ARAB ACADEMY FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY

AND MARITIME TRANSPORT

College Of Engineering and Technology
Electronics & Communications Engineering Department

Design and Implementation of an Automatic Meter

Reading System for Electric Energy Consumption Using
LonWorks Technology and GSM
By

RASHA HASSAN SADEK MOHAMED

B.Sc., Electronics and Communications Engineering, 2006
Faculty of Engineering, AAST

A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master's Degree
in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING

Supervised by

Dr. Farouk AbdAllah Dr. Mohamed EI-Habrouk

Dept. of Electronics and Dept. ofElectrical Engineering,

Communications Engineering, Faculty ofEngineering
Faculty of Engineering and Alexandria University
Technology
AAST

Alexandria 2012
 DECLARATION

I certify that all the material in this thesis that is not my own work
has been identified, and that no material is included for which a
degree has previously been conferred on me.

The contents of this thesis reflect my own personal views, and are
not necessarily endorsed by the university.

(Signature)
.. ~~ .\;-\~"t:IOX\ .•~~ •..•••.••••.•....••.•••••••••••...

(Date)
..... Cl.~.-:!:;>~ ;-.+.9~?. ....••............•........•...•..•..........
We certify that we have read the present work and that in our opinion it is
fully adequate in scope and quality as thesis towards the partial fulfillment of
the Master Degree requirements in

Specialization: Electronics and Communications Engineering

From

College of ... Engineering and Technology ... (AASTMT)

Date .Qh . . . ~~:..1.c.i1......... .

Supervisors:

Name: Dr. Farouk Abd-Allah Salam

Position: Associate Professor at Dept. of Electronics and Communications

Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology AAST.
Signature: r~l.§v,..~ A SC1 (e.v...-

Name: Dr. Mohamed EI-Habrouk

Position: Lecturer at Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,

Examiners:

Name: Professor Dr. Ahmed Khairy Abu EI-Soud

Position: Professor at Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of

Engineering, Alexandria University

Signature:

Name: Dr. Amr Mohamed Othman EI-Zawawy

Position: Associate Professor at Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of

Engineering, Alexandria University

Signature: ~ Z/ j;'W1. I~
Name: Dr. Farouk Abd-Allah Salem

Position: Associate Professor at Dept. of Electronics and Communications

Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology AAST.

Signature: ~< A ~ \ '---

 Acknowledgement

This work would not have been completed without help and support of my advisors Dr.
Farouk AbdAllah and Dr. Mohamed EI-Habrouk, without them achieving this work just
wouldn't have been possible. I would like to thank them for providing me an opportunity to
conduct my master's research under their guidance, support and valuable suggestions. Special
thanks to Dr. Mohamed EI-Habrouk for his patience and knowledge constant support during
this work and giving me a lot of his valuable time.

I would like to thank Eng. Kareem Youssri for his valuable help, personal support, and for
supporting me during this work.

I would also like to thank Notions family especially Eng. Mohamed EI-Kholy and Eng.
Mamdouh.

Lastly, I want to thanks my parents, who have made many sacrifices to allow me to be where I
am today, without whom my education would have been impossible, and without whose
support none of this would been possible.
 Abstract

Electrical energy meter reading has been always performed manually through human meter
readers. This thesis deals with the electric energy Automated Meter Reading (AMR) in
which the meter reading and management processes are free from human involvement.
This thesis presents a comparative analysis of the surveyed techniques of data collection
and transfer from the consumer to the supply company in the literature showing their main
respective advantages and drawbacks. The desired specifications of the energy meter that
measures and records electrical energy consumed over periods of time by electrical
appliances as well as its accompanying AMR system are also presented. The proposed
energy measurement technique is thoroughly discussed and practically implemented in this
thesis using the ADE7758 from analog Devices. The main building blocks as well as the
functionality and data exchange techniques are also explained. The proposed system
makes use of the available LonWorks Power Line Communication technology from
Echelon as well as the GSM Messaging service in order to enable the data exchange
between the consumer side, the data collection and concentration and the host central
Station at the supply company premises. The design and analysis of the Host Central
Station is outside the scope of this work.

ii
 Table of Contents Page
Acknowledgment .............................................................................. ..
Abstract... ... ............ ......................................................... ...... ......... ii
Table of Contents............................................. ................................... iii
List of Tables............................................................................. .......... vi
List of Figures.................................................................................... vii
List of abbreviations............................................................................ x
Chapter ONE: Introduction
1.1 Introduction..................................................................... ........ 2
1.2 Why AMR ............... ................................. ......... ........ ................... 2
1.3 Problem and Solution.............................................................. ..... 3
1.4 Thesis Layout............................................................................. 3
Chapter TWO: A Survey of Automatic Electricity Meter Reading Techniques
2.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 5
2.2 Generalized Block Diagram of Electricity Meter Reading Techniques .... 5
2.3 Review of Different Meter Reading Techniques.......................... ....... 6
2.4 Manual Meter Reading Techniques........................... ......... ............. 7
2.4.1 Human Reading Techniques .............................................. 7
2.4.2 Handheld Meter Reading Techniques.................................. 8
2.5 Mobile Network Automatic Meter Reading Technique........ ................ 11
2.6 Fixed Network Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) Techniques ........ ...... 12
2.6.1 Direct Data Access .......................................................... 13
2.6.2 Intermediate Concentrator................................................ 26
2.7 Comparison of Fixed Network AMR Techniques .............................. 32
2.8 Summary ............................................................................ .... 34
Chapter THREE: Data Communication Techniques
3.1 Introduction............................................................................ 36
3.2 Signal Modulation Techniques .................. ................................ .... 36
3.2.1 Amplitude Modulation (AM) ................ ..... ................. ....... 36
3.2.2 Frequency Modulation (FM) and Phase Modulation (PM) .. ....... 37
3.3 Digital Transmission ofInformation .............................................. 38
3.3.1 Shift Modulation............................................................ 39
3.3.2 Bit Rate and Modulation Rate........................................... 40
3.3.3 Binary Modulation......................................................... 41
3.3.4 Modulation Combinations........................................... ...... 45
3.4 Spread Spectrum Systems............................................................ 46
3.4.1 Benefits of Spread Spectrum ...... .................. ..................... 47
3.4.2 Different Modulation Spreading Techniques for Spread 49
Spectrum .................................................................... .
3.4.3 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) ............................ 49
3.4.4 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FUSS) ................. ...... 50
3.4.5 Comparison of Frequency Hopping and Direct Sequence Spread 51
Spectrum Modulation .................................................... ..
3.5 Ultra Wide Band (UWB) ............................................................. 57

iii
 3.5.1 UWB Characteristics ....................................................... 59
3.5.2 Ultra Short Pulse Width.............................................. ..... 63
3.6 Summary................................................................................ 64
Chapter FOUR: Basic Building Blocks of the AMR System
4.1 Introduction......... .................... ....... ........................................ 66
4.2 Block Diagram of the Fixed Network Indirect Electric Energy AMR 66
System .................................................................................. .
4.3 Energy Meter........................................................................... 68
4.3.1 Energy Measurement Products.......................................... 69
4.3.2 Comparison between Market-Available Products............ ....... 83
4.4 Analog Devices ADE7758 ........................................................... 85
4.4.1 Basic Operation............................................................... 87
4.4.2 Setting up the Input Signals for the ADE7758 .................... ...... 89
4.4.3 Communicating with the ADE7758 ............................ ........... 89
4.5 The Microcontroller .................................................................. 90
4.5.1 Microcontrollers Families Products.................................... 91
4.5.2 The AVR ATmega16 Microcontroller................................... 98
4.6 Power Line Communication ........................................................ 101
4.6.1 General Differences between BPL and NPL .......... ................. 102
4.6.2 Power Line Communication Technologies ............... .............. 103
4.6.3 LonWorks Neuron IC Products .......................................... 110
4.7 GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications ............................ 119
4.6.1 Telit GM862-GPS Module ............... ....... ................... ....... 120
4.6.2 AT Command Interface ................................................... 122
4.8 The OSI Network Model ............................................................ 123
4.7.1 Architecture of the PLC Systems........................................ 124
4.7.2 Architecture of the GSM ................................................... 126
4.9 Summary ................. ....................................... ................... ..... 128
Chapter FIVE: Proposed Automatic Electricity Meter Reading System Design
and Implementation

5.1 Introduction ...... ...... ............... ...... ......... ...... ............ ......... ....... 130
5.2 Proposed AMR System............................................................... 130
5.3 Communication between MIU and DCU ............................. ............ 131
5.3.1 Using AVR microcontroller to Simulate the MIU Process 132
Control ....................................................................... .
5.3.2 Data Gathering using ADE7758 .......................................... 143
5.3.3 Serial Interface ofthe ADE7758 ............... ............ .............. 146
5.3.4 The Interface between ADE7758 and ATmega16 .................... 151
5.3.5 Performance under Harmonics Presence in the Power System... 152
5.4 Sending the Collected Data over Power Line.................................... 154
5.4.1 Serial SPI Input/output interface....... .......................... ....... 155
5.4.2 Communication Technique Simulation Using MATLAB .......... 156
5.5 Communication between DCU and HCS ......................................... 158
5.5.1 Serial Interface (US ART) of the AVR Microcontroller ............ 159
5.5.2 AT Command Interface ................................................... 164

iv
 5.5.3 GSM Link Protocol......................................................... 168
5.6 Host Central Station.................................................................. 173
5.7 Total System Overview............................................................... 173
5.8 Summary................................................................................ 177
Chapter SIX: Conclusion and Future Work
6.l.Conclusion .............................................................................. 177
6.2.Future Work ........................................................................... 180
References ... II ••••••••••••• II ••••• II ••••• II •••••••••• II •••••••• II II •••••••• II ••• II II •••••••• II II 182
Appendix A ...................................................................................... A-I
Appendix B ...................................................................................... B-1
Appendix C ...................................................................................... C-l
Appendix D ...................................................................................... D-l

v
 List of Tables

Table No. Title Page

2.1 Summary of the fixed network techniques 32
4.1 The 90E21, 90E22, 90E23, and 90E24 ICs 70
4.2 The 90E32 and 90E36 ICs 71
4.3 Cirrus Logic ICs 72
4.4 The ADE7755, AD71056, ADE7768, and ADE7769 75
ICs
4.5 The ADE7751, and ADE7761B ICs 76
4.6 The ADE7752A, ADE7752B, and ADE7762 ICs 77
4.7 The ADE7756, ADE7759, ADE7753, and ADE7763 78
ICs
4.8 The ADE7754, and ADE7758 ICs 79
4.9 ADEICs 81
4.10 Comparison between Market Available Energy 84
Metering Products
4.11 Comparison between Market Available 97
Microcontroller Products
4.12 Channel Characteristics 109
4.13 Motorola's Neuron Chip ICs Specification 111
4.14 Characteristic of PL Smart Transceivers 115
4.15 Summary of Direct 110 Objects 118
5.1 Task Index Description 169
5.2 Invalidity Action Overview 170

vi
 List of Figures

Figure No. Caption Page

2.1 Generalized Block Diagram of Electricity Meter 6
Reading
2.2 Manual Meter Reading Technique 7
2.3 Human Reading Techniques 8
2.4 Pluggable Handheld Techniques 9
2.5 Short Range Wireless Handheld Technique 10
2.6 Mobile Network Automatic Meter Reading 11
Techniques
2.7 Fixed Network AMR Techniques 12
2.8 Direct Data Access Techniques 13
2.9 Typical Electrical Power Distribution Network 14
2.10 General Arrangement of Based Automatic Meter 16
Reading.
2.11 Intermediate Data Concentration Techniques 27
2.12 Intermediate Data Primary Network 27
2.13 Intermediate Data Secondary Network 31
2.14 Summary of Electricity Meter Reading 33
Classification Techniques
3.1 Amplitude and Frequency Modulation 38
3.2 Shift Modulations for Digitally Transmitted 39
Information
3.3 On/off modulation of light in an optical fiber 40
3.4 BPSK signal constellation. 41
3.5 BPSKwaveform 42
3.6 BPSK modulator, and coherent BPSK demodulator 43
3.7 Probability of Error Curve for BPSK and 45
FSKIASK
3.8 QAM with 16 modulation states 46
3.9 Spread-Spectrum Communication System 47
3.10 Spread-spectrum signal is buried under the noise 48
level
3.11 Illustration of how the signal can reach the receiver 48
over multiple paths.
3.12 Modulation Techniques for Spread Spectrum 49
3.13 Spectrum-analyzer photo of a direct-sequence (DS) 50
spread-spectrum signal
3.14 Spectrum-analyzer photo of a frequency-hop (FH) 51
spread-spectrum signal
3.15 DS and FH Modulation 52
3.16 Channel Response 53
3.17 Ranges of DS and FH 55
4.1 Block Diagram of the Fixed Network Indirect 67
Electric Energy AMR System
4.2 ADE7758 Pin Configuration 85

vii
 4.3 Functional block diagram of ADE7758 86
4.4 ADE7758 Basic Operations 87
4.5 Active Power Calculations 88
4.6 Typical set up for the ADE7758 89
4.7 Microcontroller Features 91
4.8 Pinout ATmega16 99
4.9 CENELEC Frequency Band Designations 112
4.10 Dual-Carrier Frequency Operations 113
4.11 Functional block diagram of The PL-3120 and PL- 114
3150 Power Line Smart Transceivers
4.12 Typical Coupling Circuit for PL-3120 and PL-3150 117
4.13 PL3120- PL3150 1/0 Interface 118
4.14 GM862-GPS Connectors Position 122
4.15 The ISOIOSI reference model 123
4.16 PLC specific network layers 125
4.17 GSM specific network layers 127
5.1 The Proposed AMR Overall System Architecture 131
5.2 Meter Interface Unit 132
5.3 AVR Microcontroller Runner Circuit 134
5.4 Power Supply Source 135
5.5 Master And Slave Data Load To The Shift Registers 135
5.6 SPI Bus Description 136
5.7 SPI Master Slave Connection 137
5.8 SPI Control Register 139
5.9 Master and Slave Simulation 141
5.10 Master And Slave Operation Flowchart 142
5.11 Basic Operation of the ADE7758 144
5.12 The ADE7758 Circuit Digram 145
5.13 ADE7758 Active Energy Accumulation 146
5.14 ADE7758 Interrupt Timing 147
5.15 ADE7758 Registers via the Communications 148
Register
5.16 Communications Register 148
5.17 Writing Data to the ADE7758 via the Serial 149
Interface
5.18 Serial Interface Write Timing Diagram 149
5.19 Reading Data from the ADE7758 via tbe Serial 150
Interface
5.20 Serial Interface Read Timing Diagram 151
5.21 Tbe AVR is Interfaced with tbe ADE7756 Through 152
SPI
5.22 A Fundamental Sine Wave and Two Harmonic 152
Waves tbe 3 rd and 5th Harmonics
5.23 PL 3150 and PL 3120 EVB Evaluation Boards 155
5.24 SPI Master And Slave Pins for tbe PLM modules 156
5.25 Model Diagram of DSSS System Using MA TLAB 157
5.26 Transmitted and Received signals 158
5.27 Data Concentration Unit 158

viii
5.28 MAX232 Serial Level Convertor Circuit 159
5.29 USART Block Diagrams 160
5.30 Control and Status Register A 162
5.31 Control and Status Register B 163
5.32 Control and Status Register C 163
5.33 GSM Link Protocol 169
5.34 GSM Link Protocol Example 172
5.35 Host Central Station 173
5.36 Overall Implemented System Block Diagram 174
5.37 Total MIU Operation Flowchart 175
5.38 Total DCU Operation Flowchart 176

ix
 List of Abbreviations

AID Analog to Digital Converter

AC Alternating Current
ADC Analog to Digital Converter
ADE Analog Devices Energy
ADI Analog Devices Incorporated
AES Advanced Encryption Standard
AFE Association for Facilities Engineering
AJ Anti-Jam
AM Amplitude Modulation
AMR Automatic Meter Reading.
ANSI American National Standards Institute
APCF Active Power Calibration Frequency
ASK Amplitude Shift Keying
AT Attention
AVR Advanced Virtual RISC
BASK Binary Amplitude Shift Keying
BFSK Binary Frequency Shift Keying
BPL Broadband Power Line
BPL Broadband Power Line.
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying
BW Band Width
CATV Community Antenna Television.
CBI Complement Bit Instruction
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CEBus Consumer Electronic Bus
CEPT Conference of Postal and Telecommunications
CISC Complex Instruction Set Computing
CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
CPHA Clock Phase
CPOL Clock Polarity
CPU Central Processing Unit
CR Carriage Return
CR Carrier Recovery
CS Chip Select
CSMAICA Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance
CT Current Transformer
CTP Centralized Token Passing
D/A Digital to Analog Converter

x
 D-AMPS Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service.
DC Direct Current
DCU Data Concentration Unit.
DDRBi Data Direction Register of bit i in port B of the AVR Microcontroller
DES Data Encryption Standard
DFT Discrete Fourier Transform
DMIPS Dhrystone Millions Of Instructions Per Seconds
DORD Data Order
DSMA Datagram Sensing Multiple Access
DSP Digital Signal Processing
DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
EIA Electronic Industry Association
EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility
EMI Electro Magnetic Interference.
EMIlEMC Electromagnetic InterferencelElectromagnetic Compatibility
EPROM Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
ESD Electrostatic Discharge
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute.
FCC Federal Communications Commission
FEC Forward Error Correction
FHSS Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
FM Frequency Modulation
FSK Frequency Shift Keying
GFSK Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying
GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
GPRS General Packet Radio Service.
GPS Global Positioning System
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications.
HCS Host Central Station.
HSPA High speed packet access
IDT Integrated Device Technology
IDE Integrated Development Environment
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
IF Intermediate Frequency
IR Infrared.
IRQ Interrupt Request Output
IS Interim Standard
ISDN Integrated Subscriber Digital Network.
ISM Industrial, Scientific, and Medical.
ISO International Standards Organization
ISO/OSI International Standardization Organization! Open Systems Interconnection.
ISP In System Programmable

xi
JTAG Joint Test Action Group
LANs Local Area Networks.
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
LLC Logical Link Control.
LNS LonWorks Network Services
LonWorks Local Operation Networks
LOS Line Of Sight
LPF Low Pass Filter
LPI Low Probability of Intercept
LQFP Low Profile Quad Flat packages
LSB Least Significant Bit
MAC Medium Access Control.
MCU Microcontroller
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
MIPS Millions of Instructions Per Seconds
MISO Master Data In, Slave Data Output
MIU Meter Interface Unit.
MOSI Master Data Out, Slave Data In
MPSK M-ary Phase Shift Keying
MSB Most Significant Bit
MSTR Master/Slave Select
NBL Narrowband Power Line
NLOS Non Line Of Sight
NMT Nordic Mobile Telephony
NPL Narrowband Power Line.
NRZ Non Return to Zero
OBIS Object Identification System.
OCD On Chip Debugging
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OOK On-Off Keying
OSI Open Systems Interconnection.
OTP One-Time Password
PA Power Amplifier
PCC Point of Common Coupling
PDU Protocol Description Unit
PIC Programmable Interface Controller
PGA Programmable Gain Amplifier
PLC Power Line Communication.
PLM Power Line Modem.
PLT Power Line (smart) Transceiver
PM Phase Modulation
PP Point to Point

xii
PPM Pulse Position Modulation
PPP Point-to-Point Protocol.
PRN Pseudo·Random Code
PSK Phase Shift Keying
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
PT Potential Transformer
PWM Pulse-Width Modulation
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QFT Quad Flat Package
QoS Quality of Service.
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
RAM Random Access Memory
RCIF Received Interrupt Flag
REVP Reverse Polarity
RF Radio Frequency
RF Radio Frequency
RFID Radio Frequency Identification
RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computing
RMS Root Mean Square
ROM Read Only Memory
RXD Received Complete
RXEN Receiver Enable
SAR Successive Approximation Register
SBI Set Bit Instruction
SCK Master Clock Output
SCLK Serial Clock
SDCC Small Device C Compiler
SIM Subscriber identity module
SIM Subscriber Identity Module.
SMS Short Message Service.
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio
SOC System On Chip
SOIC Small-Outline Integrated Circuit
SRAM Static Random Access Memory
SPDT Single Pole, Double Throw
SPE SP! Enable
SPI Serial Peripheral Interface
SS Slave select input
SS Spread Spectrum
SSB Signal Side Band
SSOP Shrink Small Outline Package.
TCP Transmission Control Protocol.
TCPIIP Transmission Control ProtocoVInternet Protocol).

xiii
TDMA Time-Division Multiple Access
THD Total Hannonic Distortion
THSS Time Hopping Spread Spectrum
TMlUWB Time Modulated Ultra-Wideband
TQFP Thin Quad Flat Package
TTL Transistor Transistor Logic
TXC Transmit Complete
TXEN Transmitter Enable
UBRR USART Baud Rate Registers
UCSRA USART Control and Status Register A
UCSRB USART Control and Status Register B
UCSRC USART Control and Status Register C
UDR USART I/O Data Register
UDRE USART Data Register Empty
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
USART Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter)
USB Universal Serial Bus
UWB Ultra Wide Band
UWB-PHY Ultra Wide Band Physical Layer
VLSI Very Large Scale Integration
VPN Virtual Private Network.
VQFP Very small Quad Flat Package
WAN Wide Area Network
WCDMA Wide code division multiple access
Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity.
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network.
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network.
WPA Wi-Fi Protected Access.

xiv
 References

[1] R. Tahboub, D. Lazarescu, and V. Lazarescu, "Modeling and simulation of secure

automatic energy meter reading and management systems using mobile agents",
IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.7
No.1, January 2007.

[2] T. Chandler, "The technology development of automatic metering and monitoring

systems", in IEEE International Power Eng. Conf., Dec. 2005.

[3] T. Khalifa, K. Naik, and A Nayak, "A Survey of Communication Protocols for
Automatic Meter Reading Applications", IEEE communications surveys &
tutorials, January 2010.

[4] Shoeb S. Sheikh, "Design And Implementation Of Wireless Automatic Meter

Reading System", International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology
(IJEST), Vol. 3 No.3 March 2011.

[5] SENSUS metering system, Auto Read Handheld DevicelPrograrnmer, Standard

Model-AR 5001, Radio-Read Model-AR 5002, www.sensus.com

[6] A.S. Mehmood, T. Choudhry, and M.A. Hanif, "A Reviewing the Technical Issues
for the Effective Construction of Automatic Meter Reading System", International
Conference on Microelectronics, 2005 IEEE.

[7] Hersery meters, Product Bulletin, PBO 1005R January 26, 2006

[8] V. Cagri Gungor, and F. C. Lambertz, "A Survey on Communication Networks for
Electric System Automation".

[9] MASTER METER, "3G Mobile drive-by AMR", www.mastermeter.com.

[10] K. Moizumi. Thayer, "Mobile Agent Planning Problems", A Thesis Submitted to

the Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of
Philosophy. School of Engineering Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire,
October 23, 2004.

[11] Leveraging the Full Potential of Automated Meter Reading (AMR) Technologies,

182
 GCI Group Inc, 2004

[12] T. Chandler, "The Technology Development of Automatic Metering and

Monitoring Systems", The 7th International Power Engineering Conference, pp.
147-150, Nov. 2005.

[13] A. Minosi, A. Martinola, S. Mankan, F. Balzarini, A. N. Kostadinov, and M.

Prevostini, "Intelligent, Low Power and Low Cost Measurement System for Energy
Consumption", International Symposium on Virtual Environments, Human-
Computer Interfaces and Measurement Systems, pp. 125-130, Jul. 2003.

[14] A. Treyl, T. Sauter, and G. Bumiller, "Real-Time Energy Management over Power-
Lines and Internet", the Proceeding of the International Symposium on Power Line
Communications and its Applications, pp. 306-311,2004.

[15] R. Tahboub, and V. Lazarescu, "Novel Approach for Remoter Energy Metering
Reading using Moke Agents", International Conference on Information
Technology, New Generation, pp. 84-89, Apr. 2006.

[16] V. C. Gungory, and F. C. Lambertz, "A Survey on Communication Networks for

Electric System Automation", 2006.

[17] I.H. Cavdar, "A Solution to Remote Detection of Illegal Electricity Usage via
Power Line Communications", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 19, pp.
1663-1667, October 2004.

[18] S. Galli, A. Scaglione, and K. Dosterl, "Broadband Is Power Internet Access

Through The Power Line Network", IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 41 ,pp.
82-83, May 2003.

[19] W. Liu, H. Widmer, and P.Raffin, "Broadband PLC access systems and field
deployment in European power line networks", IEEE Communications Magazine,
vol. 41, pp. 114-118, May 2003.

[20] K. H. Zuberi, "Powerline Carrier (PLC) Communication Systems", Royal Institute

of Technology, KTH, IT-Universities, Kista, Stockholm, Sweden, September 2003

[21] R Nimare, "Automatic Meter Reading (AMR)", Metering Technologies Advance

183
 Applications and Systems Distribution Reform, Upgrades and Management
(DRUM) Training Program.

[22] N.K. Tan, "Building VPNs with IPSec and MPLS", McGraw-Hill Networking,
2003.

[23] R. Cohen, "On the establishment of an access VPN in broadband access

networks", IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 41, pp. 156-163, February 2003.

[24] F. Goodman et aI, "Technical and System Requirements for Advanced Distribution
Automation", Electric Power Research Institute Technical Report 1010915, June
2004.

[25] S. S. Sheikh, "Design And Implementation Of Wireless Automatic Meter Reading

System", International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST),
Vol. 3 No.3 March 2011.

[26] T. Khalifa, K. Naik and A. Nayak, "A Survey of Communication Protocols for
Automatic Meter Reading Applications", 2010 IEEE.

[27] H. Tan, H. Lee, and V. Mok, "Automatic power meter reading system using GSM
network", in IEEE International Power Eng. Conf., Dec. 2007.

[28] Abdollahi, M. Dehghani, and N. Zamanzadeh, "SMS-based reconfigurable

automatic meter reading system", in IEEE International Conf. Control Appl., Oct.
2007.

[29] P. Zerfos, X. Meng, S. Wong, V. Samanta, and S. Lu, "A study of the short
message service of a nationwide cellular network", in ACM SIGCOMM Internet
Measurement Conf., Oct. 2006.

[30] X. Meng, P. Zerfos, V. Smanta, S. Wong, and S. Lu, "Analysis of the reliability of
a nationwide short message service", in IEEE INFOCOM, May 2007.

[31] Y. Hu, and V.O.K. Li, "Satellite-Based Internet: A Tutorial", IEEE

Communications Magazine, vol. 39, pp. 154-162, March 2001.

[32] E. Ekici, I.F. Akyildiz and M.D. Bender, "A Multicast Routing Algorithm for LEO

184
 Satellite IP Networks", IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 10, no. 2, pp.
183-192, April 2002.

[33] B.R. Elbert, "Satellite Communications Applications Handbook", Artech House

Publishers, 2004.

[34] Li Quan-Xi, Li Gang, "Design of remote automatic meter reading system based on
ZigBee and GPRS", Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on
Computer Science and Computational Technology(ISCSCT ' 10) Jiaozuo, P. R.
China, 14-15, pp. 186-189, August 2010.

[35] Q. Spencer, "An information-theoretic analysis of electricity consumption data for

an AMR system", in IEEE International Symp. Power Line Communication. Appl.,
Apr. 2008.

[36] IEEE 802.16 and WiMAX: Broadband Wireless Access for Everyone, Intel
Corporation, 2003. www.intel.com!ebusiness/pdf/wireless/inte1l80216_wimax.pdf

[37] Specifications of Wi MAX. Retrieved on October 10,2006, www.wimax.com

[38] Westech Communications Inc. on behalf of the WiMAX Forum, Can WiMAX
Address Your Applications, White paper dated October 24,2005.

[39] B. Sidhu, H. Singh, and A. Chhabra "Emerging Wireless Standards-WiFi, ZigBee

and WiMAX", World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 252007.

[40] Echelon Corporation, http://www.echelon.com!. accessed June 2011.

[41] Advanced Motion Controls, "CAN Open Network CAN Bus Cabling Guide",
www.a-m-c.com.

[42] MODBUS Protocol, http://www.http:llwww.modicon.com!techpubs/toc7 .html.

[43] IDC TECHNOLOGIES, "Industrial Data Communication Networking and IT",

www.idc-online.comle_learninglditprospectus.pdf.

[44] AS Interface, http://as-interface.net.

[45] Real Time Automation, http://www.rtaautomation.comlprofibus/

185
[46] V. Mocnik "Mixed Communication Solution for Implementation of an Effective
AMR System".

[47] J. De Vriendt et al,"Mobile Network Evolution: A Revolution on the Move" , IEEE

Communications Magazine, Vol. 40 No.4, April 2002

[48] P. P. Parikh , "Opportunities and Challenges of Wireless Communication

Technologies for Smart Grid Applications", IEEE 2010

[49] [802.11] IEEE Std.802.11, "IEEE Standard for Information Technology-

Telecommunications and Information Exchange between Systems - Local and
Metropolitan Area Networks", 2007.

[50] IEEE PSRC Tech. Rep., "Using Spread Spectrum Radio Communication for Power
_ System Protection Relaying Applications", July 2005.

[51] D. K. Holstein, "Wi-Fi Protected Access for Protection and Automation a work in
progress by CIGRE Working Group B5.22", in Proc. 2006 IEEE Power System
Conf. and Expo., pp. 2004-2011.

[52] EPRl Tech. Rep., "Wireless Connectivity for Electric Substations", Feb 2008.

[53] N. Kommu, P. Nagamani, and M. Kollam, "Designing of an Automated Power

Meter Reading with Zigbee Communication", 2009 International Journal of
Computer & Communication Technology.

[54] IEEE Std. 802.15, "Standard for Information Technology - telecommunications and
information exchange Systems between systems - Local and metropolitan area
networks", 2006.

[55] H. Zhang, G. Guan, and X. Zang, "The design of insulation online monitoring
system based on Bluetooth technology and IEEE 1451.5", in an international conf.
on Power Engineering, pp.l287-1291, Dec. 2007.

[56] S. Teger et aI., "End-User Perspectives on Home Networking", IEEE

Communications Magazine, Vol. 40 No.4, April 2002.

[57] K. De Craemer, and G. Deconinck, "Analysis of State-of-the-art Smart Metering

186
 Communication Standards".

[58] Leveraging the Full Potential of Automated Meter Reading (AMR) Technologies,
GCI Group Inc, 2004

[59] I. Graabak, O. S. Grande, 1. Ikaheimo, and S. Karkkainen, "Establishment of

Automatic Meter Reading and Load Management, Experiences and Cost/Benefit",
2004 International Conference on Power System Technology, pp. 1333-1338, Nov.
2004.

[60] Regis 1. Bud Bates et aI., "Voice and Data Communications Handbook", ISBN-O-
07-213188-8, OsbomelMcGraw-Hill, 2001

[61] Understanding Telecommunications, http://www.ericsson.com/support/telecom/.

Ericsson, STF, Student literature, 2002

[62] V. Mey, and J.E., "Spread Spectrum Communications for the CEBUS Power line",
Consumer Electronics, 1990. ICCE90. IEEE 1990 IntI. conf., June 6-8, 1990, pp.
240 -241

[63] D. Radford, "New Spread Spectrum Technologies Enable Low Cost Control
Applications For Residential And Commercial Use", Intellon Corporation

[64] D. Radford, "Spread-Spectrum Data Leap through AC Power Wiring", Intellon

Corporation

[65] C. R. Anderson, J. H. Reed, R. M. Buehrer, D. Sweeney, and S. Griggs, "An

Introduction to Ultra Wideband Communication Systems", April 2005.

[66] A. Eltaher, and T. Kaiser, "Positioning Of Robots Using Ultra-Wideband Signals,"

2004

[67] V. Lottici, and A. D'Andrea, "Channel Estimation for Ultra-Wideband

Communications", IEEE Journal on selected areas in Communications, Vol. 20, No.9,
December 2002.

[68] J. Ding, L. Zhao, S. Medidi, and K. M. Sivalingam. "MAC Protocols for Ultra-
Wide-Band Wireless Networks: Impact of Channel Acquisition Time. In

187
 Proceedings of SPIE", November 2002.

[69] K. Siwiak. "Ultra-Wide Band Radio: Introducing a New Technology", IEEE

Vehicular Tech. Conference (VTC) - Plenary session, May 2001.

[70] M. MAJCHRAK, J. HEINRICH, P. FUCHS, and V. HOSTYN, "Single phase

electricity meter based on mixed signal processor with PLC modem," in Radio
elektronika, 17th International Conf., Apr. 2007.

[71] I. T. Samuel, "An Automatic Smart Telemetering, Tele-billing, and Tele-

Conditional Access Control Of Electrical Energy", Domestic Use of Energy
Conference 2004.

[72] lOT Integrated Device Technology, www.idt.com.

[73] lOT Integrated Device Technology, "Single Phase High Performance Wide Span
Energy Metering IC", www.idt.com.

[74] lOT Integrated Device Technology, "Poly-Phase High-Performance Wide-Span

Energy Metering IC-90E32 and 90E36", www.idt.com.

[75] Cirrus Logic, www.cirrus.com

[76] Analog devices, www.analog.com

[77] Energy Measurement Solutions, www.analog.com

[78] Energy Measurement Products, www.analog.comlenergymeter

[79] Analog Devices ADE7758 datasheets, www.analog.com

[80] Evaluation Board Documentation ADE7758 Energy metering IC, www.analog.com

[81] N. Wan, "Reactive Energy Measurement Made Simple" Metering International

Issue 4 2003, www.metering.com

[82] E. Moulin, "Measuring Harmonic Energy with a Solid-State Energy Meter",

Metering International Issue 3 2003, www.metering.com

[83] M. Predko, "Handbook of Microcontrollers", publisher McGraw-Hill

188
[84] Intel, http://www.intel.comldesigniembcontrollindex.htrn

[8S] Keil http://keil.com

[86] SiLabs MCU List, http://embeddedbook.x8S.com

[87] Atrnel MCU List, http://embeddedbook.x8S.com.

[88] Maxim 80S 1 MCU List, http://embeddedbook.x8S.com.

[89] Microchip, http://www.microchip.com.

[90] M. Moghavvemi, S.Y. Tan and S. K. Wong, "PIC Microcontroller-Based

Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) System Using a Low Voltage (LV) Power Line
Network", IJE Transactions B: Applications, Vol. 18, No.1, April 2005.

[91] ATMEL, http://atmel.comlproducts/avr/default.asp.

[92] ATMEL, http://atmel.comlproducts/avr32/default.asp

[93] ATMEL ATmega16 Microcontroller datasheet, www.atrnel.com

[94] Brown PA, "Power line communications, past, present, and future", Proceedings of
International Symposium on Power-line Communications and its Applications,
September 1999.

[9S] E M. Faisal and A. Mohamed, "A new technique for power quality based condition
monitoring", in 17th Conf. Electrical Power Supply Industry, Oct. 2008.

[96] M. gotz, M. rapp, and K. dostert, "Power line channel characteristics and their
effect on communication system design", in IEEE communication magazine,
April2004

[97] A. Matov "Measurements and Modeling of Power Line Channel at High

Frequencies", Integrated systems Lab. Swiss federal institute of tech. ausanne,
Switzerland

[98] M. Zimmermann, and K. Dostert "A Multi path model for the power line channel",
IEEE transactions on communications, vol. SO, n04, April 2002.

189
[99] Yu-ju Lin, H. A. Latchman, and M. Lee "A power line communication network
infrastructure for the smart home", IEEE Wireless Communications, 1070-9916/02,
dec.2002.

[100] S.Galli, A. scagllone, and k. Dostert. "Broadband is power: Internet access through
the power line network", IEEE Communications Magazine, May 2003.

[101] B. Sivaneasan, E. Gunawan, and P. L, "Modeling and performance analysis of

automatic meter-reading systems using PLC under impulsive noise interference",
IEEE transactions on power delivery, Vol. 25, No.3, July 2010.

[102] B. Park, D. Hyun, and S. Cho, "Implementation of AMR system using power line
communication", in IEEEIPES Transmission Distribution Conf. Exhibition, Oct.
2002.

[103] M. J. Riezenman, "Networks for Homes", IEEE Spectrum, Vol. 36, December
1999.

[104] Dave Rye, "The X-IO POWERHOUSE Power Line Interface Model number PL513
and Two-Way Power Line Interface Model number TW523", Technical Note,
Revision 2.4, X-I 0 (USA) Inc.

[105] A. Dhir et al., "Home Networking Using No New Wires Phone line and Power line
Interconnection Technologies", White Paper, WP133 vl.O, Xilinx Inc., March 2001

[106] Peter House, "CEBus for the Masses", Technical Article number 0593, Intellon
Corporation

[107] Grayson Evans, "The CEBus Communication Standard", Part 1 & 2, Intellon
Corporation

[108] Frarneset for CEBus Users Group, http://www.cebus.org/, accessed July 2011

[109] "CEBus Power Line Encoding and Signaling", White Paper number 0027, Intellon
Corporation.

[110] M. K. Lee, R. E. Newman, H. A. Latchman, S. Katar, and L. Yonge3, "Home Plug

1.0 Powerline Communication LANs -Protocol Description and Performance

190
 Results", International Journal of Communication Systems Int. J. Communication.
System, February 2003.

[Ill] Cogency Semiconductor Inc., http://www.cogency.com. accessed July 2011

[112] "Data Communications over Power Lines", White Paper, Cogency Semiconductor
Inc.

[113] HomePlug Powerline Alliance, http://www.homeplug.org, accessed July 2011

[114] HomePlug-certified Products, http://www.homeplug.com!products/. accessed July

2011

[115] Motorola Master Selection Guide. LONWORKS Products. 2.7-1. LONWORKS®

Neuron® IC Products. Neuron Chips.

[116] Echelon Corporation, http://www.echelon.com!. accessed June 2011

[117] Echelon Corporation, Technical Document, "Lon Works Technology Overview".

[118] Echelon Corporation ;'LonTalk Protocol", Echelon Engineering Bulletin 005-0017-

01,27 pages,

[119] Echelon Corporation "LonTalk Protocol Specification", Echelon Manual 078-0125,

114 pages.

[120] Echelon Corporation "LonWorks Network Services (LNS) Architecture Strategic

Overview".

[121] Echelon Corporation "LonMark Layer 1-6 Interoperability Guidelines", 078-0014-

01.

[122] "LonMark Layer 1-6 Interoperability Guidelines", 078-0014-01, Echelon Corporation

[123] Michael R. Tennefos "Technology Comparison LONWORKS® Systems versus

DeviceNet®", Echelon White Paper

[124] LonMark Interoperability Association, www.lonmark.org, accessed July 201

[125] M. R. Tennefos "Implementing Open, Interoperable Building Control Systems",

191
 Echelon White Paper.

[126] PL 3120 IPL 3150 IPL 3170 Power Line Smart Transceiver Data Book,
www.echelon.com

[127] PL3120 and PL 3150 Power Line Smart Transceivers datasheets,

www.echelon.com

[128] History and Timeline ofGSM. Emory University. Retrieved on 2011

[129] About GSM Association. GSM Association. Retrieved on 2011

[130] Two Billion GSM Customers Worldwide. 3G Americas June 13,2006.

[131] Texas Instruments Executive Meets with India Government Official to outline
Benefits of Open Standards to drive mobile phone penetration. Texas Instruments
July 12,2006.

[132] Brief History ofGSM & GSMA. GSM World. Retrieved on 2011.

[133] Nokia delivers first phase GPRS core network solution to Radiolinja, Finland.
Nokia January 24, 2000.

[134] Telit wireless solution, Telit GM862-GPS datasheet, www.telit.com.

[135] GM862 Family Hardware User Guide, www.telit.com

[136] GM862 Product Description, www.telit.com

[137] B. H. Walke, Mobile Radio Networks - Networking and Protocols, John Wiley &
Sons Ltd, Chichester, UK, ISBN 0-471-97595-8.

[138] A. S. Tanenbaum, Computer Networks, Third edition, Prentice-Hall Inc., USA,

German edition.

[139] C. Cepisca, H. Andrei, S. Ganatsios, M. Veyssiere, "Energy Measurement

Techniques for Non-Sinusoidal Situations", International Conference on Metrology
and Measurement Systems, June 27-28, Politehnica University, Romania, 2002.

[140] D. Placko, "Fundamentals ofInstrurnentation and Measurement", ISTE, 2007.

192
[141] A. S. Morris, "Measurements &Instrumentation Principles", Butterworth
Heinemann, 2001.

[142] S. Svensson, "Power Measurement Techniques for Non-Sinusoidal Conditions",

PhD thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweeden, 1999.

[143] C. Gherasim, A. Ortiz, J. Van Den Keybus, J. Driesen, R. Belmans,

"Implementation and Comparison of Power Definitions using a DSP Based
Prototyping System", IEEE-ICHQP, 2004

[144] W. Boyes, "Instrumentation Reference Book", Butterworth Heinemann, 3rd edition,

2003.

[14S] A. Kusko, M. T. Thompson, "Power Quality in Electrical Systems",Mc Graw Hill,

02007.

[146] M. EI-Habrouk, M. K. Darwish, P. Mehta, "Active Power Filters: A Review",IEE-

Proceedings - Electric Power Applications, Vol. 147, No.5, September 2000, pp.
403-413.

[147] Analog Devices ADE77S8 datasheets, www.analog.com

[148] M. EI-Habrouk, M. K. Darwish, P. Mehta, "Design and Implementation of a

Modiied Fourier Analysis Harmonic Current Compensation Technique for Power
Active Filters using DSPs", lEE-Proceedings - Electric Power Applications, Vol.
148, No.1, January 2001, pp. 21-28.

[149] Z. D. Koozehkanani, "Active Filters, A Unified Approach", PhD thesis,

Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Brunei University, U.K.,
1996.

[ISO] W. Xu, Y. Mansour, C. Siggers, M. B. Hughes, "Developing Utility Harmonic

Regulations based on IEEE standard-SI9-B.C., hydro's Approach", IEEE-trans. On
Power Delivery, Vol.lO, No.3, July 1995, pp. 1423-1431.

[1S1] Dranetz BMI, "DRANETZ 8000-2 Energy Analyzer Data Sheet",

www.dranetz.com.

193
 ~'('~'I ~
4...1iLWI J r:o-- . J I·'
J"

,". \ ~ 10... I., :~.)\:4 ~ j4-! J u...)1 01\ d...:i!1.1. r3

~I,.L.$I

:W~I.ii"L...~1
C ~~:~jill
.................................... .l~I.t11 ioS~.l=..1 ..l.t :FYI

~y&.,!1 ~4- - ~I ~ - ~~I ~I ~ tfo ~\:i..1

................. ~.\~r:!..i:. :~jill

..:-::-: ....~
...:-:-:-: ....~
...:;:
-
~.)~,!I ~4- - 4......~1 ~ - ~~I 4......~1 ~

...:;.~
...;;: .......... :~jill
ioSJIJ)1 wWc JJ= ..l.1

tfo ..\c.L...... ~\:i..1 :~."ll

~y.ll ~\sYI - 4-;.."lpl J ~I ~ - ..:.YL.....:iYl J ..:.~JfolYI ~..\c.L...... ~\:i..1 :~."ll

ioS.....,..,JI JU\I J 4-;.."lp I J r"wJ

.~ ;:;:::;:;;:;::: .-=.... :~jill rll... ...llI.l,lC J.,)j ...l.1

~y.ll ~\sYI - 4-;.."lp I J 4......~1 ~ - ..:.YL.-."'ll J ..:.~JPYI ~ ..\c.L...... ~\:i..1

L ioS~1 JU\I J 4;.."lpl J r)..1l

UHH.&~~':,
~y&.,!I~~_4.. ~~:"::;~,;:-'
~ • •..A-'" (j"y,o
i
i Ijl ~ J~ ~.)#- ~)I r.Sy.:.... ul,) ~llA~ ~ ~.lI ~)I.~ ~ iJ).,!1 ~I i.31.A11 u~)1
I uu,w ~I ~I}jl iJ')~ ~ r,rA,) ~WI ~411 .1) u&:! ~)I .~ U~ UIJ 'r.Spl ~ 4,Jl
.W\.JI~I
:~411
................................................................................G.)j\l)...~4. :(""''/1
............................................................................................................... ~y... :(:jijill
~ I~u~~
.... ... ('I ~\.bll ~"J~
.. ~ "''i 1,i ~',.,i;; J~~;~
c.r'\lll11 JIJLH 0"J"~ 0 ~

GSMJI J LonWorksJI ~J3.,w

0->t.,~

.1.'" t Jj~ ~ WIJ

DIS 73674 C1
621.3745
MO:DE-

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF

AN AUTOMATIC METER READING
~Y~TFM FOR ELECTHIC ENERGY

111I11/~~f~/~1111
73674