COMPUTER GRAPHICS AND VISUALIZATION

Module-2
Fill area Primitives, 2D Geometric Transformations and 2D viewing

C.K.SRINIVAS
Associate Professor
Dept. of CS&E
BITM, Ballari.
Cell: 9886684832
Email: srinivasck9@gmail.com
Module – 2: Fill area Primitives, 2D Geometric Transformations and 2D viewing

5 POLYGON FILL AREAS

polygon

Polygon Classifications
interior angle
convex.

concave

FIGURE 2-1

Identifying Concave Polygons

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C.K.SRINIVASA, Asso. Prof. Dept Of CS&E, BITM, BALLARI.
Module – 2: Fill area Primitives, 2D Geometric Transformations and 2D viewing

FIGURE 2-2

Splitting Concave Polygons

vector
method
V V
E V V

FIGURE 2-3

E E
E E
E E

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C.K.SRINIVASA, Asso. Prof. Dept Of CS&E, BITM, BALLARI.
Module – 2: Fill area Primitives, 2D Geometric Transformations and 2D viewing

E E

E E E E
E E E E
E E E E

E E
E

Inside-Outside Tests

odd-even rule,
P

P P

nonzero winding-number rule,

winding number.

P
P

P P
P

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C.K.SRINIVASA, Asso. Prof. Dept Of CS&E, BITM, BALLARI.
Module – 2: Fill area Primitives, 2D Geometric Transformations and 2D viewing

FIGURE 2-4

Polygon Tables

FIGURE 3-5

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C.K.SRINIVASA, Asso. Prof. Dept Of CS&E, BITM, BALLARI.
Module – 2: Fill area Primitives, 2D Geometric Transformations and 2D viewing

Plane Equations

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C.K.SRINIVASA, Asso. Prof. Dept Of CS&E, BITM, BALLARI.
Module – 2: Fill area Primitives, 2D Geometric Transformations and 2D viewing

Front and Back Polygon Faces

backface,
front face.

FIGURE 3-52 FIGURE 3-53 N

x •• •••• Ax • • •By
• • • •Cz
• • • •D• • • • •
A B C

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C.K.SRINIVASA, Asso. Prof. Dept Of CS&E, BITM, BALLARI.
Module – 2: Fill area Primitives, 2D Geometric Transformations and 2D viewing

normal vector

OpenGL POLYGON FILL-AREA FUNCTIONS

GL_POLYGON

glBegin
glVertex GL POLYGON

FIGURE 3-56 (a)

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C.K.SRINIVASA, Asso. Prof. Dept Of CS&E, BITM, BALLARI.
Module – 2: Fill area Primitives, 2D Geometric Transformations and 2D viewing

GL_TRIANGLES

FIGURE 3-56 GL TRIANGLES

GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP

FIGURE 3-56 GL TRIANGLE STRIP

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C.K.SRINIVASA, Asso. Prof. Dept Of CS&E, BITM, BALLARI.
Module – 2: Fill area Primitives, 2D Geometric Transformations and 2D viewing

GL_TRIANGLE_FAN

glBegin (GL_TRIANGLE_FAN);
glVertex2iv (p1);
glVertex2iv (p2);
glVertex2iv (p3);
glVertex2iv (p4);
glVertex2iv (p5);
glVertex2iv (p6);
glEnd ( );

FIGURE 3-56 GL TRIANGLE FAN

GL_QUADS

glBegin (GL_QUADS);
glVertex2iv (p1);
glVertex2iv (p2);
glVertex2iv (p3);
glVertex2iv (p4);
glVertex2iv (p5);
glVertex2iv (p6);
glVertex2iv (p7);
glVertex2iv (p8);
glEnd ( );

FIGURE 3-57
GL QUADS

GL_QUAD_STRIP

glBegin (GL_QUAD_STRIP);
glVertex2iv (p1);
glVertex2iv (p2);
glVertex2iv (p4);
glVertex2iv (p3);
glVertex2iv (p5);
glVertex2iv (p6);
glVertex2iv (p8);
glVertex2iv (p7);
glEnd ( );
FIGURE 3-57 GL QUAD STRIP

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C.K.SRINIVASA, Asso. Prof. Dept Of CS&E, BITM, BALLARI.
Module – 2: Fill area Primitives, 2D Geometric Transformations and 2D viewing

Filled area primitives

General Scan-Line Polygon-Fill Algorithm

F I G U R E 3.58
Interior pixels along a scan line passing through a polygon fill area.

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C.K.SRINIVASA, Asso. Prof. Dept Of CS&E, BITM, BALLARI.
Module – 2: Fill area Primitives, 2D Geometric Transformations and 2D viewing

F I G U R E 3-59

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C.K.SRINIVASA, Asso. Prof. Dept Of CS&E, BITM, BALLARI.
Module – 2: Fill area Primitives, 2D Geometric Transformations and 2D viewing

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C.K.SRINIVASA, Asso. Prof. Dept Of CS&E, BITM, BALLARI.
Module – 2: Fill area Primitives, 2D Geometric Transformations and 2D viewing

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C.K.SRINIVASA, Asso. Prof. Dept Of CS&E, BITM, BALLARI.
Module – 2: Fill area Primitives, 2D Geometric Transformations and 2D viewing

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C.K.SRINIVASA, Asso. Prof. Dept Of CS&E, BITM, BALLARI.
Module – 2: Fill area Primitives, 2D Geometric Transformations and 2D viewing

F I G U R E 3-61 A polygon and its sorted edge table, with edge DC shortened by one unit in the y direction

Two Dimensional Geometric Transformations

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C.K.SRINIVASA, Asso. Prof. Dept Of CS&E, BITM, BALLARI.
Module – 2: Fill area Primitives, 2D Geometric Transformations and 2D viewing

Translation, Rotation, and Scaling

Translation

= +

Scaling

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C.K.SRINIVASA, Asso. Prof. Dept Of CS&E, BITM, BALLARI.
Module – 2: Fill area Primitives, 2D Geometric Transformations and 2D viewing

•
•
•
•
•

= *

Rotation:

Figure: Rotation about a fixed point

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C.K.SRINIVASA, Asso. Prof. Dept Of CS&E, BITM, BALLARI.
Module – 2: Fill area Primitives, 2D Geometric Transformations and 2D viewing

= *

Matrix Representation and homogeneous Coordinates

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C.K.SRINIVASA, Asso. Prof. Dept Of CS&E, BITM, BALLARI.
Module – 2: Fill area Primitives, 2D Geometric Transformations and 2D viewing

For Translation For Scaling For Rotations

Composite Transformations

composite transformation matrix

Translation

Rotations

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C.K.SRINIVASA, Asso. Prof. Dept Of CS&E, BITM, BALLARI.
Module – 2: Fill area Primitives, 2D Geometric Transformations and 2D viewing

Scaling

OR

S S S

General Pivot-point Rotation

FIGURE: R

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C.K.SRINIVASA, Asso. Prof. Dept Of CS&E, BITM, BALLARI.
Module – 2: Fill area Primitives, 2D Geometric Transformations and 2D viewing

T xr yr • •R • T • • •xr • •yr • • •R• xr yr

T • •xr • •yr • • T
• •• • xr yr

General Two-Dimensional Fixed-Point Scaling

1.
2.
3.

or

T x f yf • • •S• sx sy • T
• • •x f • •yf • • S
• • x f yf sx sy

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C.K.SRINIVASA, Asso. Prof. Dept Of CS&E, BITM, BALLARI.
Module – 2: Fill area Primitives, 2D Geometric Transformations and 2D viewing

Other Transformations

Reflection

Reflection of an object about the x axis

F I G U R E:

Reflection of an object about the y axis

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C.K.SRINIVASA, Asso. Prof. Dept Of CS&E, BITM, BALLARI.
Module – 2: Fill area Primitives, 2D Geometric Transformations and 2D viewing

Reflection of an object about the coordinate origin

Reflection axis as the diagonal line y = x

Reflection about the diagonal line y=x is

accomplished with the transformation matrix

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C.K.SRINIVASA, Asso. Prof. Dept Of CS&E, BITM, BALLARI.
Module – 2: Fill area Primitives, 2D Geometric Transformations and 2D viewing

Shearing

•
•
•
•
•

= *

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C.K.SRINIVASA, Asso. Prof. Dept Of CS&E, BITM, BALLARI.
Module – 2: Fill area Primitives, 2D Geometric Transformations and 2D viewing

Two dimensional viewing

The viewing pipeline

A viewing transformation using standard rectangles for the window and viewport

The two dimensional viewing transformation pipeline

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C.K.SRINIVASA, Asso. Prof. Dept Of CS&E, BITM, BALLARI.
Module – 2: Fill area Primitives, 2D Geometric Transformations and 2D viewing

OpenGL Two-Dimensional Viewing Functions

glMatrixMode (GL_PROJECTION);

glLoadIdentity ( );

GLU Clipping-Window Function

gluOrtho2D (xwmin, xwmax, ywmin, ywmax);

gluOrtho2D

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C.K.SRINIVASA, Asso. Prof. Dept Of CS&E, BITM, BALLARI.
Module – 2: Fill area Primitives, 2D Geometric Transformations and 2D viewing

OpenGL Viewport Function

glViewport (xvmin, yvmin, vpWidth, vpHeight);

xvmin yvmin

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C.K.SRINIVASA, Asso. Prof. Dept Of CS&E, BITM, BALLARI.
 Module – 2: Fill area Primitives, 2D Geometric Transformations and 2D viewing

Questions
Sl.No Module – 2: Marks

Fill area Primitives, 2D Geometric Transformations and 2D viewing

1 Explain Scanline Polygon Filling Algorithm with neat sketches and example. 08

2 With a neat figure explain two dimensional viewing pipeline. 08

3 Discuss various polygon types in OpenGL. 08

4 Define Polygon Tables. Explain How Geometric data is represented for the objects in a 10
scene. Give example.

5 Explain the following 10

a) OpenGL fill area attributes functions b) OpenGL viewing Functions
c) OpenGL geometric transformations functions

6 What is transformation; explain what you understand by Affine transformation. ( June/July 10

2009)

7 Define the following two dimensional transformations Translation, Rotation, Scaling, and 10
Reflection (Dec 09/Jan 10)

8 Explain the following in homogeneous Rotation, translation, scaling, and shearing 12

(June/July 2009) June 2010

9 Explain the current transformation matrix (CTM) in OpenGL ( Dec 09/Jan 10) Or Explain 08
how rotation, translation & scaling is considered in OpenGL Current Transformation Matrix
(CTM)

10 What is concatenation of transformation? Explain the following considered 2D 10

i. Rotation About a fixed point ( June/July 2011)

ii. Scaling About a fixed point.
iii. Two Translations are additive in nature.
iv. Two Rotations are additive in nature
v. Two Scaling are multiplicative in nature

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C.K.SRINIVASA, Asso. Prof. Dept Of CS&E, BITM, BALLARI.