NOBLE GASES

Nurlisa Hidayati
Chemistry Departement
UNSRI
❑ The noble gases, also known as the inert gases or rare
gases, are located in Group VIII or International Union of
Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) group 18 of the
periodic table.
❑ This is the column of elements along the far right side of
the periodic table.
❑ This group is a subset of the nonmetals.
❑ Collectively, the elements are also called the helium group
or the neon group
❑ The noble gases are :Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar),
Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe), Radon (Rn), and Oganesson (Og)
❑ Noble gases found in minute quantities in air
Argon is the most abundant and cheapest comprising 0.934% of air
by volume
❑ Although rare on earth, helium is second most abundant element in
the universe (H, 76%; He, 23%), being a major components of stars.
❑ All radon isotopes are short-lived and continuously being produced by
natural decay processes
Longest lived isotopes is 222Rn α t1/2 3.8235 day
❑ Oganesson is a synthetic chemical element with
the symbol Og and atomic number 118. It was first synthesized in 2002
at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna
❑ Condensed phase are held together by van der Waals forces which
increase smoothly down the group
 Trends within Group 18
Atomic Atomic Boiling Melting 1st Ionization Density Atomic
Number mass Point (K) point (K) (E/kJ mol-1) (g/dm3) radius (pm)

He 2 4.003 4.216 0.95 2372.3 0.1786 31

Ne 10 20.18 27.1 24.7 2080.6 0.9002 38
Ar 18 39.948 87.29 83.6 1520.4 1.7818 71
Kr 36 83.3 120.85 115.8 1350.7 3.708 88
Xe 54 131.29 166.1 161.7 1170.4 5.851 108
Rn 86 222.1 211.5 202.2 1037.1 9.97 120
Og 118 [294] 450 ± 10* 325 ± 15 * 860.1 * 6.6–7.4* 152 *
*predicted
Uses of Noble Gases
❑ Helium is used in nuclear reactors as a cooling gas and used as a flow-gas in
liquid-gas chromatography. It finds its application in airships and helium
balloons.
❑ Helium balloons are used to check the weather of a particular region.
Helium is preferred over hydrogen though hydrogen is cheaper, as helium is
readily available and hydrogen is highly inflammable. Hence, due to safety
issues helium is preferred in aircraft.
❑ It is used by divers to dilute oxygen over nitrogen in the gas cylinders used
by them as nitrogen can easily be dissolved in the blood which results in a
painful condition called bends. The risk of helium causing bends is slightly
lower than nitrogen.
❑ The boiling point of helium is the least when compared to any other liquid.
It is used to obtain the lowest temperatures required in lasers.
 Uses of Noble Gases
❑ Neon is used in discharge tubes which is the reason behind the
reddish-orange glow produced by neon lights.
❑ In metallurgical processes, argon is widely used in order to provide the
necessary inert atmosphere. This inert atmosphere plays an important
role in welding titanium, aluminum, stainless steel, and magnesium. It
is also used in the production of titanium.
❑ A limited amount of argon is used in germanium and silicon crystals
which are used in electric light bulbs, transistors, etc.
❑ Xenon and krypton find their application in photographic flash units
due to the generation of very bright light. It is also used in lighthouses.
❑ Neon, xenon, and krypton are used to produce different color lights.
Helium, neon, argon and krypton are used in gas discharge
decorative lighting, called "neon" lights. Radon is radioactive
and thereby is not used for decorative lighting.
 Chemistry of Noble Gases
❑ Before 1962 it was assumed that no compounds could be formed, owing to the
stability of octet
❑ In 1962, Neil Bartlett reacted O2 with PtF6 forming O2+[PtF6]−. The first ionization
potential for O2 molecule O2→O2+ + e- is 1165 kJ/mole which is almost equal to that
of Xe (1170 kJ/mole) so he tried the same reaction with Xe producing first noble gas
compound, xenon hexafluoroplatinate Xe+[PtF6]−. This contradicted established
models of the nature of valency, as it was believed that all noble gases were entirely
inert to chemical combination. He subsequently produced and reproduced several
other solid fluorides of xenon: XeF2, XeF4, and XeF6.
❑ By exploiting the solvent and basic properties of XeF6, he was able to prepare the
first quinquevalent gold compound, Xe2F11+AuF6−.
❑ Today many compounds of Xe with F and O are known and even some Kr and F are
known although Kr compounds are stable only at very low temperatures.
 Chemistry of Noble Gases
❑ Xenon difluoride is a powerful fluorinating agent with the chemical
formula XeF2 and one of the most stable xenon compounds.
❑ XeF2 forms with alacrity when a stoichiometric mixture of Xe and F2 in a
glass flask is irradiated by sunlight
Xe + F2 + light → XeF2 ΔHfo = -105Kj/mol
❑ XeF2 is powerful oxidant
XeF2 + 2H+ + 2e- → Xe + 2HF Eo = 2.64 V
❑ Nonetheless both of XeF2 and XeF4 are only mildly reactive whereas XeF6
attacks glass
2XeF6 + SiO2 → 2 XeOF4 +SiF4
 Chemistry of Noble Gases
Most of noble gas compounds have structure predictable by VSEPR
considerations

Compound Formula Oxidation State of Structure

of Xe Hybridization
Xenon difluoride XeF2 +2 sp3d Linear
Xenon tetrafluoride XeF4 +4 sp3d2 Square planar
Xenon hexafluoride XeF6 +6 sp3d3 Distorted octahedral*
Xenon oxydifluoride XeOF2 +4 sp3d T shape
Xenon oxytetrafluoride XeOF4 +6 sp3d2 Square pyramidal
Xenon trioxide XeO3 +6 sp3 Pyramidal
 Chemistry of Noble Gases
Krypton difluoride
❑ KrF2 is a chemical compound of krypton and fluorine. It was the
first compound of krypton discovered. It is a volatile, colorless solid.
❑ The structure of the KrF2 molecule is linear, with Kr−F distances of
188.9 pm.
❑ It reacts with strong Lewis acids to form salts of the KrF+ and
Kr2F+cations.
❑ Krypton difluoride can exist in one of two possible crystallographic
morphologies: α-phase and β-phase. β-KrF2 generally exists at above
−80 °C, while α-KrF2 is more stable at lower temperatures.
Krypton difluoride
❑ Krypton difluoride is primarily a powerful oxidizing and fluorinating agent: for
example, it can oxidize gold to its highest-known oxidation state, +5.
❑ It is more powerful even than elemental fluorine due to the even lower bond
energy of Kr–F compared to F–F, with a redox potential of +3.5 V for the KrF2/Kr
couple, making it the most powerful known oxidizing agent, though KrF4 could be
even stronger
7 KrF2 (g) + 2 Au (s) → 2 KrF+AuF−6 (s) + 5 Kr (g)
❑ KrF+AuF−6 decomposes at 60 °C into gold(V) fluoride and krypton and fluorine
gases: KrF+AuF−6 → AuF5 (s) + Kr (g) + F2 (g)
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Structure of Noble Gas
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Two Content Layout with Table
• First bullet point here Class Group 1 Group 2

• Second bullet point here Class 1 82 95

• Third bullet point here Class 2 76 88

Class 3 84 90