TOEFL Materials

compiled from many sources by Rishan Azhari

I. Meeting 1

1. Subject and Predicate

1.1 Subject
Academically, language should be written in sentence. Together with Predicate, Subject is
one of the two important parts to make a sentence. Subject is easily defined as something
or someone doing an action. To have a good understanding of Subject, it is necessary to be
able to identify types of structures which can function as subjects.

5 types of structures which can function as subjects:

Noun : Your invitation
Pronoun : It
Gerund : Accepting your invitation
Infinitive : To accept your invitation
Noun Clause : That you invited me
…………..makes me happy.
Predicate

Task 1:
Determine the types of structure of the underlined Subject of the following sentences,
whether it is a Noun, Pronoun, Gerund, Infinitive, or Noun Clause!
1. To sleep all morning is a waste of time
2. Whoever wins the race will receive a trophy.
3. That was a silly remark.
4. Falling in love is a beautiful experience.
5. To get angry is not a solution

Answers: 1. Infinitive. 2. Noun Clause. 3. Pronoun. 4. Gerund. 5. Infinitive.

Task 2:

Determine the Subject of each sentence!

1. What he said confused me
2. To get angry is not a solution
3. Courtesy demands a prompt apology
4. He is the new director of the institute
5. Both the tulips and the daffodils are blooming

Answers: 1. What he said

2. To get angry
3. Courtesy
4. He
5. Both the tulips and the daffodils

Task 3:
Determine whether the underlined word is a Verb or Noun.
1. At the last minute, a swift kick by one player tied the game.
2. On a dark night dreams can seem larger than life.
3. A safe place for a will is in a bank.
4. The instructors time exercises with a watch.
5. While reading her book, the operator pages employees who get calls
Answers: 1. Noun . 2. Noun. 3. Noun. 4. Verb. 5. Verb.

Task 4:
Determine whether it is a Clause (Subject and Predicate) or Phrase (only Subject).
1. Walking home takes time
2. Spelling irregular verbs
3. The man ate quickly
4. To enter costs ten dollars
5. The drive home at night
Answers: 1. Clause. 2. Phrase. 3. Clause. 4. Clause. 5. Phrase.
 Task 5:
Determine whether it is Check (Subject and Predicate), Minus (needing Subject or
Predicate), or Plus (deleting something to make Subject and Predicate).
1. Too much alcohol harms the liver
2. The couple with their two children
3. Children playing on the swings
4. A subject it must not be repeated
5. This is a simple sentence
Answers: 1. Check. 2. Minus. 3. Minus. 4. Plus. 5. Check.

I.2 Predicate

Predicate must be a Verb which is generally located as the first Verb of the sentence or located
after SUBJECT
examples:
- The students were here
- One of the students will be here

Singular Subject Predicate Plurals Predicate

Subject
It They
He We
She Verb1+ s/es Verb1
--------- ----------
One IS Ones ARE
That -------- Those -------
WAS WERE
This These

Task 6:
Determine whether it is True or False.
1. The study of language is very interesting
2. Several theories on this subject has been proposed
3. The view of these disciplines vary from time to time
4. Marriages requires cooperation
5. The car full of teenagers crashed
Answers: 1. True. 2. False. 3. False. 4. False. 5. True.

Example:
Determine which part of this sentence should be corrected or rewritten.

Boston, the hub of historic New England, it is the capital of Massachusetts and the largest
A B C D
city in the area.
Answers: B

Test 1

1.3 Singular subject

A. Introductory IT

It Is
It Was
It (Verb 1 + s/es), e.g Has, Goes,..
It Auxiliary Verb, e.g Will, Should, Can,..
 B. Everybody, everyone, everything, No one, nobody, nothing, Someone, somebody,
something, each, either, neither
example:
Everybody, everyone, and everything is there

C. Measurement (Weight, Height, Time, Money, Volume, etc..)

example:
One dollar is not enough but fifty dollars is

D. Academic Subjects, Diseases, Abstract Nouns

example:
1. Mathematics is an interesting subject to learn.

2. AIDS is spreading in that area.

E. Title
example:
The New York Times is a good newspaper.
The Old Man and The Sea is very good to read.

F. The expressions such as: ..along with..., ..together with..., ....as well as...., …with......in
addition to...,...accompanied by...
example:
The teacher along with his 10 students is viewing a film

Task 7: True or False?

1. Each student and teacher is on time
2. Every man and woman is eligible to vote
3. In World War II, it is the men who served in combat roles.
4. Neither of the reporters are allowed to interview the players
5. Where have everyone gone?
Answers: 1. True. 2. True. 3. False. 4. False. 5. False

1.4. Plurals

A. PLURAL VERB: Several, Many, Both, Few

Example:
Only a few have passed the test
Both tigers and elephants are becoming extinct
B. PLURAL VERB: trousers, scissors, thanks, eyeglasses, tongs, tweezers
Example:
His pants are still at the cleaners but that pair of pants is still dirty.

1.5. Singular or Plurals

A. The Subject of the sentence containing expressions such as Neither...nor....., Either ....or...,
Not only ....but also......in the beginning of a sentence must deal with the Second Subject.
Example:
1. Neither the students nor the teacher is allowed to smoke
2. Neither the students nor the teachers are allowed to smoke

B. The Subject of the sentence containing expressions such as All, No, None in the beginning
of a sentence must deal with the noun.
Example:
1. All of the books were burned
2. All of the book was burned
3. None of the counterfeit money has been found
4. None of the students have finished the exam yet
5. No example is relevant to this case
6. No examples are relevant to this case

C. The expression A number of is Plural, but The number of is singular.

Example: A number of materials have been destroyed.

The number of book is kept.
 D. Collective Nouns such as: committee, faculty, class, group, team, police, fish, deer,
cattle, crew, family, majority, minority, club, army, crowd, public, organization, congress,
jury, etc..can be singular or plurals depending other part of sentence determining the
singularity or plurality.
example:
The committee is preparing for its final meeting.
Those deer are hard to find, but this deer is easy.

Task 8: True or False?

1. The crew is asleep in their bunks down in the hold of the ship.
2. News of the peace talks has not yet reached the island.
Answers: 1. False. 2. True

Task 9: Is or Are?
1. Not only the doctor but also the nurses...here.
2. All of the medicine...gone
3. Washing with special cream...recommended for scalp infection.
4. A number of reporters ... at the conference.
5. The crowd at the basketball game ... wild with their excitement
Answers: 1. are. 2. is. 3. is. 4. are. 5. are

E. Nationality
Nationality takes plural verb whereas Language takes singular verb.
Example:
 The French are romantic.
 French is romantic.
 English is spoken.
 The English love tea

Task 10: Is or Are?

1. Either his children or his wife....arriving today.

2. Both the chair and the sofa....on the sale.

3. Every dog and cat....vaccinated against rabies.

4. There....several universities in this city.

5. It....the bicyclists who endanger the joggers.

6. All of the creeks....polluted.

7. The committee....separated from their family.

8. Two hundred dollars....a lot of money to lose.

9. A number of doctors....employed by the hospital.

10. The hypothesis …supported by the data.

Answers: 1. Is. 2. Are. 3. Is. 4. Are. 5. Is. 6. Are. 7. Are. 8. Is. 9. Are. 10. Are

Test 2

II. Meeting 2: Verb agreement, tense, and form

There are some verb agreements to concern. Some of them are:

A. Parallel Tenses

Verb in a sentence should be parallel in form if (1) there is not any different time marker, or (2)
there are more than one predicate. Example:
 1. I was sleeping when he called me.

2. She will dance, sing, shout, and cry in her performance.

3. They are reading, writing, and discussing in the library right now.

PRESENT PAST
Is Was
Am Was
Are Were
Will Would
Can Could
Shall Should
May Might
Has / Has to Had / Had to
Have / Have Had / Had to
to
Do / Does Did
Verb 1, ex.:
ex.: Verb 2, ex.:
ex.:
Listen Listened
Go Went

B. The use of Naked Verb.

If the predicates are the auxiliary verbs such as will, can, must, and may, the following verb must
be naked verb (verb without suffixes e.g. –ing, -es, -ed)

Will Would NAKED VERB

Can Could (VERB without Suffix)
Shall Should
May Might
Must Have to
Has to Had to
Had better
...to:
Like to / have to / wanted
to / need to / loved to

C. The use of Verb 3.

If the predicates used in the sentence are have, has, had, the following verb must be Verb 3.
Besides, Verb 3 can be also employed after Be.

HAVE /HAS VERB 3 Present/ Past Perfect:

HAD Neither you nor I have visited Mount Everest.
She had gone home already.
BE Passive Voice:
(Is, Am, Are, Was, Were, Be, The letter was sent yesterday
Been)

D. The use of Verb+ing.

 Verb+ing should be used after Be, Prepositions, or Special Verbs.

To Be: Verb+ing
Be; Is, am, are ; Was, were ; been
Preposition: Verb+ing
At, With, In, After, About, On, Of,
Of, Off, While ,
when, For,
For, Before, After, Between, Among,
Above, By, Beside, …
Special Verb: Verb+ing
Admit, Delay, Miss, Report, Suggest,
Appreciate, Resent, Enjoy, Practice, Resist,
Quit, Resume, Risk, Recall, Help, Begin, start,
Deny, Finish, stop, Hate, Like, Can’t stand,
Love, Go, Do, Mind, Cancel, avoid, enter,
continue, looking forward to, keep,...
Example:

Rita enjoyed to be able to meet several members of Congress during her vacation

A B C D

Answer: A

E. The use of non Ing-Verb.

The Verb should not be modified into Verb+ing if the predicates deal with: (1) permanent
condition, (2) memory, and (3) perception.
The predicates among others are:

Love, Hate, Understand, Like, Dislike, Believe, See, Know, Think, Guess

F. Tenses
There are some common tenses (time) used in English, among others are discussed here:

1. Simple Present Tense

Simple present tense used to express (1) facts, (2) general truth, and (3) habitual actions.
A. Nominal Clause:

(+) S +  to be (am/is/are) + N/ Adj/ Adv

(-)  S + to be NOT + N / Adj / Adv
(?)  to be + S + N/ Adj / Adv
Examples:
1. The weather is bright
2. Is fire hot?
3. Blood is red

B. Verbal Clause:
(+) S + V1 s/es + ….
(-)  S + do/does + not + V1 + ….
(?)  Do/Does + S + V1 + ……
Examples:
1. She likes roses very much.
2. The children don’t go to the pool every day.
3. Water boils at 100o
4. Why does iron rust?

2. Present Continuous Tense

It is used to express the ongoing activities (at the time around of speaking)
(+) S +  to be (am/is/are) + V1 + ing + ….
(-)  S + to be + not + V1 + ing + ….
(?)  To be + S +V1 + ing + …..
Examples:
1. My father is reading a novel now.
2. We are not studying math, we are studying English.
3. What are you doing? Are you writing a letter?
3. Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Tense used to express finished activity but still the result relates to the

present time. In this tense, the action is much focused.

The time markers used are for or since which deals with duration.
(+) S + have/has + V3/been + ….
(-)  S + have/has + not + V3/been + …. For/ Since  . . . .
(?)  Have/has + S +V3/been + …..
Examples:
1. Mr. Jones  has just already eaten
2. My father and my mother have gone to Mecca since two days ago
3. Why has she decided to study at U.M? Has she consulted with her parents?

FOR + duration time in the past

Examples:
For two days, for two weeks, for a week, for three months, etc.
SINCE + particular time in the past
Examples:
Since yesterday, since two days ago, since last year, etc.

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Present Perfect Continuous Tense used to express activity started in a past time but still in
process until now.

(+) S + have/has + been + Ving

(-)  S + have/has + Not + been + Ving . . . . FOR/SINCE  . . . .
(?)  Have/has + S + been + Ving …..
Examples:
1. Mr. Jones  has been working in this company for three years = Mr. Jones has worked ….
2. We have been living in Banjarbaru since 1999 = We have lived . . . .

5. Simple Past Tense

Simple Past is used to express finished action which happened in the past time.

A. Nominal Clause

(+) S +  to be (was/were) + N/adj/adv

(-)  S + to be (was/were)  + Not + N/adj/adv
(?)  To be (was/were)  + S +  N/adj/adv
Examples:
1. He was teacher. He is not a teacher any more.
2. They weren’t in the same class
3. Was your father at home yesterday?

B. Verbal
1. Mr. Ary taught us English last semester.
2. The children didn’t go to school yesterday.
3. What did you do? Did you enjoy your dinner last night?

6. Past Continuous Tense

Past Continuous Tense is used to express:
A. Specific-past-time activity.
(+) S + to be (was/were) + V1 + ing + …
(-)  S + to be (was/were)  + Not + V1 + ing + …
(?)  To be (was/were)  + S + V1 + ing …
Examples:
1. My father was sleeping last night at 8.15 p.m.
2. You were not studying English yesterday at 7.00, but you were studying English then.
3. What were you doing? Were you writing a letter?
B. Two past-time activities which happened in a same time.

Past Continuous + When + Simple past

Simple past + while + past continuous
Examples:
1. I was studying English when you came to my house.
2. My father came while my daughter was eating.
3. He fell down when he was walking on the street.

7. Past Perfect Tense

Past perfect tense is used to express a finished activity before a past-time activity done.

Past Perfect + before + Past Tense

Past Tense + after + Past Perfect
Past perfect + when + simple past

(+) S + had + V3/ been + …

(-)  S + had + Not + V3/been + …. For/ Since…
(?)  Had + S + V3/been + …

Examples:
1. I had just already eaten before you came.
2. My father and my mother went to home town after they had been called by my grandma.

8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

(+) S +  had + been + Ving …
(-)  S + had + Not + been + Ving …. For ….
(?)  had  + S + been + Ving …
example:
Mr. Jones had been working in this company for three years when Harry joined this company.

9. Present Future Tense

Present Future Tense is used to express future-time activity.

(+) S +  Will + V1/be + ….

(-)  S + will + Not + be + V1 + ing + ….
(?)  Will + S + V1 / be + ….
Examples:
1. I will go to school tomorrow morning.
2. Bruce will not go to Martapura next month.
3. Why won’t you go to school tomorrow?

10. Present Future Continuous Tense

It is used to express an activity which will be in the process in the future time.
(+) S +  will/shall + be + V1 + ing  + ….
(-)  S + will/shall + NOT + be + V1 + ing  + ….
(?)  will/shall + S + be + V1 + ing + ….
Examples:
1. My father will not be teaching English tomorrow.
2. You will be studying English at the next week.

11. Present Future Perfect Tense

Present Future Perfect Tense is used to express activity started in the past, still in the process, and will
be ongoing in the future time (unfinished actions).
(+) S +  will/have + V3/been + ….
(-)  S + will/have + not + V3/been + ….  By the time …..
(?)  Will + S + have + V3/been  + …..
Examples:
1. Mr. Irwan will have gone by the time tomorrow.
2. My son will have studied before Ms. Almira comes to my house.
12. Present Future Perfect Continuous Tense
(+) S +  will/have +been + Ving ….
(-)  S + will/have + not + been + Ving ….  for …..
(?)  Will + S + have + been  + Ving …..
Examples:
Mr. Potter will have been working in this company for three years by the time you join in this company

Task 11. Choose the right answer!

1. By the end of this week I…from Malaysia.

A. Am back
B. Have been back
C. Would be back
D. May be back
E. Will have been back

2. I know that one of my students…in your company since he graduated.

A. work
B. working
C. to work
D. has been working
E. have worked

3. He looks very tired; he…for hours now.

A. drove
B. had driven            
C. was driving
D. had been driving
E. has been driving

4. I hope that by the time my father retires, I …a job.  

A. get
B. am getting
C. have got
D. got
E. will have got

5.  I have written three letters. It means…

A. I am still writing now
B. I am not writing anymore
C. I haven’t finished writing yet
D. I hope to finish this morning
E. I have to write now

6. Steve had a lot of work to do. He finished his work five minutes ago. He cried: "I am free now,
because I ... all my work."

A. finished
B. have finished
C. will finish    
D. will have finished
E. am finishing

7. Tara ... a letter in his room when his mother came in.
A. wrote
B. has written
C. writes                    
D. was writing
E. is writing

8. Angie ...... to Yogya last year. It was her first visit there.
A. has gone
B. has been gone
C. went
D. was going
E. had gone
9. “Have the boys had their breakfast?”
“Not yet, they…
A. have taken a bath
B. are still taking a bath
C. will take a bath
D. were taking a bath
E. would still take a bath

10. They  ...  the matter by twelve o'clock tomorrow.

A. discuss
B. will discuss
C. will have discussed
D. have discussed
E. will be discussing

11. Every night the watchman turns on all the lights and …around the building every half an our.
A. walks B. is walking C. to be walking D. walking E. to walk

12. “How long has been the principle of our school?”

“Since I …this school”
A. was entering
B. have entered
C. would enter
D. entered
E. had been entering

13. Raihan ...... the nasyid very well in his friend’s wedding party last week.
a. was singing
b. is singing
c. has sung
d. had sung
e. sang

14. The students ..... the topic in the big hall for one hour when the teacher came.
A. were discussing
B. discussed
C. have discussed
D. had been discussing
E. discuss

15. By nine o'clock tonight I… ready to go to Jakarta.

A. have been
B. will have been
C. will be
D. am
E. was

16. At this moment she ... her dress.

A. will sew B. sew C. is sewing    D. sewed E. sews

17. Good students always ...... rules.

A. will obey
B. have obeyed
C. obeys
D. obey
E. are obeying

18. She ... in Jakarta this time tomorrow.

A. will be arriving
B. will have arrive
C. will have been arriving
D. will arrive
E. have been arriving      
 19. The bus came after I …for about twenty minutes.
A. have been waiting B. have waited C. am waiting
D. had been waiting E. was waiting

20. When I came in, the dog… under the table.

A. was sleeping  
B. have been sleeping
C. is sleeping
D. sleeping
E. will be sleeping

21. Every year She….my holiday in Bali

A. is spending
B. spend
C. spends
D. will spend
E. spent

22. Keep quiet, we…to music.

A. listen
B. am listening
C. listened
D. will listen
E. have listened

23. I….outside the restaurant this time next Wednesday.

A. am waiting
B. will wait
C. will be waiting
D. will been waited
E. wait

24. A guest wants to see you. He ...... for more than two hours
A. waited
B. has been waiting
C. waiting
D. wait
E. have to wait

25. “oh dear. I forget to bring my dictionary.”

“That’s all right. I …you mine.
A. am lending
B. am going to lend
C. will lend
D. lend
E. will be lending

Answers: (1) E (2)D (3)E (4)E (5)B (6)B (7)D (8)C (9)B (10)C

(11)A (12)D (13)E (14)D (15)B (16)C (17)D (18)C (19)D (20)A

(21)C (22)D (23)C (24)B (25)C.

Task 12: Identify the one underlined word or phrase, (A), (B), (C), or (D), which should be

corrected or rewritten

1. The doctor was out of town since last week.

A B C D

2. John Kennedy has been being dead since 1963

A B C D

3. They are understanding the problem right now so they don’t want to argue
 A B C D

4. Before John had gone home, he had gone to the store

A B C D

5. After the bells had rang, the students left the building.
A B C D

6. Unfortunately, not everyone who tried out for the football team could be chose.

A B C D

7. The careless hiker was bit by a poisonous snake.

A B C D

8. In the fall, my grandfather climbed the pecan tree and shaken off as many pecans as he

A B C

could.

9. Tomorrow, the drum major will led the band during the half-time performance at the

A B C D

football game.

Answers: (1)B (2)C (3)A (4)A (5)C (6)D (7)C (8)B (9)C

Test 3

III. Meeting 3

1. Full subordination

SUBJECT + PREDICATE + CONNECTOR/ CONJUNCTION + SUBJECT + PREDICATE

Complex sentence consists of Main Clause + Subordinate Clause

Main Clause = Subject + Predicate
Subordinate = connector / conjunction, such as WH (when, why, how, ...), because, so that,
there fore, ...
Clause = Subject + Predicate

example of errors:
 Because I want to study, so I join this class.
(there are two connectors: because, so)
It should be : I want to study so I join this class.
Because I want to study, I join this class.

2. The difference between Because and Because of.

Because + S + V
example:
No one can answer it because the test is too difficult

Because of + Noun
example:
The test can’t be answered because of its difficulty.
 3. The use of Which, Whose, Who.

Non human Which

Whose + Noun

Human: ....who + VERB

....whom + Subject

....whose + Noun

The man wears a hat. The man is Mr. Jones.

The man who wears a hat is Mr. Jones.
I like the girl. She is wearing t-shirt.
The girl whom I like is wearing t-shirt.
The girl is my sister. I borrowed her book.
The girl whose book I borrowed is my sister.
He likes the animal. The animal is spider.
The animal which he likes is spider.

Task 13.

1.The director will see you if will wait for a few minutes.
A B C D
2.Because wood which was abundant in the North American continent, it was the chief building
A B C D

material of early settlers

3. It is the metallurgist.....studies ways to work metals.

a. When b. And c. Which d. who

4. Although.....named until 1782, aluminium was used as early as 5300 B.C.

a. It was not b. Is c. Was not d. Which was

5. Scientists are studying laetrile to find out if ....cancer.

a. can it cure b. can cure c. It can cure d. curing

Answers: 1. B 2.B 3. D 4. A 5.C

Test 4
2. WORD FORM

As other languages, there are also four word forms in English, namely Adjective, Noun, Verb, and
Adverb. Generally, the position of the word forms are as follow:

Adjective
Adjective Noun Verb Adverb
Adverb

Happy Students Comes Very

New .....ure: Went Hard
Two-year-old Culture ...ze: Well
Verb 3 .....se: Summarize Fast
......ive: Response ...en: ADJ+ly:
Positive ....ion / tion: Blacken Easily
....ful: Nation En...: Loudly
Beautiful ....ity: Endanger Beautifully
....ble / ..able: Reality
...ness:
Understandable loneliness
---ous: …ment
Dangerous improvement
NOUN+ly V+al
Daily Arrival
N+al
Agricultural

Task 14: find out an error to each of these sentences!

1. The children ran rapid to the swings.

2. The hunter doesn’t realize that he is in a danger situation.

3. Those paintings are the expensivest in her collection.

4. He earned a great deal of money from his inventing.

Answers: 1. Rapid. 2. Danger. 3. Expensivest. 4. inventing

A. Adjective and Adverb

1. Adjective
Adjective is a word which explains noun or pronoun in a sequence of words.

The function and position of Adjective:

a. before noun
Example :
She has a beautiful house
b. As subjective complement, located after to be : am, is, are, was, were, be, been, and linking
verb : seem, look, smell, become, get, appear, feel, taste, sound, etc.
Example :
My girl is very happy
The cake tastes delicious
The child looks sad

c. As adjective complement:
 S + Verb + Object + Adjective
Common Verbs used in this pattern are: keep, consider, make, find, like, want, etc
Example :
I want my tea sweet
George always keeps his room clean
She often make me jealous

2. Adverb
There are some types of Adverb:
1. Adverb of Frequency
to show how often the action happens. The adverb of frequency:
· Always
· Usually =generally = commonly
· Often = frequently
· Sometimes = occasionally
· Seldom
· Rarely
· Never

The position of Adverb of Frequency :

Example :
Sometimes, he comes late
He sometimes comes late
He comes late sometimes
I never have any chat with him
Anya often misses the classes
They will always obey their parents.
Peter never comes late  = Never does Peter come late
Parker is seldom late  = seldom is Parker late
She has rarely visited me = Rarely has she visited me

2. Adverb of Place
to show where the action happen : here, there, at school, in the office, etc.
Example :
- The children are drawing outside
- We have lived in Jakarta for 5 years
- The students take English Course on Jl. Batuah at Arrohman
- Mr. Kent visited his friend in South Jakarta on Jl. A. Yani No.45

3. Adverb of Manner
to show how the subject does the action. Adverb of manner is commonly formed:  adjective + ly
Example :
He speaks English fluently
The little boy screamed loudly

Exception:
Hard – hard
Good – well
Fast – fast
High – high
Late – late
Early – early
Low –low

example : I did my homework well

4. Adverb of Time
to show when the actions happen, which usually depend on the tenses. For instances :
· Present simple : every ….. , twice ……, three times …… , etc
· Present Continuous : now, at present, right now, at the moment, etc
· Past Simple : yesterday, last …… , ……..ago, etc
· Future Simple : tomorrow, next ….. ,etc

Example :
- I missed the English class yesterday
- Salsabila did her homework last night at 7 o’clock
 If there are more than one Adverb in a sentence, the sequence should be:
    
Adverb of Place, Manner, Time

Example :
The students always come to the class on time yesterday
The secretary is writing the letter on the paper hurriedly right now

5. Adverb of degree
to emphasize adjective or adverb), for instances : so, very, too, enough, absolutely, extremely,
completely, really, pretty, nearly, entirely, wholly, rather, quite, etc.
Example :
- Mr. Rickman is very rich
- I am pretty sure about it
- Carl Lewis runs so quickly

6.   Adverb of Purpose
In order to / to + V1
For + noun phrase
example : He went to the store to buy some books.   He went to the store for some books

Test 5

IV. Meeting 4

1. Parallel structure

The signals of parallel structure in a sentence can be in the form of:

..... , ....... , ........

......... and ..........

......... or ............

comparative sentence

Example:

She is not only pretty, but also well-dressed

Task 15

Rewrite the following sentence to avoid the errors.

1.Many people gave time, money, and their energy to the project.
2. John Glenn has been a pilot, an astronout, and in the senate.
3.He was young, strong, and feeling happy

4.To Speak to a friend is easier than speaking to a stranger

5.The area of Indonesia is larger than Malaysia

Answers:

1. Many people gave time, money, and energy to the project.

2. John Glenn has been a pilot, an astronout, and a senator.
3. He was young, strong, and happy

4. Speaking to a friend is easier than speaking to a stranger

5. The area of Indonesia is larger than the area of Malaysia

 Test 6

2. Verbal

(adjective ended by –ed (V3) / -ing (Ving))

Active...or Passive?

examples:

1.The disappointed teacher looked at the poor test grades.

2.The confusing math problem is hard to solve.

disappointed = passive; confusing= active

example:
which one is incorrect, A or B?
1. The police keep an updating file on all people reported to be dangerous.
A B
2. The children, delighting by the amusing clown, laughed throughout his performance.
A B

Answers:

The police keep an updated file on all people reported to be dangerous ß

The police keep an updated file on all people (who are) reported to be dangerous.

The children delighted by the amusing clown, laughed throughout his performance ß
The children (who were) delighted by the amusing clown, laughed throughout his performance.

example:
which one is incorrect, A or B?
A. Increasing from 2.5 billions in 1950, the late 1970’s saw the world’s population reach 4.25
billions.
B. Increasing from 2.5 billions in 1950, the world’s population reached 4.25 billions in the late 1970’s.

Answers: A

find an error to this sentence

Some people claim that importing wine is better than domestic wine.

A B C D

Answer: B

Test 7

V. Meeting 5

1. Pronoun form, agreement, and reference

A. Definite Pronoun

First Person Singular I Me My....... Mine Myself  

Second Person You You Your.... Yours Yourselves  
Singular You You Your.... Yours Yourself  
Third Person Singular He Him His..... His Himself  
She Her Her..... Hers Herself  
  It It Its.... Its Itself  
Plural They Them Their.... Theirs Themselves
 We Us Our..... Ours Ourselves  

B. Indefinite Pronoun

Some, any, all, each, every, both, none, someone, anyone, everyone
Something, anything, everything, one, either, neither, another, other, etc

Task 17. Example: fill in the blank with correct pronoun!

1. It was .... who forgot to do our homework.

2. Our parents worry about my brother more than about...
3. He doesn’t realize that .... whistling annoys the class.
4. I brought my car, but Phil refused to bring....
5. Anyone who wishes can bring...husband to the party.
6. Neither the dogs nor the cat has on ....collars.
7. Not only the players but also the coach has on ...uniforms

Answers: (1) we (2) me (3) his (4) his (5) her (6) its (7) his

2. Comparison

There are three level of comparison in English:

1. Adjective Comparison
S + TOBE + as + adjective + as + S
My friend is as clever as my girl friend (is.)
2. Comparative Comparison
a. S + TOBE + adjective + r/ er + than + S
My father is taller than my mother (is).
b. S + TOBE + more + adjective + than + S
My girlfriend is more beautiful than your girlfriend (is).
3. Superlative Comparison
a. S + TOBE + the + adjective + st/ est
My brother is the tallest man in my family
b. S + TOBE + the + most + adjective
Sierra Leone is the most dangerous country in the world.

Test 8

3. Word Order

In general, the pattern of a sentence in English is :

Subject + Verb
Subject + Auxiliary + Verb

 (+) She reads

S P

(-) she doesn’t read

S P

(?) Does she read?

P S

 (+) She will pass

S P

(-) She won’t pass

 S P

(?) Won’t she pass?

P S

(?) When does she read the article?

P S

However, there are several different patterns which invert the general one. The invertions to the general
pattern is:

S + Aux. + Verb ----à Aux. + S + Verb

Examples:

It has rained --------à has it rained

The invertion to the general pattern are only made if the initial word in the sentence is:

1.Negative word, e.g, Not.., Never, ..

2.Negative-conotation word, e.g, Seldom, Only, Few, Little,...

3.Adverb, e.g, Down, In, Out, Up, ..

4.Splitted passive verb

example: Held as hostages were several reporters

Task 17. Choose the right answer!

1.Not until a baby kangaroo is four months old.....to live outside its mother’s pouch.

a. It begins b. And begins

c. Beginning d. Does it begin

2.Public acceptance of rabbit as an economical source of protein depends on...

a. How aggressively do producers market it.

b. If is marketed aggressively

c. How producers market it

d. Whether or not aggressive marketing.

Answers: (1) D (2) C

Invertions are also made from general pattern to the inverted pattern as:

Adj. + N. ---à N. + Adj.

If the Noun (SOME..., ANY..., NO...) such as someone, somebody, something, anyone, anybody,
anything, etc..

Special Friend --à Someone Special

Adv. + Adj. --à Adj. + Adv.

If the Adverb (ENOUGH)

Pretty Good --à Good Enough

Task 19: Rewrite these sentences to the right arrangements!

1.In the box several were old photographs which were alphabetically ordered

2.Only once he has visited Texas

 3.It is not enough hot to swim

4.Never she had seen so much rain in such a short time.

5.During the holidays, they plan to do new something every day.

Answers:

1.In the box were several old photographs which were alphabetically ordered

2.Only once has he visited Texas

3.It is not hot enough to swim

4.Never had she seen so much rain in such a short time.

5.During the holidays, they plan to do something new every day.

Test 9

VI. Meeting 6

1.Unnecessary Repetition

Example:

Which sentence is correct?

a. The store raised the cost by ten dollars more.

b. The store raised the cost by ten dollars

Answer: B

Here are some Verbs containing the meaning of More or Less in its words:

MORE LESS

Exceed Decrease
Enlarge Decline
Inflate Deflate
Surpass Reduce
Outweigh Lower
Augment Devalue
Improve Regress
Expand Relapse
Overrate Deplete
Ascend Diminish
Accelerate Shrink
increase undervalue
The unnecessary repetition also happens when there is a synonym of a word contained in the sentences.

Task 20: Find synonyms of these following words:

a. Fast b. Important c. Very d. Short e. Correct

 f. Simple g. Main h. Complete h. Strong i. Difficult

1. Significant 6. Quick 11. Easy 16. plain

2. Extremely 7. Concise 12. Principal 17. comprehensive

3. Rapid 8. Vital 13. Powerful 18. mighty

4. Accurate 9. Right 14. Total 19. central

5. Exceedingly 10. Brief 15. Hard 20. full

Answers:

a. Fast 3,6 b. Important 1,8 c. Very 2, 5

d. Short 7, 10 e. Correct 4, 9 f. Simple 11, 16 g. Main 12, 19 h. Complete 14, 17, 20

i. Strong 13, 18 i. Difficult 15

Task 21: Rewrite each sentence to make a good sentence!

1.Teachers are likely to praise correct and accurate answers.

2.Simultaneously, everyone stood at the same time.

Answers:

1. Teachers are likely to praise correct answers.

2. Everyone stood at the same time.

2. Correct Usage

1. There are words containing the meaning of Two and Three or More which should be taken to

consideration.

TWO THREE or MORE

Either Most
Both Largest
Less Least
Inferior Among
Neither Worst
Superior None
Better Best
Former All
More
Between
Latter
worse

Task 22: Which one is incorrect, A or B?

1. Both of the girls were among the contestants who were selected for the final competition.
A B

2. Arabic and Berber are spoken in Algeria, but the former is used most.
 A B

3. Of the three options presented, the latter seems the best.

A B

4. Either of the four best essays may appear in today’s newspaper

A B

Answers: 1. A. 2. B 3. A 4. A

2. Nouns are divided into two groups, countable and uncountable nouns. For each group, there are
different quantifiers used.

Countable Noun Uncountable Noun Both

Few Little Any

Several Amount The
A / an Less Some
Both Much All
Each / every
Many
One / two / ...
Neither of / either of
Quantity
Fewer

Task 23: Identify A, B, C, or D which should be corrected!

1.A water below the earth’s surface is called ground water

A B C D

2.The amount of moisture in the athmosphere is less important to us than the quantity of water which

A B C D

falls to earth

3.All substance are composed of small particles called atoms.

A B C D

1. A. 2. D 3. A

3. These nouns should be used to follow these verbs.

take make do

Your time A mistake, medicine Housework

A trip A comparison, money A favor
Medicine A suggestion, an airplane An experiment
Money Arrangements, a bet Your best
An airplane A proposal, a promise A good job
A bet An appointment, progress Homework
A chance Friends, a turn Exercises
A turn Advances, a deposit A project
A trip, a recommendation Research
A speech, a reservation
An effort

Task 24: Identify A, B, C, or D which should be corrected!

1.Carnivals and gambling establishments attract people who enjoy making chances and making bets.
A B C D
2.Many commuters have recently begun to choose ride sharing over independent travel because of the
A B C

friendships which they can do.

D
3.Candidates for high-level political office are likely to do promise which they can not keep it.
A B C D

1. C. 2. D 3. C

Test 10

VII. Meeting 7
1.Reading Comprehension and Vocabulary

A. Referent
Example:
Jean, along with her sisters Doris and May, baked cakes for the annual contest at the country fair.
Jean was sorry hers lost, but happy that Doris won a ribbon for her entry.
What does hers refer to?
A. Jean C. Her entry
B. Her sisters D. Jean’s cakes
Answer: D
Jean = She, Her
her sisters (Doris and May) = They, Them
Cakes = They, Them
Doris = She, Her
her entry = It, It
Jean’s cakes = Hers

Task 25: Choose the most appropriate answer!

American and Mexican biologists have found that diephenodione, a man made anticoagulant, is a
lethal weapon against vampire bats. They have devised a method of using the blood of the victims
as the means of getting the drugs into the bats.
1. what does they refer to?
A. A man made anticoagulant
B. American and Mexican biologists
C. Vampire bats
D. the means of getting the drugs into the bats
When a bat feeds on a treated cow, it picks up the anticogulant, and within a few days it dies from
internal bleeding.
2. what does it refer to?
A. A bat
B. A treated cow
 C. The anticogulant
D. Internal bleeding
In order to qualify for a single room in a university dormitory, you must be a full-time student
who has completed the necessary number of hours to be ranked as an upperclassman. Applicants
for such university housing are required to submit completed applications to the Office of
Students Housing no later than the second week of the semester preceding the semester for which
they are requesting such housing. Students will be notified regarding the status of their
application by the sixth week of class. Private dorm rooms will be assigned to qualified students
on a first-come, first-served basis.
3. What does they refer to?
A. Applicants.
B. Applications.
C. Private dorm rooms.
D. Qualified students.

For the first time that they can remember, farmers in Latin America are relieved of the constant
fear of vampire bats
4. what does they refer to?
A. Farmers
B. Latin America
C. The constant fear
D. Vampire bats
Scott Fitzgerald, who first introduced him to a publisher, was one of the few contemporary
writers that Hemingway did not turn against.
5. what does him refer to?
A. Scott Fitzerald
B. A publisher
C. Writers
D. Hemingway
Catching sight of him in a supermarket one day, Archer followed the man with the limp to an
apartment in a run-down neighborhood
6. what does him refer to?
A. Supermarket
B. Archer
C. The man
D. The limp
Procrastinators are people who have a cronic habit of putting things off, usually until the last
minute and sometimes until it is too late altogether. The most common reason which
procrastinators give for their habit, which they are usually quite willing to talk about even if not
willing to change is that they are lazy. Other typical excuses are that they are undisciplined,
brilliant but disorganized, or very poor at organizing their time.
7. What does their refer to?
A. Procrastinator.
B. Procrastinators.
C. People.
D. Excuses
The American Museum of Natural History spent four years arranging its extraordinary exhibition
of more than 500 pieces of ancient gold from Colombia. But those few years are brief time when
compared with the decades archeologists have spent digging for and studying gold artifacts.
8. what does its refer to?
A. The American Museum of Natural History
B. Exhibition
C. Ancient gold
D. Gold artifacts
The white-throated wood rat builds nest of sticks and grasses in crevices in rocks when such
cover is available, and on the open desert he constructs bulky “houses” of sticks and cacti.
9. He refers to..
A. The white-throated wood rat
B. The nest
C. Bulky “houses”
D. Cacti
According to scientists, 70 percent of the earth’s surface is covered by water, and this watery
wilderness is the habitat of four of every five living things. To aid oceanographers in their
explorations of the seas and oceans in the world, scientists have been designing more and better
 types of undersea vessels to accomplish this task with greater safety and with more efficient tools
and techniques.
10. this task in line 4 refers to..
A. Oceanographers’ explorations of the seas and oceans.
B. greater safety and with more efficient tools and techniques
C. designing more and better types of undersea vessels
D. To aid oceanographers in their explorations

Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.A 4.A 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.A 9.A 10.D

B. Inference
Of the seven men taking part in the experiment two were from Chiang Mai, two from other
cities in Thailand, and the remainder from the neighboring Southeast Asian countries.

......what is actually stated is not difficult to understand:

There were seven men taking part in the experiment.

Two of the men from Chiang Mai.

Two of the men were from other cities in Thailand.

The remainder were from neighboring Southeast Asian countries.

Of the seven men taking part in the experiment two were from Chiang Mai, two from
other cities in Thailand, and the remainder from the neighboring Southeast Asian
countries.

(1) What is Chiang Mai?

Chiang Mai is a city in Thailand (inferred from other cities in Thailand)

(2) Where and what is Thailand?

Thailand is a country in Southeast Asia (inferred from neighboring Southeast

Asia countries)

(3) How many men from countries other than Thailand who took part in the experiment?

- Three (inferred from of the seven...two were from...two from...and the remainder....)

Draw logical inference

In Nigeria, purdah is represented not so much by the wearing of the veil but by the mud-brick walls
surrounding every house or compound and by the absence of women in the markets and the streets.

What is the topic of this passage?

A. Something about Nigeria.

B. Something about veils.

C. Something about purdah.

D. Something about the absence of women in the market and the street.

Answer: C

Task 26: Choose the most appropriate answer!

TWILL CORPORATION SALE

Office and Microcomputer Products

Yes, I want to take advantage of TWILL’S SPECIAL SALE. Please send me:

Quantity Description Price

_pks SS/DD 50 – disc Bulk – pack $94.50/pack

 _bxs 3M SS/DD 10 – disc box $21.90/box

_cts Econo–pack print out paper $28.94/ctn

_ea Brown Steno Chair $49.88/each

_ea Black Steno Chair $49.88/each

1. The total cost for 40 discs is...

A. $21.90 C. $94.50

B. $87.60 D. $18.90

According to scientists, 70 percent of the earth’s surface is covered by water, and this watery
wilderness is the habitat of four of every five living things. To aid oceanographers in their
explorations of the seas and oceans in the world, scientists have been designing more and better
types of undersea vessels to accomplish this task with greater safety and with more efficient tools
and techniques.

2. What percentage of the earth’s inhabitants lives on land?

A. 10 percent. C. 30 percent.

B. 20 percent. D. 70 percent.

The white-throated wood rat builds nest of sticks and grasses in crevices in rocks when such cover
is available, and on the open desert he constructs bulky “houses” of sticks and cacti.

3. When he nest near rocks, the wood rat likes to build ....

A. on the top of the rocks C. beneath the rocks

B. in the cracks of the rocks D. in the shade of the rocks

The white-throated wood rat builds nest of sticks and grasses in crevices in rocks when such cover
is available, and on the open desert he constructs bulky “houses” of sticks and cacti.

4. In the desert, the wood rat’s home is....

A. underground

B. made of sticks and grasses

C. relatively large

D. relatively small

Answers: 1.B 2.B 3.B 4.C

C. Make accurate prediction

Under this headline, there are some common words used such as preceding (previous) and
following (next).

The position in the paragraphs is as follows:

Preceding/ previous paragraph

Paragraph

Following/ next paragraph

 Shiva, the Hindu Lord of Existence, embodies the energy and paradox of life.

The following sentence is probably...

A. Shiva is represented in temple sculpture and fine examples of Indian painting.

B. Shiva is motion and calm, male and female, light and dark, everything and its opposite.

C. Together with Vishnu and the goddess Devi, Shiva has a great cult following among Hindus.

Answer: B

A new breed of giant land and sea vehicle is solving major problems for the energy industry.

Probably, the following sentence is...

A. The Titan hauler rolls on 10 tires, each 12 feet in diameter and weighing 4 tons.

B. Some observers believe supertechnology causes a triple crisis: lost of individuality, an assault on
the environment, and exhaustion of finite resources such as oil.

C. “Big Muskie”, the world’s largest dragline excavator, removes sandstone, clay, shale, and dirt to
reveal buried seams of coal.

Answer: C

A new breed of giant land and sea vehicle is solving major problems for the energy industry.

Probably, the previous sentence is...

A. The Titan hauler rolls on 10 tires, each 12 feet in diameter and weighing 4 tons.

B. Some observers believe supertechnology causes a triple crisis: lost of individuality, an assault on
the environment, and exhaustion of finite resources such as oil.

C. “Big Muskie”, the world’s largest dragline excavator, removes sandstone, clay, shale, and dirt to
reveal buried seams of coal.

Answer: B

The elaborate headgear which moose, caribou, and other members of the deer family carry with
them is not just for show.

The next sentence is probably...

A. Antlers can reach seven feet in width and a weight of more than forty-five pounds.

B. Antlers, which are made of bone and discarded annually, are unique to deer.

C. Antlers are very functional tools, serving their bearers not only as weapons, but also as snow
shovels in winter and as air conditioners in summer.

Answer: C

Task 27. Choose the right answers to the following questions!

The white-throated wood rat builds nest of sticks and grasses in crevices in rocks when such cover is
available, and on the open desert he constructs bulky “houses” of sticks and cacti.

1. This variety of wood rat probably got its name from ....

A. its nesting habits

B. the fact that it always uses sticks to build its houses

C. its coloring

D. the kind of noises it makes

2. The white-throated wood rat builds nest of sticks and grasses in crevices in rocks when such
cover is available, and on the open desert he constructs bulky “houses” of sticks and cacti.

In the desert, the wood rat’s home is....

A. underground

B. made of sticks and grasses

C. relatively large

D. relatively small

Procrastinators are people who have a cronic habit of putting things off, usually until the last
minute and sometimes until it is too late altogether. The most common reason which
procrastinators give for their habit, which they are usually quite willing to talk about even if not
willing to change is that they are lazy. Other typical excuses are that they are undisciplined,
brilliant but disorganized, or very poor at organizing their time.

3. What is the main idea of this paragraph?

A. The nature of procrastination.

B. The undisciplined character of procrastinators.

C. That disorganization is the procrastinator’s main problem.

D. The reasons procrastinators give for their behavior

Some procrastinators, however, almost against their very nature, actually get as far as trying to do
something about their problem and seek help. Recent research with such people seems to suggest
that their difficulties are much more complex than the procrastinators themselves think. The
general conclusions are that such people have a vulnerable sense of self-worth, are particularly
fearful of failure, and deliberately put things off precisely so that they never leave themselves
time to produce their best work. The reason for their delaying tactics is that, since they do
everything at the last moment and under pressure, the procrastinators can retain their illusion of
brilliance without ever having to put it to the test.

4. What is the main idea of this paragraph?

A. How procrastinators have an illusion of brillliance.

B. How procrastinators seek help.

C. Research findings regarding procrastinators.

D. That procrastinators always leave everything until the last moment

Procrastinators are people who have a cronic habit of putting things off, usually until the last
minute and sometimes until it is too late altogether. The most common reason which
procrastinators give for their habit, which they are usually quite willing to talk about even if not
willing to change is that they are lazy. Other typical excuses are that they are undisciplined,
brilliant but disorganized, or very poor at organizing their time. Some procrastinators, however,
almost against their very nature, actually get as far as trying to do something about their problem
and seek help. Recent research with such people seems to suggest that their difficulties are much
more complex than the procrastinators themselves think. The general conclusions are that such
people have a vulnerable sense of self-worth, are particularly fearful of failure, and deliberately
put things off precisely so that they never leave themselves time to produce their best work. The
reason for their delaying tactics is that, since they do everything at the last moment and under
pressure, the procrastinators can retain their illusion of brilliance without ever having to put it to
the test.

5. A suitable title for this passage might be

A. The cronic Habit of Procrastination

B. Procrastination: Excuses and Reality

C. Disorganization, the True Cause of Procrastination

 D. Procrastination: Never Do Today What You Can Put off until Tomorrow

In order to qualify for a single room in a university dormitory, you must be a full-time student
who has completed the necessary number of hours to be ranked as an upperclassman. Applicants
for such university housing are required to submit completed applications to the Office of
Students Housing no later than the second week of the semester preceding the semester for which
they are requesting such housing. Students will be notified regarding the status of their
application by the sixth week of class. Private dorm rooms will be assigned to qualified students
on a first-come, first-served basis.

6. What kind of student will most probably get one of the rooms refers to in the passage?

A. One who applies in the fourth week of class.

B. One who comes to the office and serves on the student council

C. One who notifies the top advisor of his or her interest in private houses.

D. One who applies on time.

In order to qualify for a single room in a university dormitory, you must be a full-time student
who has completed the necessary number of hours to be ranked as an upperclassman. Applicants
for such university housing are required to submit completed applications to the Office of
Students Housing no later than the second week of the semester preceding the semester for which
they are requesting such housing. Students will be notified regarding the status of their
application by the sixth week of class. Private dorm rooms will be assigned to qualified students
on a first-come, first-served basis.

7. What is the main topic of this announcement?

A. Applying to the university.

B. Construction jobs available for students.

C. Obtaining a one-person college residence.

D. Meeting requirements for being a full-time student.

In order to qualify for a single room in a university dormitory, you must be a full-time student
who has completed the necessary number of hours to be ranked as an upperclassman. Applicants
for such university housing are required to submit completed applications to the Office of
Students Housing no later than the second week of the semester preceding the semester for which
they are requesting such housing. Students will be notified regarding the status of their
application by the sixth week of class. Private dorm rooms will be assigned to qualified students
on a first-come, first-served basis.

8. Where would this paragraph most likely be seen?

A. In a private dormitory room.

B. On a university bulletin board.

C. In a student’s house.

D. Outside a new apartement building.

Answers: 1.C 2.C 3.D 4.C 5.B 6.D 7.C 8.B

VIII. Meeting 8

Post Test