dizzy or unsteady in any way.
IX. WORKING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL OR ILLEGAL DRUGS IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED.
X. CONSULT YOUR SCAFFOLDING SUPPLIER—NEVER TAKE CHANCES—Consult manuals and instructions provided by the supplier; Top Section
scaffolding is his business.
GUIDELINES FOR ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDS
A. PROVIDE ADEQUATE SILLS for scaffold posts and use base plates. inches.
B. USE ADJUSTING SCREWS or other approved conditions. 4. Secure plank to scaffold when necessary.
C. PLUMB AND LEVEL ALL SCAFFOLDS as the erection proceeds. Do not force P. FOR ROLLING SCAFFOLDS THE FOLLOWING ADDITIONAL GUIDELINES
braces to fit—level the scaffold until proper fit can be made easily. APPLY.
Bracket
D. BRACING. Each frame or panel shall be braced by horizontal bracing, cross 1. CASTERS WITH PLAIN STEMS shall be attached to the panel or adjust-
bracing, diagonal bracing or any combination thereof for securing vertical ment screw by pins or other suitable means.
members together laterally. All brace connections shall be made secure, in 2 .DO NOT EXTEND ADJUSTING SCREWS ON ROLLING SCAFFOLDS
accordance with manufacturers' recommendations. MORE THAN 12 INCHES.
E. DO NOT CLIMB CROSS BRACES. Use only an access (climbing) ladder, 3. WHEELS OR CASTERS shall be provided with a locking device and kept
access steps, frame designed to be climbed or equivalent safe access to locked during erection and dismantling or any time scaffolds are not being
scaffold. moved.
F. TIE RUNNING SCAFFOLD TO WALL or structure when the height exceeds* 4. SECURE OR REMOVE ALL MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT from platform
four (4) times the minimum scaffold base dimension. The first vertical and before moving scaffold.
longitudinal tie shall be placed at this point. Vertical ties shall be repeated at 6' Ladder 3' Ladder
intervals not greater than 26 feet. Longitudinal ties shall be placed at each end 5. USE HORIZONTAL DIAGONAL BRACING near the bottom and at 20 foot
and at intervals not greater than 30 feet. Ties must prevent the scaffold from intervals measured from the rolling surface.
tipping into or away from the wall or structure. 6. DO NOT USE brackets or other platform extensions without consideration
G. WHEN SCAFFOLDS ARE TO BE PARTIALLY OR FULLY ENCLOSED, specific of overturning effect.
precautions must be taken to assure frequency and adequacy of ties attaching 7. THE HEIGHT OF A ROLLING SCAFFOLD excluding its uppermost
the scaffolding to the building due to increased load conditions resulting from guardrails, must not exceed* four times its smallest base dimension unless
effects of wind and weather. The scaffolding components to which the ties are it is stabilized by an engineered counterweight system or some other
attached must also be checked for additional loads. equivalent means. Guard Rail & Posts
H. WHEN FREE STANDING SCAFFOLD TOWERS exceed* four times their 8. CLEAT OR SECURE ALL PLANKS.
minimum base dimension vertically, they must be restrained from tipping. Steel Toeboard
9. DO NOT ATTEMPT TO MOVE A ROLLING SCAFFOLD WITHOUT
I. DO NOT ERECT SCAFFOLDS NEAR ELECTRICAL POWER LINES UNLESS SUFFICIENT HELP—watch out for holes in floor and overhead obstruc-
PROPER PRECAUTIONS ARE TAKEN. Consult the power service company tions—stabilize against tipping.
for advice. Step Frame
10. DO NOT RIDE ROLLING SCAFFOLDS.
J. DO NOT USE ladders or makeshift devices on top of scaffolds to increase the 11. JOINTS shall be restrained from separation.
height.
Q. FOR "PUTLOGS" AND "TRUSSES" the following additional guidelines apply.
K. DO NOT EXCEED MANUFACTURERS' RECOMMENDED LOAD RATING.
1. DO NOT CANTILEVER OR EXTEND PUTLOGS/TRUSSES as side brack-
L. EQUIP AND MAINTAIN ALL PLATFORMS with proper guardrails, midrails, ets without thorough consideration for loads to be applied.
and toeboards along all open sides and ends of scaffold platforms. Diagonal Brace
2. PUTLOGS/TRUSSES SHOULD BE EXTENDED AT LEAST 6 inches Rivet &
M. ALL BRACKETS shall be seated correctly with side brackets parallel to the Hinge Pin Cotter
beyond point of support.
frames and end brackets at 90 degrees to the frames. Brackets shall not be bent
or twisted from normal position. Brackets (except mobile brackets designed to 3. PLACE RECOMMENDED BRACING BETWEEN PUTLOGS/TRUSSES
carry materials) are to be used as work platforms only and shall not be used for storage when the span of putlog/truss is more than 12 feet. Insert Pin
of material or equipment. When brackets are used, the scaffold shall be tied to the R. WHEN DISMANTLING SCAFFOLDING THE FOLLOWING ADDITIONAL Pig Tail Pin
structure or otherwise restrained to prevent tipping. GUIDELINES APPLY:
N. ALL SCAFFOLDING ACCESSORIES shall be used and installed in accordance with 1. CHECK TO SEE IF SCAFFOLDING HAS BEEN STRUCTURALLY AL-
the manufacturers' recommended procedure. Accessories shall not be altered in the TERED in any way which would make it unsafe, and if so, reconstruct where Spring
field. Scaffolds, frames and their components of various manufacturers shall not be necessary before commencing with dismantling procedures. Rivet
intermixed. Snap Pin
2. VISUALLY INSPECT PLANK prior to dismantling to be sure that they are
O. FOR PLANKING, THE FOLLOWING GUIDELINES APPLY: safe to work on.
1. Use only lumber that is properly inspected and graded as scaffold plank. 3. COMPONENTS SHOULD BE LOWERED as soon as dismantled in safe Drive Pin
manner so as to protect personnel below. Outrigger
2. Planking shall have at least 12 inches of overlap and extend 6 inches beyond
center of support, or, be cleated at both ends to prevent sliding off supports. 4. DO NOT ACCUMULATE EXCESS COMPONENTS OR EQUIPMENT on
3. Fabricated scaffold planks and platforms, unless created or restrained by hooks, the level being dismantled.
shall extend over their end supports not less than 6 inches nor more than 12 5. DISMANTLED EQUIPMENT should be stockpiled in an orderly manner.
NOTE: USE SUGGESTED Cat-A-Corner
S. FOLLOW ERECTION PROCEDURES AND USE MANUALS. FRAME/INSERT IN ANY Squaring Brace
* EXCEPTIONS: Three times in California, Ohio, Oregon, Montana, Maine; 3-1/2 times in Washington. COMBINATION. Casters

"These safety guidelines set forth common sense procedures for safely erecting and dismantling scaffolding equipment. However, equipment and scaffolding
systems differ, and accordingly, reference must always be made to the instructions and procedures of the supplier of the equipment. Since field conditions vary and
are beyond the control of the Institute, safe and proper use of scaffolding is the responsibility of the user and not the Institute."
Reprinting of this publication does not imply approval of product by the Institute or indicate membership in the Institute. Permission to reproduce in entirety can be ALL PHOTOS AND DRAWINGS ARE FOR ILLUSTRATION ONLY. FOLLOW ALL APPLICABLE ANSI AND
obtained from Scaffolding, Shoring & Forming Institute, 1230 Keith Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio 44115 OSHA CODES AND REGULATIONS FOR USE OF THIS EQUIPMENT. DO NOT USE IN AREA WHERE USER
CAN COME IN CONTACT WITH LIVE POWER.
Printed in the U.S.A. FORM NO. 3-61/5-01
Page 2 of 2
 Eye or eye splice means a loop with or without a thimble at the end of a wire
Reprinted from the August 30, 1996 Federal Registar rope.
Fabricated decking and planking means manufactured platforms made
Department of Labor of wood (including laminated wood and solid sawn wood planks), metal or
other materials.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration Fabricated frame scaffold (tubular welded frame scaffold) means a scaf-
fold consisting of a platform(s) supported on fabricated end frames with inte-
29 CFR Part 1926 gral posts, horizontal bearers, and intermediate members.
Safety Standards for Scaffolds Used in the Construction Industry; Failure means load refusal, breakage, or separation of component parts.
Final Rule The effective date for this Standard is November 29, Load refusal is the point where the ultimate strength is exceeded.
1996 with some provisions effective September 27, 1997 Float (ship) scaffold means a suspension scaffold consisting of a braced
platform resting on two parallel bearers and hung from overhead supports by
ropes of fixed length.
125 Taylor Parkway, Archbold, OH 43502-9309 Form scaffold means a supported scaffold consisting of a platform sup-
ported by brackets attached to formwork.
Guardrail system means a vertical barrier consisting of, but not limited to,
PART 1926 SUBPART L SCAFFOLDS toprails, midrails, and posts, erected to prevent employees from falling off a
1926.450 SCOPE, APPLICATION AND DEFINITIONS APPLICABLE TO scaffold platform or walkway to lower levels.
THIS SUBPART. Hoist means a manual or power-operated mechanical device to raise or
lower a suspended scaffold.
(a) Scope and application. This subpart applies to all scaffolds used in Horse scaffold means a supported scaffold consisting of a platform sup-
workplaces covered by this Part. It does not apply to crane or derrick sus- ported by construction horses (saw horses). Horse scaffolds constructed of
pended personnel platforms, which are covered by Sec. 1926.550(g). The metal are sometimes known as trestle scaffolds.
criteria for aerial lifts are set out exclusively in Sec. 1926.453. Independent pole scaffold (see “Double pole scaffold”).
(b) Definitions Interior hung scaffold means a suspension scaffold consisting of a plat-
Adjustable suspension scaffold means a suspension scaffold equipped form suspended from the ceiling or roof structure by fixed length supports.
with a hoist)s) that can be operated by an employee(s) on the scaffold. Ladder jack scaffold means a supported scaffold consisting of a platform
Bearer (putlog) means a horizontal transverse scaffold member (which resting on brackets attached to ladders.
may be supported by ledgers or runners) upon which the scaffold platform Ladder stand means a mobile, fixed-size, self-supporting ladder consisting
rests and which joins scaffold uprights, posts, poles, and similar members. of a wide flat tread ladder in the form of stairs.
Boatswains’ chair means a single-point adjustable suspension scaffold con- Landing means a platform at the end of a flight of stairs.
sisting of a seat or sling designed to support one employee in a sitting posi- Large area scaffold means a pole scaffold, tube and coupler scaffold, sys-
tion. tems scaffold, or fabricated frame scaffold erected over substantially the en-
Body belt (safety belt) means a strap with means both for securing it about tire work area. For example: a scaffold erected over the entire floor area of a
the waist and for attaching it to a lanyard, lifeline, or deceleration device. room.
Body harness means a design of straps which may be secured about the Lean-to scaffold means a supported scaffold which is kept erect by tilting it
employee in a manner to distribute the fall arrest forces over at least the thighs, toward and resting it against a building or structure.
pelvis, waist, chest and shoulders, with means for attaching it to other compo- Lifeline means a component consisting of a flexible line that connects to an
nents of a personal fall arrest system. anchorage at one end to hang vertically (vertical lifeline) or that connects to
Brace means a rigid connection that holds one scaffold member in a fixed anchorages at both ends to stretch horizontally (horizontal lifeline) and which
position with respect to another member, or to a building or structure. serves a means for connecting other components of a personal fall arrest
Bricklayers’ square scaffold means a supported scaffold composed of system to the anchorage.
framed squares which support a platform. Lower levels means areas below the level where the employee is located
Carpenters’ bracket scaffold means a supported scaffold consisting of a and to which an employee can fall. Such areas include, but are not limited to,
platform supported by brackets attached to building or structural walls. ground levels, floors, roofs, ramps, runways, excavations, pits, tanks, materi-
Catenary scaffold means a suspension scaffold consisting of a platform als, water, and equipment.
supported by two essentially horizontal and parallel ropes attached to struc- Mason’s adjustable supported scaffold (see “Self-contained adjustable
tural members of a building or other structure. Additional support may be scaffold”).
provided by vertical pickups. Mason’s multi-point adjustable suspension scaffold means a continu-
Chimney hoist means a multi-point adjustable suspension scaffold used to ous run suspension scaffold designed and used for masonry operations.
provide access to work inside chimneys. (See “Multi-point adjustable suspen- Maximum intended load means the total load of all persons, equipment,
sion scaffold.”) tools, materials, transmitted loads, and other loads reasonably anticipated to
Cleat means a structural block used at the end of a platform to prevent the be applied to a scaffold or scaffold component at any one time.
platform from slipping off its supports. Cleats are also used to provide footing Mobile scaffold means a powered or unpowered, portable, caster or wheel-
on sloped surfaces such as crawling boards. mounted supported scaffold.
Competent person means one who is capable of identifying existing and Multi-level suspended scaffold means a two-point or multi-point adjust-
predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are un- able suspension scaffold with a series of platforms at various levels resting on
sanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization common stirrups.
to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them. Multi-point adjustable suspension scaffold means a suspension scaf-
Continuous run scaffold (runs scaffold) means a two-point or multi-point fold consisting of a platform(s) which is suspended by more than two ropes
adjustable suspension scaffold constructed using a series of interconnected from overhead supports and equipped with means to raise and lower the
braced scaffold members or supporting structures to form a continuous scaf- platform to desired work levels. Such scaffolds include chimney hoists.
fold. Needle beam scaffold means a platform suspended from needle beams.
Coupler means a device for locking together the tubes of a tube and coupler Open sides and ends means the edges of a platform that are more than 14
scaffold. inches (36cm) away horizontally from a sturdy, continuous, vertical surface
Crawling board (chicken ladder) means a supported scaffold consisting of (such as a building wall) or a sturdy, continuous, horizontal surface (such as a
a plank with cleats spaced and secured to provide footing, for use on sloped floor), or a point of access. Exception: For plastering and lathing operations
surfaces such as roofs. the horizontal threshold distance is 18 inches (46cm).
Deceleration device means any mechanism, such as a rope grab, rip-stitch Outrigger means the structural member of a supported scaffold used to
lanyard, specially-woven lanyard, tearing or deforming lanyard, or automatic increase the base width of a scaffold in order to provide support for and in-
self-retracting lifeline lanyard, which dissipates a substantial amount of en- creased stability of the scaffold.
ergy during a fall arrest or limits the energy imposed on an employee during Outrigger beam (Thrustout) means the structural member of a suspen-
fall arrest. sion scaffold or outrigger scaffold which provides support for the scaffold by
Double pole (independent pole) scaffold means a supported scaffold extending the scaffold point of attachment to a point out and away from the
consisting of a platform(s) resting on cross beams (bearers) supported by structure or building.
ledgers and a double row of uprights independent of support (except ties, Outrigger scaffold means a support scaffold consisting of a platform rest-
guys, braces) from any structure. ing on outrigger beams (thrustouts) projecting beyond the wall or face of the
Equivalent means alternative designs, materials or methods to protect building or structure, the inboard ends of which are secured inside the build-
against a hazard which the employer can demonstrate will provide an equal or ing or structure.
greater degree of safety for employees than the methods, materials or de- Overhand bricklaying means the process of laying bricks and masonry
signs specified in the standard. units such that the surface of the wall to be jointed is on the opposite side of
Exposed power lines means electrical power lines which are accessible to the wall from the mason, requiring the mason to lean over the wall to com-
employees and which are not shielded from contact. Such lines do not in- plete the work. It includes mason tending and electrical installation incorpo-
clude extension cords or power tool cords. rated into the brick wall during the overhand bricklaying process.
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 Personal fall arrest system means a system used to arrest an employee’s include, but are not limited to, barrels, boxes, loose brick, and concrete blocks.
fall. It consists of an anchorage, connectors, a body belt or body harness and Vertical pickup means a rope used to support the horizontal rope in cat-
may include a lanyard deceleration device, lifeline, or combinations of these. enary scaffolds.
Platform means a work surface elevated above lower levels. Platforms can Walkway means a portion of a scaffold platform used only for access and
be constructed using individual wood planks, fabricated planks, fabricated not as a work level.
decks, and fabricated platforms. Window jack scaffold means a platform resting on a bracket or jack which
Pole scaffold [see definitions for “Single-pole scaffold” and “Double (inde- projects through a window opening.
pendent) pole scaffold”].
Power operated hoist means a hoist which is powered by other than hu- 1926.451 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
man energy. This section does not apply to aerial lifts, the criteria for which are set out
Pump jack scaffold means a supported scaffold consisting of a platform exclusively in Sec. 1926.453.
supported by vertical poles and movable support brackets. (a) Capacity
Qualified means one who, by possession of a recognized degree, certifi- (1) Except as provided in paragraphs (a) (2), (a) (3), (a) (4), (a) (5), and (g) of
cate, or professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training, and this section, each scaffold and scaffold component shall be capable of sup-
experience, has successfully demonstrated his/her ability to solve or resolve porting, without failure, its own weight and at least 4 times the maximum in-
problems related to the subject matter, the work, or the project. tended load applied or transmitted to it.
Rated load means the manufacturer’s specified maximum load to be lifted (2) Direct connections to roofs and floors, and counterweights used to bal-
by a hoist or to be applied to a scaffold or scaffold component. ance adjustable suspension scaffolds, shall be capable of resisting at least 4
Repair bracket scaffold means a supported scaffold consisting of a plat- times the tipping moment imposed by the scaffold operating at either the rated
form supported by brackets which are secured in place around the circumfer- load of the hoist, or 1.5 (minimum) times the tipping moment imposed by the
ence or perimeter of a chimney, stack, tank, or other supporting structure by scaffold operating at the stall load of the hoist, whichever is greater.
one or more wire ropes placed around the supporting structure. (3) Each suspension rope, including connecting hardware, used on non-
Roof bracket scaffold means a rooftop supported scaffold consisting of a adjustable suspension scaffolds shall be capable of supporting, without fail-
platform resting on angular-shaped supports. ure, at least 6 times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to that
Runner (ledger or ribbon) means the lengthwise horizontal spacing or brac- rope.
ing member which may support the bearers. (4) Each suspension rope, including connecting hardware, used on adjust-
Scaffold means any temporary elevated platform (supported or suspended) able suspension scaffolds shall be capable of supporting, without failure, at
and its supporting structure (including points of anchorage), used for support- least 6 times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to that rope
ing employees or materials or both. with the scaffold operating at either the rate load of the hoist, or 2 (minimum)
Self-contained adjustable scaffold means a combination supported and times the stall load of the hoist, whichever is greater.
suspension scaffold consisting of an adjustable platform(s) mounted on an (5) The stall load of any scaffold hoist shall not exceed 3 times its rated load.
independent supporting frame(s) not a part of the object being worked on and (6) Scaffolds shall be designed by a qualified person and shall be con-
which is equipped with a means to permit the raising and lowering of the structed and loaded in accordance with that design. Non-mandatory Appen-
platform(s). Such systems include rolling roof rigs, rolling outrigger systems, dix A to this subpart contains examples of criteria that will enable an employer
and some masons’ adjustable supported scaffolds. to comply with paragraph (a) of this section.
Shore scaffold means a supported scaffold which is placed against a build- (b) Scaffold Platform construction.
ing or structure and held in place with props. (1) Each platform on all working levels of scaffolds shall be fully planked or
Single point adjustable suspension scaffold means a suspension scaf- decked between the front uprights and the guardrail supports as follows:
fold consisting of a platform suspended by one rope from an overhead sup- (i) Each platform unit (e.g., scaffold plank, fabricated plank, fabricated deck,
port and equipped with means to permit the movement of the platform to or fabricated platform) shall be installed so that the space between adjacent
desired work levels. units and the space between the platform and the uprights is no more than 1
Single-pole scaffold means a supported scaffold consisting of a platform(s) inch (2.5cm) wide, except where the employer can demonstrate that a wider
resting on bearers, the outside ends of which are supported on runners se- space is necessary (for example, to fit around uprights when side brackets
cured to a single row of posts or uprights, and the inner ends of which are are used to extend the width of the platform).
supported on or in a structure or building wall. (ii) Where the employer makes the demonstration provided for in paragraph
Stair tower (Scaffold stairway/tower) means a tower comprised of scaf- (b)(1)(i) of this section, the platform shall be planked or decked as fully as
fold components and which contains internal stairway units and rest platforms. possible and the remaining open space between the platform and the uprights
These towers are used to provide access to scaffold platforms and other el- shall not exceed 9-1/2 inches (24.1 cm).
evated points such as floors and roofs. Exception to paragraph (b) (1): The requirement in paragraph (b) (1) to
Stall load means the load at which the prime-mover of a power operated provide full planking or decking does not apply to platforms used solely as
hoist stalls or the power to the prime-mover is automatically disconnected. walkways or solely by employees performing scaffold erection or dismantling.
Step, platform, and trestle ladder scaffold means a platform resting di- In these situations, only the planking that the employer establishes is neces-
rectly on the rungs of step ladders or trestle ladders. sary to provide safe working conditions is required.
Stilts means a pair of poles or similar supports with raised footrests used to (2) Except as provided in paragraphs (b)(2)(i) and (b)(2)(ii) of this section,
permit walking above the ground or working surface. each scaffold platform and walkway shall be at least 18 inches (46 cm) wide.
Stonesetters’ multi-point adjustable suspension scaffold means a con- (i) Each ladder jack scaffold, top plate bracket scaffold, roof bracket, and
tinuous run suspension scaffold designed and used for stonesetters’ opera- pump jack scaffold shall be at least 12 inches (30 cm) wide. There is no
tions. minimum width requirement for boatswains’ chairs.
Supported scaffold means one or more platforms supported by outrigger (ii) Where scaffolds must be used in areas that the employer can demon-
beams, brackets, poles, legs, uprights, posts, frames, or similar rigid support. strate are so narrow that platforms and walkways cannot be at least 18 inches
Suspension scaffold means one or more platforms suspended by ropes or (46 cm) wide, such platforms and walkways shall be as wide as feasible, and
other non-rigid means from an overhead structure(s). employees on those platforms and walkways shall be protected from fall haz-
System Scaffold means a scaffold consisting of posts with fixed connection ards by the use of guardrails and/or personal fall arrest systems.
points that accept runners, bearers, and diagonals that can be interconnected (3) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) (3) (i) and (ii) of this section, the
at predetermined levels. front edge of all platforms shall not be more than 14 inches (36 cm) from the
Tank builders’ scaffold means a supported scaffold consisting of a plat- face of the work, unless guardrail systems are erected along the front edge
form resting on brackets that are either directly attached to a cylindrical tank and/or personal fall arrest systems are used in accordance with paragraph (g)
or attached to devices that are attached to such a tank. of this section to protect employees from falling.
Top plate bracket scaffold means a scaffold supported by brackets that (i) The maximum distance from the face for outrigger scaffolds shall be 3
hook over or are attached to the top of a wall. This type of scaffold is similar to inches (8 cm),
carpenters’ bracket scaffolds and form scaffolds and is used in residential (ii) The maximum distance from the face for plastering and lathing opera-
construction for setting trusses. tions shall be 18 inches (46 cm).
Tube and coupler scaffold means a supported or suspended scaffold con- (4) Each end of a platform, unless cleated or otherwise restrained by hooks
sisting of a platform(s) supported by tubing, erected with coupling devices or equivalent means, shall extend over the centerline of its support at least 6
connecting uprights, braces, bearers, and runners. inches (15 cm).
Tubular welded frame scaffold (see “Fabricated frame scaffold”). (5)(i) Each end of a platform 10 feet or less in length shall not exceed over
Two-point suspension scaffold (swing stage) means a suspension scaf- its support more than 12 inches (30 cm) unless the platform is designed and
fold consisting of a platform supported by hangers (stirrups) suspended by installed so that the cantilevered portion of the platform is able to support
two ropes from overhead supports and equipped with the means to permit the employees and/or materials without tipping, or has guardrails which block
raising and lowering of the platform to desired work levels. employee access to the cantilevered end.
Unstable objects means items whose strength, configuration, or lack of (ii) Each platform greater than 10 feet in length shall not extend over its
stability may allow them to become dislocated and shift and therefore may not support more than 18 inches (46 cm), unless it is designed and installed so
properly support the loads imposed on them. Unstable objects do not consti- that the cantilevered portion of the platform is able to support employees with-
tute a safe base support for scaffolds, platforms, or employees. Examples out tipping, or has guardrails which block employee access to the cantilevered
2 of 6
end. maximum vertical intervals.
(6) On scaffolds where scaffold planks are abutted to create a long platform, (iv) Hook-on and attachable ladders shall be specifically designed for use
each abutted end shall rest on a separate support surface. This provision with the type of scaffold used;
does not preclude the use of common support members, such as “T” sec- (v) Hook-on and attachable ladders shall have a minimum rung length of
tions, to support abutting planks, or hook on platforms designed to rest on 11-1/2 inches (29cm); and
common supports. (vi) Hook-on and attachable ladders shall have uniformly spaced rungs with
(7) On scaffolds where platforms are overlapped to create a long platform, a maximum spacing between rungs of 16-3/4 inches.
the overlap shall occur only over supports, and shall not be less than 12 inches (3) Stairway-type ladders shall:
(30 cm) unless the platforms are nailed together or otherwise restrained to (i) Be positioned such that their bottom step is not more than 24 inches
prevent movement. (61cm) above the scaffold supporting level;
(8) At all points of a scaffold where the platform changes direction, such as (ii) Be provided with rest platforms at 12 foot (3.7m) maximum vertical inter-
turning a corner, any platform that rests on a bearer at an angle other than a vals;
right angle shall be laid first, and platforms which rest at right angles over the (iii) Have a minimum step width of 16 inches (41cm), except that mobile
same bearer shall be laid second, on top of the first platform. scaffold stairway-type ladders shall have a minimum step width of 11-1/2 inches
(9) Wood platforms shall not be covered with opaque finishes, except that (30cm); and
platform edges may be covered or marked for identification. Platforms may (iv) have slip-resistant treads on all steps and landings.
be coated periodically with wood preservatives, fire-retardant finishes, and (4) Stairtowers (scaffold stairway/towers) shall be positioned such that their
slip-resistant finishes; however, the coating may not obscure the top or bot- bottom step is not more than 24 inches (61cm) above the scaffold supporting
tom wood surfaces. level.
(10) Scaffold components manufactured by different manufacturers shall (i) A stairrail consisting of a toprail and a midrail shall be provided on each
not be intermixed unless the components fit together without force and the side of each scaffold stairway.
scaffold’s structural integrity is maintained by the user. Scaffold components (ii) The toprail of each stairrail system shall also be capable of serving as a
manufactured by different manufacturers shall not be modified in order to in- handrail, unless a separate handrail is provided.
termix them unless a competent person determines the resulting scaffold is (iii) Handrails, and toprails that serve as handrails, shall provide an ad-
structurally sound. equate handhold for employees grasping them to avoid falling.
(11) Scaffold components (iv) Stairrail systems and handrails shall be surfaced to prevent injury to
made of dissimilar metals shall Maximum Maximum employees from punctures or lacerations, and to prevent snagging of clothing.
not be used together unless a Maximum intended using permissible span
full thickness
permissible span (v) The ends of stairrail systems and handrails shall be constructed so that
using nominal
competent person has deter- nominal load undressed lumber thickness lumber they do not constitute a projection hazard.
mined that galvanic action will 2
(lb/ft ) (ft) (ft)
(vi) Handrails, and toprails that are used as handrails, shall be at least 3
not reduce the strength of any 25 10 8
inches (7.6cm) from other objects.
component to a level below 50 8 6
75 6 -- (vii) Stairrails shall be not less than 28 inches (71cm) nor more than 37
that required by paragraph (a) inches (94cm) from the upper surface of the stairrail to the surface of the
(1) of this section. tread, in line with the face of the riser at the forward edge of the tread.
(c) Criteria for supported scaffolds. (viii) A landing platform at least 18 inches (45.7cm) wide by at least 18
(1) Supported scaffolds with a height to base width (including outrigger inches (45.7cm) long shall be provided at each level.
supports, if used) ratio of more than four to one (4:1) shall be restrained from (ix) Each scaffold stairway shall be at least 18 inches (45.7cm) wide be-
tipping by guying, tying, bracing, or equivalent means, as follows: tween stairrails.
(i) Guys, ties, and braces shall be installed at locations where horizontal (x) Treads and landings shall have slip-resistant surfaces.
members support both inner and outer legs. (xi) Stairways shall be installed between 40 degrees and 60 degrees from
(ii) Guys, ties, and braces shall be installed according to the scaffold the horizontal.
manufacture’s recommendations or at the closest horizontal member to the (xii) Guardrails meeting the requirements of paragraph (g)(4) of this section
4:1 height and be repeated vertically at locations of horizontal members every shall be provided on the open sides and ends of each landing.
20 feet (6.1m) or less thereafter for scaffolds 3 feet (0.91m) wide or less and (xiii) Riser height shall be uniform, within 1/4 inch, (0.6cm) for each flight of
every 26 feet (7.9m) or less thereafter for scaffolds greater than 3 feet (0.91m) stairs. Greater variations in riser height are allowed for the top and bottom
wide. The top guy, tie or brace of completed scaffolds shall be placed no steps of the entire system, not for each flight of stairs.
further than the 4:1 height from the top. Such guys, ties, and braces shall be (xiv) Tread depth shall be uniform, within 1/4 inch, for each flight of stairs.
installed at each end of the scaffold and at horizontal intervals not to exceed (5) Ramps and walkways.
30 feet (9.1m) (measured from one end [not both] towards the other). (i) Ramps and walkways 6 feet (1.8m) or more above lower levels shall have
(iii) Ties, guys, braces, or outriggers shall be used to prevent the tipping of guardrail systems which comply with Subpart M of this part - Fall Protection;
supported scaffolds in all circumstances where an eccentric load, such as a (ii) No ramp or walkway shall be inclined more than a slope of one (1)
cantilevered work platform, is applied or is transmitted to the scaffold. vertical to three (3) horizontal (20 degrees above the horizontal).
(2) Supported scaffold poles, legs, posts, frames, and uprights shall bear on (iii) If the slope of a ramp or walkway is steeper than one (1) vertical in eight
base plates and mud sills, or other adequate firm foundation. (8) horizontal, the ramp or walkway shall have cleats not more than fourteen
(i) Footings shall be level, sound, rigid, and capable of supporting the loaded (14) inches (35cm) apart which are securely fastened to the planks to provide
scaffold without settling or displacement. footing.
(ii) Unstable objects shall not be used to support scaffolds or platform units. (6) Integral prefabricated scaffold access frames shall:
(iii) Unstable objects shall not be used as working platforms. (i) Be specifically designed and constructed for use as ladder rungs;
(iv) Front-end loaders and similar pieces of equipment shall not be used to (ii) Have a rung length of at least 8 inches (20cm);
support scaffold platforms unless they have been specifically designed by the (iii) Not be used as work platforms when rungs are less than 11-1/2 inches
manufacturer for such use. in length, unless each affected employee uses fall protection or a positioning
(v) Fork-lifts shall not be used to support scaffold platforms unless the entire device, which complies with Sec. 1926.502;
platform is attached to the fork and the fork-lift is not moved horizontally while (vi) Be uniformly spaced within each frame section;
the platform is occupied. (v) Be provided with rest platforms at 35-foot (10.7m) maximum vertical
(3) Support scaffold poles, legs, posts, frames, and uprights shall be plumb intervals on all supported scaffolds more than 35 feet (10.7m) high; and
and braced to prevent swaying and displacement. (vi) Have a maximum spacing between rungs of 16-3/4 inches (43cm). Non-
(e) Access. This paragraph applies to scaffold access for all employees. uniform rung spacing caused by joining end frames together is allowed, pro-
Access requirements for employees erecting or dismantling supported scaf- vided the resulting spacing does not exceed 16-3/4 inches (43cm).
folds are specifically addressed in paragraph (e) (9) of this section. (7) Steps and rungs of ladder and stairway type access shall line up verti-
(1) When scaffold platforms are more than 2 feet (0.6m) above or below a cally with each other between rest platforms.
point of access, portable ladders, hook-on ladders, attachable ladders, stair (8) Direct access to or from another surface shall be used only when the
towers (scaffold stairways/towers), stairway-type ladders (such as ladder scaffold is not more than 14 inches (36cm) horizontally and not more than 24
stands), ramps, walkways, integral prefabricated scaffold access, or direct inches (61cm) vertically from the other surface.
access from another scaffold, structure, personnel hoist, or similar surface (9) Effective September 2, 1997, access for employees erecting or disman-
shall be used. Crossbraces shall not be used as a means of access. tling supported scaffolds shall be in accordance with the following:
(2) Portable, hook-on, and attachable ladders (Additional requirements for (i) The employer shall provide safe means of access for each employee
the proper construction and use of portable ladders are contained in Subpart erecting or dismantling a scaffold where the provision of safe access is fea-
X of this part - Stairways and Ladders): sible and does not create a greater hazard. The employer shall have a com-
(i) Portable, hook-on, and attachable ladders shall be positioned so as not to petent person determine whether it is feasible or would pose a greater hazard
tip the scaffold. to provide, and have employees use a safe means of access. This determi-
(ii) Hook-on and attachable ladders shall be positioned so that their bottom nation shall be based on site conditions and the type of scaffold being erected
rung is not more than 24 inches (61cm) above the scaffold supporting level; or dismantled.
(iii) When hook-on and attachable ladders are used on a supported scaffold (ii) Hook-on or attachable ladders shall be installed as soon as scaffold
more than 35 feet (10.7m) high, they shall have rest platforms at 35-foot (10.7m) erection has progress to a point that permits safe installation and use.
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 (iii) When erecting or dismantling tubular welded frame scaffolds, (end) (iv) The ladder legs shall be secured to prevent them from slip-
frames, with horizontal members that are parallel, level and are not more than ping or being pushed off the platform.
22 inches apart vertically may be used as climbing devices for access, pro- (16) Platforms shall not deflect more than 1/60 of the span when
vided they are erected in a manner that creates a usable ladder and provides loaded.
good hand hold and foot space. (17) To reduce the possibility of welding current arcing through
(iv) Cross braces on tubular welded frame scaffolds shall not be used as a the suspension wire rope when performing welding from suspended
means of access or egress. scaffolds, the following precautions shall be taken, as applicable:
(f) Use. (i) An insulated thimble shall be used to attach each suspension
(1) Scaffolds and scaffold components shall not be loaded in excess of their wire rope to its hanging support (such as cornice hook or outrig-
maximum intended loads or rated capacities, whichever is less. ger). Excess suspension wire rope and any additional indepen-
(2) The use of shore or lean-to scaffolds is prohibited. dent lines from grounding shall be insulated.
(3) Scaffolds and scaffold components shall be inspected for visible defects (ii) The suspension wire rope shall be covered with insulating
by a competent person before each work shift, and after any occurrence which material extending at least 4 feet (1.2m) above the hoist. If there is
could affect a scaffold’s structural integrity. a tail line below the hoist, it shall be insulated to prevent contact
(4) Any part of a scaffold damaged or weakened such that its strength is less with the platform. The portion of the tail line that hangs free below
than that required by paragraph (a) of this section shall be immediately re- the scaffold shall be guided or retained, or both, so that it does not
paired or replaced, braced to meet those provisions, or removed from service become grounded.
until repaired. (iii) Each hoist shall be covered with insulated protective covers;
(5) Scaffolds shall not be moved horizontally while employees are on them, (iv) In addition to a work lead attachment required by the welding
unless they have been designed by a registered professional engineer spe- process, a grounding conductor shall be connected from the scaf-
cifically for such movement or, for mobile scaffolds, where the provisions of fold to the structure. The size of this conductor shall be at least the
Sec. 1926.452 (w) are followed. size of the welding process work lead, and this conductor shall not
(6) The clearance between scaffolds and power lines shall be as follows: be in series with the welding process or the work piece;
Scaffolds shall not be erected, used, dismantled, altered, or moved such that (v) If the scaffold grounding lead is disconnected at any time, the
they or any conductive material handled on them might come closer to ex- welding machine shall be shut of; and
posed and energized power lines than as follows: (vi) An active welding rod or uninsulated welding lead shall not be
allowed to contact the scaffold or its suspension system.
Insulated lines voltage Minimum Distance Alternatives (g) Fall protection.
Less than 300 Volts 3 Feet (0.9 M)
(1) Each employee on a scaffold more than 10 feet (3.1m) above
300 Volts to 50 kv 10 Feet (3.1 M) a lower level shall be protected from falling to that lower level, Para-
More than 50 kv 10 Feet (3.1 M) 2 times the length
of the line
graphs (g)(1)(i) through (vii) of this section establish the types of
insulator, but fall protection to be provided to the employees on each type of
never less than
10 Feet (3.1 M)
scaffold. Paragraph (g)(2) of this section addresses fall protection
for scaffold erectors and dismantlers.
Uninsulated lines voltage Minimum Distance Alternatives Note to paragraph (g)(1): The fall protection requirements for
Less than 50 kv 10 Feet (3.1 M) employees installing suspension scaffold support systems on floors,
More than 50 kv 10 Feet (3.1 M)
plus 40 inches
2 times the length
of the line
roofs, and other elevated surfaces are set for the in Subpart M of
(10 cm) for each insulator, but this part.
1 kn over 50 kv. never less than (i) Each employee on a boatswains’ chair, catenary scaffold, float
10 Feet (3.1 M)
scaffold, needle beam scaffold, or ladder jack scaffold shall be pro-
tected by a personal fall arrest system;
Exception to paragraph (f)(6): Scaffolds and materials may be closer to (ii) Each employee on a single-point or two-point adjustable sus-
power lines than specified above where such clearance is necessary for per- pension scaffold shall be protected by both a personal fall arrest
formance of work, and only after the utility company, or electrical system op- system and guardrail system;
erator, has been notified of the need to work closer and the utility company, or (iii) Each employee on a crawling board (chick ladder) shall be
electrical system operator, has deenergized the lines, relocated the lines, or protected by a personal fall arrest system, a guardrail system (with
installed protective coverings to prevent accidental contact with the lines. minimum 200 pound toprail capacity), or by a three-fourth inch
(7) Scaffolds shall be erected, moved, dismantled, or altered only under the (1.9cm) diameter grabline or equivalent handhold securely fastened
supervision and direction of a competent person qualified in scaffold erection, beside each crawling board;
moving, dismantling or alterations. Such activities shall be performed only by (iv) Each employee on a self-contained adjustable scaffold shall
experienced and trained employees selected for such work by the competent be protected by a guardrail system (with minimum 200 pound toprail
person. capacity) when the platform is supported by the frame structure,
(8) Employees shall be prohibited from working on scaffolds covered with and by both a personal fall arrest system and a guardrail system
snow, ice, or other slippery material except as necessary for removal of such (with minimum 200 pound toprail capacity) when the platform is
materials. supported by ropes;
(9) Where swinging loads are being hoisted onto or near scaffolds such that (v) Each employee on a walkway located within a scaffold shall
the loads might contact the scaffold, tag lines or equivalent measures to con- be protected by a guardrail system (with minimum 200 pound toprail
trol the loads shall be used. capacity) installed within 9-1/2 inches 924.1cm) of and along at
(10) Suspension ropes supporting adjustable suspension scaffolds shall be least one side of the walkway.
of a diameter large enough to provide sufficient surface area for the function- (vi) Each employee performing overhand bricklaying operations
ing of brake and hoist mechanisms. from a supported scaffold shall be protected from falling from all
(11) Suspension ropes shall be shielded from heat producing processes. open sides and ends of the scaffold (except at the side next to the
When acids or other corrosive substances are used on a scaffold, the ropes wall being laid) by the use of a personal fall arrest system or guard-
shall be shielded, treated to protect against the corrosive substances, or shall rail system (with minimum 200 pound toprail capacity).
be of material that will not be damaged by the substance being used. (vii) For all scaffolds not otherwise specified in paragraphs (g)(1)(i)
(12) Work on or from scaffolds is prohibited during storms or high winds through (g)(1)(vi) of this section, each employee shall be protected
unless a competent person has determined that it is safe for employees to be by the use of personal fall arrest systems or guardrails systems
on the scaffold and those employees are protected by a personal fall arrest meeting the requirements of paragraph (g)(4) of this section.
system or wind screens. Wind screens shall not be used unless the scaffold (2) Effective September 2, 1997, the employer shall have a com-
is secured against the anticipated wind forces imposed. petent person determine the feasibility and safety of providing fall
(13) Debris shall not be allowed to accumulate on platforms. protection for employees erecting or dismantling supported scaf-
(14) Makeshift devices, such as but not limited to boxes and barrels, shall folds. Employers are required to provide fall protection for employ-
not be used on top of scaffold platforms to increase the working level height of ees erecting or dismantling supported scaffolds where the installa-
employees. tion and use of such protection is feasible and does not create a
(15) Ladders shall not be used on scaffolds to increase the working level greater hazard.
height of employees, except on large area scaffolds where employers have (3) In addition to meeting the requirements of Sec. 1926.502(d),
satisfied the following criteria: personal fall arrest systems used on scaffolds shall be attached by
(i) When the ladder is placed against a structure which is not a part of the lanyard to vertical lifeline, horizontal lifeline, or scaffold structural
scaffold, the scaffold shall be secured against the sideways thrust exerted by member. Vertical lifelines shall not be used when overhead com-
the ladder; ponents, such as overhead protection or additional platform levels,
(ii) The platform units shall be secured to the scaffold to prevent their move- are part of a single-point or two-point adjustable suspension scaf-
ment; fold.
(iii) The ladder legs shall be on the same platform or other means shall be (i) When vertical lifelines are used, they shall be fastened to a
provided to stabilize the ladder against unequal platform deflection , and fixed safe point of anchorage, shall be independent of the scaffold,
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and shall be protected from sharp edges and abrasion. Safe points toprails or midrails shall be inspected by a competent person as frequently as
of anchorage include structural members of buildings, but do not necessary to ensure that it continues to meet the strength requirements of
include standpipes, vents, or other piping systems, electrical con- paragraph (g) of this section.
duit, outrigger beams, or counterweights. (xv) Crossbracing is acceptable in place of a midrail when the crossing point
(ii) When horizontal lifelines are used, they shall be secured to of two braces is between 20 inches (0.5m) and 30 inches (0.8m) above the
two or more structural members of the scaffold, or they may be work platform or as a toprail when the crossing point of two braces is between
looped around both suspension and independent suspension lines 38 inches (0.97m) and 48 inches (1.3m) above the work platform. The end
(on scaffolds so equipped) above the hoist and brake attached to points at each upright shall be no more than 48 inches (1.3m) apart.
the end of the scaffold. Horizontal lifelines shall not be attached (h) Falling object protection.
only to the suspension ropes. (1) In addition to wearing hard-hats, each employee on a scaffold shall be
(iii) When lanyards are connected to horizontal lifelines or struc- provided with additional protection from falling hand tools, debris, and other
tural members on a single-point or two-point adjustable suspen- small objects through the installation of toeboards, screens, or guardrail sys-
sion scaffold, the scaffold shall be equipped with additional inde- tems, or through the erection of debris nets, catch platforms, or canopy struc-
pendent support lines and automatic locking devices capable of tures that contain or deflect the falling objects. When the falling objects are
stopping the fall of the scaffold in the event one or both of the sus- too large, heavy or massive to be contained or deflected by any of the above-
pension ropes fail. The independent support lines shall be equal in listed measures, the employer shall place such potential falling objects away
number and strength to the suspension ropes. from the edge of the surface from which they could fall and shall secure those
(vi) Vertical lifelines, independent support lines, and suspension materials as necessary to prevent their falling.
ropes shall not be attached to each other, nor shall they be at- (2) Where there is a danger of tools, materials, or equipment falling from a
tached to or use the same point of anchorage, nor shall they be scaffold and striking employees below, the following provisions apply.
attached to the same point on the scaffold or personal fall arrest (i) The area below the scaffold to which objects can fall shall be barricaded,
system. and employees shall not be permitted to enter the hazard area; or
(4) Guardrail systems installed to meet the requirements of this (ii) A toeboard shall be erected along the edge of platforms more than 10
section shall comply with the following provisions (guardrail sys- feet (3.1m) above lower levels for a distance sufficient to protect employees
tems built in accordance with Appendix A to this subpart will be below, except on float (ship) scaffolds where an edging of 3/4 x 1-1/2 inch (2 x
deemed to meet the requirements of paragraphs (g)(4)(vii), and 4cm) wood or equivalent may be used in lieu of toeboards;
(ix) of this section): (iii) Where tools, materials, or equipment are piled to a height higher than
(i) Guardrail systems shall be installed along all open sides and the top edge of the toeboard, paneling or screening extending from the toeboard
ends of platforms. Guardrail systems shall be installed before the or platform to the top of the guardrail shall be erected for a distance sufficient
scaffold is released for use by employees other then erection/dis- to protect employees below; or
mantling crews. (iv) A guardrail system shall be installed with openings small enough to
(ii) The top edge height of toprails or equivalent member on sup- prevent passage of potential falling objects; or
ported scaffolds manufactured or placed in service after January 1, (v) A canopy structure, debris net, or catch platform strong enough to with-
2000 shall be installed between 38 inches (0.97m) and 45 inches stand the impact forces of the potential falling objects shall be erected over
(1.2m) above the platform surface. The top edge height on sup- the employees below.
ported scaffolds manufactured and placed in service before Janu- (3) Canopies, when used for falling object protection, shall comply with the
ary 1, 2000, and on all suspended scaffolds where both a guardrail following criteria:
and a personal fall arrest system are required shall be between 36 (i) Canopies shall be installed between the falling object hazard and the
inches (0.9m) and 45 inches (1.2m). When conditions warrant, the employees.
height of the top edge may exceed the 45-inch height, provided the (ii) When canopies are used on suspension scaffolds for falling object pro-
guardrail system meets all other criteria of paragraph (g)(4). tection, the scaffold shall be equipped with additional independent support
(iii) When midrails, screens, mesh, intermediate vertical mem- lines equal in number to the number of points supported, and equivalent in
bers, solid panels, or equivalent structural members are used, they strength to the strength of the suspension ropes.
shall be installed between the top edge of the guardrail system and (iii) Independent support lines and suspension ropes shall not be attached
the scaffold platform. to the same point of anchorage.
(iv) When midrails are used, they shall be installed at a height (4) Where used, toeboards shall be:
approximately midway between the top edge of the guardrail sys- (i) Capable of withstanding, without failure, a force of at least 50 pounds
tem and the platform surface. (222n) applied in any downward or horizontal direction at any point along the
(v) When screens and mesh are used, they shall extend from the toeboard (toeboards built in accordance with Appendix A to this subpart will be
top edge of the guardrail system to the scaffold platform, and along deemed to meet this requirement); and
the entire opening between the supports. (ii) At least three and one-half inches (9 cm) high from the top edge of the
(vi) When intermediate members (such as balusters or additional toeboard to the level of the walking/working surface. Toeboards shall be se-
rails) are used, they shall not be more than 19 inches (49cm) apart. curely fastened in place at the out most edge of the platform and have not
(vii) Each toprail or equivalent member of a guardrail system shall more than 1/4 inch (0.7cm) clearance above the walking/working surface.
be capable of withstanding, without failure, a force applied in any Toeboards shall be solid or with openings not over one inch (2.5cm) in the
downward or horizontal direction at any point along its top edge of greatest dimension.
at least 100 pounds (445n) for guardrail systems installed on single-
point adjustable suspension scaffolds or two-point adjustable sus- 1926.452 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS APPLICABLE TO SPECIFIC
pension scaffolds, and at least 200 pounds (890n) for guardrail sys- TYPES OF SCAFFOLDS.
tems installed on all other scaffolds. In addition to the applicable requirements of Sec. 1926.451, the following
(viii) When the loads specified in paragraph (g)(4)(vii) of this sec- requirements may apply to the specific types of scaffolds indicated. Scaffolds
tion are applied in a downward direction, the top edge shall not not specifically addressed by Sec. 1926.452, such as but not limited to sys-
drop below the height above the platform surface that is prescribed tems scaffolds, must meet the requirements of Sec. 1926.451.
in paragraph (g)(4)(ii) of this section. (b) Tube and coupler scaffolds.
(ix) Midrails, screens, mesh, intermediate vertical members, solid (1) When platforms are being moved to the next level, the existing platform
panels, and equivalent structural members of a guardrail system shall be left undisturbed until the new bearers have been set in place and
shall be capable of withstanding, without failure, a force applied in braced prior to receiving the new platforms.
any downward or horizontal direction at any point along with the (2) Traverse bracing forming an “X” across the width of the scaffold shall be
midrail or other member of at least 75 pounds (333n) for guardrail installed at the scaffold ends and at least every third set of posts horizontally
systems with a minimum 100 pound toprail capacity, and at least (measured from only one end) and every fourth runner vertically. Bracing
150 pounds (660n) for guardrail systems with a minimum 200 pound shall extend diagonally from the inner or outer posts or runners upward to the
toprail capacity. next outer or inner posts or runners. Building ties shall be installed at the
(x) Suspension scaffold hoists and non-walk-through stirrups may bearer levels between the transverse bracing and shall conform to the re-
be used as end guardrails, if the space between the hoist or stirrup quirements of Sec. 1926.451(c)(1):
and the side guardrail or structure does not allow passage of an (3) On straight run scaffolds, longitudinal bracing across the inner and outer
employee to the end of the scaffold. rows of posts shall be installed diagonally in both directions, and shall be
(xi) Guardrails shall be surfaced to prevent injury to an employee installed diagonally in both directions, and shall extend from the base of the
from punctures or lacerations, and to prevent snagging of clothing. end posts upward to the top of the scaffold at approximately a 45 degree
(xii) The ends of rails shall not overhang the terminal posts ex- angle. On scaffolds whose length is greater than their height, such bracing
cept when such overhang does not constitute a projection hazard shall be repeated beginning at least at every fifth post. On scaffolds whose
to employees. length is less than their height, such bracing shall be installed from the base of
(xiii) Steel or plastic banding shall not be used as a toprail or the end posts upward to the opposite end posts and then in alternating direc-
midrail. tions until reaching the top of the scaffold. Bracing shall be installed as close
(xiv) Manila or plastic (or other synthetic) rope being used for as possible to the intersection of the bearer and post or runner and post.
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 (4) Where conditions preclude the attachment of bracing to posts, bracing (7) Platforms shall not extend outward beyond the base supports of the
shall be attached to the runners as close to the post as possible. scaffold unless outrigger frames or equivalent devices are used to ensure
(5) Bearers shall be installed transversely between posts, and when coupled stability.
to the posts, shall have the inboard coupler bear directly on the runner cou- (8) Where leveling of the scaffold is necessary, screw jacks or equivalent
pler. When the bearers are coupled to the runners, the couplers shall be as means shall be used.
close to the posts as possible. (9) Caster stems and wheel stems shall be pinned or otherwise secured in
(6) Bearers shall extend beyond the posts and runners, and shall provide scaffold legs or adjustment screws.
full contact with the coupler. (10) Before a scaffold is moved, each employee on the scaffold shall be
(7) Runners shall be installed along the length of the scaffold, located on made aware of the move.
both the inside and the outside posts at level heights (when tube and coupler (j) Pump Jack Scaffolds
guardrails and midrails are used on outside posts, they may be used in lieu of (1) Pump jack brackets, braces and accessories shall be fabricated from
outside runners). metal plates and angles. Each pump jack bracket shall have two positive
(8) Runners shall be interlocked on straight runs to form continuous lengths, gripping mechanisms to prevent any failure or slippage.
and shall be coupled to each post. The bottom runners and bearers shall be (2) Poles shall be secured to the structure by rigid triangular bracing or
located as close to the base as possible. equivalent at the bottom, top and other points as necessary. When the pump
(9) Couplers shall be of a structural metal, such as drop-forged steel, mal- jack has to pass bracing already installed, an additional brace shall be in-
leable iron, or structural grade aluminum. The use of gray cast iron is prohib- stalled approximately 4 feet (1.2 m) above the brace to be passed, and shall
ited. be left in place until the pump jack has been moved and the original brace
(10) Tube and coupler scaffolds over 125 feet in height shall be designed by reinstalled.
a registered professional engineer, and shall be constructed and loaded in (3) When guard rails are used for fall protection, a workbench may be used
accordance with such design. Non-mandatory Appendix A to this subpart as the top rail only if it meets all the requirements in paragraphs (g) (4) (ii),
contains examples of criteria that will enable an employer to comply with de- (vii), (viii), and (xiii) of Sec. 1926.451
sign and loading requirements for tube and coupler scaffolds under 125 feet in (4) Work benches shall not be used as scaffold platforms.
height. (5) When poles are made of wood, the pole lumber shall be straight-grained,
(c) Fabricated frame scaffolds (tubular welded frame scaffolds). free of shakes, large loose or dead knots, and other defects which might im-
(1) When moving platforms to the next level, the existing platform shall be pair strengths.
left undisturbed until the new end frames have been set in place and braced (6) When wood poles are constructed of two continuous lengths, they shall
prior to receiving the new platforms. be joined together with the seam parallel to the bracket.
(2) Frames and panels shall be braced by cross, horizontal, or diagonal (7) When two by fours are spliced to make a pole, mending plates shall be
braces, or combination thereof, which secure vertical members together later- installed at all splices to develop the full strength of the member.
ally. The cross braces shall be of such length as will automatically square and (k) Ladder jack scaffolds
align vertical members so that the erected scaffold is always plumb, level, and (1) Platforms shall not exceed a height of 20 feet (6.1m).
square. All brace connections shall be secured. (2) All ladders used to support ladder jack scaffolds shall meet the require-
(3) Frames and panels shall be joined together vertically by coupling or ments of Subpart X of this part - Stairways and Ladder, except that job-made
stacking pins or equivalent means. ladders shall not be used to support ladder jack scaffolds.
(4) Where uplift can occur which would displace scaffold end frames or (3) The ladder jack shall be so designed and constructed that it will bear on
panels, the frames or panels shall be locked together vertically by pins or the side rails and ladder rungs or on the ladder rungs alone. If bearing on
equivalent means. rungs only, the bearing area shall include a length of at least 10 inches (25.4cm)
(5) Brackets used to support cantilevered loads shall: on each rung.
(i) Be seated with side-brackets parallel to the frames and end brackets at (4) Ladders used to support ladder jacks shall be placed fastened, or equipped
90 degrees to the frames; with devices to prevent slipping.
(ii) Not be bent or twisted from these positions; and (5) Scaffolds platforms shall not be bridged one to another.
(iii) Be used only to support personnel, unless the scaffold has been de-
signed for other loads by a qualified engineer and built to withstand the tipping 1926.454 TRAINING REQUIREMENTS
forces caused by those other loads being placed on the bracket-supported This section supplements and clarifies the requirements of Sec. 1926.21
section of the scaffold. (b)(2) as these relate to the hazards of work on scaffolds.
(6) Scaffolds over 125 feet (38.0) in height above their base plates shall be (a) The employer shall have each employee who performs work while on a
designed by a registered professional engineer, and shall be constructed and scaffold trained by a person qualified in the subject matter to recognize the
loaded in accordance with such design. hazards associated with the type of scaffold being used and to understand the
(w) Mobile scaffolds. procedures to control or minimize those hazards. The training shall include
(1) Scaffolds shall be braced by cross, horizontal, or diagonal braces, or the following areas, as applicable:
combination thereof, to prevent racking or collapse of the scaffold and to se- (1) The nature of any electrical hazards, fall hazards and falling object haz-
cure vertical members together laterally so as to automatically square and ards in the work area;
align the vertical members. Scaffolds shall be plumb, level, and squared. All (2) The correct procedures for dealing with electrical hazards for erecting,
brace connections shall be secured. maintaining, and disassembling the fall protection systems and falling object
(i) Scaffolds constructed of tube and coupler components shall also comply protection systems being used;
with the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section; (3) The proper use of the scaffold and the proper handling of materials on
(ii) Scaffolds constructed of fabricated frame components shall also comply the scaffold;
with the requirements of paragraph (c) of this section. (4) The maximum intended load and the load-carrying capacities of the
(2) Scaffold casters and wheels shall be locked with positive wheel and/or scaffolds used; and
wheel and swivel locks, or equivalent means, to prevent movement of the (5) Any other pertinent requirements of this subpart.
scaffold while the scaffold is used in a stationary manner. (b) The employer shall have each employee who is involved in erecting,
(3) Manual force used to move the scaffold shall be applied as close to the disassembling, moving, operating, repairing, maintaining, or inspecting a scaf-
base as practicable, but not more than 5 feet (1.5m) above the supporting fold trained by a competent person to recognize any hazards associated with
surface. the work in question. The training shall include the following topics, as appli-
(4) Power systems used to propel mobile scaffolds shall be designed for cable:
such use. Forklifts, trucks, similar motor vehicles or add-on motors shall not (1) The nature of scaffold hazards;
be used to propel scaffolds unless the scaffold is designed for such propulsion (2) The correct procedures for erecting, disassembling, moving, operating,
systems. repairing, inspecting, and maintaining the type of scaffold in question.
(5) Scaffolds shall be stabilized to prevent tipping during movement. (3) The design criteria, maximum intended load-carrying capacity and in-
(6) Employees shall not be allowed to ride on scaffolds unless the following tended use of the scaffold;
conditions exist: (4) Any other pertinent requirements of this subpart.
(i) The surface on which the scaffold is being moved is within 3 degrees of (c) When the employer has reason to believe that an employee lacks the
level, and free of pits, holes, and obstructions; skill or understanding needed for safe work involving the erection, use or dis-
(ii) The height to base width ratio of the scaffold during movement is two to mantling of scaffolds, the employer shall retrain each such employee so that
one or less, unless the scaffold is designed and constructed to meet or ex- the requisite proficiency is regained. Retraining is required in at least the
ceed nationally recognized stability test requirements such as those listed in following situations:
paragraph (x) of Appendix A to this subpart (ANSI/SIA A92.5 and A92.6); (1) Where changes at the worksite present a hazard about which an em-
(iii) Outrigger frames, when used, are installed on both sides of the scaffold; ployee has not been previously trained; or
(iv) When power systems are used, the propelling force is applied directly to (2) Where changes in the types of scaffolds, fall protection, falling object
the wheels, and does not produce a speed in excess of 1 foot per second protection, or other equipment present a hazard about which an employee
(.3mps) ; and has not been previously trained; or
(v) No employee is on any part of the scaffold which extends outward be- (3) Where inadequacies in an affected employee’s work involving scaffolds
yond the wheels, casters, or other supports. indicate that the employee has not retained the requisite proficiency.
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