This document discusses mechanical separations, specifically sedimentation. It begins by defining mechanical separation as using forces to separate particles from a fluid. Mechanical separations can be divided into four groups: sedimentation, centrifugal separation, filtration, and sieving. Sedimentation separates particles from a fluid using gravity forces. The key equations for calculating the terminal falling or settling velocity of particles in a fluid are presented, including the factors that influence particle settling rate like particle size, shape, density, fluid density, and drag coefficient.
This document discusses mechanical separations, specifically sedimentation. It begins by defining mechanical separation as using forces to separate particles from a fluid. Mechanical separations can be divided into four groups: sedimentation, centrifugal separation, filtration, and sieving. Sedimentation separates particles from a fluid using gravity forces. The key equations for calculating the terminal falling or settling velocity of particles in a fluid are presented, including the factors that influence particle settling rate like particle size, shape, density, fluid density, and drag coefficient.
This document discusses mechanical separations, specifically sedimentation. It begins by defining mechanical separation as using forces to separate particles from a fluid. Mechanical separations can be divided into four groups: sedimentation, centrifugal separation, filtration, and sieving. Sedimentation separates particles from a fluid using gravity forces. The key equations for calculating the terminal falling or settling velocity of particles in a fluid are presented, including the factors that influence particle settling rate like particle size, shape, density, fluid density, and drag coefficient.
This document discusses mechanical separations, specifically sedimentation. It begins by defining mechanical separation as using forces to separate particles from a fluid. Mechanical separations can be divided into four groups: sedimentation, centrifugal separation, filtration, and sieving. Sedimentation separates particles from a fluid using gravity forces. The key equations for calculating the terminal falling or settling velocity of particles in a fluid are presented, including the factors that influence particle settling rate like particle size, shape, density, fluid density, and drag coefficient.
MECHANICAL SEPARATIONS 3.1 Mechanical separation of particles from a fluid uses forces acting on these particles. So the separating action depends on the character of the particle being separated and the forces on the particle which cause the separation. Mechanical separations can be divided into four groups;
Mechanical Separation
Sedimentation Centrifugal Filtration Sieving
solid- Solid- Solid- Solid-
liquid Liquid Liquid Solid
liquid- liquid- liquid liquid
liquid-gas liquid-gas
solid -gas solid -gas
Gravity Force Centrifugal Force Pressure Force Gravity Force
Lecturer . Shymaa Ali Hameed 2013-2014
Unit OperatiOn
Sedimentation Introduction In setting and sedimentation the particle are separated from the fluid by gravitational forces acting on the particles . Free setting : when a particles is at a sufficient distance from the walls of the container and from other particles so that its fall is not affected by then .( The ratio of the particle dia. to the container dia. is less than 1/200 or if the particle cen. is less than 0.2vol % in the solid ) . Hindered setting : when the particles are crowded , the settle alower rate . The separation of a dilute slurry or suspension by gravity setting in a clear fluid and a slurry of higher solids content is called sedimentation . Gravitational sedimentation Reminal falling ( setting ) velocity of a particle Forces Balance : Fb Fd
Fg
gravitation Force = Bouyancy force + Dray force
Fg = Fb + Fd Lecturer . Shymaa Ali Hameed 2013-2014 Unit OperatiOn
= + .
( − ) = .
For spherical particle
= 4
( − ) = . 6 4 2
( ) = terminal falling ( setting )
velocity of spherical particle
where : Ut : terminal falling velocity ( m/s) Ds : dia. of solid particle A proj : projected area of solid particle (m2) : density of solid ( kg / m3 )
: density of fluid ( kg / m3 ) CD : dreg coeff. g : gravitational acc. ( m/ s2)
Lecturer . Shymaa Ali Hameed 2013-2014
Unit OperatiOn In the deriving the terminal falling velocity eq. it has been ass. a) That the setting is not affected by the presence of other particles in the fluid ( i.e. free setting ) . b) The walls of the container a enatexert an appreciable retarding effect . c) The fluid can be considered as a continuous modia .
CD is a function of Reynolds num. of particle (Re)p where :
(Re)p = ( Ut ds / µ )
For a flow of (Re)p < 0.2 around a spherical particle stokes
obtained the following formula from theoretical consideration =3 stokes law
Where :
. =3
. . =3
= → = for (Re)p < 0.2 ( )
Sub. Interminal velocity eq. gives
( ) = ( stokes eq. for steady streamline flow
past a sphere (Re)p < 0.2 )
Lecturer . Shymaa Ali Hameed 2013-2014
Unit OperatiOn For non – spherical particle , the terminal falling velocity eq. can be written in the modified formas
