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    Steps To Solve Power Flow Analysis: For Dummies: Example

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    Miluu86
    1. The steps to solve a power flow analysis problem are to: represent the system with a one-line diagram, convert quantities to per unit values, draw an impedance diagram, obtain the Ybus admittance matrix, classify buses, make initial assumptions, iterate to find approximations, write the Jacobian matrix, and solve iteratively until approximations converge. 2. Key steps include converting to per unit, obtaining the Ybus matrix, classifying bus types, making initial approximations, writing the Jacobian matrix, and iterating with the Newton Raphson method to find the missing voltage angles and magnitudes. 3. An example problem is worked through the steps, starting with initial approximations, finding mismatches, writing the Jacobian

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    Steps To Solve Power Flow Analysis: For Dummies: Example

    Uploaded by

    Miluu86
    70 views6 pages
    1. The steps to solve a power flow analysis problem are to: represent the system with a one-line diagram, convert quantities to per unit values, draw an impedance diagram, obtain the Ybus admittance matrix, classify buses, make initial assumptions, iterate to find approximations, write the Jacobian matrix, and solve iteratively until approximations converge. 2. Key steps include converting to per unit, obtaining the Ybus matrix, classifying bus types, making initial approximations, writing the Jacobian matrix, and iterating with the Newton Raphson method to find the missing voltage angles and magnitudes. 3. An example problem is worked through the steps, starting with initial approximations, finding mismatches, writing the Jacobian

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    1. The steps to solve a power flow analysis problem are to: represent the system with a one-line diagram, convert quantities to per unit values, draw an impedance diagram, obtain the Ybus admittance matrix, classify buses, make initial assumptions, iterate to find approximations, write the Jacobian matrix, and solve iteratively until approximations converge. 2. Key steps include converting to per unit, obtaining the Ybus matrix, classifying bus types, making initial approximations, writing the Jacobian matrix, and iterating with the Newton Raphson method to find the missing voltage angles and magnitudes. 3. An example problem is worked through the steps, starting with initial approximations, finding mismatches, writing the Jacobian

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    70 views6 pages

    Steps To Solve Power Flow Analysis: For Dummies: Example

    Uploaded by

    Miluu86
    1. The steps to solve a power flow analysis problem are to: represent the system with a one-line diagram, convert quantities to per unit values, draw an impedance diagram, obtain the Ybus admittance matrix, classify buses, make initial assumptions, iterate to find approximations, write the Jacobian matrix, and solve iteratively until approximations converge. 2. Key steps include converting to per unit, obtaining the Ybus matrix, classifying bus types, making initial approximations, writing the Jacobian matrix, and iterating with the Newton Raphson method to find the missing voltage angles and magnitudes. 3. An example problem is worked through the steps, starting with initial approximations, finding mismatches, writing the Jacobian

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    E&CE 261: Power Systems

    STEPS TO SOLVE POWER FLOW ANALYSIS: FOR DUMMIES


    1. Represent the system by its one line diagram
    The point of this is to just identify all the buses in the system and see how all the
    impedances relate between them. Label all the buses and write all the data that
    has been given. Normally, this diagram is already given.

    Example

    2. Convert all quantities to Per Unit


    Often, the values that we are given are not in per unit with respect to one common
    base value, so we need to find all the parameters that we are given with respect to
    one common base value. This base value we compute with respect to is normally
    explicitly specified, but if not we can assume one and move on.

    Example Cont.

    If we consider the above example, with V1 and V3 already given in per unit values and
    Sbase = 100 MVA

    In Bus 2: The base is: -(400 + j250)/100 = -4 – j2.5 pu à P2 = - 4 Q2 = - 2.5


    In Bus 3: The base us: +(200)/100 = 2 pu à P3 = 2

    3. Draw the Impedance Diagram


    Now that all the values have been expressed in terms of one common per unit
    base, we can represent the power system with inductors.

    - A Generator is represented with a source and an inductor, XL


    o The value of XL will always be given, but not in terms of the
    common per unit base value – we need to calculate the base value
    in step 2
    - Transmission Lines are represented by an impedance – we need to
    calculate the base value in step 2
    - A Motor is represented with a source and an inductor, XM
    o The value of XM will always be given, but not in terms of the
    common per unit base value – we need to calculate the base value
    in step 2
    - Transformers are represented by an inductor – we need to calculate the
    base value in step 2

    1
    E&CE 261: Power Systems

    Example Cont.

    In the example above we are not given enough data to find this step (We don’t know the
    voltage power, rated voltage, and inductance/impdedance)

    4. Obtain the Ybus matrix.


    We now need to find the relationships between all the bus lines. We need to
    calculate the self admittance and mutual admittance. For mutual admittance we
    multiply by negative 1.

    Example Cont.
    -1 -1
    Y11 = (0.02 + j0.04) + (0.01 + j0.03) = 20 –j50
    -1
    Y12 = Y21 = - [0.02 + j0.04] = -10 + j20
    -1
    Y13 = Y31 = - [0.01 + j0.03] = -10 + 30j
    -1 -1
    Y22 = (0.02 + j0.04) + (0.0125 + j0.025) = 26 – j52
    -1
    Y23 = Y32 = - [0.0125 + j0.025] = -16 + j32
    -1 -1
    Y33 = (0.01 + j0.03) + (0.0125 + j0.025) = 26 - j62

    Note:
    Y11 = - [Y12 + Y13]
    Y22 = - [Y12 + Y23]
    Y33 = - [Y23 + Y13]

    Putting this all together we get:

    IMPORTANT STEP: It is very useful to covert these values to polar form (|Vij|, θij):

    Note: Angles are in radians for this example, but for consistency use degrees.

    5. Classify the buses as follows:


    (Delta is the voltage angle)

    Bus Type Given Parameters Unknown Parameters


    Slack Bus V, δ P, Q

    Generator Bus P, |V| Q, δ

    Load Bus P, Q V, δ

    2
    E&CE 261: Power Systems

    6. Start answering the missing variables, by assumptions (unless it is specified


    otherwise):

    a. Slack, assume nothing


    b. Generator, assume δ = 0
    c. Load, assume V = 1 pu, δ = 0

    Example Cont.

    Given
    Required to
    Bus Number Type Given Unknown Parameters
    Approximate
    to Use
    1 Slack V1, δ1 P1, Q1 V1, δ1 -
    2 Load P2, Q2 |V2|, δ2 P2, Q2 |V2|, δ2
    3 Voltage P3, |V3| Q3, δ3 P3, |V3| δ3

    Assume (for now) that:


    |V2| = 1 pu
    δ2 = 0
    δ3 = 0
    7. Find approximations for the Real and Reactive Power that we are given, using the
    assumed and given values for voltage/angles/admittance. Find the difference in
    this with the value that was actually given.

    Example Cont.

    We now need equations for P2, Q2, and P3:

    We know all these parameters so we can solve for the first approximation of P2, P3, and
    Q2

    We find:
    P2 = -1.14
    P3 = 0.5616
    Q2 = -2.28

    Since we know P2, Q2, and P3, we can find ∆P2, ∆Q2, and ∆P3:

    3
    E&CE 261: Power Systems

    ∆value = Given Value – Approximated Value

    8. Write the Jacobian Matrix for the first iteration of the Newton Raphson Method.
    This is in the form:
    ∆values] = [Jacobian Matrix] * [∆
    [∆ ∆ for Unknown Parameters]

    Example Cont.
    So in this case we know ∆P2, ∆Q2, and ∆P3 and need to find the Jacobian partial
    derivatives for the unknown values: δ2, δ3, |V2|,
    So this means the Jacobian matrix is a 3x3 matrix, so we need to find 9 partial
    derivatives.
    We can do this as follows:

    4
    E&CE 261: Power Systems

    So we can now write the matrix as follows:

    9. Solve for the unknown differences, using Cramer’s Rule.

    Example Cont.

    We can solve for Solving for ∆δ2, ∆ δ3, ∆|V2| using Cramer’s Rule, we get:

    So we must now alter our previous approximations for δ2, δ3, |V2|

    Unknown Value new = Unknown Value old + Solved ∆Value

    10. We now need to repeat step 7 – 9 iteratively until we obtain an accurate value for
    the unknown differences as the à 0. Normally we only do 2 iterations. We then
    solve for all the other unknown parameters.

    Example Cont.

    Repeat Steps 7 – 9 for ∆δ2, ∆ δ3, ∆|V2|

    We find:

    So we still need to find Q3, Q1, and P1.


    We can do this as follows:

    5
    E&CE 261: Power Systems

    We have now fully solved the power system!

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