Kubernetes Tutorials

Tutorials
This section of the Kubernetes documentation contains tutorials. A tutorial

shows how to accomplish a goal that is larger than a single task. Typically a
tutorial has several sections, each of which has a sequence of steps. Before
walking through each tutorial, you may want to bookmark the Standardized
Glossary page for later references.
Basics
• Kubernetes Basics is an in-depth interactive tutorial that helps you
understand the Kubernetes system and try out some basic Kubernetes
features.
• Introduction to Kubernetes (edX)
• Hello Minikube
Configuration
• Configuring Redis Using a ConfigMap
Stateless Applications
• Exposing an External IP Address to Access an Application in a Cluster
• Example: Deploying PHP Guestbook application with Redis
Stateful Applications
• StatefulSet Basics
• Example: WordPress and MySQL with Persistent Volumes
• Example: Deploying Cassandra with Stateful Sets
• Running ZooKeeper, A CP Distributed System
Clusters
• AppArmor
Services
• Using Source IP
What's next
If you would like to write a tutorial, see Content Page Types for information
about the tutorial page type.
Hello Minikube
This tutorial shows you how to run a sample app on Kubernetes using
minikube and Katacoda. Katacoda provides a free, in-browser Kubernetes
environment.
Note: You can also follow this tutorial if you've installed minikube
locally. See minikube start for installation instructions.
Objectives
• Deploy a sample application to minikube.
• Run the app.
• View application logs.
Before you begin

This tutorial provides a container image that uses NGINX to echo back all
the requests.
Create a minikube cluster

1. Click Launch Terminal
Last modified October 22, 2020 at 3:27 PM PST: Fix links in tutorials
section (774594bf1)
Edit this page Create child page Create an issue
◦ Objectives
◦ Before you begin
◦ Create a minikube cluster
◦ Create a Deployment
◦ Create a Service
◦ Enable addons
◦ Clean up
◦ What's next
Learn Kubernetes Basics
Kubernetes Basics
This tutorial provides a walkthrough of the basics of the Kubernetes
cluster orchestration system. Each module contains some background
information on major Kubernetes features and concepts, and includes
an interactive online tutorial. These interactive tutorials let you manage
a simple cluster and its containerized applications for yourself.
Using the interactive tutorials, you can learn to:
◦ Deploy a containerized application on a cluster.

◦ Scale the deployment.
◦ Update the containerized application with a new software version.
◦ Debug the containerized application.
The tutorials use Katacoda to run a virtual terminal in your web

browser that runs Minikube, a small-scale local deployment of
Kubernetes that can run anywhere. There's no need to install any
software or configure anything; each interactive tutorial runs directly
out of your web browser itself.
What can Kubernetes do for you?

With modern web services, users expect applications to be available
24/7, and developers expect to deploy new versions of those
applications several times a day. Containerization helps package
software to serve these goals, enabling applications to be released and
updated in an easy and fast way without downtime. Kubernetes helps
you make sure those containerized applications run where and when
you want, and helps them find the resources and tools they need to
work. Kubernetes is a production-ready, open source platform designed
with Google's accumulated experience in container orchestration,
combined with best-of-breed ideas from the community.
Kubernetes Basics Modules
1. Create a Kubernetes cluster
2. Deploy an app
3. Explore your app
4. Expose your app publicly
5. Scale up your app
6. Update your app
Create a Cluster
Using Minikube to Create a Cluster
Interactive Tutorial - Creating a Cluster
Using Minikube to Create a

Cluster
Objectives
◦ Learn what a Kubernetes cluster is.
◦ Learn what Minikube is.
◦ Start a Kubernetes cluster using an online terminal.
Kubernetes Clusters
Kubernetes coordinates a highly available cluster of computers
that are connected to work as a single unit. The abstractions in
Kubernetes allow you to deploy containerized applications to a cluster
without tying them specifically to individual machines. To make use of
this new model of deployment, applications need to be packaged in a
way that decouples them from individual hosts: they need to be
containerized. Containerized applications are more flexible and
available than in past deployment models, where applications were
installed directly onto specific machines as packages deeply integrated
into the host. Kubernetes automates the distribution and
scheduling of application containers across a cluster in a more
efficient way. Kubernetes is an open-source platform and is
production-ready.
A Kubernetes cluster consists of two types of resources:
◦ The Master coordinates the cluster

◦ Nodes are the workers that run applications
Summary:
◦ Kubernetes cluster
◦ Minikube
Kubernetes is a production-grade, open-source platform that

orchestrates the placement (scheduling) and execution of application
containers within and across computer clusters.
Cluster Diagram
The Master is responsible for managing the cluster. The master

coordinates all activities in your cluster, such as scheduling
applications, maintaining applications' desired state, scaling
applications, and rolling out new updates.
A node is a VM or a physical computer that serves as a worker

machine in a Kubernetes cluster. Each node has a Kubelet, which is
an agent for managing the node and communicating with the
Kubernetes master. The node should also have tools for handling
container operations, such as containerd or Docker. A Kubernetes
cluster that handles production traffic should have a minimum of three
nodes.
Masters manage the cluster and the nodes that are used to host the
running applications.
When you deploy applications on Kubernetes, you tell the master to

start the application containers. The master schedules the containers to
run on the cluster's nodes. The nodes communicate with the master
using the Kubernetes API, which the master exposes. End users can
also use the Kubernetes API directly to interact with the cluster.
A Kubernetes cluster can be deployed on either physical or virtual

machines. To get started with Kubernetes development, you can use
Minikube. Minikube is a lightweight Kubernetes implementation that
creates a VM on your local machine and deploys a simple cluster
containing only one node. Minikube is available for Linux, macOS, and
Windows systems. The Minikube CLI provides basic bootstrapping
operations for working with your cluster, including start, stop, status,
and delete. For this tutorial, however, you'll use a provided online
terminal with Minikube pre-installed.
Now that you know what Kubernetes is, let's go to the online tutorial
and start our first cluster!
Start Interactive Tutorial â€º
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about how to use Kubernetes, ask it on Stack Overflow. Open an issue
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Interactive Tutorial - Creating a
Cluster
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from English docs (040afda42)
Deploy an App
Using kubectl to Create a Deployment
Interactive Tutorial - Deploying an App
Using kubectl to Create a

Deployment
Objectives
◦ Learn about application Deployments.
◦ Deploy your first app on Kubernetes with kubectl.
Kubernetes Deployments
Once you have a running Kubernetes cluster, you can deploy your
containerized applications on top of it. To do so, you create a
Kubernetes Deployment configuration. The Deployment instructs
Kubernetes how to create and update instances of your application.
Once you've created a Deployment, the Kubernetes master schedules
the application instances included in that Deployment to run on
individual Nodes in the cluster.
Once the application instances are created, a Kubernetes Deployment

Controller continuously monitors those instances. If the Node hosting
an instance goes down or is deleted, the Deployment controller
replaces the instance with an instance on another Node in the cluster.
This provides a self-healing mechanism to address machine
failure or maintenance.
In a pre-orchestration world, installation scripts would often be used to

start applications, but they did not allow recovery from machine failure.
By both creating your application instances and keeping them running
across Nodes, Kubernetes Deployments provide a fundamentally
different approach to application management.
Summary:
◦ Deployments
◦ Kubectl
A Deployment is responsible for creating and updating instances of

your application
Deploying your first app on Kubernetes
You can create and manage a Deployment by using the Kubernetes

command line interface, Kubectl. Kubectl uses the Kubernetes API to
interact with the cluster. In this module, you'll learn the most common
Kubectl commands needed to create Deployments that run your
applications on a Kubernetes cluster.
When you create a Deployment, you'll need to specify the container

image for your application and the number of replicas that you want to
run. You can change that information later by updating your
Deployment; Modules 5 and 6 of the bootcamp discuss how you can
scale and update your Deployments.
Applications need to be packaged into one of the supported container

formats in order to be deployed on Kubernetes
For your first Deployment, you'll use a Node.js application packaged in

a Docker container. (If you didn't already try creating a Node.js
application and deploying it using a container, you can do that first by
following the instructions from the Hello Minikube tutorial).
Now that you know what Deployments are, let's go to the online tutorial
and deploy our first app!
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Interactive Tutorial - Deploying

an App
Explore Your App
Viewing Pods and Nodes
Interactive Tutorial - Exploring Your App

Viewing Pods and Nodes
Objectives
◦ Learn about Kubernetes Pods.
◦ Learn about Kubernetes Nodes.
◦ Troubleshoot deployed applications.
Kubernetes Pods
When you created a Deployment in Module 2, Kubernetes created a
Pod to host your application instance. A Pod is a Kubernetes
abstraction that represents a group of one or more application
containers (such as Docker), and some shared resources for those
containers. Those resources include:
◦ Shared storage, as Volumes

◦ Networking, as a unique cluster IP address
◦ Information about how to run each container, such as the
container image version or specific ports to use
A Pod models an application-specific "logical host" and can contain

different application containers which are relatively tightly coupled. For
example, a Pod might include both the container with your Node.js app
as well as a different container that feeds the data to be published by
the Node.js webserver. The containers in a Pod share an IP Address and
port space, are always co-located and co-scheduled, and run in a shared
context on the same Node.
Pods are the atomic unit on the Kubernetes platform. When we create a
Deployment on Kubernetes, that Deployment creates Pods with
containers inside them (as opposed to creating containers directly).
Each Pod is tied to the Node where it is scheduled, and remains there
until termination (according to restart policy) or deletion. In case of a
Node failure, identical Pods are scheduled on other available Nodes in
the cluster.
Summary:
◦ Pods
◦ Nodes
◦ Kubectl main commands
A Pod is a group of one or more application containers (such as Docker)

and includes shared storage (volumes), IP address and information
about how to run them.
Pods overview
Nodes
A Pod always runs on a Node. A Node is a worker machine in
Kubernetes and may be either a virtual or a physical machine,
depending on the cluster. Each Node is managed by the Master. A Node
can have multiple pods, and the Kubernetes master automatically
handles scheduling the pods across the Nodes in the cluster. The
Master's automatic scheduling takes into account the available
resources on each Node.
Every Kubernetes Node runs at least:
◦ Kubelet, a process responsible for communication between the

Kubernetes Master and the Node; it manages the Pods and the
containers running on a machine.
◦ A container runtime (like Docker) responsible for pulling the
container image from a registry, unpacking the container, and
running the application.
Containers should only be scheduled together in a single Pod if they are

tightly coupled and need to share resources such as disk.
Node overview
Troubleshooting with kubectl
In Module 2, you used Kubectl command-line interface. You'll continue
to use it in Module 3 to get information about deployed applications
and their environments. The most common operations can be done with
the following kubectl commands:
◦ kubectl get - list resources

◦ kubectl describe - show detailed information about a resource
◦ kubectl logs - print the logs from a container in a pod
◦ kubectl exec - execute a command on a container in a pod
You can use these commands to see when applications were deployed,
what their current statuses are, where they are running and what their
configurations are.
Now that we know more about our cluster components and the
command line, let's explore our application.
A node is a worker machine in Kubernetes and may be a VM or physical

machine, depending on the cluster. Multiple Pods can run on one Node.
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Interactive Tutorial - Exploring

Your App
Expose Your App Publicly
Using a Service to Expose Your App
Interactive Tutorial - Exposing Your App
Using a Service to Expose Your

App
Objectives
◦ Learn about a Service in Kubernetes
◦ Understand how labels and LabelSelector objects relate to a
Service
◦ Expose an application outside a Kubernetes cluster using a Service
Overview of Kubernetes Services
Kubernetes Pods are mortal. Pods in fact have a lifecycle. When a
worker node dies, the Pods running on the Node are also lost. A
ReplicaSet might then dynamically drive the cluster back to desired
state via creation of new Pods to keep your application running. As
another example, consider an image-processing backend with 3
replicas. Those replicas are exchangeable; the front-end system should
not care about backend replicas or even if a Pod is lost and recreated.
That said, each Pod in a Kubernetes cluster has a unique IP address,
even Pods on the same Node, so there needs to be a way of
automatically reconciling changes among Pods so that your applications
continue to function.
A Service in Kubernetes is an abstraction which defines a logical set of

Pods and a policy by which to access them. Services enable a loose
coupling between dependent Pods. A Service is defined using YAML
(preferred) or JSON, like all Kubernetes objects. The set of Pods
targeted by a Service is usually determined by a LabelSelector (see
below for why you might want a Service without including selector in
the spec).
Although each Pod has a unique IP address, those IPs are not exposed
outside the cluster without a Service. Services allow your applications
to receive traffic. Services can be exposed in different ways by
specifying a type in the ServiceSpec:
◦ ClusterIP (default) - Exposes the Service on an internal IP in the

cluster. This type makes the Service only reachable from within
the cluster.
◦ NodePort - Exposes the Service on the same port of each selected
Node in the cluster using NAT. Makes a Service accessible from
outside the cluster using <NodeIP>:<NodePort>. Superset of
ClusterIP.
◦ LoadBalancer - Creates an external load balancer in the current
cloud (if supported) and assigns a fixed, external IP to the Service.
Superset of NodePort.
◦ ExternalName - Exposes the Service using an arbitrary name
(specified by externalName in the spec) by returning a CNAME
record with the name. No proxy is used. This type requires v1.7 or
higher of kube-dns.
More information about the different types of Services can be found in

the Using Source IP tutorial. Also see Connecting Applications with
Services.
Additionally, note that there are some use cases with Services that
involve not defining selector in the spec. A Service created without se
lector will also not create the corresponding Endpoints object. This
allows users to manually map a Service to specific endpoints. Another
possibility why there may be no selector is you are strictly using type:
ExternalName.
Summary
◦ Exposing Pods to external traffic
◦ Load balancing traffic across multiple Pods
◦ Using labels
A Kubernetes Service is an abstraction layer which defines a logical set

of Pods and enables external traffic exposure, load balancing and
service discovery for those Pods.
Services and Labels
Pod
Node
A Service routes traffic across a set of Pods. Services are the
abstraction that allow pods to die and replicate in Kubernetes without
impacting your application. Discovery and routing among dependent
Pods (such as the frontend and backend components in an application)
is handled by Kubernetes Services.
Services match a set of Pods using labels and selectors, a grouping

primitive that allows logical operation on objects in Kubernetes. Labels
are key/value pairs attached to objects and can be used in any number
of ways:
◦ Designate objects for development, test, and production

◦ Embed version tags
◦ Classify an object using tags
Labels can be attached to objects at creation time or later on. They can
be modified at any time. Let's expose our application now using a
Service and apply some labels.
Start Interactive Tutorialâ€º
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Interactive Tutorial - Exposing

Your App
Scale Your App
Running Multiple Instances of Your App
Interactive Tutorial - Scaling Your App
Running Multiple Instances of

Your App
Objectives
◦ Scale an app using kubectl.
Scaling an application
In the previous modules we created a Deployment, and then exposed it
publicly via a Service. The Deployment created only one Pod for
running our application. When traffic increases, we will need to scale
the application to keep up with user demand.
Scaling is accomplished by changing the number of replicas in a

Deployment
Summary:
◦ Scaling a Deployment
You can create from the start a Deployment with multiple instances
using the --replicas parameter for the kubectl create deployment
command
Scaling overview
1.
2.
Previous Next
Scaling out a Deployment will ensure new Pods are created and
scheduled to Nodes with available resources. Scaling will increase the
number of Pods to the new desired state. Kubernetes also supports
autoscaling of Pods, but it is outside of the scope of this tutorial.
Scaling to zero is also possible, and it will terminate all Pods of the
specified Deployment.
Running multiple instances of an application will require a way to

distribute the traffic to all of them. Services have an integrated load-
balancer that will distribute network traffic to all Pods of an exposed
Deployment. Services will monitor continuously the running Pods using
endpoints, to ensure the traffic is sent only to available Pods.
Scaling is accomplished by changing the number of replicas in a

Deployment.
Once you have multiple instances of an Application running, you would

be able to do Rolling updates without downtime. We'll cover that in the
next module. Now, let's go to the online terminal and scale our
application.
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Interactive Tutorial - Scaling

Your App
Update Your App
Performing a Rolling Update
Interactive Tutorial - Updating Your App
Performing a Rolling Update

Objectives
◦ Perform a rolling update using kubectl.
Updating an application
Users expect applications to be available all the time and developers
are expected to deploy new versions of them several times a day. In
Kubernetes this is done with rolling updates. Rolling updates allow
Deployments' update to take place with zero downtime by
incrementally updating Pods instances with new ones. The new Pods
will be scheduled on Nodes with available resources.
In the previous module we scaled our application to run multiple

instances. This is a requirement for performing updates without
affecting application availability. By default, the maximum number of
Pods that can be unavailable during the update and the maximum
number of new Pods that can be created, is one. Both options can be
configured to either numbers or percentages (of Pods). In Kubernetes,
updates are versioned and any Deployment update can be reverted to a
previous (stable) version.
Summary:
◦ Updating an app
Rolling updates allow Deployments' update to take place with zero

downtime by incrementally updating Pods instances with new ones.
Rolling updates overview

1.
2.
3.
4.
Previous Next
Similar to application Scaling, if a Deployment is exposed publicly, the

Service will load-balance the traffic only to available Pods during the
update. An available Pod is an instance that is available to the users of
the application.
Rolling updates allow the following actions:
◦ Promote an application from one environment to another (via

container image updates)
◦ Rollback to previous versions
◦ Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery of applications
with zero downtime
If a Deployment is exposed publicly, the Service will load-balance the

traffic only to available Pods during the update.
In the following interactive tutorial, we'll update our application to a

new version, and also perform a rollback.
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Interactive Tutorial - Updating

Your App
Configuration
Example: Configuring a Java Microservice
Configuring Redis using a ConfigMap
Example: Configuring a Java

Microservice
Externalizing config using MicroProfile, ConfigMaps and Secrets
Interactive Tutorial - Configuring a Java Microservice

Externalizing config using
MicroProfile, ConfigMaps and
Secrets
In this tutorial you will learn how and why to externalize your
microservice's configuration. Specifically, you will learn how to use
Kubernetes ConfigMaps and Secrets to set environment variables and
then consume them using MicroProfile Config.
Before you begin

Creating Kubernetes ConfigMaps & Secrets
There are several ways to set environment variables for a Docker
container in Kubernetes, including: Dockerfile, kubernetes.yml,
Kubernetes ConfigMaps, and Kubernetes Secrets. In the tutorial, you
will learn how to use the latter two for setting your environment
variables whose values will be injected into your microservices. One of
the benefits for using ConfigMaps and Secrets is that they can be re-
used across multiple containers, including being assigned to different
environment variables for the different containers.
ConfigMaps are API Objects that store non-confidential key-value pairs.

In the Interactive Tutorial you will learn how to use a ConfigMap to
store the application's name. For more information regarding
ConfigMaps, you can find the documentation here.
Although Secrets are also used to store key-value pairs, they differ from
ConfigMaps in that they're intended for confidential/sensitive
information and are stored using Base64 encoding. This makes secrets
the appropriate choice for storing such things as credentials, keys, and
tokens, the former of which you'll do in the Interactive Tutorial. For
more information on Secrets, you can find the documentation here.
Externalizing Config from Code

Externalized application configuration is useful because configuration
usually changes depending on your environment. In order to
accomplish this, we'll use Java's Contexts and Dependency Injection
(CDI) and MicroProfile Config. MicroProfile Config is a feature of
MicroProfile, a set of open Java technologies for developing and
deploying cloud-native microservices.
CDI provides a standard dependency injection capability enabling an

application to be assembled from collaborating, loosely-coupled beans.
MicroProfile Config provides apps and microservices a standard way to
obtain config properties from various sources, including the
application, runtime, and environment. Based on the source's defined
priority, the properties are automatically combined into a single set of
properties that the application can access via an API. Together, CDI &
MicroProfile will be used in the Interactive Tutorial to retrieve the
externally provided properties from the Kubernetes ConfigMaps and
Secrets and get injected into your application code.
Many open source frameworks and runtimes implement and support

MicroProfile Config. Throughout the interactive tutorial, you'll be using
Open Liberty, a flexible open-source Java runtime for building and
running cloud-native apps and microservices. However, any
MicroProfile compatible runtime could be used instead.
Objectives
◦ Create a Kubernetes ConfigMap and Secret
◦ Inject microservice configuration using MicroProfile Config
Example: Externalizing config using

MicroProfile, ConfigMaps and Secrets
Start Interactive Tutorial
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▪ Creating Kubernetes ConfigMaps & Secrets
▪ Externalizing Config from Code
◦ Objectives
◦ Example: Externalizing config using MicroProfile, ConfigMaps and
Secrets
▪ Start Interactive Tutorial
Interactive Tutorial -
Configuring a Java Microservice
Last modified October 06, 2020 at 2:03 PM PST: Update katacoda id to
kubernetes-bootcamp (ecba51d73)
Configuring Redis using a

ConfigMap
This page provides a real world example of how to configure Redis
using a ConfigMap and builds upon the Configure Containers Using a
ConfigMap task.
Objectives
◦ Create a kustomization.yaml file containing:
▪ a ConfigMap generator
▪ a Pod resource config using the ConfigMap
◦ Apply the directory by running kubectl apply -k ./
◦ Verify that the configuration was correctly applied.
Before you begin

You need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line
tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. If you do not
already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can
use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:
◦ Katacoda
◦ Play with Kubernetes
To check the version, enter kubectl version.
◦ The example shown on this page works with kubectl 1.14 and
above.
◦ Understand Configure Containers Using a ConfigMap.
Real World Example: Configuring Redis

using a ConfigMap
You can follow the steps below to configure a Redis cache using data
stored in a ConfigMap.
First create a kustomization.yaml containing a ConfigMap from the re
dis-config file:
pods/config/redis-config
maxmemory 2mb
maxmemory-policy allkeys-lru
curl -OL https://k8s.io/examples/pods/config/redis-config
cat <<EOF >./kustomization.yaml

configMapGenerator:
- name: example-redis-config
files:
- redis-config
EOF
Add the pod resource config to the kustomization.yaml:
pods/config/redis-pod.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: redis
spec:
containers:
- name: redis
image: redis:5.0.4
command:
- redis-server
- "/redis-master/redis.conf"
env:
- name: MASTER
value: "true"
ports:
- containerPort: 6379
resources:
limits:
cpu: "0.1"
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /redis-master-data
name: data
- mountPath: /redis-master
name: config
volumes:
- name: data
emptyDir: {}
- name: config
configMap:
name: example-redis-config
items:
- key: redis-config
path: redis.conf
curl -OL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/

website/master/content/en/examples/pods/config/redis-pod.yaml
cat <<EOF >>./kustomization.yaml

resources:
- redis-pod.yaml
EOF
Apply the kustomization directory to create both the ConfigMap and

Pod objects:
kubectl apply -k .
Examine the created objects by
> kubectl get -k .

NAME DATA AGE
configmap/example-redis-config-dgh9dg555m 1 52s
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE

pod/redis 1/1 Running 0 52s
In the example, the config volume is mounted at /redis-master. It uses

path to add the redis-config key to a file named redis.conf. The file
path for the redis config, therefore, is /redis-master/redis.conf. This
is where the image will look for the config file for the redis master.
Use kubectl exec to enter the pod and run the redis-cli tool to
verify that the configuration was correctly applied:
kubectl exec -it redis -- redis-cli

127.0.0.1:6379> CONFIG GET maxmemory
1) "maxmemory"
2) "2097152"
127.0.0.1:6379> CONFIG GET maxmemory-policy
1) "maxmemory-policy"
2) "allkeys-lru"
Delete the created pod:
kubectl delete pod redis
What's next
◦ Learn more about ConfigMaps.
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◦ Objectives
◦ Real World Example: Configuring Redis using a ConfigMap
◦ What's next
Stateless Applications
Exposing an External IP Address to Access an Application in a Cluster
Example: Deploying PHP Guestbook application with Redis
Example: Add logging and metrics to the PHP / Redis Guestbook example
Exposing an External IP Address

to Access an Application in a
Cluster
This page shows how to create a Kubernetes Service object that
exposes an external IP address.
Before you begin
◦ Install kubectl.
◦ Use a cloud provider like Google Kubernetes Engine or Amazon
Web Services to create a Kubernetes cluster. This tutorial creates
an external load balancer, which requires a cloud provider.
◦ Configure kubectl to communicate with your Kubernetes API
server. For instructions, see the documentation for your cloud
provider.
Objectives
◦ Run five instances of a Hello World application.
◦ Create a Service object that exposes an external IP address.
◦ Use the Service object to access the running application.
Creating a service for an application

running in five pods
1. Run a Hello World application in your cluster:
service/load-balancer-example.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
labels:
app.kubernetes.io/name: load-balancer-example
name: hello-world
spec:
replicas: 5
selector:
matchLabels:
template:
metadata:
labels:
spec:
containers:
- image: gcr.io/google-samples/node-hello:1.0
name: hello-world
ports:
kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/service/load-

balancer-example.yaml
The preceding command creates a Deployment and an associated
ReplicaSet. The ReplicaSet has five Pods each of which runs the
Hello World application.
2. Display information about the Deployment:
kubectl get deployments hello-world

kubectl describe deployments hello-world
3. Display information about your ReplicaSet objects:
kubectl get replicasets

kubectl describe replicasets
4. Create a Service object that exposes the deployment:
kubectl expose deployment hello-world --type=LoadBalance

r --name=my-service
5. Display information about the Service:
kubectl get services my-service
The output is similar to:
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-

IP PORT(S) AGE
my-service LoadBalancer 10.3.245.137
104.198.205.71 8080/TCP 54s
Note: The type=LoadBalancer service is backed by

external cloud providers, which is not covered in this
example, please refer to this page for the details.
Note: If the external IP address is shown as <pending>,

wait for a minute and enter the same command again.
6. Display detailed information about the Service:
kubectl describe services my-service
Name: my-service
Namespace: default
Labels: app.kubernetes.io/name=load-balancer-
example
Annotations: <none>
Selector: app.kubernetes.io/name=load-balancer-
example
Type: LoadBalancer
IP: 10.3.245.137
LoadBalancer Ingress: 104.198.205.71
Port: <unset> 8080/TCP
NodePort: <unset> 32377/TCP
Endpoints:
10.0.0.6:8080,10.0.1.6:8080,10.0.1.7:8080 + 2 more...
Session Affinity: None
Events: <none>
Make a note of the external IP address (LoadBalancer Ingress)

exposed by your service. In this example, the external IP address
is 104.198.205.71. Also note the value of Port and NodePort. In
this example, the Port is 8080 and the NodePort is 32377.
7. In the preceding output, you can see that the service has several
endpoints: 10.0.0.6:8080,10.0.1.6:8080,10.0.1.7:8080 + 2 more.
These are internal addresses of the pods that are running the
Hello World application. To verify these are pod addresses, enter
this command:
kubectl get pods --output=wide
NAME ... IP NODE

hello-world-2895499144-1jaz9 ... 10.0.1.6 gke-
cluster-1-default-pool-e0b8d269-1afc
hello-world-2895499144-2e5uh ... 10.0.1.8 gke-
hello-world-2895499144-9m4h1 ... 10.0.0.6 gke-
cluster-1-default-pool-e0b8d269-5v7a
hello-world-2895499144-o4z13 ... 10.0.1.7 gke-
hello-world-2895499144-segjf ... 10.0.2.5 gke-
cluster-1-default-pool-e0b8d269-cpuc
8. Use the external IP address (LoadBalancer Ingress) to access the

Hello World application:
curl http://<external-ip>:<port>
where <external-ip> is the external IP address (LoadBalancer

Ingress) of your Service, and <port> is the value of Port in your
Service description. If you are using minikube, typing minikube
service my-service will automatically open the Hello World
application in a browser.
The response to a successful request is a hello message:
Hello Kubernetes!
Cleaning up
To delete the Service, enter this command:
kubectl delete services my-service

To delete the Deployment, the ReplicaSet, and the Pods that are
running the Hello World application, enter this command:
kubectl delete deployment hello-world
What's next
Learn more about connecting applications with services.
Feedback
Yes No

improvement.
Last modified December 15, 2020 at 11:09 AM PST: minor formatting

updates (9069d2b12)
◦ Objectives
◦ Creating a service for an application running in five pods
◦ Cleaning up
◦ What's next
Example: Deploying PHP

Guestbook application with
Redis
This tutorial shows you how to build and deploy a simple, multi-tier web
application using Kubernetes and Docker. This example consists of the
following components:
◦ A single-instance Redis master to store guestbook entries

◦ Multiple replicated Redis instances to serve reads
◦ Multiple web frontend instances
Objectives
◦ Start up a Redis master.
◦ Start up Redis slaves.
◦ Start up the guestbook frontend.
◦ Expose and view the Frontend Service.
◦ Clean up.
Before you begin

◦ Katacoda
Start up the Redis Master
The guestbook application uses Redis to store its data. It writes its data
to a Redis master instance and reads data from multiple Redis slave
instances.
Creating the Redis Master Deployment
The manifest file, included below, specifies a Deployment controller

that runs a single replica Redis master Pod.
application/guestbook/redis-master-deployment.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1 # for versions before 1.9.0 use apps/

v1beta2
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: redis-master
labels:
app: redis
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: redis
role: master
tier: backend
replicas: 1
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: redis
role: master
tier: backend
spec:
containers:
- name: master
image: k8s.gcr.io/redis:e2e # or just image: redis
resources:
requests:
cpu: 100m
memory: 100Mi
ports:
1. Launch a terminal window in the directory you downloaded the

manifest files.
2. Apply the Redis Master Deployment from the redis-master-

deployment.yaml file:
kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/application/

guestbook/redis-master-deployment.yaml
3. Query the list of Pods to verify that the Redis Master Pod is
running:
kubectl get pods
The response should be similar to this:
NAME READY STATUS

RESTARTS AGE
redis-master-1068406935-3lswp 1/1 Running 0
28s
4. Run the following command to view the logs from the Redis
Master Pod:
kubectl logs -f POD-NAME
Note: Replace POD-NAME with the name of your Pod.
Creating the Redis Master Service
The guestbook application needs to communicate to the Redis master

to write its data. You need to apply a Service to proxy the traffic to the
Redis master Pod. A Service defines a policy to access the Pods.
application/guestbook/redis-master-service.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: redis-master
labels:
app: redis
role: master
tier: backend
spec:
ports:
- name: redis
port: 6379
targetPort: 6379
selector:
app: redis
role: master
tier: backend
1. Apply the Redis Master Service from the following redis-master-

service.yaml file:

guestbook/redis-master-service.yaml
2. Query the list of Services to verify that the Redis Master Service is
running:
kubectl get service
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP

PORT(S) AGE
kubernetes ClusterIP 10.0.0.1 <none>
443/TCP 1m
redis-master ClusterIP 10.0.0.151 <none>
6379/TCP 8s
Note: This manifest file creates a Service named redis-

master with a set of labels that match the labels previously
defined, so the Service routes network traffic to the Redis
master Pod.
Start up the Redis Slaves
Although the Redis master is a single pod, you can make it highly
available to meet traffic demands by adding replica Redis slaves.
Creating the Redis Slave Deployment

Deployments scale based off of the configurations set in the manifest
file. In this case, the Deployment object specifies two replicas.
If there are not any replicas running, this Deployment would start the
two replicas on your container cluster. Conversely, if there are more
than two replicas running, it would scale down until two replicas are
running.
application/guestbook/redis-slave-deployment.yaml

v1beta2
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: redis-slave
labels:
app: redis
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: redis
role: slave
tier: backend
replicas: 2
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: redis
role: slave
tier: backend
spec:
containers:
- name: slave
image: gcr.io/google_samples/gb-redisslave:v3
resources:
requests:
cpu: 100m
memory: 100Mi
env:
- name: GET_HOSTS_FROM
value: dns
# Using `GET_HOSTS_FROM=dns` requires your cluster
to
# provide a dns service. As of Kubernetes 1.3, DNS
is a built-in
# service launched automatically. However, if the
cluster you are using
# does not have a built-in DNS service, you can
instead
# access an environment variable to find the master
# service's host. To do so, comment out the
'value: dns' line above, and
# uncomment the line below:
# value: env
ports:
1. Apply the Redis Slave Deployment from the redis-slave-


guestbook/redis-slave-deployment.yaml
2. Query the list of Pods to verify that the Redis Slave Pods are
running:
kubectl get pods
NAME READY
STATUS RESTARTS AGE
redis-master-1068406935-3lswp 1/1
Running 0 1m
redis-slave-2005841000-fpvqc 0/1
ContainerCreating 0 6s
redis-slave-2005841000-phfv9 0/1
ContainerCreating 0 6s
Creating the Redis Slave Service
The guestbook application needs to communicate to Redis slaves to

read data. To make the Redis slaves discoverable, you need to set up a
Service. A Service provides transparent load balancing to a set of Pods.
application/guestbook/redis-slave-service.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: redis-slave
labels:
app: redis
role: slave
tier: backend
spec:
ports:
- port: 6379
selector:
app: redis
role: slave
tier: backend
1. Apply the Redis Slave Service from the following redis-slave-

service.yaml file:

guestbook/redis-slave-service.yaml
2. Query the list of Services to verify that the Redis slave service is
running:
kubectl get services

PORT(S) AGE
443/TCP 2m
6379/TCP 1m
redis-slave ClusterIP 10.0.0.223 <none>
6379/TCP 6s
Set up and Expose the Guestbook Frontend
The guestbook application has a web frontend serving the HTTP

requests written in PHP. It is configured to connect to the redis-
master Service for write requests and the redis-slave service for
Read requests.
Creating the Guestbook Frontend Deployment

application/guestbook/frontend-deployment.yaml

v1beta2
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: frontend
labels:
app: guestbook
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: guestbook
tier: frontend
replicas: 3
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: guestbook
tier: frontend
spec:
containers:
- name: php-redis
image: gcr.io/google-samples/gb-frontend:v4
resources:
requests:
cpu: 100m
memory: 100Mi
env:
- name: GET_HOSTS_FROM
value: dns
# Using `GET_HOSTS_FROM=dns` requires your cluster
to
# provide a dns service. As of Kubernetes 1.3, DNS
is a built-in
# service launched automatically. However, if the
cluster you are using
# does not have a built-in DNS service, you can
instead
# access an environment variable to find the master
# service's host. To do so, comment out the
'value: dns' line above, and
# uncomment the line below:
# value: env
ports:
- containerPort: 80
1. Apply the frontend Deployment from the frontend-


guestbook/frontend-deployment.yaml
2. Query the list of Pods to verify that the three frontend replicas are
running:
kubectl get pods -l app=guestbook -l tier=frontend
NAME READY STATUS

RESTARTS AGE
frontend-3823415956-dsvc5 1/1 Running
0 54s
frontend-3823415956-k22zn 1/1 Running
0 54s
frontend-3823415956-w9gbt 1/1 Running
0 54s
Creating the Frontend Service
The redis-slave and redis-master Services you applied are only

accessible within the container cluster because the default type for a
Service is ClusterIP. ClusterIP provides a single IP address for the set
of Pods the Service is pointing to. This IP address is accessible only
within the cluster.
If you want guests to be able to access your guestbook, you must

configure the frontend Service to be externally visible, so a client can
request the Service from outside the container cluster. Minikube can
only expose Services through NodePort.
Note: Some cloud providers, like Google Compute Engine or

Google Kubernetes Engine, support external load balancers.
If your cloud provider supports load balancers and you want
to use it, simply delete or comment out type: NodePort, and
uncomment type: LoadBalancer.
application/guestbook/frontend-service.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: frontend
labels:
app: guestbook
tier: frontend
spec:
# comment or delete the following line if you want to use
a LoadBalancer
type: NodePort
# if your cluster supports it, uncomment the following to
automatically create
# an external load-balanced IP for the frontend service.
# type: LoadBalancer
ports:
- port: 80
selector:
app: guestbook
tier: frontend
1. Apply the frontend Service from the frontend-service.yaml file:

guestbook/frontend-service.yaml
2. Query the list of Services to verify that the frontend Service is

running:
kubectl get services

PORT(S) AGE
frontend NodePort 10.0.0.112 <none>
80:31323/TCP 6s
443/TCP 4m
6379/TCP 2m
redis-slave ClusterIP 10.0.0.223 <none>
6379/TCP 1m
Viewing the Frontend Service via NodePort
If you deployed this application to Minikube or a local cluster, you need

to find the IP address to view your Guestbook.
1. Run the following command to get the IP address for the frontend
Service.
minikube service frontend --url
http://192.168.99.100:31323
2. Copy the IP address, and load the page in your browser to view
your guestbook.
Viewing the Frontend Service via LoadBalancer
If you deployed the frontend-service.yaml manifest with type: LoadB

alancer you need to find the IP address to view your Guestbook.
1. Run the following command to get the IP address for the frontend
Service.
kubectl get service frontend

IP PORT(S) AGE
frontend ClusterIP 10.51.242.136
109.197.92.229 80:32372/TCP 1m
2. Copy the external IP address, and load the page in your browser to
view your guestbook.
Scale the Web Frontend
Scaling up or down is easy because your servers are defined as a

Service that uses a Deployment controller.
1. Run the following command to scale up the number of frontend

Pods:
kubectl scale deployment frontend --replicas=5
2. Query the list of Pods to verify the number of frontend Pods

running:
kubectl get pods
The response should look similar to this:
NAME READY STATUS

RESTARTS AGE
frontend-3823415956-70qj5 1/1 Running
0 5s
frontend-3823415956-dsvc5 1/1 Running
0 54m
0 54m
0 54m
frontend-3823415956-x2pld 1/1 Running
0 5s
redis-master-1068406935-3lswp 1/1 Running
0 56m
redis-slave-2005841000-fpvqc 1/1 Running
0 55m
redis-slave-2005841000-phfv9 1/1 Running
0 55m
3. Run the following command to scale down the number of frontend

Pods:
kubectl scale deployment frontend --replicas=2
4. Query the list of Pods to verify the number of frontend Pods

running:
kubectl get pods
The response should look similar to this:
NAME READY STATUS

RESTARTS AGE
0 1h
0 1h
redis-master-1068406935-3lswp 1/1 Running
0 1h
redis-slave-2005841000-fpvqc 1/1 Running
0 1h
redis-slave-2005841000-phfv9 1/1 Running
0 1h
Cleaning up
Deleting the Deployments and Services also deletes any running Pods.
Use labels to delete multiple resources with one command.
1. Run the following commands to delete all Pods, Deployments, and

Services.
kubectl delete deployment -l app=redis

kubectl delete service -l app=redis
kubectl delete deployment -l app=guestbook
kubectl delete service -l app=guestbook
The responses should be:
deployment.apps "redis-master" deleted

deployment.apps "redis-slave" deleted
service "redis-master" deleted
service "redis-slave" deleted
deployment.apps "frontend" deleted
service "frontend" deleted
2. Query the list of Pods to verify that no Pods are running:
kubectl get pods
The response should be this:

No resources found.
What's next
◦ Add ELK logging and monitoring to your Guestbook application
◦ Complete the Kubernetes Basics Interactive Tutorials
◦ Use Kubernetes to create a blog using Persistent Volumes for
MySQL and Wordpress
◦ Read more about connecting applications
◦ Read more about Managing Resources
Feedback
Yes No

improvement.
Last modified August 07, 2020 at 12:05 PM PST: Fix links in tutorials
section (c7e297cca)
◦ Objectives
◦ Start up the Redis Master
▪ Creating the Redis Master Deployment
▪ Creating the Redis Master Service
◦ Start up the Redis Slaves
▪ Creating the Redis Slave Deployment
▪ Creating the Redis Slave Service
◦ Set up and Expose the Guestbook Frontend
▪ Creating the Guestbook Frontend Deployment
▪ Creating the Frontend Service
▪ Viewing the Frontend Service via NodePort
▪ Viewing the Frontend Service via LoadBalancer
◦ Scale the Web Frontend
◦ Cleaning up
◦ What's next
Example: Add logging and
metrics to the PHP / Redis
Guestbook example
This tutorial builds upon the PHP Guestbook with Redis tutorial.
Lightweight log, metric, and network data open source shippers, or
Beats, from Elastic are deployed in the same Kubernetes cluster as the
guestbook. The Beats collect, parse, and index the data into
Elasticsearch so that you can view and analyze the resulting
operational information in Kibana. This example consists of the
following components:
◦ A running instance of the PHP Guestbook with Redis tutorial

◦ Elasticsearch and Kibana
◦ Filebeat
◦ Metricbeat
◦ Packetbeat
Objectives
◦ Start up the PHP Guestbook with Redis.
◦ Install kube-state-metrics.
◦ Create a Kubernetes Secret.
◦ Deploy the Beats.
◦ View dashboards of your logs and metrics.
Before you begin

◦ Katacoda
Additionally you need:
◦ A running deployment of the PHP Guestbook with Redis tutorial.
◦ A running Elasticsearch and Kibana deployment. You can use

Elasticsearch Service in Elastic Cloud, run the downloaded files on
your workstation or servers, or the Elastic Helm Charts.
Start up the PHP Guestbook with Redis
This tutorial builds on the PHP Guestbook with Redis tutorial. If you
have the guestbook application running, then you can monitor that. If
you do not have it running then follow the instructions to deploy the
guestbook and do not perform the Cleanup steps. Come back to this
page when you have the guestbook running.
Add a Cluster role binding
Create a cluster level role binding so that you can deploy kube-state-
metrics and the Beats at the cluster level (in kube-system).
kubectl create clusterrolebinding cluster-admin-binding \

--clusterrole=cluster-admin --user=<your email associated
with the k8s provider account>
Install kube-state-metrics
Kubernetes kube-state-metrics is a simple service that listens to the

Kubernetes API server and generates metrics about the state of the
objects. Metricbeat reports these metrics. Add kube-state-metrics to
the Kubernetes cluster that the guestbook is running in.
git clone https://github.com/kubernetes/kube-state-

metrics.git kube-state-metrics
kubectl apply -f kube-state-metrics/examples/standard
Check to see if kube-state-metrics is running
kubectl get pods --namespace=kube-system -l

app.kubernetes.io/name=kube-state-metrics
Output:
NAME READY STATUS

RESTARTS AGE
kube-state-metrics-89d656bf8-vdthm 1/1 Running
0 21s
Clone the Elastic examples GitHub repo
git clone https://github.com/elastic/examples.git
The rest of the commands will reference files in the examples/beats-

k8s-send-anywhere directory, so change dir there:
cd examples/beats-k8s-send-anywhere
Create a Kubernetes Secret
A Kubernetes Secret is an object that contains a small amount of

sensitive data such as a password, a token, or a key. Such information
might otherwise be put in a Pod specification or in an image; putting it
in a Secret object allows for more control over how it is used, and
reduces the risk of accidental exposure.
Note: There are two sets of steps here, one for self managed
Elasticsearch and Kibana (running on your servers or using
the Elastic Helm Charts), and a second separate set for the
managed service Elasticsearch Service in Elastic Cloud. Only
create the secret for the type of Elasticsearch and Kibana
system that you will use for this tutorial.
◦ Self Managed
◦ Managed service
Self managed
Switch to the Managed service tab if you are connecting to
Elasticsearch Service in Elastic Cloud.
Set the credentials

There are four files to edit to create a k8s secret when you are
connecting to self managed Elasticsearch and Kibana (self managed is
effectively anything other than the managed Elasticsearch Service in
Elastic Cloud). The files are:
1. ELASTICSEARCH_HOSTS
2. ELASTICSEARCH_PASSWORD
3. ELASTICSEARCH_USERNAME
4. KIBANA_HOST
Set these with the information for your Elasticsearch cluster and your
Kibana host. Here are some examples (also see this configuration)
ELASTICSEARCH_HOSTS
1. A nodeGroup from the Elastic Elasticsearch Helm Chart:
["http://elasticsearch-master.default.svc.cluster.local:
9200"]
2. A single Elasticsearch node running on a Mac where your Beats

are running in Docker for Mac:
["http://host.docker.internal:9200"]
3. Two Elasticsearch nodes running in VMs or on physical hardware:
["http://host1.example.com:9200", "http://
host2.example.com:9200"]
Edit ELASTICSEARCH_HOSTS:
vi ELASTICSEARCH_HOSTS
ELASTICSEARCH_PASSWORD
Just the password; no whitespace, quotes, < or >:
<yoursecretpassword>
Edit ELASTICSEARCH_PASSWORD:
vi ELASTICSEARCH_PASSWORD
ELASTICSEARCH_USERNAME
Just the username; no whitespace, quotes, < or >:
<your ingest username for Elasticsearch>
Edit ELASTICSEARCH_USERNAME:
vi ELASTICSEARCH_USERNAME
KIBANA_HOST
1. The Kibana instance from the Elastic Kibana Helm Chart. The
subdomain default refers to the default namespace. If you have
deployed the Helm Chart using a different namespace, then your
subdomain will be different:
"kibana-kibana.default.svc.cluster.local:5601"
2. A Kibana instance running on a Mac where your Beats are running

in Docker for Mac:
"host.docker.internal:5601"
3. Two Elasticsearch nodes running in VMs or on physical hardware:
"host1.example.com:5601"
Edit KIBANA_HOST:
vi KIBANA_HOST

This command creates a Secret in the Kubernetes system level
namespace (kube-system) based on the files you just edited:
kubectl create secret generic dynamic-logging \

--from-file=./ELASTICSEARCH_HOSTS \
--from-file=./ELASTICSEARCH_PASSWORD \
--from-file=./ELASTICSEARCH_USERNAME \
--from-file=./KIBANA_HOST \
--namespace=kube-system
Managed service
This tab is for Elasticsearch Service in Elastic Cloud only, if you have
already created a secret for a self managed Elasticsearch and Kibana
deployment, then continue with Deploy the Beats.
Set the credentials

There are two files to edit to create a Kubernetes Secret when you are
connecting to the managed Elasticsearch Service in Elastic Cloud. The
files are:
1. ELASTIC_CLOUD_AUTH
2. ELASTIC_CLOUD_ID
Set these with the information provided to you from the Elasticsearch
Service console when you created the deployment. Here are some
examples:
ELASTIC_CLOUD_ID
devk8s:ABC123def456ghi789jkl123mno456pqr789stu123vwx456yza789
bcd012efg345hijj678klm901nop345zEwOTJjMTc5YWQ0YzQ5OThlN2U5MjA
wYTg4NTIzZQ==
ELASTIC_CLOUD_AUTH
Just the username, a colon (:), and the password, no whitespace or

quotes:
elastic:VFxJJf9Tjwer90wnfTghsn8w
Edit the required files:

vi ELASTIC_CLOUD_ID
vi ELASTIC_CLOUD_AUTH

This command creates a Secret in the Kubernetes system level
namespace (kube-system) based on the files you just edited:
kubectl create secret generic dynamic-logging \

--from-file=./ELASTIC_CLOUD_ID \
--from-file=./ELASTIC_CLOUD_AUTH \
--namespace=kube-system
Deploy the Beats
Manifest files are provided for each Beat. These manifest files use the
secret created earlier to configure the Beats to connect to your
Elasticsearch and Kibana servers.
About Filebeat
Filebeat will collect logs from the Kubernetes nodes and the containers
running in each pod running on those nodes. Filebeat is deployed as a
DaemonSet. Filebeat can autodiscover applications running in your
Kubernetes cluster. At startup Filebeat scans existing containers and
launches the proper configurations for them, then it will watch for new
start/stop events.
Here is the autodiscover configuration that enables Filebeat to locate

and parse Redis logs from the Redis containers deployed with the
guestbook application. This configuration is in the file filebeat-
kubernetes.yaml:
- condition.contains:
kubernetes.labels.app: redis
config:
- module: redis
log:
input:
type: docker
containers.ids:
- ${data.kubernetes.container.id}
slowlog:
enabled: true
var.hosts: ["${data.host}:${data.port}"]
This configures Filebeat to apply the Filebeat module redis when a

container is detected with a label app containing the string redis. The
redis module has the ability to collect the log stream from the
container by using the docker input type (reading the file on the
Kubernetes node associated with the STDOUT stream from this Redis
container). Additionally, the module has the ability to collect Redis slow
log entries by connecting to the proper pod host and port, which is
provided in the container metadata.
Deploy Filebeat:
kubectl create -f filebeat-kubernetes.yaml
Verify
kubectl get pods -n kube-system -l k8s-app=filebeat-dynamic
About Metricbeat
Metricbeat autodiscover is configured in the same way as Filebeat.

Here is the Metricbeat autodiscover configuration for the Redis
containers. This configuration is in the file metricbeat-
kubernetes.yaml:
- condition.equals:
kubernetes.labels.tier: backend
config:
- module: redis
metricsets: ["info", "keyspace"]
period: 10s
# Redis hosts
hosts: ["${data.host}:${data.port}"]
This configures Metricbeat to apply the Metricbeat module redis when

a container is detected with a label tier equal to the string backend.
The redis module has the ability to collect the info and keyspace
metrics from the container by connecting to the proper pod host and
port, which is provided in the container metadata.
Deploy Metricbeat
kubectl create -f metricbeat-kubernetes.yaml
Verify
kubectl get pods -n kube-system -l k8s-app=metricbeat
About Packetbeat
Packetbeat configuration is different than Filebeat and Metricbeat.

Rather than specify patterns to match against container labels the
configuration is based on the protocols and port numbers involved.
Shown below is a subset of the port numbers.
Note: If you are running a service on a non-standard port add

that port number to the appropriate type in filebeat.yaml
and delete/create the Packetbeat DaemonSet.
packetbeat.interfaces.device: any
packetbeat.protocols:
- type: dns
ports: [53]
include_authorities: true
include_additionals: true
- type: http
ports: [80, 8000, 8080, 9200]
- type: mysql
ports: [3306]
- type: redis
ports: [6379]
packetbeat.flows:
timeout: 30s
period: 10s
Deploy Packetbeat
kubectl create -f packetbeat-kubernetes.yaml

Verify
kubectl get pods -n kube-system -l k8s-app=packetbeat-dynamic
View in Kibana
Open Kibana in your browser and then open the Dashboard

application. In the search bar type Kubernetes and click on the
Metricbeat dashboard for Kubernetes. This dashboard reports on the
state of your Nodes, deployments, etc.
Search for Packetbeat on the Dashboard page, and view the Packetbeat
overview.
Similarly, view dashboards for Apache and Redis. You will see
dashboards for logs and metrics for each. The Apache Metricbeat
dashboard will be blank. Look at the Apache Filebeat dashboard and
scroll to the bottom to view the Apache error logs. This will tell you why
there are no metrics available for Apache.
To enable Metricbeat to retrieve the Apache metrics, enable server-

status by adding a ConfigMap including a mod-status configuration file
and re-deploy the guestbook.
Scale your Deployments and see new pods

being monitored
List the existing Deployments:
kubectl get deployments
The output:
NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE

frontend 3/3 3 3 3h27m
redis-master 1/1 1 1 3h27m
redis-slave 2/2 2 2 3h27m
Scale the frontend down to two pods:

kubectl scale --replicas=2 deployment/frontend
The output:
deployment.extensions/frontend scaled
Scale the frontend back up to three pods:
kubectl scale --replicas=3 deployment/frontend
View the changes in Kibana
See the screenshot, add the indicated filters and then add the columns
to the view. You can see the ScalingReplicaSet entry that is marked,
following from there to the top of the list of events shows the image
being pulled, the volumes mounted, the pod starting, etc.
Cleaning up
Deleting the Deployments and Services also deletes any running Pods.
Use labels to delete multiple resources with one command.
1. Run the following commands to delete all Pods, Deployments, and

Services.
kubectl delete deployment -l app=redis

kubectl delete service -l app=redis
kubectl delete deployment -l app=guestbook
kubectl delete service -l app=guestbook
kubectl delete -f filebeat-kubernetes.yaml
kubectl delete -f metricbeat-kubernetes.yaml
kubectl delete -f packetbeat-kubernetes.yaml
kubectl delete secret dynamic-logging -n kube-system
2. Query the list of Pods to verify that no Pods are running:
kubectl get pods
The response should be this:
No resources found.
What's next
◦ Learn about tools for monitoring resources
◦ Read more about logging architecture
◦ Read more about application introspection and debugging
◦ Read more about troubleshoot applications
Feedback
Yes No

improvement.
Last modified October 22, 2020 at 11:54 AM PST: Tweak coding styles
for guestbook logging tutorial (cebcdf5fc)
◦ Objectives
◦ Start up the PHP Guestbook with Redis
◦ Add a Cluster role binding
◦ Install kube-state-metrics
▪ Check to see if kube-state-metrics is running
◦ Clone the Elastic examples GitHub repo
◦ Create a Kubernetes Secret
◦ Deploy the Beats
▪ About Filebeat
▪ Deploy Filebeat:
▪ About Metricbeat
▪ Deploy Metricbeat
▪ About Packetbeat
◦ View in Kibana
◦ Scale your Deployments and see new pods being monitored
◦ View the changes in Kibana
◦ Cleaning up
◦ What's next
Stateful Applications
StatefulSet Basics
Example: Deploying WordPress and MySQL with Persistent Volumes
Example: Deploying Cassandra with a StatefulSet
Running ZooKeeper, A Distributed System Coordinator
StatefulSet Basics
This tutorial provides an introduction to managing applications with
StatefulSets. It demonstrates how to create, delete, scale, and update
the Pods of StatefulSets.
Before you begin

Before you begin this tutorial, you should familiarize yourself with the
following Kubernetes concepts:
◦ Pods
◦ Cluster DNS
◦ Headless Services
◦ PersistentVolumes
◦ PersistentVolume Provisioning
◦ StatefulSets
◦ The kubectl command line tool
Note: This tutorial assumes that your cluster is configured to

dynamically provision PersistentVolumes. If your cluster is not
configured to do so, you will have to manually provision two 1
GiB volumes prior to starting this tutorial.
Objectives
StatefulSets are intended to be used with stateful applications and
distributed systems. However, the administration of stateful
applications and distributed systems on Kubernetes is a broad, complex
topic. In order to demonstrate the basic features of a StatefulSet, and
not to conflate the former topic with the latter, you will deploy a simple
web application using a StatefulSet.
After this tutorial, you will be familiar with the following.
◦ How to create a StatefulSet

◦ How a StatefulSet manages its Pods
◦ How to delete a StatefulSet
◦ How to scale a StatefulSet
◦ How to update a StatefulSet's Pods
Creating a StatefulSet
Begin by creating a StatefulSet using the example below. It is similar to
the example presented in the StatefulSets concept. It creates a
headless Service, nginx, to publish the IP addresses of Pods in the
StatefulSet, web.
application/web/web.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: nginx
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
ports:
- port: 80
name: web
clusterIP: None
selector:
app: nginx
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
name: web
spec:
serviceName: "nginx"
replicas: 2
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: k8s.gcr.io/nginx-slim:0.8
ports:
- containerPort: 80
name: web
volumeMounts:
- name: www
mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
volumeClaimTemplates:
- metadata:
name: www
spec:
accessModes: [ "ReadWriteOnce" ]
resources:
requests:
storage: 1Gi
Download the example above, and save it to a file named web.yaml
You will need to use two terminal windows. In the first terminal, use ku
bectl get to watch the creation of the StatefulSet's Pods.
kubectl get pods -w -l app=nginx
In the second terminal, use kubectl apply to create the headless

Service and StatefulSet defined in web.yaml.
kubectl apply -f web.yaml
service/nginx created
statefulset.apps/web created
The command above creates two Pods, each running an NGINX

webserver. Get the nginx Service...
kubectl get service nginx
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S)

AGE
nginx ClusterIP None <none> 80/TCP
12s
...then get the web StatefulSet, to verify that both were created
successfully:
kubectl get statefulset web
NAME DESIRED CURRENT AGE

web 2 1 20s
Ordered Pod Creation

For a StatefulSet with n replicas, when Pods are being deployed, they
are created sequentially, ordered from {0..n-1}. Examine the output of
the kubectl get command in the first terminal. Eventually, the output
will look like the example below.

web-0 0/1 Pending 0 0s
web-0 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s
web-0 1/1 Running 0 19s
Notice that the web-1 Pod is not launched until the web-0 Pod is
Running (see Pod Phase) and Ready (see type in Pod Conditions).
Pods in a StatefulSet
Pods in a StatefulSet have a unique ordinal index and a stable network
identity.
Examining the Pod's Ordinal Index

Get the StatefulSet's Pods:
kubectl get pods -l app=nginx

web-0 1/1 Running 0 1m
As mentioned in the StatefulSets concept, the Pods in a StatefulSet

have a sticky, unique identity. This identity is based on a unique ordinal
index that is assigned to each Pod by the StatefulSet controller.
The Pods' names take the form <statefulset name>-<ordinal
index>. Since the web StatefulSet has two replicas, it creates two Pods,
web-0 and web-1.
Using Stable Network Identities

Each Pod has a stable hostname based on its ordinal index. Use kubect
l exec to execute the hostname command in each Pod:
for i in 0 1; do kubectl exec "web-$i" -- sh -c 'hostname'; d

one
web-0
web-1
Use kubectl run to execute a container that provides the nslookup
command from the dnsutils package. Using nslookup on the Pods'
hostnames, you can examine their in-cluster DNS addresses:
kubectl run -i --tty --image busybox:1.28 dns-test --

restart=Never --rm
which starts a new shell. In that new shell, run:
# Run this in the dns-test container shell

nslookup web-0.nginx
Server: 10.0.0.10
Address 1: 10.0.0.10 kube-dns.kube-system.svc.cluster.local
Name: web-0.nginx
Address 1: 10.244.1.6
Server: 10.0.0.10
Name: web-1.nginx
Address 1: 10.244.2.6
(and now exit the container shell: exit)
The CNAME of the headless service points to SRV records (one for each
Pod that is Running and Ready). The SRV records point to A record
entries that contain the Pods' IP addresses.
In one terminal, watch the StatefulSet's Pods:
kubectl get pod -w -l app=nginx
In a second terminal, use kubectl delete to delete all the Pods in the
StatefulSet:
kubectl delete pod -l app=nginx
pod "web-0" deleted

pod "web-1" deleted
Wait for the StatefulSet to restart them, and for both Pods to transition
to Running and Ready:

Use kubectl exec and kubectl run to view the Pods' hostnames and
in-cluster DNS entries. First, view the Pods' hostnames:
for i in 0 1; do kubectl exec web-$i -- sh -c 'hostname'; don

e
web-0
web-1
then, run:
kubectl run -i --tty --image busybox:1.28 dns-test --

restart=Never --rm /bin/sh
which starts a new shell.

In that new shell, run:
# Run this in the dns-test container shell

Server: 10.0.0.10
Name: web-0.nginx
Address 1: 10.244.1.7
Server: 10.0.0.10
Name: web-1.nginx
Address 1: 10.244.2.8
(and now exit the container shell: exit)
The Pods' ordinals, hostnames, SRV records, and A record names have
not changed, but the IP addresses associated with the Pods may have
changed. In the cluster used for this tutorial, they have. This is why it is
important not to configure other applications to connect to Pods in a
StatefulSet by IP address.
If you need to find and connect to the active members of a StatefulSet,

you should query the CNAME of the headless Service (nginx.default.
svc.cluster.local). The SRV records associated with the CNAME will
contain only the Pods in the StatefulSet that are Running and Ready.
If your application already implements connection logic that tests for
liveness and readiness, you can use the SRV records of the Pods ( web-0
.nginx.default.svc.cluster.local, web-1.nginx.default.svc.clu
ster.local), as they are stable, and your application will be able to
discover the Pods' addresses when they transition to Running and
Ready.
Writing to Stable Storage

Get the PersistentVolumeClaims for web-0 and web-1:
kubectl get pvc -l app=nginx
NAME STATUS
VOLUME CAPACITY
ACCESSMODES AGE
www-web-0 Bound pvc-15c268c7-
b507-11e6-932f-42010a800002 1Gi RWO 48s
www-web-1 Bound pvc-15c79307-
b507-11e6-932f-42010a800002 1Gi RWO 48s
The StatefulSet controller created two PersistentVolumeClaims that are

bound to two PersistentVolumes.
As the cluster used in this tutorial is configured to dynamically

provision PersistentVolumes, the PersistentVolumes were created and
bound automatically.
The NGINX webserver, by default, serves an index file from /usr/

share/nginx/html/index.html. The volumeMounts field in the
StatefulSet's spec ensures that the /usr/share/nginx/html directory
is backed by a PersistentVolume.
Write the Pods' hostnames to their index.html files and verify that the
NGINX webservers serve the hostnames:
for i in 0 1; do kubectl exec "web-$i" -- sh -c 'echo "$

(hostname)" > /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html'; done
for i in 0 1; do kubectl exec -i -t "web-$i" -- curl http://

localhost/; done
web-0
web-1
Note:
If you instead see 403 Forbidden responses for the above

curl command, you will need to fix the permissions of the
directory mounted by the volumeMounts (due to a bug when
using hostPath volumes), by running:
for i in 0 1; do kubectl exec web-$i -- chmod 755 /
usr/share/nginx/html; done
before retrying the curl command above.
In a second terminal, delete all of the StatefulSet's Pods:
kubectl delete pod -l app=nginx
pod "web-0" deleted

pod "web-1" deleted
Examine the output of the kubectl get command in the first terminal,
and wait for all of the Pods to transition to Running and Ready.

Verify the web servers continue to serve their hostnames:

localhost/; done
web-0
web-1
Even though web-0 and web-1 were rescheduled, they continue to serve
their hostnames because the PersistentVolumes associated with their
PersistentVolumeClaims are remounted to their volumeMounts. No
matter what node web-0and web-1 are scheduled on, their
PersistentVolumes will be mounted to the appropriate mount points.
Scaling a StatefulSet
Scaling a StatefulSet refers to increasing or decreasing the number of
replicas. This is accomplished by updating the replicas field. You can
use either kubectl scale or kubectl patch to scale a StatefulSet.
Scaling Up
In one terminal window, watch the Pods in the StatefulSet:
In another terminal window, use kubectl scale to scale the number of

replicas to 5:
kubectl scale sts web --replicas=5
statefulset.apps/web scaled
Examine the output of the kubectl get command in the first terminal,
and wait for the three additional Pods to transition to Running and
Ready.

web-0 1/1 Running 0 2h
The StatefulSet controller scaled the number of replicas. As with

StatefulSet creation, the StatefulSet controller created each Pod
sequentially with respect to its ordinal index, and it waited for each
Pod's predecessor to be Running and Ready before launching the
subsequent Pod.
Scaling Down
In another terminal, use kubectl patch to scale the StatefulSet back

down to three replicas:
kubectl patch sts web -p '{"spec":{"replicas":3}}'

statefulset.apps/web patched
Wait for web-4 and web-3 to transition to Terminating.

web-4 1/1 Terminating 0 24s
Ordered Pod Termination

The controller deleted one Pod at a time, in reverse order with respect
to its ordinal index, and it waited for each to be completely shutdown
before deleting the next.
Get the StatefulSet's PersistentVolumeClaims:
kubectl get pvc -l app=nginx
NAME STATUS
VOLUME CAPACITY
ACCESSMODES AGE
www-web-0 Bound pvc-15c268c7-
b507-11e6-932f-42010a800002 1Gi RWO 13h
www-web-1 Bound pvc-15c79307-
b507-11e6-932f-42010a800002 1Gi RWO 13h
www-web-2 Bound pvc-e1125b27-
b508-11e6-932f-42010a800002 1Gi RWO 13h
www-web-3 Bound pvc-e1176df6-
b508-11e6-932f-42010a800002 1Gi RWO 13h
www-web-4 Bound pvc-e11bb5f8-
b508-11e6-932f-42010a800002 1Gi RWO 13h
There are still five PersistentVolumeClaims and five PersistentVolumes.

When exploring a Pod's stable storage, we saw that the
PersistentVolumes mounted to the Pods of a StatefulSet are not deleted
when the StatefulSet's Pods are deleted. This is still true when Pod
deletion is caused by scaling the StatefulSet down.
Updating StatefulSets
In Kubernetes 1.7 and later, the StatefulSet controller supports
automated updates. The strategy used is determined by the spec.updat
eStrategy field of the StatefulSet API Object. This feature can be used
to upgrade the container images, resource requests and/or limits,
labels, and annotations of the Pods in a StatefulSet. There are two valid
update strategies, RollingUpdate and OnDelete.
RollingUpdate update strategy is the default for StatefulSets.
Rolling Update
The RollingUpdate update strategy will update all Pods in a
StatefulSet, in reverse ordinal order, while respecting the StatefulSet
guarantees.
Patch the web StatefulSet to apply the RollingUpdate update strategy:
kubectl patch statefulset web -p '{"spec":{"updateStrategy":

{"type":"RollingUpdate"}}}'
In one terminal window, patch the web StatefulSet to change the

container image again:
kubectl patch statefulset web --type='json' -p='[{"op":

"replace", "path": "/spec/template/spec/containers/0/image",
"value":"gcr.io/google_containers/nginx-slim:0.8"}]'
In another terminal, watch the Pods in the StatefulSet:
kubectl get pod -l app=nginx -w
The output is simular to:

web-2 1/1 Terminating 0 8m
The Pods in the StatefulSet are updated in reverse ordinal order. The
StatefulSet controller terminates each Pod, and waits for it to transition
to Running and Ready prior to updating the next Pod. Note that, even
though the StatefulSet controller will not proceed to update the next
Pod until its ordinal successor is Running and Ready, it will restore any
Pod that fails during the update to its current version.
Pods that have already received the update will be restored to the
updated version, and Pods that have not yet received the update will be
restored to the previous version. In this way, the controller attempts to
continue to keep the application healthy and the update consistent in
the presence of intermittent failures.
Get the Pods to view their container images:
for p in 0 1 2; do kubectl get pod "web-$p" --template '{{ran

ge $i, $c := .spec.containers}}{{$c.image}}{{end}}'; echo; do
ne
k8s.gcr.io/nginx-slim:0.8
All the Pods in the StatefulSet are now running the previous container
image.
Note: You can also use kubectl rollout status sts/

<name> to view the status of a rolling update to a StatefulSet
Staging an Update
You can stage an update to a StatefulSet by using the partition

parameter of the RollingUpdate update strategy. A staged update will
keep all of the Pods in the StatefulSet at the current version while
allowing mutations to the StatefulSet's .spec.template.
Patch the web StatefulSet to add a partition to the updateStrategy

field:

{"type":"RollingUpdate","rollingUpdate":{"partition":3}}}}'
Patch the StatefulSet again to change the container's image:
kubectl patch statefulset web --type='json' -p='[{"op":

"replace", "path": "/spec/template/spec/containers/0/image",
"value":"k8s.gcr.io/nginx-slim:0.7"}]'
Delete a Pod in the StatefulSet:
kubectl delete pod web-2
pod "web-2" deleted
Wait for the Pod to be Running and Ready.

Get the Pod's container image:
kubectl get pod web-2 --template '{{range $i,

$c := .spec.containers}}{{$c.image}}{{end}}'
Notice that, even though the update strategy is RollingUpdate the

StatefulSet restored the Pod with its original container. This is because
the ordinal of the Pod is less than the partition specified by the updat
eStrategy.
Rolling Out a Canary
You can roll out a canary to test a modification by decrementing the par
tition you specified above.
Patch the StatefulSet to decrement the partition:

Wait for web-2 to be Running and Ready.

Get the Pod's container:

When you changed the partition, the StatefulSet controller

automatically updated the web-2 Pod because the Pod's ordinal was
greater than or equal to the partition.
Delete the web-1 Pod:
pod "web-1" deleted
Wait for the web-1 Pod to be Running and Ready.

Get the web-1 Pod's container image:

web-1 was restored to its original configuration because the Pod's

ordinal was less than the partition. When a partition is specified, all
Pods with an ordinal that is greater than or equal to the partition will
be updated when the StatefulSet's .spec.template is updated. If a Pod
that has an ordinal less than the partition is deleted or otherwise
terminated, it will be restored to its original configuration.
Phased Roll Outs
You can perform a phased roll out (e.g. a linear, geometric, or

exponential roll out) using a partitioned rolling update in a similar
manner to how you rolled out a canary. To perform a phased roll out,
set the partition to the ordinal at which you want the controller to
pause the update.
The partition is currently set to 2. Set the partition to 0:

Wait for all of the Pods in the StatefulSet to become Running and
Ready.

Get the container image details for the Pods in the StatefulSet:
for p in 0 1 2; do kubectl get pod "web-$p" --template '{{ran

ge $i, $c := .spec.containers}}{{$c.image}}{{end}}'; echo; do
ne
By moving the partition to 0, you allowed the StatefulSet to continue

the update process.
On Delete
The OnDelete update strategy implements the legacy (1.6 and prior)
behavior, When you select this update strategy, the StatefulSet
controller will not automatically update Pods when a modification is
made to the StatefulSet's .spec.template field. This strategy can be
selected by setting the .spec.template.updateStrategy.type to OnDe
lete.
Deleting StatefulSets
StatefulSet supports both Non-Cascading and Cascading deletion. In a
Non-Cascading Delete, the StatefulSet's Pods are not deleted when the
StatefulSet is deleted. In a Cascading Delete, both the StatefulSet and
its Pods are deleted.
Non-Cascading Delete
In one terminal window, watch the Pods in the StatefulSet.
Use kubectl delete to delete the StatefulSet. Make sure to supply the
--cascade=false parameter to the command. This parameter tells
Kubernetes to only delete the StatefulSet, and to not delete any of its
Pods.
kubectl delete statefulset web --cascade=false
statefulset.apps "web" deleted
Get the Pods, to examine their status:

Even though web has been deleted, all of the Pods are still Running and
Ready. Delete web-0:
pod "web-0" deleted
Get the StatefulSet's Pods:

As the web StatefulSet has been deleted, web-0 has not been
relaunched.
In one terminal, watch the StatefulSet's Pods.
In a second terminal, recreate the StatefulSet. Note that, unless you

deleted the nginx Service (which you should not have), you will see an
error indicating that the Service already exists.
service/nginx unchanged
Ignore the error. It only indicates that an attempt was made to create
the nginx headless Service even though that Service already exists.
Examine the output of the kubectl get command running in the first
terminal.

When the web StatefulSet was recreated, it first relaunched web-0.

Since web-1 was already Running and Ready, when web-0 transitioned
to Running and Ready, it simply adopted this Pod. Since you recreated
the StatefulSet with replicas equal to 2, once web-0 had been
recreated, and once web-1 had been determined to already be Running
and Ready, web-2 was terminated.
Let's take another look at the contents of the index.html file served by
the Pods' webservers:

localhost/; done
web-0
web-1
Even though you deleted both the StatefulSet and the web-0 Pod, it still
serves the hostname originally entered into its index.html file. This is
because the StatefulSet never deletes the PersistentVolumes associated
with a Pod. When you recreated the StatefulSet and it relaunched web-
0, its original PersistentVolume was remounted.
Cascading Delete
In one terminal window, watch the Pods in the StatefulSet.
In another terminal, delete the StatefulSet again. This time, omit the --
cascade=false parameter.
kubectl delete statefulset web
statefulset.apps "web" deleted
Examine the output of the kubectl get command running in the first
terminal, and wait for all of the Pods to transition to Terminating.

As you saw in the Scaling Down section, the Pods are terminated one at
a time, with respect to the reverse order of their ordinal indices. Before
terminating a Pod, the StatefulSet controller waits for the Pod's
successor to be completely terminated.
Note: Although a cascading delete removes a StatefulSet

together with its Pods, the cascade does not delete the
headless Service associated with the StatefulSet. You must
delete the nginx Service manually.
kubectl delete service nginx
service "nginx" deleted
Recreate the StatefulSet and headless Service one more time:
When all of the StatefulSet's Pods transition to Running and Ready,

retrieve the contents of their index.html files:

localhost/; done
web-0
web-1
Even though you completely deleted the StatefulSet, and all of its Pods,
the Pods are recreated with their PersistentVolumes mounted, and web-
0 and web-1 continue to serve their hostnames.
Finally, delete the nginx Service...
kubectl delete service nginx
service "nginx" deleted
...and the web StatefulSet:
kubectl delete statefulset web
statefulset "web" deleted

Pod Management Policy
For some distributed systems, the StatefulSet ordering guarantees are
unnecessary and/or undesirable. These systems require only
uniqueness and identity. To address this, in Kubernetes 1.7, we
introduced .spec.podManagementPolicy to the StatefulSet API Object.
OrderedReady Pod Management

OrderedReady pod management is the default for StatefulSets. It tells
the StatefulSet controller to respect the ordering guarantees
demonstrated above.
Parallel Pod Management

Parallel pod management tells the StatefulSet controller to launch or
terminate all Pods in parallel, and not to wait for Pods to become
Running and Ready or completely terminated prior to launching or
terminating another Pod.
application/web/web-parallel.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: nginx
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
ports:
- port: 80
name: web
clusterIP: None
selector:
app: nginx
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
name: web
spec:
serviceName: "nginx"
podManagementPolicy: "Parallel"
replicas: 2
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: k8s.gcr.io/nginx-slim:0.8
ports:
- containerPort: 80
name: web
volumeMounts:
- name: www
mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
- metadata:
name: www
spec:
resources:
requests:
storage: 1Gi
Download the example above, and save it to a file named web-

parallel.yaml
This manifest is identical to the one you downloaded above except that
the .spec.podManagementPolicy of the web StatefulSet is set to Parall
el.
In one terminal, watch the Pods in the StatefulSet.
In another terminal, create the StatefulSet and Service in the manifest:
kubectl apply -f web-parallel.yaml
Examine the output of the kubectl get command that you executed in
the first terminal.

The StatefulSet controller launched both web-0 and web-1 at the same
time.
Keep the second terminal open, and, in another terminal window scale
the StatefulSet:
kubectl scale statefulset/web --replicas=4
statefulset.apps/web scaled
Examine the output of the terminal where the kubectl get command is
running.

The StatefulSet launched two new Pods, and it did not wait for the first
to become Running and Ready prior to launching the second.
Cleaning up
You should have two terminals open, ready for you to run kubectl
commands as part of cleanup.
kubectl delete sts web

# sts is an abbreviation for statefulset
You can watch kubectl get to see those Pods being deleted.

During deletion, a StatefulSet removes all Pods concurrently; it does

not wait for a Pod's ordinal successor to terminate prior to deleting that
Pod.
Close the terminal where the kubectl get command is running and
delete the nginx Service:
kubectl delete svc nginx
Note:
You also need to delete the persistent storage media for the
PersistentVolumes used in this tutorial.
Follow the necessary steps, based on your environment,

storage configuration, and provisioning method, to ensure
that all storage is reclaimed.
Feedback
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set.md (ee8a9b29c)
◦ Objectives
◦ Creating a StatefulSet
▪ Ordered Pod Creation
◦ Pods in a StatefulSet
▪ Examining the Pod's Ordinal Index
▪ Using Stable Network Identities
▪ Writing to Stable Storage
◦ Scaling a StatefulSet
▪ Scaling Up
▪ Scaling Down
▪ Ordered Pod Termination
◦ Updating StatefulSets
▪ Rolling Update
▪ On Delete
◦ Deleting StatefulSets
▪ Non-Cascading Delete
▪ Cascading Delete
◦ Pod Management Policy
▪ OrderedReady Pod Management
▪ Parallel Pod Management
◦ Cleaning up
Example: Deploying WordPress

and MySQL with Persistent
Volumes
This tutorial shows you how to deploy a WordPress site and a MySQL
database using Minikube. Both applications use PersistentVolumes and
PersistentVolumeClaims to store data.
A PersistentVolume (PV) is a piece of storage in the cluster that has

been manually provisioned by an administrator, or dynamically
provisioned by Kubernetes using a StorageClass. A
PersistentVolumeClaim (PVC) is a request for storage by a user that can
be fulfilled by a PV. PersistentVolumes and PersistentVolumeClaims are
independent from Pod lifecycles and preserve data through restarting,
rescheduling, and even deleting Pods.
Warning: This deployment is not suitable for production use

cases, as it uses single instance WordPress and MySQL Pods.
Consider using WordPress Helm Chart to deploy WordPress in
production.
Note: The files provided in this tutorial are using GA

Deployment APIs and are specific to kubernetes version 1.9
and later. If you wish to use this tutorial with an earlier
version of Kubernetes, please update the API version
appropriately, or reference earlier versions of this tutorial.
Objectives
◦ Create PersistentVolumeClaims and PersistentVolumes
◦ Create a kustomization.yaml with
▪ a Secret generator
▪ MySQL resource configs
▪ WordPress resource configs
◦ Apply the kustomization directory by kubectl apply -k ./
◦ Clean up
Before you begin
◦ Katacoda
To check the version, enter kubectl version. The example shown on
this page works with kubectl 1.14 and above.
Download the following configuration files:
1. mysql-deployment.yaml
2. wordpress-deployment.yaml
Create PersistentVolumeClaims and

PersistentVolumes
MySQL and Wordpress each require a PersistentVolume to store data.

Their PersistentVolumeClaims will be created at the deployment step.
Many cluster environments have a default StorageClass installed. When

a StorageClass is not specified in the PersistentVolumeClaim, the
cluster's default StorageClass is used instead.
When a PersistentVolumeClaim is created, a PersistentVolume is

dynamically provisioned based on the StorageClass configuration.
Warning: In local clusters, the default StorageClass uses the

hostPath provisioner. hostPath volumes are only suitable for
development and testing. With hostPath volumes, your data
lives in /tmp on the node the Pod is scheduled onto and does
not move between nodes. If a Pod dies and gets scheduled to
another node in the cluster, or the node is rebooted, the data
is lost.
Note: If you are bringing up a cluster that needs to use the h

ostPath provisioner, the --enable-hostpath-provisioner
flag must be set in the controller-manager component.
Note: If you have a Kubernetes cluster running on Google
Kubernetes Engine, please follow this guide.
Create a kustomization.yaml
Add a Secret generator
A Secret is an object that stores a piece of sensitive data like a

password or key. Since 1.14, kubectl supports the management of
Kubernetes objects using a kustomization file. You can create a Secret
by generators in kustomization.yaml.
Add a Secret generator in kustomization.yaml from the following

command. You will need to replace YOUR_PASSWORD with the password
you want to use.
cat <<EOF >./kustomization.yaml

secretGenerator:
- name: mysql-pass
literals:
- password=YOUR_PASSWORD
EOF
Add resource configs for MySQL and

WordPress
The following manifest describes a single-instance MySQL Deployment.

The MySQL container mounts the PersistentVolume at /var/lib/mysql.
The MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD environment variable sets the database
password from the Secret.
application/wordpress/mysql-deployment.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: wordpress-mysql
labels:
app: wordpress
spec:
ports:
- port: 3306
selector:
app: wordpress
tier: mysql
clusterIP: None
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
name: mysql-pv-claim
labels:
app: wordpress
spec:
accessModes:
- ReadWriteOnce
resources:
requests:
storage: 20Gi
---
v1beta2
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: wordpress-mysql
labels:
app: wordpress
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: wordpress
tier: mysql
strategy:
type: Recreate
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: wordpress
tier: mysql
spec:
containers:
- image: mysql:5.6
name: mysql
env:
- name: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD
valueFrom:
secretKeyRef:
name: mysql-pass
key: password
ports:
name: mysql
volumeMounts:
- name: mysql-persistent-storage
mountPath: /var/lib/mysql
volumes:
- name: mysql-persistent-storage
persistentVolumeClaim:
claimName: mysql-pv-claim
The following manifest describes a single-instance WordPress

Deployment. The WordPress container mounts the PersistentVolume at
/var/www/html for website data files. The WORDPRESS_DB_HOST
environment variable sets the name of the MySQL Service defined
above, and WordPress will access the database by Service. The WORDPRE
SS_DB_PASSWORD environment variable sets the database password from
the Secret kustomize generated.
application/wordpress/wordpress-deployment.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: wordpress
labels:
app: wordpress
spec:
ports:
- port: 80
selector:
app: wordpress
tier: frontend
type: LoadBalancer
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
name: wp-pv-claim
labels:
app: wordpress
spec:
accessModes:
- ReadWriteOnce
resources:
requests:
storage: 20Gi
---
v1beta2
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: wordpress
labels:
app: wordpress
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: wordpress
tier: frontend
strategy:
type: Recreate
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: wordpress
tier: frontend
spec:
containers:
- image: wordpress:4.8-apache
name: wordpress
env:
- name: WORDPRESS_DB_HOST
value: wordpress-mysql
- name: WORDPRESS_DB_PASSWORD
valueFrom:
secretKeyRef:
name: mysql-pass
key: password
ports:
- containerPort: 80
name: wordpress
volumeMounts:
- name: wordpress-persistent-storage
mountPath: /var/www/html
volumes:
- name: wordpress-persistent-storage
persistentVolumeClaim:
claimName: wp-pv-claim
1. Download the MySQL deployment configuration file.
curl -LO https://k8s.io/examples/application/wordpress/

mysql-deployment.yaml
2. Download the WordPress configuration file.
curl -LO https://k8s.io/examples/application/wordpress/

wordpress-deployment.yaml
3. Add them to kustomization.yaml file.
cat <<EOF >>./kustomization.yaml

resources:
- mysql-deployment.yaml
- wordpress-deployment.yaml
EOF
Apply and Verify
The kustomization.yaml contains all the resources for deploying a

WordPress site and a MySQL database. You can apply the directory by
kubectl apply -k ./
Now you can verify that all objects exist.
1. Verify that the Secret exists by running the following command:
kubectl get secrets
The response should be like this:
NAME
TYPE DATA AGE
mysql-pass-c57bb4t7mf
Opaque 1 9s
2. Verify that a PersistentVolume got dynamically provisioned.
kubectl get pvc
Note: It can take up to a few minutes for the PVs to be

provisioned and bound.
NAME STATUS
VOLUME CAPACITY
ACCESS MODES STORAGECLASS AGE
mysql-pv-claim Bound pvc-8cbd7b2e-4044-11e9-
b2bb-42010a800002 20Gi RWO
standard 77s
wp-pv-claim Bound pvc-8cd0df54-4044-11e9-
b2bb-42010a800002 20Gi RWO
standard 77s
3. Verify that the Pod is running by running the following command:
kubectl get pods
Note: It can take up to a few minutes for the Pod's

Status to be RUNNING.

NAME READY STATUS
RESTARTS AGE
wordpress-mysql-1894417608-x5dzt 1/1 Running
0 40s
4. Verify that the Service is running by running the following

command:
kubectl get services wordpress

PORT(S) AGE
wordpress LoadBalancer 10.0.0.89 <pending>
80:32406/TCP 4m
Note: Minikube can only expose Services through NodeP

ort. The EXTERNAL-IP is always pending.
5. Run the following command to get the IP Address for the

WordPress Service:
minikube service wordpress --url
http://1.2.3.4:32406
6. Copy the IP address, and load the page in your browser to view
your site.
You should see the WordPress set up page similar to the following
screenshot.
Warning: Do not leave your WordPress installation on this
page. If another user finds it, they can set up a website on
your instance and use it to serve malicious content.
Either install WordPress by creating a username and

password or delete your instance.
Cleaning up
1. Run the following command to delete your Secret, Deployments,

Services and PersistentVolumeClaims:
kubectl delete -k ./
What's next
◦ Learn more about Introspection and Debugging
◦ Learn more about Jobs
◦ Learn more about Port Forwarding
◦ Learn how to Get a Shell to a Container
Feedback
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improvement.
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service command output (966215f88)
◦ Objectives
◦ Create PersistentVolumeClaims and PersistentVolumes
◦ Create a kustomization.yaml
▪ Add a Secret generator
◦ Add resource configs for MySQL and WordPress
◦ Apply and Verify
◦ Cleaning up
◦ What's next
Example: Deploying Cassandra

with a StatefulSet
This tutorial shows you how to run Apache Cassandra on Kubernetes.
Cassandra, a database, needs persistent storage to provide data
durability (application state). In this example, a custom Cassandra seed
provider lets the database discover new Cassandra instances as they
join the Cassandra cluster.
StatefulSets make it easier to deploy stateful applications into your

Kubernetes cluster. For more information on the features used in this
tutorial, see StatefulSet.
Note:
Cassandra and Kubernetes both use the term node to mean a

member of a cluster. In this tutorial, the Pods that belong to
the StatefulSet are Cassandra nodes and are members of the
Cassandra cluster (called a ring). When those Pods run in
your Kubernetes cluster, the Kubernetes control plane
schedules those Pods onto Kubernetes Nodes.
When a Cassandra node starts, it uses a seed list to bootstrap

discovery of other nodes in the ring. This tutorial deploys a
custom Cassandra seed provider that lets the database
discover new Cassandra Pods as they appear inside your
Kubernetes cluster.
Objectives
◦ Create and validate a Cassandra headless Service.
◦ Use a StatefulSet to create a Cassandra ring.
◦ Validate the StatefulSet.
◦ Modify the StatefulSet.
◦ Delete the StatefulSet and its Pods.
Before you begin

◦ Katacoda
To complete this tutorial, you should already have a basic familiarity

with Pods, Services, and StatefulSets.
Additional Minikube setup instructions

Caution:
Minikube defaults to 1024MiB of memory and 1 CPU.

Running Minikube with the default resource configuration
results in insufficient resource errors during this tutorial. To
avoid these errors, start Minikube with the following settings:
minikube start --memory 5120 --cpus=4
Creating a headless Service for Cassandra

In Kubernetes, a Service describes a set of Pods that perform the same
task.
The following Service is used for DNS lookups between Cassandra Pods
and clients within your cluster:
application/cassandra/cassandra-service.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
labels:
app: cassandra
name: cassandra
spec:
clusterIP: None
ports:
- port: 9042
selector:
app: cassandra
Create a Service to track all Cassandra StatefulSet members from the c

assandra-service.yaml file:

cassandra/cassandra-service.yaml
Validating (optional)
Get the Cassandra Service.
kubectl get svc cassandra
The response is

PORT(S) AGE
cassandra ClusterIP None <none> 9042/
TCP 45s
If you don't see a Service named cassandra, that means creation failed.
Read Debug Services for help troubleshooting common issues.
Using a StatefulSet to create a Cassandra
ring
The StatefulSet manifest, included below, creates a Cassandra ring that
consists of three Pods.
Note: This example uses the default provisioner for

Minikube. Please update the following StatefulSet for the
cloud you are working with.
application/cassandra/cassandra-statefulset.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
name: cassandra
labels:
app: cassandra
spec:
serviceName: cassandra
replicas: 3
selector:
matchLabels:
app: cassandra
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: cassandra
spec:
terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 1800
containers:
- name: cassandra
image: gcr.io/google-samples/cassandra:v13
imagePullPolicy: Always
ports:
name: intra-node
name: tls-intra-node
name: jmx
name: cql
resources:
limits:
cpu: "500m"
memory: 1Gi
requests:
cpu: "500m"
memory: 1Gi
securityContext:
capabilities:
add:
- IPC_LOCK
lifecycle:
preStop:
exec:
command:
- /bin/sh
- -c
- nodetool drain
env:
- name: MAX_HEAP_SIZE
value: 512M
- name: HEAP_NEWSIZE
value: 100M
- name: CASSANDRA_SEEDS
value: "cassandra-0.cassandra.default.svc.cluster
.local"
- name: CASSANDRA_CLUSTER_NAME
value: "K8Demo"
- name: CASSANDRA_DC
value: "DC1-K8Demo"
- name: CASSANDRA_RACK
value: "Rack1-K8Demo"
- name: POD_IP
valueFrom:
fieldRef:
fieldPath: status.podIP
readinessProbe:
exec:
command:
- /bin/bash
- -c
- /ready-probe.sh
initialDelaySeconds: 15
timeoutSeconds: 5
# These volume mounts are persistent. They are like
inline claims,
# but not exactly because the names need to match
exactly one of
# the stateful pod volumes.
volumeMounts:
- name: cassandra-data
mountPath: /cassandra_data
# These are converted to volume claims by the controller
# and mounted at the paths mentioned above.
# do not use these in production until ssd
GCEPersistentDisk or other ssd pd
- metadata:
name: cassandra-data
spec:
storageClassName: fast
resources:
requests:
storage: 1Gi
---
kind: StorageClass
apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
name: fast
provisioner: k8s.io/minikube-hostpath
parameters:
type: pd-ssd
Create the Cassandra StatefulSet from the cassandra-

statefulset.yaml file:
# Use this if you are able to apply cassandra-

statefulset.yaml unmodified
cassandra/cassandra-statefulset.yaml
If you need to modify cassandra-statefulset.yaml to suit your

cluster, download https://k8s.io/examples/application/cassandra/
cassandra-statefulset.yaml and then apply that manifest, from the
folder you saved the modified version into:
# Use this if you needed to modify cassandra-

statefulset.yaml locally
kubectl apply -f cassandra-statefulset.yaml
Validating the Cassandra StatefulSet

1. Get the Cassandra StatefulSet:
kubectl get statefulset cassandra
The response should be similar to:

cassandra 3 0 13s
The StatefulSet resource deploys Pods sequentially.
2. Get the Pods to see the ordered creation status:
kubectl get pods -l="app=cassandra"
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS

AGE
cassandra-0 1/1 Running 0
1m
cassandra-1 0/1 ContainerCreating 0
8s
It can take several minutes for all three Pods to deploy. Once they
are deployed, the same command returns output similar to:

cassandra-0 1/1 Running 0 10m
3. Run the Cassandra nodetool inside the first Pod, to display the
status of the ring.
kubectl exec -it cassandra-0 -- nodetool status
The response should look something like:
Datacenter: DC1-K8Demo
======================
Status=Up/Down
|/ State=Normal/Leaving/Joining/Moving
-- Address Load Tokens Owns
(effective) Host ID Rack
UN 172.17.0.5 83.57 KiB 32
74.0% e2dd09e6-d9d3-477e-96c5-45094c08db0f
Rack1-K8Demo
UN 172.17.0.4 101.04 KiB 32
58.8% f89d6835-3a42-4419-92b3-0e62cae1479c
Rack1-K8Demo
UN 172.17.0.6 84.74 KiB 32
67.1% a6a1e8c2-3dc5-4417-b1a0-26507af2aaad
Rack1-K8Demo
Modifying the Cassandra StatefulSet

Use kubectl edit to modify the size of a Cassandra StatefulSet.
1. Run the following command:
kubectl edit statefulset cassandra
This command opens an editor in your terminal. The line you need
to change is the replicas field. The following sample is an excerpt
of the StatefulSet file:
# Please edit the object below. Lines beginning with a

'#' will be ignored,
# and an empty file will abort the edit. If an error
occurs while saving this file will be
# reopened with the relevant failures.
#
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
creationTimestamp: 2016-08-13T18:40:58Z
generation: 1
labels:
app: cassandra
name: cassandra
namespace: default
resourceVersion: "323"
uid: 7a219483-6185-11e6-a910-42010a8a0fc0
spec:
replicas: 3
2. Change the number of replicas to 4, and then save the manifest.
The StatefulSet now scales to run with 4 Pods.
3. Get the Cassandra StatefulSet to verify your change:
kubectl get statefulset cassandra

cassandra 4 4 36m
Cleaning up
Deleting or scaling a StatefulSet down does not delete the volumes
associated with the StatefulSet. This setting is for your safety because
your data is more valuable than automatically purging all related
StatefulSet resources.
Warning: Depending on the storage class and reclaim policy,

deleting the PersistentVolumeClaims may cause the
associated volumes to also be deleted. Never assume you'll be
able to access data if its volume claims are deleted.
1. Run the following commands (chained together into a single

command) to delete everything in the Cassandra StatefulSet:
grace=$(kubectl get pod cassandra-0 -o=jsonpath='{.spec.

terminationGracePeriodSeconds}') \
&& kubectl delete statefulset -l app=cassandra \
&& echo "Sleeping ${grace} seconds" 1>&2 \
&& sleep $grace \
&& kubectl delete persistentvolumeclaim -l app=cassand
ra
Run the following command to delete the Service you set up for
2. Cassandra:
kubectl delete service -l app=cassandra
Cassandra container environment variables

The Pods in this tutorial use the gcr.io/google-samples/
cassandra:v13 image from Google's container registry. The Docker
image above is based on debian-base and includes OpenJDK 8.
This image includes a standard Cassandra installation from the Apache

Debian repo. By using environment variables you can change values
that are inserted into cassandra.yaml.
Environment variable Default value

CASSANDRA_CLUSTER_NAME 'Test Cluster'
CASSANDRA_NUM_TOKENS 32
CASSANDRA_RPC_ADDRESS 0.0.0.0
What's next
◦ Learn how to Scale a StatefulSet.
◦ Learn more about the KubernetesSeedProvider
◦ See more custom Seed Provider Configurations
Feedback
Yes No

improvement.
section (774594bf1)
◦ Objectives
▪ Additional Minikube setup instructions
◦ Creating a headless Service for Cassandra
▪ Validating (optional)
◦ Using a StatefulSet to create a Cassandra ring
◦ Validating the Cassandra StatefulSet
◦ Modifying the Cassandra StatefulSet
◦ Cleaning up
◦ Cassandra container environment variables
◦ What's next
Running ZooKeeper, A
Distributed System Coordinator
This tutorial demonstrates running Apache Zookeeper on Kubernetes
using StatefulSets, PodDisruptionBudgets, and PodAntiAffinity.
Before you begin

Before starting this tutorial, you should be familiar with the following
Kubernetes concepts.
◦ Pods
◦ Cluster DNS
◦ Headless Services
◦ PersistentVolumes
◦ PersistentVolume Provisioning
◦ StatefulSets
◦ PodDisruptionBudgets
◦ PodAntiAffinity
◦ kubectl CLI
You will require a cluster with at least four nodes, and each node
requires at least 2 CPUs and 4 GiB of memory. In this tutorial you will
cordon and drain the cluster's nodes. This means that the cluster
will terminate and evict all Pods on its nodes, and the nodes will
temporarily become unschedulable. You should use a dedicated
cluster for this tutorial, or you should ensure that the disruption you
cause will not interfere with other tenants.
This tutorial assumes that you have configured your cluster to

dynamically provision PersistentVolumes. If your cluster is not
configured to do so, you will have to manually provision three 20 GiB
volumes before starting this tutorial.
Objectives
After this tutorial, you will know the following.
◦ How to deploy a ZooKeeper ensemble using StatefulSet.

◦ How to consistently configure the ensemble.
◦ How to spread the deployment of ZooKeeper servers in the
ensemble.
◦ How to use PodDisruptionBudgets to ensure service availability
during planned maintenance.
ZooKeeper Basics
Apache ZooKeeper is a distributed, open-source coordination service
for distributed applications. ZooKeeper allows you to read, write, and
observe updates to data. Data are organized in a file system like
hierarchy and replicated to all ZooKeeper servers in the ensemble (a
set of ZooKeeper servers). All operations on data are atomic and
sequentially consistent. ZooKeeper ensures this by using the Zab
consensus protocol to replicate a state machine across all servers in the
ensemble.
The ensemble uses the Zab protocol to elect a leader, and the ensemble
cannot write data until that election is complete. Once complete, the
ensemble uses Zab to ensure that it replicates all writes to a quorum
before it acknowledges and makes them visible to clients. Without
respect to weighted quorums, a quorum is a majority component of the
ensemble containing the current leader. For instance, if the ensemble
has three servers, a component that contains the leader and one other
server constitutes a quorum. If the ensemble can not achieve a quorum,
the ensemble cannot write data.
ZooKeeper servers keep their entire state machine in memory, and

write every mutation to a durable WAL (Write Ahead Log) on storage
media. When a server crashes, it can recover its previous state by
replaying the WAL. To prevent the WAL from growing without bound,
ZooKeeper servers will periodically snapshot them in memory state to
storage media. These snapshots can be loaded directly into memory,
and all WAL entries that preceded the snapshot may be discarded.
Creating a ZooKeeper Ensemble

The manifest below contains a Headless Service, a Service, a
PodDisruptionBudget, and a StatefulSet.
application/zookeeper/zookeeper.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: zk-hs
labels:
app: zk
spec:
ports:
- port: 2888
name: server
- port: 3888
name: leader-election
clusterIP: None
selector:
app: zk
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: zk-cs
labels:
app: zk
spec:
ports:
- port: 2181
name: client
selector:
app: zk
---
apiVersion: policy/v1beta1
kind: PodDisruptionBudget
metadata:
name: zk-pdb
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: zk
maxUnavailable: 1
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
name: zk
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: zk
serviceName: zk-hs
replicas: 3
updateStrategy:
type: RollingUpdate
podManagementPolicy: OrderedReady
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: zk
spec:
affinity:
podAntiAffinity:
requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
- labelSelector:
matchExpressions:
- key: "app"
operator: In
values:
- zk
topologyKey: "kubernetes.io/hostname"
containers:
- name: kubernetes-zookeeper
imagePullPolicy: Always
image: "k8s.gcr.io/kubernetes-zookeeper:1.0-3.4.10"
resources:
requests:
memory: "1Gi"
cpu: "0.5"
ports:
name: client
name: server
name: leader-election
command:
- sh
- -c
- "start-zookeeper \
--servers=3 \
--data_dir=/var/lib/zookeeper/data \
--data_log_dir=/var/lib/zookeeper/data/log \
--conf_dir=/opt/zookeeper/conf \
--client_port=2181 \
--election_port=3888 \
--server_port=2888 \
--tick_time=2000 \
--init_limit=10 \
--sync_limit=5 \
--heap=512M \
--max_client_cnxns=60 \
--snap_retain_count=3 \
--purge_interval=12 \
--max_session_timeout=40000 \
--min_session_timeout=4000 \
--log_level=INFO"
readinessProbe:
exec:
command:
- sh
- -c
- "zookeeper-ready 2181"
timeoutSeconds: 5
livenessProbe:
exec:
command:
- sh
- -c
timeoutSeconds: 5
volumeMounts:
- name: datadir
mountPath: /var/lib/zookeeper
securityContext:
runAsUser: 1000
fsGroup: 1000
- metadata:
name: datadir
spec:
resources:
requests:
storage: 10Gi
Open a terminal, and use the kubectl apply command to create the
manifest.

zookeeper/zookeeper.yaml
This creates the zk-hs Headless Service, the zk-cs Service, the zk-pdb
PodDisruptionBudget, and the zk StatefulSet.
service/zk-hs created
service/zk-cs created
poddisruptionbudget.policy/zk-pdb created
statefulset.apps/zk created
Use kubectl get to watch the StatefulSet controller create the

StatefulSet's Pods.
kubectl get pods -w -l app=zk
Once the zk-2 Pod is Running and Ready, use CTRL-C to terminate
kubectl.

zk-0 0/1 Pending 0 0s
zk-0 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s
zk-0 0/1 Running 0 19s
The StatefulSet controller creates three Pods, and each Pod has a
container with a ZooKeeper server.
Facilitating Leader Election

Because there is no terminating algorithm for electing a leader in an
anonymous network, Zab requires explicit membership configuration to
perform leader election. Each server in the ensemble needs to have a
unique identifier, all servers need to know the global set of identifiers,
and each identifier needs to be associated with a network address.
Use kubectl exec to get the hostnames of the Pods in the zk

StatefulSet.
for i in 0 1 2; do kubectl exec zk-$i -- hostname; done
The StatefulSet controller provides each Pod with a unique hostname

based on its ordinal index. The hostnames take the form of <statefuls
et name>-<ordinal index>. Because the replicas field of the zk
StatefulSet is set to 3, the Set's controller creates three Pods with their
hostnames set to zk-0, zk-1, and zk-2.
zk-0
zk-1
zk-2
The servers in a ZooKeeper ensemble use natural numbers as unique

identifiers, and store each server's identifier in a file called myid in the
server's data directory.
To examine the contents of the myid file for each server use the
following command.
for i in 0 1 2; do echo "myid zk-$i";kubectl exec zk-$i --

cat /var/lib/zookeeper/data/myid; done
Because the identifiers are natural numbers and the ordinal indices are
non-negative integers, you can generate an identifier by adding 1 to the
ordinal.
myid zk-0
1
myid zk-1
2
myid zk-2
3
To get the Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) of each Pod in the zk
StatefulSet use the following command.
for i in 0 1 2; do kubectl exec zk-$i -- hostname -f; done
The zk-hs Service creates a domain for all of the Pods, zk-
hs.default.svc.cluster.local.
zk-0.zk-hs.default.svc.cluster.local
The A records in Kubernetes DNS resolve the FQDNs to the Pods' IP

addresses. If Kubernetes reschedules the Pods, it will update the A
records with the Pods' new IP addresses, but the A records names will
not change.
ZooKeeper stores its application configuration in a file named zoo.cfg.

Use kubectl exec to view the contents of the zoo.cfg file in the zk-0
Pod.
kubectl exec zk-0 -- cat /opt/zookeeper/conf/zoo.cfg
In the server.1, server.2, and server.3 properties at the bottom of

the file, the 1, 2, and 3 correspond to the identifiers in the ZooKeeper
servers' myid files. They are set to the FQDNs for the Pods in the zk
StatefulSet.
clientPort=2181
dataDir=/var/lib/zookeeper/data
dataLogDir=/var/lib/zookeeper/log
tickTime=2000
initLimit=10
syncLimit=2000
maxClientCnxns=60
minSessionTimeout= 4000
maxSessionTimeout= 40000
autopurge.snapRetainCount=3
autopurge.purgeInterval=0
server.1=zk-0.zk-hs.default.svc.cluster.local:2888:3888
Achieving Consensus
Consensus protocols require that the identifiers of each participant be
unique. No two participants in the Zab protocol should claim the same
unique identifier. This is necessary to allow the processes in the system
to agree on which processes have committed which data. If two Pods
are launched with the same ordinal, two ZooKeeper servers would both
identify themselves as the same server.

The A records for each Pod are entered when the Pod becomes Ready.
Therefore, the FQDNs of the ZooKeeper servers will resolve to a single
endpoint, and that endpoint will be the unique ZooKeeper server
claiming the identity configured in its myid file.
This ensures that the servers properties in the ZooKeepers' zoo.cfg

files represents a correctly configured ensemble.
When the servers use the Zab protocol to attempt to commit a value,
they will either achieve consensus and commit the value (if leader
election has succeeded and at least two of the Pods are Running and
Ready), or they will fail to do so (if either of the conditions are not met).
No state will arise where one server acknowledges a write on behalf of
another.
Sanity Testing the Ensemble

The most basic sanity test is to write data to one ZooKeeper server and
to read the data from another.
The command below executes the zkCli.sh script to write world to the
path /hello on the zk-0 Pod in the ensemble.
kubectl exec zk-0 zkCli.sh create /hello world
WATCHER::
WatchedEvent state:SyncConnected type:None path:null

Created /hello
To get the data from the zk-1 Pod use the following command.
kubectl exec zk-1 zkCli.sh get /hello
The data that you created on zk-0 is available on all the servers in the
ensemble.
WATCHER::

world
cZxid = 0x100000002
ctime = Thu Dec 08 15:13:30 UTC 2016
mZxid = 0x100000002
mtime = Thu Dec 08 15:13:30 UTC 2016
pZxid = 0x100000002
cversion = 0
dataVersion = 0
aclVersion = 0
ephemeralOwner = 0x0
dataLength = 5
numChildren = 0
Providing Durable Storage

As mentioned in the ZooKeeper Basics section, ZooKeeper commits all
entries to a durable WAL, and periodically writes snapshots in memory
state, to storage media. Using WALs to provide durability is a common
technique for applications that use consensus protocols to achieve a
replicated state machine.
Use the kubectl delete command to delete the zk StatefulSet.
kubectl delete statefulset zk
statefulset.apps "zk" deleted
Watch the termination of the Pods in the StatefulSet.
When zk-0 if fully terminated, use CTRL-C to terminate kubectl.
zk-2 1/1 Terminating 0 9m

Reapply the manifest in zookeeper.yaml.

zookeeper/zookeeper.yaml
This creates the zk StatefulSet object, but the other API objects in the
manifest are not modified because they already exist.
Watch the StatefulSet controller recreate the StatefulSet's Pods.
Once the zk-2 Pod is Running and Ready, use CTRL-C to terminate
kubectl.

Use the command below to get the value you entered during the sanity
test, from the zk-2 Pod.
Even though you terminated and recreated all of the Pods in the zk
StatefulSet, the ensemble still serves the original value.
WATCHER::

world
cZxid = 0x100000002
ctime = Thu Dec 08 15:13:30 UTC 2016
mZxid = 0x100000002
mtime = Thu Dec 08 15:13:30 UTC 2016
pZxid = 0x100000002
cversion = 0
dataVersion = 0
aclVersion = 0
dataLength = 5
numChildren = 0
The volumeClaimTemplates field of the zk StatefulSet's spec specifies a

PersistentVolume provisioned for each Pod.
- metadata:
name: datadir
annotations:
volume.alpha.kubernetes.io/storage-class: anything
spec:
resources:
requests:
storage: 20Gi
The StatefulSet controller generates a PersistentVolumeClaim for

each Pod in the StatefulSet.
Use the following command to get the StatefulSet's PersistentVolum

eClaims.
kubectl get pvc -l app=zk
When the StatefulSet recreated its Pods, it remounts the Pods'

PersistentVolumes.
NAME STATUS
VOLUME CAPACITY
ACCESSMODES AGE
datadir-zk-0 Bound pvc-bed742cd-
bcb1-11e6-994f-42010a800002 20Gi RWO 1h
datadir-zk-1 Bound pvc-bedd27d2-
bcb1-11e6-994f-42010a800002 20Gi RWO 1h
datadir-zk-2 Bound pvc-bee0817e-
bcb1-11e6-994f-42010a800002 20Gi RWO 1h
The volumeMounts section of the StatefulSet's container template

mounts the PersistentVolumes in the ZooKeeper servers' data
directories.
volumeMounts:
- name: datadir
mountPath: /var/lib/zookeeper
When a Pod in the zk StatefulSet is (re)scheduled, it will always have

the same PersistentVolume mounted to the ZooKeeper server's data
directory. Even when the Pods are rescheduled, all the writes made to
the ZooKeeper servers' WALs, and all their snapshots, remain durable.
Ensuring Consistent Configuration
As noted in the Facilitating Leader Election and Achieving Consensus
sections, the servers in a ZooKeeper ensemble require consistent
configuration to elect a leader and form a quorum. They also require
consistent configuration of the Zab protocol in order for the protocol to
work correctly over a network. In our example we achieve consistent
configuration by embedding the configuration directly into the
manifest.
Get the zk StatefulSet.
kubectl get sts zk -o yaml
â€¦
command:
- sh
- -c
- "start-zookeeper \
--servers=3 \
--data_dir=/var/lib/zookeeper/data \
--data_log_dir=/var/lib/zookeeper/data/log \
--conf_dir=/opt/zookeeper/conf \
--client_port=2181 \
--election_port=3888 \
--server_port=2888 \
--tick_time=2000 \
--init_limit=10 \
--sync_limit=5 \
--heap=512M \
--max_client_cnxns=60 \
--snap_retain_count=3 \
--purge_interval=12 \
--max_session_timeout=40000 \
--min_session_timeout=4000 \
--log_level=INFO"
â€¦
The command used to start the ZooKeeper servers passed the

configuration as command line parameter. You can also use
environment variables to pass configuration to the ensemble.
Configuring Logging
One of the files generated by the zkGenConfig.sh script controls
ZooKeeper's logging. ZooKeeper uses Log4j, and, by default, it uses a
time and size based rolling file appender for its logging configuration.
Use the command below to get the logging configuration from one of
Pods in the zk StatefulSet.
kubectl exec zk-0 cat /usr/etc/zookeeper/log4j.properties

The logging configuration below will cause the ZooKeeper process to
write all of its logs to the standard output file stream.
zookeeper.root.logger=CONSOLE
zookeeper.console.threshold=INFO
log4j.rootLogger=${zookeeper.root.logger}
log4j.appender.CONSOLE=org.apache.log4j.ConsoleAppender
log4j.appender.CONSOLE.Threshold=$
{zookeeper.console.threshold}
log4j.appender.CONSOLE.layout=org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout
log4j.appender.CONSOLE.layout.ConversionPattern=%d{ISO8601}
[myid:%X{myid}] - %-5p [%t:%C{1}@%L] - %m%n
This is the simplest possible way to safely log inside the container.
Because the applications write logs to standard out, Kubernetes will
handle log rotation for you. Kubernetes also implements a sane
retention policy that ensures application logs written to standard out
and standard error do not exhaust local storage media.
Use kubectl logs to retrieve the last 20 log lines from one of the Pods.
kubectl logs zk-0 --tail 20
You can view application logs written to standard out or standard error
using kubectl logs and from the Kubernetes Dashboard.
2016-12-06 19:34:16,236 [myid:1] - INFO

[NIOServerCxn.Factory:
0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn@827] - Processing ruok
command from /127.0.0.1:52740
2016-12-06 19:34:16,237 [myid:1] - INFO
[Thread-1136:NIOServerCnxn@1008] - Closed socket connection
for client /127.0.0.1:52740 (no session established for
client)
2016-12-06 19:34:26,155 [myid:1] - INFO
0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxnFactory@192] - Accepted
socket connection from /127.0.0.1:52749
2016-12-06 19:34:26,155 [myid:1] - INFO
command from /127.0.0.1:52749
2016-12-06 19:34:26,156 [myid:1] - INFO
client)
2016-12-06 19:34:26,222 [myid:1] - INFO
2016-12-06 19:34:26,222 [myid:1] - INFO
command from /127.0.0.1:52750
2016-12-06 19:34:26,226 [myid:1] - INFO
client)
2016-12-06 19:34:36,151 [myid:1] - INFO
2016-12-06 19:34:36,152 [myid:1] - INFO
command from /127.0.0.1:52760
2016-12-06 19:34:36,152 [myid:1] - INFO
client)
2016-12-06 19:34:36,230 [myid:1] - INFO
2016-12-06 19:34:36,231 [myid:1] - INFO
command from /127.0.0.1:52761
2016-12-06 19:34:36,231 [myid:1] - INFO
client)
2016-12-06 19:34:46,149 [myid:1] - INFO
2016-12-06 19:34:46,149 [myid:1] - INFO
command from /127.0.0.1:52767
2016-12-06 19:34:46,149 [myid:1] - INFO
client)
2016-12-06 19:34:46,230 [myid:1] - INFO
2016-12-06 19:34:46,230 [myid:1] - INFO
command from /127.0.0.1:52768
2016-12-06 19:34:46,230 [myid:1] - INFO
client)
Kubernetes supports more powerful, but more complex, logging

integrations with Stackdriver and Elasticsearch and Kibana. For cluster
level log shipping and aggregation, consider deploying a sidecar
container to rotate and ship your logs.
Configuring a Non-Privileged User

The best practices to allow an application to run as a privileged user
inside of a container are a matter of debate. If your organization
requires that applications run as a non-privileged user you can use a
SecurityContext to control the user that the entry point runs as.
The zk StatefulSet's Pod template contains a SecurityContext.
securityContext:
runAsUser: 1000
fsGroup: 1000
In the Pods' containers, UID 1000 corresponds to the zookeeper user

and GID 1000 corresponds to the zookeeper group.
Get the ZooKeeper process information from the zk-0 Pod.
kubectl exec zk-0 -- ps -elf
As the runAsUser field of the securityContext object is set to 1000,

instead of running as root, the ZooKeeper process runs as the
zookeeper user.
F S UID PID PPID C PRI NI ADDR SZ WCHAN STIME

TTY TIME CMD
4 S zookeep+ 1 0 0 80 0 - 1127 -
20:46 ? 00:00:00 sh -c zkGenConfig.sh && zkServer.sh
start-foreground
0 S zookeep+ 27 1 0 80 0 - 1155556 -
20:46 ? 00:00:19 /usr/lib/jvm/java-8-openjdk-amd64/
bin/java -Dzookeeper.log.dir=/var/log/zookeeper -
Dzookeeper.root.logger=INFO,CONSOLE -cp /usr/bin/../build/
classes:/usr/bin/../build/lib/*.jar:/usr/bin/../share/
zookeeper/zookeeper-3.4.9.jar:/usr/bin/../share/zookeeper/
slf4j-log4j12-1.6.1.jar:/usr/bin/../share/zookeeper/slf4j-
api-1.6.1.jar:/usr/bin/../share/zookeeper/
netty-3.10.5.Final.jar:/usr/bin/../share/zookeeper/
log4j-1.2.16.jar:/usr/bin/../share/zookeeper/
jline-0.9.94.jar:/usr/bin/../src/java/lib/*.jar:/usr/bin/../
etc/zookeeper: -Xmx2G -Xms2G -Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote -
Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote.local.only=false
org.apache.zookeeper.server.quorum.QuorumPeerMain /usr/
bin/../etc/zookeeper/zoo.cfg
By default, when the Pod's PersistentVolumes is mounted to the
ZooKeeper server's data directory, it is only accessible by the root user.
This configuration prevents the ZooKeeper process from writing to its
WAL and storing its snapshots.
Use the command below to get the file permissions of the ZooKeeper
data directory on the zk-0 Pod.
kubectl exec -ti zk-0 -- ls -ld /var/lib/zookeeper/data
Because the fsGroup field of the securityContext object is set to

1000, the ownership of the Pods' PersistentVolumes is set to the
zookeeper group, and the ZooKeeper process is able to read and write
its data.
drwxr-sr-x 3 zookeeper zookeeper 4096 Dec 5 20:45 /var/lib/

zookeeper/data
Managing the ZooKeeper Process

The ZooKeeper documentation mentions that "You will want to have a
supervisory process that manages each of your ZooKeeper server
processes (JVM)." Utilizing a watchdog (supervisory process) to restart
failed processes in a distributed system is a common pattern. When
deploying an application in Kubernetes, rather than using an external
utility as a supervisory process, you should use Kubernetes as the
watchdog for your application.
Updating the Ensemble

The zk StatefulSet is configured to use the RollingUpdate update
strategy.
You can use kubectl patch to update the number of cpus allocated to
the servers.
kubectl patch sts zk --type='json' -p='[{"op": "replace",

"path": "/spec/template/spec/containers/0/resources/requests/
cpu", "value":"0.3"}]'
statefulset.apps/zk patched
Use kubectl rollout status to watch the status of the update.
kubectl rollout status sts/zk
waiting for statefulset rolling update to complete 0 pods at

revision zk-5db4499664...
Waiting for 1 pods to be ready...
statefulset rolling update complete 3 pods at revision
zk-5db4499664...
This terminates the Pods, one at a time, in reverse ordinal order, and
recreates them with the new configuration. This ensures that quorum is
maintained during a rolling update.
Use the kubectl rollout history command to view a history or

previous configurations.
kubectl rollout history sts/zk
statefulsets "zk"
REVISION
1
2
Use the kubectl rollout undo command to roll back the modification.
kubectl rollout undo sts/zk
statefulset.apps/zk rolled back
Handling Process Failure

Restart Policies control how Kubernetes handles process failures for
the entry point of the container in a Pod. For Pods in a StatefulSet,
the only appropriate RestartPolicy is Always, and this is the default
value. For stateful applications you should never override the default
policy.
Use the following command to examine the process tree for the
ZooKeeper server running in the zk-0 Pod.
kubectl exec zk-0 -- ps -ef
The command used as the container's entry point has PID 1, and the
ZooKeeper process, a child of the entry point, has PID 27.
UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD

zookeep+ 1 0 0 15:03 ? 00:00:00 sh -c
zkGenConfig.sh && zkServer.sh start-foreground
zookeep+ 27 1 0 15:03 ? 00:00:03 /usr/lib/jvm/
java-8-openjdk-amd64/bin/java -Dzookeeper.log.dir=/var/log/
zookeeper -Dzookeeper.root.logger=INFO,CONSOLE -cp /usr/
bin/../build/classes:/usr/bin/../build/lib/*.jar:/usr/bin/../
share/zookeeper/zookeeper-3.4.9.jar:/usr/bin/../share/
zookeeper/slf4j-log4j12-1.6.1.jar:/usr/bin/../share/
zookeeper/slf4j-api-1.6.1.jar:/usr/bin/../share/zookeeper/
netty-3.10.5.Final.jar:/usr/bin/../share/zookeeper/
log4j-1.2.16.jar:/usr/bin/../share/zookeeper/
jline-0.9.94.jar:/usr/bin/../src/java/lib/*.jar:/usr/bin/../
etc/zookeeper: -Xmx2G -Xms2G -Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote -
Dcom.sun.management.jmxremote.local.only=false
org.apache.zookeeper.server.quorum.QuorumPeerMain /usr/
bin/../etc/zookeeper/zoo.cfg
In another terminal watch the Pods in the zk StatefulSet with the

following command.
kubectl get pod -w -l app=zk
In another terminal, terminate the ZooKeeper process in Pod zk-0 with

the following command.
kubectl exec zk-0 -- pkill java
The termination of the ZooKeeper process caused its parent process to

terminate. Because the RestartPolicy of the container is Always, it
restarted the parent process.

zk-0 1/1 Running 0 21m
zk-0 0/1 Error 0 29m
If your application uses a script (such as zkServer.sh) to launch the

process that implements the application's business logic, the script
must terminate with the child process. This ensures that Kubernetes
will restart the application's container when the process implementing
the application's business logic fails.
Testing for Liveness

Configuring your application to restart failed processes is not enough to
keep a distributed system healthy. There are scenarios where a
system's processes can be both alive and unresponsive, or otherwise
unhealthy. You should use liveness probes to notify Kubernetes that
your application's processes are unhealthy and it should restart them.
The Pod template for the zk StatefulSet specifies a liveness probe.
livenessProbe:
exec:
command:
- sh
- -c
timeoutSeconds: 5
The probe calls a bash script that uses the ZooKeeper ruok four letter
word to test the server's health.
OK=$(echo ruok | nc 127.0.0.1 $1)

if [ "$OK" == "imok" ]; then
exit 0
else
exit 1
fi
In one terminal window, use the following command to watch the Pods
in the zk StatefulSet.
In another window, using the following command to delete the zookeep

er-ready script from the file system of Pod zk-0.
kubectl exec zk-0 -- rm /usr/bin/zookeeper-ready
When the liveness probe for the ZooKeeper process fails, Kubernetes
will automatically restart the process for you, ensuring that unhealthy
processes in the ensemble are restarted.

zk-0 1/1 Running 0 1h
Testing for Readiness

Readiness is not the same as liveness. If a process is alive, it is
scheduled and healthy. If a process is ready, it is able to process input.
Liveness is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for readiness.
There are cases, particularly during initialization and termination,
when a process can be alive but not ready.
If you specify a readiness probe, Kubernetes will ensure that your

application's processes will not receive network traffic until their
readiness checks pass.
For a ZooKeeper server, liveness implies readiness. Therefore, the
readiness probe from the zookeeper.yaml manifest is identical to the
liveness probe.
readinessProbe:
exec:
command:
- sh
- -c
timeoutSeconds: 5
Even though the liveness and readiness probes are identical, it is

important to specify both. This ensures that only healthy servers in the
ZooKeeper ensemble receive network traffic.
Tolerating Node Failure

ZooKeeper needs a quorum of servers to successfully commit mutations
to data. For a three server ensemble, two servers must be healthy for
writes to succeed. In quorum based systems, members are deployed
across failure domains to ensure availability. To avoid an outage, due to
the loss of an individual machine, best practices preclude co-locating
multiple instances of the application on the same machine.
By default, Kubernetes may co-locate Pods in a StatefulSet on the

same node. For the three server ensemble you created, if two servers
are on the same node, and that node fails, the clients of your ZooKeeper
service will experience an outage until at least one of the Pods can be
rescheduled.
You should always provision additional capacity to allow the processes

of critical systems to be rescheduled in the event of node failures. If you
do so, then the outage will only last until the Kubernetes scheduler
reschedules one of the ZooKeeper servers. However, if you want your
service to tolerate node failures with no downtime, you should set podA
ntiAffinity.
Use the command below to get the nodes for Pods in the zk StatefulSe
t.
for i in 0 1 2; do kubectl get pod zk-$i --template {{.spec.n

odeName}}; echo ""; done
All of the Pods in the zk StatefulSet are deployed on different nodes.
kubernetes-node-cxpk
kubernetes-node-a5aq
kubernetes-node-2g2d
This is because the Pods in the zk StatefulSet have a PodAntiAffinit
y specified.
affinity:
podAntiAffinity:
requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
- labelSelector:
matchExpressions:
- key: "app"
operator: In
values:
- zk
topologyKey: "kubernetes.io/hostname"
The requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution field tells

the Kubernetes Scheduler that it should never co-locate two Pods which
have app label as zk in the domain defined by the topologyKey. The to
pologyKey kubernetes.io/hostname indicates that the domain is an
individual node. Using different rules, labels, and selectors, you can
extend this technique to spread your ensemble across physical,
network, and power failure domains.
Surviving Maintenance
In this section you will cordon and drain nodes. If you are using
this tutorial on a shared cluster, be sure that this will not
adversely affect other tenants.
The previous section showed you how to spread your Pods across nodes
to survive unplanned node failures, but you also need to plan for
temporary node failures that occur due to planned maintenance.
Use this command to get the nodes in your cluster.
kubectl get nodes
Use kubectl cordon to cordon all but four of the nodes in your cluster.
kubectl cordon <node-name>
Use this command to get the zk-pdb PodDisruptionBudget.
kubectl get pdb zk-pdb
The max-unavailable field indicates to Kubernetes that at most one

Pod from zk StatefulSet can be unavailable at any time.
NAME MIN-AVAILABLE MAX-UNAVAILABLE ALLOWED-

DISRUPTIONS AGE
zk-pdb N/A 1 1
In one terminal, use this command to watch the Pods in the zk Statefu
lSet.
In another terminal, use this command to get the nodes that the Pods
are currently scheduled on.
for i in 0 1 2; do kubectl get pod zk-$i --template {{.spec.n

odeName}}; echo ""; done
kubernetes-node-pb41
kubernetes-node-ixsl
kubernetes-node-i4c4
Use kubectl drain to cordon and drain the node on which the zk-0
Pod is scheduled.
kubectl drain $(kubectl get pod zk-0 --template {{.spec.nodeN

ame}}) --ignore-daemonsets --force --delete-local-data
node "kubernetes-node-pb41" cordoned
WARNING: Deleting pods not managed by ReplicationController,

ReplicaSet, Job, or DaemonSet: fluentd-cloud-logging-
kubernetes-node-pb41, kube-proxy-kubernetes-node-pb41;
Ignoring DaemonSet-managed pods: node-problem-detector-v0.1-
o5elz
pod "zk-0" deleted
node "kubernetes-node-pb41" drained
As there are four nodes in your cluster, kubectl drain, succeeds and
the zk-0 is rescheduled to another node.

zk-0 1/1 Terminating 2 2h
Keep watching the StatefulSet's Pods in the first terminal and drain
the node on which zk-1 is scheduled.

ame}}) --ignore-daemonsets --force --delete-local-data "kuber
netes-node-ixsl" cordoned
kubernetes-node-ixsl, kube-proxy-kubernetes-node-ixsl;
voc74
pod "zk-1" deleted
node "kubernetes-node-ixsl" drained
The zk-1 Pod cannot be scheduled because the zk StatefulSet

contains a PodAntiAffinity rule preventing co-location of the Pods,
and as only two nodes are schedulable, the Pod will remain in a Pending
state.

Continue to watch the Pods of the stateful set, and drain the node on
which zk-2 is scheduled.

node "kubernetes-node-i4c4" cordoned

kubernetes-node-i4c4, kube-proxy-kubernetes-node-i4c4;
dyrog
WARNING: Ignoring DaemonSet-managed pods: node-problem-
detector-v0.1-dyrog; Deleting pods not managed by
ReplicationController, ReplicaSet, Job, or DaemonSet:
fluentd-cloud-logging-kubernetes-node-i4c4, kube-proxy-
kubernetes-node-i4c4
There are pending pods when an error occurred: Cannot evict
pod as it would violate the pod's disruption budget.
pod/zk-2
Use CTRL-C to terminate to kubectl.
You cannot drain the third node because evicting zk-2 would violate zk
-budget. However, the node will remain cordoned.
Use zkCli.sh to retrieve the value you entered during the sanity test
from zk-0.
The service is still available because its PodDisruptionBudget is

respected.

world
cZxid = 0x200000002
ctime = Wed Dec 07 00:08:59 UTC 2016
mZxid = 0x200000002
mtime = Wed Dec 07 00:08:59 UTC 2016
pZxid = 0x200000002
cversion = 0
dataVersion = 0
aclVersion = 0
dataLength = 5
numChildren = 0
Use kubectl uncordon to uncordon the first node.
kubectl uncordon kubernetes-node-pb41
node "kubernetes-node-pb41" uncordoned
zk-1 is rescheduled on this node. Wait until zk-1 is Running and Ready.

zk-1 0/1 Pending 0 12m
zk-1 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 12m
Attempt to drain the node on which zk-2 is scheduled.

The output:
node "kubernetes-node-i4c4" already cordoned

kubernetes-node-i4c4, kube-proxy-kubernetes-node-i4c4;
dyrog
pod "heapster-v1.2.0-2604621511-wht1r" deleted
pod "zk-2" deleted
node "kubernetes-node-i4c4" drained
This time kubectl drain succeeds.
Uncordon the second node to allow zk-2 to be rescheduled.
kubectl uncordon kubernetes-node-ixsl
node "kubernetes-node-ixsl" uncordoned
You can use kubectl drain in conjunction with PodDisruptionBudgets

to ensure that your services remain available during maintenance. If
drain is used to cordon nodes and evict pods prior to taking the node
offline for maintenance, services that express a disruption budget will
have that budget respected. You should always allocate additional
capacity for critical services so that their Pods can be immediately
rescheduled.
Cleaning up
◦ Use kubectl uncordon to uncordon all the nodes in your cluster.
◦ You will need to delete the persistent storage media for the
PersistentVolumes used in this tutorial. Follow the necessary steps,
based on your environment, storage configuration, and
provisioning method, to ensure that all storage is reclaimed.
Feedback
Yes No

improvement.
Last modified November 12, 2020 at 8:06 PM PST: fix docs/tutorials/

stateful-application/zookeeper.md (591e1b94f)
◦ Objectives
▪ ZooKeeper Basics
◦ Creating a ZooKeeper Ensemble
▪ Facilitating Leader Election
▪ Achieving Consensus
▪ Sanity Testing the Ensemble
▪ Providing Durable Storage
◦ Ensuring Consistent Configuration
▪ Configuring Logging
▪ Configuring a Non-Privileged User
◦ Managing the ZooKeeper Process
▪ Updating the Ensemble
▪ Handling Process Failure
▪ Testing for Liveness
▪ Testing for Readiness
◦ Tolerating Node Failure
◦ Surviving Maintenance
◦ Cleaning up
Clusters
Restrict a Container's Access to Resources with AppArmor
Restrict a Container's Syscalls with Seccomp
Restrict a Container's Access to

Resources with AppArmor
FEATURE STATE: Kubernetes v1.4 [beta]
AppArmor is a Linux kernel security module that supplements the
standard Linux user and group based permissions to confine programs
to a limited set of resources. AppArmor can be configured for any
application to reduce its potential attack surface and provide greater
in-depth defense. It is configured through profiles tuned to allow the
access needed by a specific program or container, such as Linux
capabilities, network access, file permissions, etc. Each profile can be
run in either enforcing mode, which blocks access to disallowed
resources, or complain mode, which only reports violations.
AppArmor can help you to run a more secure deployment by restricting

what containers are allowed to do, and/or provide better auditing
through system logs. However, it is important to keep in mind that
AppArmor is not a silver bullet and can only do so much to protect
against exploits in your application code. It is important to provide
good, restrictive profiles, and harden your applications and cluster from
other angles as well.
Objectives
◦ See an example of how to load a profile on a node
◦ Learn how to enforce the profile on a Pod
◦ Learn how to check that the profile is loaded
◦ See what happens when a profile is violated
◦ See what happens when a profile cannot be loaded
Before you begin

Make sure:
1. Kubernetes version is at least v1.4 -- Kubernetes support for

AppArmor was added in v1.4. Kubernetes components older than
v1.4 are not aware of the new AppArmor annotations, and will
silently ignore any AppArmor settings that are provided. To
ensure that your Pods are receiving the expected protections, it is
important to verify the Kubelet version of your nodes:
kubectl get nodes -o=jsonpath=$'{range .items[*]}

{@.metadata.name}: {@.status.nodeInfo.kubeletVersion}
\n{end}'
gke-test-default-pool-239f5d02-gyn2: v1.4.0
gke-test-default-pool-239f5d02-x1kf: v1.4.0
gke-test-default-pool-239f5d02-xwux: v1.4.0
2. AppArmor kernel module is enabled -- For the Linux kernel to

enforce an AppArmor profile, the AppArmor kernel module must
be installed and enabled. Several distributions enable the module
by default, such as Ubuntu and SUSE, and many others provide
optional support. To check whether the module is enabled, check
the /sys/module/apparmor/parameters/enabled file:
cat /sys/module/apparmor/parameters/enabled
Y
If the Kubelet contains AppArmor support (>= v1.4), it will refuse

to run a Pod with AppArmor options if the kernel module is not
enabled.
Note: Ubuntu carries many AppArmor patches that have not

been merged into the upstream Linux kernel, including
patches that add additional hooks and features. Kubernetes
has only been tested with the upstream version, and does not
promise support for other features.
1. Container runtime supports AppArmor -- Currently all common

Kubernetes-supported container runtimes should support
AppArmor, like Docker, CRI-O or containerd. Please refer to the
corresponding runtime documentation and verify that the cluster
fulfills the requirements to use AppArmor.
2. Profile is loaded -- AppArmor is applied to a Pod by specifying an

AppArmor profile that each container should be run with. If any of
the specified profiles is not already loaded in the kernel, the
Kubelet (>= v1.4) will reject the Pod. You can view which profiles
are loaded on a node by checking the /sys/kernel/security/
apparmor/profiles file. For example:
ssh gke-test-default-pool-239f5d02-gyn2 "sudo cat /sys/

kernel/security/apparmor/profiles | sort"
apparmor-test-deny-write (enforce)
apparmor-test-audit-write (enforce)
docker-default (enforce)
k8s-nginx (enforce)
For more details on loading profiles on nodes, see Setting up

nodes with profiles.
As long as the Kubelet version includes AppArmor support (>= v1.4),

the Kubelet will reject a Pod with AppArmor options if any of the
prerequisites are not met. You can also verify AppArmor support on
nodes by checking the node ready condition message (though this is
likely to be removed in a later release):
kubectl get nodes -o=jsonpath=$'{range .items[*]}

{@.metadata.name}: {.status.conditions[?
(@.reason=="KubeletReady")].message}\n{end}'
gke-test-default-pool-239f5d02-gyn2: kubelet is posting

ready status. AppArmor enabled
gke-test-default-pool-239f5d02-x1kf: kubelet is posting
gke-test-default-pool-239f5d02-xwux: kubelet is posting
Securing a Pod
Note: AppArmor is currently in beta, so options are specified
as annotations. Once support graduates to general
availability, the annotations will be replaced with first-class
fields (more details in Upgrade path to GA).
AppArmor profiles are specified per-container. To specify the AppArmor

profile to run a Pod container with, add an annotation to the Pod's
metadata:
container.apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/
<container_name>: <profile_ref>
Where <container_name> is the name of the container to apply the

profile to, and <profile_ref> specifies the profile to apply. The profil
e_ref can be one of:
◦ runtime/default to apply the runtime's default profile

◦ localhost/<profile_name> to apply the profile loaded on the host
with the name <profile_name>
◦ unconfined to indicate that no profiles will be loaded
See the API Reference for the full details on the annotation and profile
name formats.
Kubernetes AppArmor enforcement works by first checking that all the

prerequisites have been met, and then forwarding the profile selection
to the container runtime for enforcement. If the prerequisites have not
been met, the Pod will be rejected, and will not run.
To verify that the profile was applied, you can look for the AppArmor
security option listed in the container created event:
kubectl get events | grep Created
22s 22s 1 hello-apparmor

Pod spec.containers{hello} Normal Created
{kubelet e2e-test-stclair-node-pool-31nt} Created
container with docker id 269a53b202d3; Security:
[seccomp=unconfined apparmor=k8s-apparmor-example-deny-write]
You can also verify directly that the container's root process is running
with the correct profile by checking its proc attr:
kubectl exec <pod_name> cat /proc/1/attr/current
k8s-apparmor-example-deny-write (enforce)
Example
This example assumes you have already set up a cluster with AppArmor
support.
First, we need to load the profile we want to use onto our nodes. The
profile we'll use simply denies all file writes:
#include <tunables/global>
profile k8s-apparmor-example-deny-write flags=(attach_disconn

ected) {
#include <abstractions/base>
file,
# Deny all file writes.

deny /** w,
}
Since we don't know where the Pod will be scheduled, we'll need to
load the profile on all our nodes. For this example we'll just use SSH to
install the profiles, but other approaches are discussed in Setting up
nodes with profiles.
NODES=(
# The SSH-accessible domain names of your nodes
gke-test-default-pool-239f5d02-gyn2.us-central1-a.my-k8s
gke-test-default-pool-239f5d02-x1kf.us-central1-a.my-k8s
gke-test-default-pool-239f5d02-xwux.us-central1-a.my-k8s)
for NODE in ${NODES[*]}; do ssh $NODE 'sudo apparmor_parser -
q <<EOF
#include <tunables/global>
profile k8s-apparmor-example-deny-write
flags=(attach_disconnected) {
#include <abstractions/base>
file,
# Deny all file writes.

deny /** w,
}
EOF'
done
Next, we'll run a simple "Hello AppArmor" pod with the deny-write
profile:
pods/security/hello-apparmor.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: hello-apparmor
annotations:
# Tell Kubernetes to apply the AppArmor profile "k8s-
apparmor-example-deny-write".
# Note that this is ignored if the Kubernetes node is
not running version 1.4 or greater.
container.apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/hello: loc
alhost/k8s-apparmor-example-deny-write
spec:
containers:
- name: hello
image: busybox
command: [ "sh", "-c", "echo 'Hello AppArmor!' && sleep
1h" ]
kubectl create -f ./hello-apparmor.yaml
If we look at the pod events, we can see that the Pod container was
created with the AppArmor profile "k8s-apparmor-example-deny-write":
kubectl get events | grep hello-apparmor
14s 14s 1 hello-apparmor

Pod Normal Scheduled
{default-scheduler } Successfully
assigned hello-apparmor to gke-test-default-pool-239f5d02-
gyn2
14s 14s 1 hello-apparmor Pod
spec.containers{hello} Normal Pulling {kubelet gke-
test-default-pool-239f5d02-gyn2} pulling image "busybox"
spec.containers{hello} Normal Pulled {kubelet gke-
test-default-pool-239f5d02-gyn2} Successfully pulled image
"busybox"
spec.containers{hello} Normal Created {kubelet gke-
test-default-pool-239f5d02-gyn2} Created container with
docker id 06b6cd1c0989; Security:[seccomp=unconfined
apparmor=k8s-apparmor-example-deny-write]
spec.containers{hello} Normal Started {kubelet gke-
test-default-pool-239f5d02-gyn2} Started container with
docker id 06b6cd1c0989
We can verify that the container is actually running with that profile by
checking its proc attr:
kubectl exec hello-apparmor cat /proc/1/attr/current
k8s-apparmor-example-deny-write (enforce)
Finally, we can see what happens if we try to violate the profile by
writing to a file:
kubectl exec hello-apparmor touch /tmp/test
touch: /tmp/test: Permission denied

error: error executing remote command: command terminated
with non-zero exit code: Error executing in Docker
Container: 1
To wrap up, let's look at what happens if we try to specify a profile that
hasn't been loaded:
kubectl create -f /dev/stdin <<EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: hello-apparmor-2
annotations:
container.apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/hello: loc
alhost/k8s-apparmor-example-allow-write
spec:
containers:
- name: hello
image: busybox
command: [ "sh", "-c", "echo 'Hello AppArmor!' && sleep
1h" ]
EOF
pod/hello-apparmor-2 created
kubectl describe pod hello-apparmor-2
Name: hello-apparmor-2
Namespace: default
Node: gke-test-default-pool-239f5d02-x1kf/
Start Time: Tue, 30 Aug 2016 17:58:56 -0700
Labels: <none>
Annotations:
container.apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/
hello=localhost/k8s-apparmor-example-allow-write
Status: Pending
Reason: AppArmor
Message: Pod Cannot enforce AppArmor: profile "k8s-
apparmor-example-allow-write" is not loaded
IP:
Controllers: <none>
Containers:
hello:
Container ID:
Image: busybox
Image ID:
Port:
Command:
sh
-c
echo 'Hello AppArmor!' && sleep 1h
State: Waiting
Reason: Blocked
Ready: False
Restart Count: 0
Environment: <none>
Mounts:
/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount from
default-token-dnz7v (ro)
Conditions:
Type Status
Initialized True
Ready False
PodScheduled True
Volumes:
default-token-dnz7v:
Type: Secret (a volume populated by a Secret)
SecretName: default-token-dnz7v
Optional: false
QoS Class: BestEffort
Node-Selectors: <none>
Tolerations: <none>
Events:
FirstSeen LastSeen Count
From SubobjectPath Type
Reason Message
--------- -------- -----
---- ------------- --------
------ -------
23s 23s 1 {default-
scheduler } Normal
Scheduled Successfully assigned hello-apparmor-2 to e2e-
test-stclair-node-pool-t1f5
23s 23s 1 {kubelet e2e-test-
stclair-node-pool-t1f5} Warning
AppArmor Cannot enforce AppArmor: profile "k8s-apparmor-
example-allow-write" is not loaded
Note the pod status is Failed, with a helpful error message: Pod
Cannot enforce AppArmor: profile "k8s-apparmor-example-allow-
write" is not loaded. An event was also recorded with the same
message.
Administration
Setting up nodes with profiles
Kubernetes does not currently provide any native mechanisms for
loading AppArmor profiles onto nodes. There are lots of ways to setup
the profiles though, such as:
◦ Through a DaemonSet that runs a Pod on each node to ensure the

correct profiles are loaded. An example implementation can be
found here.
◦ At node initialization time, using your node initialization scripts
(e.g. Salt, Ansible, etc.) or image.
◦ By copying the profiles to each node and loading them through
SSH, as demonstrated in the Example.
The scheduler is not aware of which profiles are loaded onto which
node, so the full set of profiles must be loaded onto every node. An
alternative approach is to add a node label for each profile (or class of
profiles) on the node, and use a node selector to ensure the Pod is run
on a node with the required profile.
Restricting profiles with the PodSecurityPolicy

If the PodSecurityPolicy extension is enabled, cluster-wide AppArmor
restrictions can be applied. To enable the PodSecurityPolicy, the
following flag must be set on the apiserver:
--enable-admission-plugins=PodSecurityPolicy[,others...]
The AppArmor options can be specified as annotations on the

PodSecurityPolicy:
apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName: <pro
file_ref>
apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames: <pr
ofile_ref>[,others...]
The default profile name option specifies the profile to apply to

containers by default when none is specified. The allowed profile names
option specifies a list of profiles that Pod containers are allowed to be
run with. If both options are provided, the default must be allowed. The
profiles are specified in the same format as on containers. See the API
Reference for the full specification.
Disabling AppArmor
If you do not want AppArmor to be available on your cluster, it can be
disabled by a command-line flag:
--feature-gates=AppArmor=false
When disabled, any Pod that includes an AppArmor profile will fail
validation with a "Forbidden" error. Note that by default docker always
enables the "docker-default" profile on non-privileged pods (if the
AppArmor kernel module is enabled), and will continue to do so even if
the feature-gate is disabled. The option to disable AppArmor will be
removed when AppArmor graduates to general availability (GA).
Upgrading to Kubernetes v1.4 with AppArmor

No action is required with respect to AppArmor to upgrade your cluster
to v1.4. However, if any existing pods had an AppArmor annotation,
they will not go through validation (or PodSecurityPolicy admission). If
permissive profiles are loaded on the nodes, a malicious user could pre-
apply a permissive profile to escalate the pod privileges above the
docker-default. If this is a concern, it is recommended to scrub the
cluster of any pods containing an annotation with apparmor.security.
beta.kubernetes.io.
Upgrade path to General Availability

When AppArmor is ready to be graduated to general availability (GA),
the options currently specified through annotations will be converted to
fields. Supporting all the upgrade and downgrade paths through the
transition is very nuanced, and will be explained in detail when the
transition occurs. We will commit to supporting both fields and
annotations for at least 2 releases, and will explicitly reject the
annotations for at least 2 releases after that.
Authoring Profiles
Getting AppArmor profiles specified correctly can be a tricky business.
Fortunately there are some tools to help with that:
◦ aa-genprof and aa-logprof generate profile rules by monitoring

an application's activity and logs, and admitting the actions it
takes. Further instructions are provided by the AppArmor
documentation.
◦ bane is an AppArmor profile generator for Docker that uses a
simplified profile language.
It is recommended to run your application through Docker on a

development workstation to generate the profiles, but there is nothing
preventing running the tools on the Kubernetes node where your Pod is
running.
To debug problems with AppArmor, you can check the system logs to
see what, specifically, was denied. AppArmor logs verbose messages to
dmesg, and errors can usually be found in the system logs or through jo
urnalctl. More information is provided in AppArmor failures.
API Reference
Pod Annotation
Specifying the profile a container will run with:
◦ key: container.apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/
<container_name> Where <container_name> matches the name of
a container in the Pod. A separate profile can be specified for each
container in the Pod.
◦ value: a profile reference, described below
Profile Reference
◦ runtime/default: Refers to the default runtime profile.
▪ Equivalent to not specifying a profile (without a
PodSecurityPolicy default), except it still requires AppArmor
to be enabled.
▪ For Docker, this resolves to the docker-default profile for
non-privileged containers, and unconfined (no profile) for
privileged containers.
◦ localhost/<profile_name>: Refers to a profile loaded on the
node (localhost) by name.
▪ The possible profile names are detailed in the core policy
reference.
◦ unconfined: This effectively disables AppArmor on the container.
Any other profile reference format is invalid.
PodSecurityPolicy Annotations
Specifying the default profile to apply to containers when none is
provided:
◦ key: apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/
defaultProfileName
◦ value: a profile reference, described above
Specifying the list of profiles Pod containers is allowed to specify:
◦ key: apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/
allowedProfileNames
◦ value: a comma-separated list of profile references (described
above)
▪ Although an escaped comma is a legal character in a profile
name, it cannot be explicitly allowed here.
What's next
Additional resources:
◦ Quick guide to the AppArmor profile language

◦ AppArmor core policy reference
Feedback
Yes No

improvement.
Last modified July 06, 2020 at 10:17 PM PST: Add documentation for
generally available seccomp functionality (3ad7ea77f)
◦ Objectives
◦ Securing a Pod
◦ Example
◦ Administration
▪ Setting up nodes with profiles
▪ Restricting profiles with the PodSecurityPolicy
▪ Disabling AppArmor
▪ Upgrading to Kubernetes v1.4 with AppArmor
▪ Upgrade path to General Availability
◦ Authoring Profiles
◦ API Reference
▪ Pod Annotation
▪ Profile Reference
▪ PodSecurityPolicy Annotations
◦ What's next
Restrict a Container's Syscalls

with Seccomp
FEATURE STATE: Kubernetes v1.19 [stable]
Seccomp stands for secure computing mode and has been a feature of
the Linux kernel since version 2.6.12. It can be used to sandbox the
privileges of a process, restricting the calls it is able to make from
userspace into the kernel. Kubernetes lets you automatically apply
seccomp profiles loaded onto a Node to your Pods and containers.
Identifying the privileges required for your workloads can be difficult.
In this tutorial, you will go through how to load seccomp profiles into a
local Kubernetes cluster, how to apply them to a Pod, and how you can
begin to craft profiles that give only the necessary privileges to your
container processes.
Objectives
◦ Learn how to load seccomp profiles on a node
◦ Learn how to apply a seccomp profile to a container
◦ Observe auditing of syscalls made by a container process
◦ Observe behavior when a missing profile is specified
◦ Observe a violation of a seccomp profile
◦ Learn how to create fine-grained seccomp profiles
◦ Learn how to apply a container runtime default seccomp profile
Before you begin

In order to complete all steps in this tutorial, you must install kind and
kubectl. This tutorial will show examples with both alpha (pre-v1.19)
and generally available seccomp functionality, so make sure that your
cluster is configured correctly for the version you are using.
Create Seccomp Profiles

The contents of these profiles will be explored later on, but for now go
ahead and download them into a directory named profiles/ so that
they can be loaded into the cluster.
◦ audit.json
◦ violation.json
◦ fine-grained.json
pods/security/seccomp/profiles/audit.json
{
"defaultAction": "SCMP_ACT_LOG"
}
pods/security/seccomp/profiles/violation.json
{
"defaultAction": "SCMP_ACT_ERRNO"
}
pods/security/seccomp/profiles/fine-grained.json
{
"defaultAction": "SCMP_ACT_ERRNO",
"architectures": [
"SCMP_ARCH_X86_64",
"SCMP_ARCH_X86",
"SCMP_ARCH_X32"
],
"syscalls": [
{
"names": [
"accept4",
"epoll_wait",
"pselect6",
"futex",
"madvise",
"epoll_ctl",
"getsockname",
"setsockopt",
"vfork",
"mmap",
"read",
"write",
"close",
"arch_prctl",
"sched_getaffinity",
"munmap",
"brk",
"rt_sigaction",
"rt_sigprocmask",
"sigaltstack",
"gettid",
"clone",
"bind",
"socket",
"openat",
"readlinkat",
"exit_group",
"epoll_create1",
"listen",
"rt_sigreturn",
"sched_yield",
"clock_gettime",
"connect",
"dup2",
"epoll_pwait",
"execve",
"exit",
"fcntl",
"getpid",
"getuid",
"ioctl",
"mprotect",
"nanosleep",
"open",
"poll",
"recvfrom",
"sendto",
"set_tid_address",
"setitimer",
"writev"
],
"action": "SCMP_ACT_ALLOW"
}
]
}
Create a Local Kubernetes Cluster with

Kind
For simplicity, kind can be used to create a single node cluster with the
seccomp profiles loaded. Kind runs Kubernetes in Docker, so each node
of the cluster is actually just a container. This allows for files to be
mounted in the filesystem of each container just as one might load files
onto a node.
pods/security/seccomp/kind.yaml
apiVersion: kind.x-k8s.io/v1alpha4
kind: Cluster
nodes:
- role: control-plane
extraMounts:
- hostPath: "./profiles"
containerPath: "/var/lib/kubelet/seccomp/profiles"
Download the example above, and save it to a file named kind.yaml.

Then create the cluster with the configuration.
kind create cluster --config=kind.yaml
Once the cluster is ready, identify the container running as the single
node cluster:
docker ps
You should see output indicating that a container is running with name
kind-control-plane.
CONTAINER ID IMAGE
COMMAND CREATED
STATUS PORTS NAMES
6a96207fed4b kindest/node:v1.18.2 "/usr/local/bin/
entrâ€¦" 27 seconds ago Up 24 seconds
127.0.0.1:42223->6443/tcp kind-control-plane
If observing the filesystem of that container, one should see that the pr
ofiles/ directory has been successfully loaded into the default
seccomp path of the kubelet. Use docker exec to run a command in the
Pod:
docker exec -it 6a96207fed4b ls /var/lib/kubelet/seccomp/

profiles
audit.json fine-grained.json violation.json
Create a Pod with a Seccomp profile for

syscall auditing
To start off, apply the audit.json profile, which will log all syscalls of
the process, to a new Pod.
Download the correct manifest for your Kubernetes version:
◦ v1.19 or Later (GA)

◦ Pre-v1.19 (alpha)
pods/security/seccomp/ga/audit-pod.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: audit-pod
labels:
app: audit-pod
spec:
securityContext:
seccompProfile:
type: Localhost
localhostProfile: profiles/audit.json
containers:
- name: test-container
image: hashicorp/http-echo:0.2.3
args:
- "-text=just made some syscalls!"
securityContext:
allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
pods/security/seccomp/alpha/audit-pod.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: audit-pod
labels:
app: audit-pod
annotations:
seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/pod: localhost/
profiles/audit.json
spec:
containers:
args:
securityContext:
Create the Pod in the cluster:
kubectl apply -f audit-pod.yaml
This profile does not restrict any syscalls, so the Pod should start
successfully.
kubectl get pod/audit-pod

audit-pod 1/1 Running 0 30s
In order to be able to interact with this endpoint exposed by this

container,create a NodePort Service that allows access to the endpoint
from inside the kind control plane container.
kubectl expose pod/audit-pod --type NodePort --port 5678

Check what port the Service has been assigned on the node.
kubectl get svc/audit-pod

PORT(S) AGE
audit-pod NodePort 10.111.36.142 <none>
5678:32373/TCP 72s
Now you can curl the endpoint from inside the kind control plane
container at the port exposed by this Service. Use docker exec to run a
command in the Pod:
docker exec -it 6a96207fed4b curl localhost:32373
just made some syscalls!
You can see that the process is running, but what syscalls did it actually
make? Because this Pod is running in a local cluster, you should be able
to see those in /var/log/syslog. Open up a new terminal window and
tail the output for calls from http-echo:
tail -f /var/log/syslog | grep 'http-echo'
You should already see some logs of syscalls made by http-echo, and if
you curl the endpoint in the control plane container you will see more
written.
Jul 6 15:37:40 my-machine kernel: [369128.669452] audit:

type=1326 audit(1594067860.484:14536): auid=4294967295 uid=0
gid=0 ses=4294967295 pid=29064 comm="http-echo" exe="/http-
echo" sig=0 arch=c000003e syscall=51 compat=0 ip=0x46fe1f
code=0x7ffc0000
echo" sig=0 arch=c000003e syscall=54 compat=0 ip=0x46fdba
code=0x7ffc0000
echo" sig=0 arch=c000003e syscall=202 compat=0 ip=0x455e53
code=0x7ffc0000
echo" sig=0 arch=c000003e syscall=288 compat=0 ip=0x46fdba
code=0x7ffc0000
echo" sig=0 arch=c000003e syscall=0 compat=0 ip=0x46fd44
code=0x7ffc0000
echo" sig=0 arch=c000003e syscall=270 compat=0 ip=0x4559b1
code=0x7ffc0000
echo" sig=0 arch=c000003e syscall=270 compat=0 ip=0x4559b1
code=0x7ffc0000
echo" sig=0 arch=c000003e syscall=202 compat=0 ip=0x455e53
code=0x7ffc0000
You can begin to understand the syscalls required by the http-echo

process by looking at the syscall= entry on each line. While these are
unlikely to encompass all syscalls it uses, it can serve as a basis for a
seccomp profile for this container.
Clean up that Pod and Service before moving to the next section:
kubectl delete pod/audit-pod

kubectl delete svc/audit-pod
Create Pod with Seccomp Profile that

Causes Violation
For demonstration, apply a profile to the Pod that does not allow for any
syscalls.

pods/security/seccomp/ga/violation-pod.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: violation-pod
labels:
app: violation-pod
spec:
securityContext:
seccompProfile:
type: Localhost
localhostProfile: profiles/violation.json
containers:
args:
securityContext:
pods/security/seccomp/alpha/violation-pod.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: violation-pod
labels:
app: violation-pod
annotations:
profiles/violation.json
spec:
containers:
args:
securityContext:
Create the Pod in the cluster:
kubectl apply -f violation-pod.yaml
If you check the status of the Pod, you should see that it failed to start.
kubectl get pod/violation-pod

violation-pod 0/1 CrashLoopBackOff 1 6s
As seen in the previous example, the http-echo process requires quite

a few syscalls. Here seccomp has been instructed to error on any
syscall by setting "defaultAction": "SCMP_ACT_ERRNO". This is
extremely secure, but removes the ability to do anything meaningful.
What you really want is to give workloads only the privileges they need.
kubectl delete pod/violation-pod

kubectl delete svc/violation-pod
Create Pod with Seccomp Profile that Only

Allows Necessary Syscalls
If you take a look at the fine-pod.json, you will notice some of the
syscalls seen in the first example where the profile set "defaultAction
": "SCMP_ACT_LOG". Now the profile is setting "defaultAction":
"SCMP_ACT_ERRNO", but explicitly allowing a set of syscalls in the "acti
on": "SCMP_ACT_ALLOW" block. Ideally, the container will run
successfully and you will see no messages sent to syslog.

pods/security/seccomp/ga/fine-pod.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: fine-pod
labels:
app: fine-pod
spec:
securityContext:
seccompProfile:
type: Localhost
localhostProfile: profiles/fine-grained.json
containers:
args:
securityContext:
pods/security/seccomp/alpha/fine-pod.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: fine-pod
labels:
app: fine-pod
annotations:
profiles/fine-grained.json
spec:
containers:
args:
securityContext:
Create the Pod in your cluster:
kubectl apply -f fine-pod.yaml
The Pod should start successfully.
kubectl get pod/fine-pod

fine-pod 1/1 Running 0 30s
Open up a new terminal window and tail the output for calls from htt
p-echo:
tail -f /var/log/syslog | grep 'http-echo'
Expose the Pod with a NodePort Service:
kubectl expose pod/fine-pod --type NodePort --port 5678
Check what port the Service has been assigned on the node:
kubectl get svc/fine-pod

PORT(S) AGE
fine-pod NodePort 10.111.36.142 <none>
5678:32373/TCP 72s
curl the endpoint from inside the kind control plane container:
docker exec -it 6a96207fed4b curl localhost:32373
just made some syscalls!
You should see no output in the syslog because the profile allowed all
necessary syscalls and specified that an error should occur if one
outside of the list is invoked. This is an ideal situation from a security
perspective, but required some effort in analyzing the program. It
would be nice if there was a simple way to get closer to this security
without requiring as much effort.
kubectl delete pod/fine-pod

kubectl delete svc/fine-pod
Create Pod that uses the Container

Runtime Default Seccomp Profile
Most container runtimes provide a sane set of default syscalls that are
allowed or not. The defaults can easily be applied in Kubernetes by
using the runtime/default annotation or setting the seccomp type in
the security context of a pod or container to RuntimeDefault.

pods/security/seccomp/ga/default-pod.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: audit-pod
labels:
app: audit-pod
spec:
securityContext:
seccompProfile:
type: RuntimeDefault
containers:
args:
securityContext:
pods/security/seccomp/alpha/default-pod.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: default-pod
labels:
app: default-pod
annotations:
seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/pod: runtime/default
spec:
containers:
args:
securityContext:
The default seccomp profile should provide adequate access for most
workloads.
What's next
Additional resources:
◦ A Seccomp Overview
◦ Seccomp Security Profiles for Docker
Feedback
Yes No

improvement.
section (774594bf1)
◦ Objectives
◦ Create Seccomp Profiles
◦ Create a Local Kubernetes Cluster with Kind
◦ Create a Pod with a Seccomp profile for syscall auditing
◦ Create Pod with Seccomp Profile that Causes Violation
◦ Create Pod with Seccomp Profile that Only Allows Necessary
Syscalls
◦ Create Pod that uses the Container Runtime Default Seccomp
Profile
◦ What's next
Services
Using Source IP
Using Source IP
Applications running in a Kubernetes cluster find and communicate
with each other, and the outside world, through the Service abstraction.
This document explains what happens to the source IP of packets sent
to different types of Services, and how you can toggle this behavior
according to your needs.
Before you begin
Terminology
This document makes use of the following terms:
NAT
network address translation
Source NAT
replacing the source IP on a packet; in this page, that usually
means replacing with the IP address of a node.
Destination NAT
replacing the destination IP on a packet; in this page, that usually
means replacing with the IP address of a Pod
VIP
a virtual IP address, such as the one assigned to every Service in
Kubernetes
kube-proxy
a network daemon that orchestrates Service VIP management on
every node
Prerequisites
◦ Katacoda
The examples use a small nginx webserver that echoes back the source
IP of requests it receives through an HTTP header. You can create it as
follows:
kubectl create deployment source-ip-app --image=k8s.gcr.io/

echoserver:1.4
The output is:
deployment.apps/source-ip-app created
Objectives
◦ Expose a simple application through various types of Services
◦ Understand how each Service type handles source IP NAT
◦ Understand the tradeoffs involved in preserving source IP
Source IP for Services with Type=ClusterIP
Packets sent to ClusterIP from within the cluster are never source
NAT'd if you're running kube-proxy in iptables mode, (the default). You
can query the kube-proxy mode by fetching http://localhost:10249/
proxyMode on the node where kube-proxy is running.
kubectl get nodes
The output is similar to this:
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE

VERSION
kubernetes-node-6jst Ready <none> 2h v1.13.0
kubernetes-node-cx31 Ready <none> 2h v1.13.0
kubernetes-node-jj1t Ready <none> 2h v1.13.0
Get the proxy mode on one of the nodes (kube-proxy listens on port
10249):
# Run this in a shell on the node you want to query.

curl http://localhost:10249/proxyMode
The output is:
iptables
You can test source IP preservation by creating a Service over the

source IP app:
kubectl expose deployment source-ip-app --name=clusterip --

port=80 --target-port=8080
The output is:
service/clusterip exposed
kubectl get svc clusterip

PORT(S) AGE
clusterip ClusterIP 10.0.170.92 <none> 80/
TCP 51s
And hitting the ClusterIP from a pod in the same cluster:
kubectl run busybox -it --image=busybox --restart=Never --rm
Waiting for pod default/busybox to be running, status is

Pending, pod ready: false
If you don't see a command prompt, try pressing enter.
You can then run a command inside that Pod:
# Run this inside the terminal from "kubectl run"

ip addr
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue

link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
3: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1460 qdisc
noqueue
link/ether 0a:58:0a:f4:03:08 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 10.244.3.8/24 scope global eth0
inet6 fe80::188a:84ff:feb0:26a5/64 scope link
â€¦then use wget to query the local webserver
# Replace "10.0.170.92" with the IPv4 address of the Service

named "clusterip"
wget -qO - 10.0.170.92
CLIENT VALUES:
client_address=10.244.3.8
command=GET
...
The client_address is always the client pod's IP address, whether the

client pod and server pod are in the same node or in different nodes.
Source IP for Services with Type=NodePort

Packets sent to Services with Type=NodePort are source NAT'd by
default. You can test this by creating a NodePort Service:
kubectl expose deployment source-ip-app --name=nodeport --

port=80 --target-port=8080 --type=NodePort
The output is:
service/nodeport exposed
NODEPORT=$(kubectl get -o jsonpath="{.spec.ports[0].nodePort}

" services nodeport)
NODES=$(kubectl get nodes -o jsonpath='{ $.items[*].status.ad
dresses[?(@.type=="InternalIP")].address }')
If you're running on a cloud provider, you may need to open up a
firewall-rule for the nodes:nodeport reported above. Now you can try
reaching the Service from outside the cluster through the node port
allocated above.
for node in $NODES; do curl -s $node:$NODEPORT | grep -i

client_address; done
Note that these are not the correct client IPs, they're cluster internal
IPs. This is what happens:
◦ Client sends packet to node2:nodePort

◦ node2 replaces the source IP address (SNAT) in the packet with its
own IP address
◦ node2 replaces the destination IP on the packet with the pod IP
◦ packet is routed to node 1, and then to the endpoint
◦ the pod's reply is routed back to node2
◦ the pod's reply is sent back to the client
Visually:
[JavaScript must be enabled to view content]
To avoid this, Kubernetes has a feature to preserve the client source IP.
If you set service.spec.externalTrafficPolicy to the value Local,
kube-proxy only proxies proxy requests to local endpoints, and does not
forward traffic to other nodes. This approach preserves the original
source IP address. If there are no local endpoints, packets sent to the
node are dropped, so you can rely on the correct source-ip in any
packet processing rules you might apply a packet that make it through
to the endpoint.
Set the service.spec.externalTrafficPolicy field as follows:
kubectl patch svc nodeport -p '{"spec":

{"externalTrafficPolicy":"Local"}}'
The output is:
service/nodeport patched
Now, re-run the test:
for node in $NODES; do curl --connect-timeout 1 -s $node:$NOD

EPORT | grep -i client_address; done
Note that you only got one reply, with the right client IP, from the one
node on which the endpoint pod is running.
This is what happens:
◦ client sends packet to node2:nodePort, which doesn't have any

endpoints
◦ packet is dropped
◦ client sends packet to node1:nodePort, which does have endpoints
◦ node1 routes packet to endpoint with the correct source IP
Visually:
[JavaScript must be enabled to view content]
Source IP for Services with Type=LoadBalan

cer
Packets sent to Services with Type=LoadBalancer are source NAT'd by

default, because all schedulable Kubernetes nodes in the Ready state
are eligible for load-balanced traffic. So if packets arrive at a node
without an endpoint, the system proxies it to a node with an endpoint,
replacing the source IP on the packet with the IP of the node (as
described in the previous section).
You can test this by exposing the source-ip-app through a load

balancer:
kubectl expose deployment source-ip-app --name=loadbalancer

--port=80 --target-port=8080 --type=LoadBalancer
The output is:

service/loadbalancer exposed
Print out the IP addresses of the Service:
kubectl get svc loadbalancer

IP PORT(S) AGE
loadbalancer LoadBalancer 10.0.65.118
203.0.113.140 80/TCP 5m
Next, send a request to this Service's external-ip:
curl 203.0.113.140
CLIENT VALUES:
...
However, if you're running on Google Kubernetes Engine/GCE, setting

the same service.spec.externalTrafficPolicy field to Local forces
nodes without Service endpoints to remove themselves from the list of
nodes eligible for loadbalanced traffic by deliberately failing health
checks.
Visually:
configuration
Load balancer
Service
Health Health
check of check of
node 1 node 2
returns returns
200 500
Node 1 Node 2
You can test this by setting the annotation:
kubectl patch svc loadbalancer -p '{"spec":

{"externalTrafficPolicy":"Local"}}'
You should immediately see the service.spec.healthCheckNodePort

field allocated by Kubernetes:
kubectl get svc loadbalancer -o yaml | grep -i

healthCheckNodePort
healthCheckNodePort: 32122
The service.spec.healthCheckNodePort field points to a port on

every node serving the health check at /healthz. You can test this:
kubectl get pod -o wide -l run=source-ip-app
NAME READY STATUS

RESTARTS AGE IP NODE
source-ip-app-826191075-qehz4 1/1 Running
0 20h 10.180.1.136 kubernetes-node-6jst
Use curl to fetch the /healthz endpoint on various nodes:
# Run this locally on a node you choose

curl localhost:32122/healthz
1 Service Endpoints found
On a different node you might get a different result:
# Run this locally on a node you choose

curl localhost:32122/healthz
No Service Endpoints Found
A controller running on the control plane is responsible for allocating

the cloud load balancer. The same controller also allocates HTTP health
checks pointing to this port/path on each node. Wait about 10 seconds
for the 2 nodes without endpoints to fail health checks, then use curl
to query the IPv4 address of the load balancer:
curl 203.0.113.140
CLIENT VALUES:
...
Cross-platform support
Only some cloud providers offer support for source IP preservation

through Services with Type=LoadBalancer. The cloud provider you're
running on might fulfill the request for a loadbalancer in a few different
ways:
1. With a proxy that terminates the client connection and opens a

new connection to your nodes/endpoints. In such cases the source
IP will always be that of the cloud LB, not that of the client.
With a packet forwarder, such that requests from the client sent to
2. the loadbalancer VIP end up at the node with the source IP of the
client, not an intermediate proxy.
Load balancers in the first category must use an agreed upon protocol
between the loadbalancer and backend to communicate the true client
IP such as the HTTP Forwarded or X-FORWARDED-FOR headers, or the
proxy protocol. Load balancers in the second category can leverage the
feature described above by creating an HTTP health check pointing at
the port stored in the service.spec.healthCheckNodePort field on the
Service.
Cleaning up
Delete the Services:
kubectl delete svc -l run=source-ip-app
Delete the Deployment, ReplicaSet and Pod:
kubectl delete deployment source-ip-app
What's next
◦ Learn more about connecting applications via services
◦ Read how to Create an External Load Balancer
Feedback
Yes No

improvement.
Last modified August 10, 2020 at 12:51 AM PST: Modify wget comment
so that 10.0.170.92 refers to ClusterIP of the service and not the PodIP
(eeb9f539d)
▪ Terminology
▪ Prerequisites
◦ Objectives
◦ Source IP for Services with Type=ClusterIP
◦ Source IP for Services with Type=NodePort
◦ Source IP for Services with Type=LoadBalancer
◦ Cross-platform support
◦ Cleaning up
◦ What's next

Kubernetes Tutorials

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Tutorials

This section of the Kubernetes documentation contains tutorials. A tutorial

• Introduction to Kubernetes (edX)

• Example: Deploying PHP Guestbook application with Redis

• Example: WordPress and MySQL with Persistent Volumes

• Example: Deploying Cassandra with Stateful Sets

• Running ZooKeeper, A CP Distributed System

Before you begin

Create a minikube cluster

Using the interactive tutorials, you can learn to:

◦ Deploy a containerized application on a cluster.

The tutorials use Katacoda to run a virtual terminal in your web

What can Kubernetes do for you?

Kubernetes Basics Modules

1. Create a Kubernetes cluster

4. Expose your app publicly

5. Scale up your app

6. Update your app

Using Minikube to Create a Cluster

Interactive Tutorial - Creating a Cluster

Using Minikube to Create a

A Kubernetes cluster consists of two types of resources:

◦ The Master coordinates the cluster

Kubernetes is a production-grade, open-source platform that

The Master is responsible for managing the cluster. The master

A node is a VM or a physical computer that serves as a worker

When you deploy applications on Kubernetes, you tell the master to

A Kubernetes cluster can be deployed on either physical or virtual

Start Interactive Tutorial â€º

Thanks for the feedback. If you have a specific, answerable question

Last modified October 12, 2020 at 9:52 PM PST: Remove rkt

Using kubectl to Create a Deployment

Interactive Tutorial - Deploying an App

Using kubectl to Create a

Once the application instances are created, a Kubernetes Deployment

In a pre-orchestration world, installation scripts would often be used to

A Deployment is responsible for creating and updating instances of

Deploying your first app on Kubernetes

You can create and manage a Deployment by using the Kubernetes

When you create a Deployment, you'll need to specify the container

Applications need to be packaged into one of the supported container

For your first Deployment, you'll use a Node.js application packaged in

Start Interactive Tutorial â€º

Thanks for the feedback. If you have a specific, answerable question

Interactive Tutorial - Deploying

Explore Your App

Viewing Pods and Nodes

Interactive Tutorial - Exploring Your App

◦ Shared storage, as Volumes

A Pod models an application-specific "logical host" and can contain

A Pod is a group of one or more application containers (such as Docker)

Every Kubernetes Node runs at least:

◦ Kubelet, a process responsible for communication between the

Containers should only be scheduled together in a single Pod if they are

◦ kubectl get - list resources

A node is a worker machine in Kubernetes and may be a VM or physical

Thanks for the feedback. If you have a specific, answerable question

Interactive Tutorial - Exploring

Expose Your App Publicly

Using a Service to Expose Your App