Exercise 1: Thermodynamics: A Review

Name: Benedict Timothy S. Orteza Group No:

Course/Section: C06 Civil Egeneering Instructor: Edgar Magas

Exercise 1
THERMODYNAMICS: A Review
OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of the experiment, the student should be able to:

1. recall basic concepts and terminologies in thermodynamics;
2. solve problems in thermodynamics, i.e. calculation of enthalpy change of a reaction,
heat evolved in a reaction, specific heat capacity and molar heat capacity of a substance,
standard enthalpy of formation; and
3. tell whether a reaction is spontaneous or non-spontaneous, exothermic or endothermic
given the thermodynamic parameters.
PART I. Matching. Match the thermodynamics terms with its definition or description by
placing the corresponding letter in the space provided.

__T__ 1. Calorimetry A. A reaction in which heat is absorbed and the

temperature of the surroundings falls
___G__ 2. Closed system B. A reaction in which heat is evolved and the
temperature of the surroundings rises.
___A__ 3. Endothermic C. One that proceeds on its own without any
continuous external influence
___N__ 4. Enthalpy change (ΔH) D. The sum of kinetic and potential energies for
each particle in a system
___R__ 5. Entropy (S) E. The enthalpy change for a reaction.
F. A system that freely exchanges energy and
___B__ 6. Exothermic matter with its surroundings.
G. A system that exchanges only energy with its
___J__ 7. First law of thermodynamics surroundings, not matter.
H. A system that does not exchange energy or
___I__ 8. Heat (q) matter.
I. The energy transferred from one object to
___L__ 9. Heat capacity (C) another as the result of a temperature
difference between them.
J. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can
___E__ 10. Heat of reaction only be converted from one form into another.
(ΔUsys + ΔUsurrounding = 0). The total internal
energy of an isolated system is constant (ΔU sys =
q + w)
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Exercise 1: Thermodynamics: A Review

___S__ 11. Hess’s law K. The amount of heat necessary to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of substance by 1°C.
___D__ 12. Internal energy (U) L. The amount of heat necessary to raise the
temperature of a given quantity of the
substance by 1°C.
___H__ 13. Isolated system M. The amount of heat necessary to raise the
temperature of 1 mol of substance by 1°C.
___M__ 14. Molar heat capacity N. The heat change in a reaction or process at
constant pressure.
___F__ 15. Open system O. A function or property whose value depends
only on the present condition of the system,
not on the path used to arrive at that condition.
___K__ 16. Specific heat (s) (Examples in thermodynamics are H, U, G and
S)
P. The specific part of the universe that is of
interest in the study (surrounding is everything
___C__ 17. Spontaneous process else, the rest of the universe).
Q. A measure of the kinetic energy of molecular
___O__ 18. State function motion.
R. The amount of molecular randomness in a
___P__ 19. System system.
S. The overall enthalpy change for a reaction is
equal to the sum of the enthalpy changes for
___Q__ 20. Temperature the individual steps in the reaction.
T. The process of measuring the amount of heat
released or absorbed during a chemical
reaction.

PART II. Numeric Response. Solve the following review questions clearly and neatly. Show all
your solutions. Box your final answers with appropriate units.

Heat, Work, and Energy

1. A reaction takes place at a constant pressure of 1.10 atm with an internal energy change
(∆ U ) of 71.5 kJ and a volume decrease of 13.6 L. What is the enthalpy change (∆ H ) for
the reaction? (1 L∙ atm=101.325 J ¿

71.5kj/mol +(1.10atm x -13.6L x 101.325J/1L atm x 1kj /1000s)

=70kj

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Exercise 1: Thermodynamics: A Review

2. Aluminum metal reacts with chlorine with a spectacular display of sparks:

2 Al (s) +3 Cl2 (g) →2 AlCl 3 (s) ∆ H o=− 1408.4 kJ
How much heat in kJ is released on reaction of 5.00 g of Al?
Solution:
1 mol
Molar mass = 5.00g x = 0.185 mol
26.982 g
kj
Q= 0.185 mol x -1408.4 = 260.554 kj
mol
Final answer: -2.61 x10 kj

Calorimetry and Heat Capacity

3. Titanium metal is used as a structural material in many high-tech applications, such as in

J
jet engines. What is the specific heat of titanium in if it takes 89.7 J to raise the
g∙℃
temperature of a 33.0 g block by 5.20°C? What is the molar heat capacity of titanium in
J
? B.
mol ∙℃ Cp=0.523 J/(g°C)×47.87 g/mol
Cp=25.0344 J/(mol°C)
A. Q=mCpΔT
Cp=Q/mΔT
Cp=89.7J/(33.0g×5.20°C)=0.523

4. When a solution containing 8.00 g of NaOH in 50.0 g of water at 25.0 °C is added to a

solution of 8.00 g of HCl in 250.0 g of water at 25.0 °C in a calorimeter, the temperature
of the solution increases to 33.5 °C. Assuming that the specific heat of the solution is
J
4.184 and that of the calorimeter absorbs a negligible amount of heat, calculate
g∙℃
∆ H in kJ for the reaction
NaOH (aq)+ HCl(aq) → NaCl (aq) + H 2 O(l)
Solution: q= mc∆T
=(8g + 8g + 50g + 250g)(4.184 j/g ℃)(8.5℃) ∆
H=(11238.224j/(0.0027mol)91kj/100s)
j 1 kj
=(316g)(4.184 j/g℃)(8.5℃) = 4162.305185 ( )
mol 1000 s
kj
= 11238.224J =4162.305185
mol
1mol kj
NaOH= 8g( )=0.20mol final answer: 4.16x103
90 g mol

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Exercise 1: Thermodynamics: A Review

1 mol
HCI=8g( )= 0.2027mol
39.46 g

Hess’s Law and Heats of Formation

5. Sulfuric acid ( H 2 SO4 ¿, the most widely produced chemical in the world, is made by a
two-step oxidation of sulfur to sulfur trioxide, SO3, followed by the reaction with water.
kJ
Calculate ∆ H of for SO3(g) in , given the following data:
mol
S(s) +O 2(g ) → SO2 (g) ∆ H o =−296.8 kJ
1
SO 2(g) + O → SO 3(g ) ∆ H o=− 98.9 kJ
2 2 (g)

S(s) + 02 (g) SO 2 (g)

SO2 (g) + O2 (g) → SO3 (g)

kj
SO2 (g) + 02 (g) + O2 (g) → SO3 (g) final answer : ∆H+- = -3.96x102 KJ or
mol

6. Acetic acid (CH 3 CO 2 H ), whose aqueous solutions are known as vinegar, is prepared by
reaction of ethyl alcohol (CH 3 CH 2 OH ) with oxygen:
CH 3 CH 2 OH (l) +O2 ( g) →CH 3 CO2 H (l) + H 2 O (l)
Use the following ∆ H of values to calculate the ∆ H orxn in kJ:
kJ kJ kJ
CH 3 CH 2 OH (l )=−277.7 ; CH 3 CO 2 H ( l)=− 484.5 ; H 2 O(l)=− 285.8
mol mol mol
KJ
∆H0F: CH3CH2OH(L) +-277.7 ∆H0 rxn=∑ ℎp ∑ Hr
MOL
KJ
02(G) = 0 ={(1)(-484.5kj/mol)+(1)(-2858kj/mol)}-{(1)(-277.7kj/mol)
MOL
(10(0kj/mol)}
CH3 CO2 H(L) = -484.5 kj/mol final answer: ∆H0rxn=-492.6 kj/mol or kj
H2O(L) =-285.8 kj/mol

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Exercise 1: Thermodynamics: A Review

Free Energy and Entropy

7. Tell whether the reactions with the following values of ΔH and ΔS are spontaneous of
non-spontaneous and whether they are exothermic or endothermic. Show you
calculations
spontaneous or exothermic or
non-spontaneous endothermic
a . ∆ H=− 48 kJ ; ∆ S=+135 J / K at 400 K spontaneous exothermic
b . ∆ H=− 48 kJ ; ∆ S=−135 J / K at 400 K Non-spontaneous endothermic
c . ∆ H=+ 48 kJ; ∆ S=+135 J / K at 400 K spontaneous exothermic
d . ∆ H=+ 48 kJ; ∆ S=−135 J / K at 400 K Non-spontaneous endothermic

8. Suppose that a reaction has ∆ H =−33 kJ and ∆ S=−58 J / K. At what temperature, if

any, will it change between spontaneous and non-spontaneous?

∆H
Sd: ∆S=
Tb
∆H
Tb =
∆S
1000 s
(− 33 kj)( )
Tb= 1 kj Tb=568.965517K
− 58 j/k

9. Chloroform has ∆ H vaporization=29.2kJ /mol and boils at 61.2 °C. What is the value of
∆ S vaporization for chloroform?

∆H
∆ S=
T (B+ P)
29.2 x 10 3 j/mol
= ∆ S= 87.373 J/mol-k
(273+61.2 ℃ )− k
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