Euphorbiaceae

Submitted by
Anupriya Mathew(180021023873)
Fathima hiba (180021023885)
INTRODUCTION
Euphorbiaceae the spurge family, the large family of flowering plants. In common English they are
sometimes called as euphorbias.Which is also the name of genus in the family. Most spurges such as
paralias are herbs, but some, especially in the tropics are shurbs or trees, such as Hevea brasiliensis
The family is occurs mainly in tropics with the majority of species in Indo-Malayan region and tropical
America a strong second.A large variety occurs in tropical Africa, but they are not abundant or varied as
in the two other tropical regions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area
Ernakulam district covers an area of 3,068 km2 (1,185 sq. mi) on the Western Coastal Plains of India.
The district is divided into threeparts: lowland, midland, and the highland. Muvattupuzha taluk, which
was initially a part of the Kottayam district and constitute thehighlands. The flora of Ernakulam district is
tropical. The heavy rainfall combined with moderate temperatures and fertile soil supportabundant
vegetation. Systematic investigation on the family euphorbiacea growing throughout the Muvattupuzha
taluk was carried in March2021. A total of 10 species under different genera of the family euphorbiacea
were collected and identified.
Identification
The plant specimens were identified by referring different flora literatures. Original photographs were
taken and characters were studied.The fresh twigs were collected for preparing the herbarium for future
references. The economic importance and medicinal uses wereobtained from local people and from
various literature
1. Phyllanthus amarus
Taxonomic description
It is a small, annual plant that grows to a height of 30-60 cm. Its thinbranches spread out, and each
branch has two rows of small, elliptic-oblong leaves of 5-10mm long that are arranged alternately. Its
radial flowers are star-shaped and of about 2mm in size. It grows well in soil of high moisture with light
shade, and reaches maturity in 2-3 months.
Economic importance
It has been used in the traditional medicine of various cultures, including Amazonian tribes for the
treatment of gallstones and kidney stones; in Ayurvedic medicine for bronchitis, anaemia, diabetes; and in
Malay traditional medicine for diarrhoea, kidney ailments and gonorrhea. More recently there have been
preclinical and clinical studies looking into the plant's supposed liver-protective abilities and effect on
hepatitis B.
Kingdom - plantae
Class - dicotyledon
Subclass - monoclamyd
Order - Malpighiales
Family - euphorbiacea
Genus - phyllanthus
Species - P. amarus
2.Euphorbia hirta
This erect or prostrate annual herb can grow up to 60 cm (24 in) long with a solid, hairy stem that
produces an abundant white latex. There are stipules present. The leaves are simple, elliptical, hairy (on
both upper and lower surfaces but particularly on the veins on the lower leaf surface), with a finely
dentate margin. Leaves occur in opposite pairs on the stem. The flowers are unisexual and found in
axillary cymes at each leaf node. They lack petals and are generally on a stalk. The fruit is a capsules with
three valves and produces tiny, oblong, four-sided red seeds. It has a white or brown taproot.
Economic importance
Euphorbia hirta is often used traditionally for female disorders, respiratory ailments (cough, coryza,
bronchitis, and asthma), worm infestations in children, dysentery, jaundice, pimples, gonorrhea, digestive
problems, and tumors.
Kingdom - plantae
Class - dicotyledon
Subclass - monoclamydae
Order - malpighales
Genus - Euphorbia
Species - E.hirta
3.Acalpyha hispida
Taxonomic importance
the chenille plant, is a flowering shrub. It can grow to be 5–12 feet (1.5–3.7 m) tall, and have a spread of
3–6 feet (0.91–1.83 m), with potted plants being the smallest in growth. ... The female plant bears
pistillate flowers which are 0.7 millimeters long and range in color from purple to bright red, and grow in
clusters along catkins.
Economic importance
Acalypha hispida has been used in traditional remedies, as a laxative, diuretic, expectorant (for asthma)
and in the treatment of leprosy and kidney ailments. The bark, flowers and roots have been used to create
medicines for the relief of asthma symptoms.
Kingdom - plantae
Class - dicotyledon
Sub class - monoclamydae
Order - malpighales
Genus - Acalypha
Species - A. hispida
L
4.Manihot esculenta
Leaves deeply palmatipartite, rarely simple, shallowly cordate, sometimes slightly peltate, membranous-
chartaceous, the lobes oblanceolate, occasionally lanceolate or obovate.
Economic importance
It is used in some industries for production of bio-degradable products, production of feeds for livestock,
and it is also a rich source of carbohydrates.
Kingdom - plantae
Class - dicotyledon
Genus - Manihot
Species - M. esculenta
5.Codiaeum variagatum
It is a has large, thick, leathery, shiny evergreen leaves, The inflorescences are long racemes, with male
and female flowers on separate inflorescences; the male flowers are white with five small petals and
pollens are oval The female flowers yellowish, with no petals. The flowering period is usually in early
autumn. The fruit is a capsule , containing three seeds .
Economic importance
The leaves are abortifacient, antiamoebic, antibacterial, anticancer, antifungal, antioxidant,
emmenagogue, purgative and sedative
Kingdom - plantae
Class - dicotyledon
Genus - Codiaeum
Species - C.variagatum
6.Hevea brasiliensis
It is a tall deciduous tree growing to a height of up to 43 m (141 ft) in the wild, The trunk is cylindrical
and may have a swollen, bottle-shaped base. The bark is some shade of brown, and the inner bark oozes
latex when damaged. The leaves have three leaflets and are spirally arranged. The inflorescence include
separate male and female flowers. The flowers are pungent, creamy-yellow and have no petals. The fruit
is a capsule that contains three large seeds
Economic importance
used in the manufacture of medium density fibreboard, furniture and parquet which strengthen the
economic viability of rubber growing.
Kingdom - plantae
Class - dicotyledon
Genus - Hevea
Species - H. brasiliensis
7.Macaranga peltata
It is a resinous tree, up to 10 metres tall. Young parts are velvet hairy. Leaves are alternately arranged,
circular or broadly ovate, entire or minutely dentate, and palmately 9-nerved. The leaf stalk is attached on
the lower surface of the leaf, not on the base. Yellow-green flowers occur in long panicles in leaf axils .
Male flowers are minute, numerous, and clustered in the axils of large bracts. One round, black seed is in
a spherical capsule.
Economic importance
for making wooden pencils and in the plywood industry.
Kingdom - plantae
Class - dicotyledon
Genus - Macaranga
Species - peltata
8.pyllanthus emblica
The tree is small to medium in size. The branchlets are not glabrous or finely pubescent,usually
deciduous; the leaves are simple, subsessile and closely set along branchlets, light green, resembling
pinnate leaves. The flowers are greenish-yellow. The fruit is nearly spherical, light greenish-yellow, quite
smooth and hard on appearance, with six vertical stripes or furrows.
Economic importance
Commonly used in inks, shampoos and hair oils, the high tannin content of Indian gooseberry fruit serves
as a mordant for fixing dyes in fabrics.
Kingdom - plantae
Class - dicotyledon
Subclass -monoclamydae
Genus - Pyllanthus
Species - P. emblica
9.Ricinus communis
Ricinus communis is a robust shrub or small tree with a softly woody stem, growing up to 4 m high. The
stems are smooth, round, and frequently red, with clear sap. The leaves are simple and alternate. Long
purple leaf stalks are attached near the centers of the leaf blades
Economicimportance
Castor seed is the source of castor oil, which has a number of uses. ... The seed coat contains ricin, a
poison which is present in lower concentrations throughout the plant. Riccinus communis has not only
medicinal value but it also has great promises in the field of biodiesel production
Kingdom - plantae
Class - dicotyledon
Genus - Ricinus
Species - communis
.
10.Jatropha curcas
J. curcas is a semi-evergreen shrub or small tree, reaching a height of 6 m.leaves are green to pale green,
alternate to subopposite, and three- to five-lobed with a spiral phyllotaxis.The inforesence can be formed
in the leaf axil.
Economic importance
an oil crop for biodiesel production and also medicinal importance when used as lamp oil; native
Mexicans in the Veracruz area developed by selective breeding a Jatropha curcas variant lacking the toxic
compounds, yielding a better income
Kingdom - plantae
Class - dicotyledon
Genus - Jatropha
Species - J.curcas
CONCLUSION
This project focuses on some members of euphorbiacea family as they represent interesting raw materials
for the foodindustry.They are rich and valuable sources of bioactive compounds for improving health and
reducing the risks of chronic diseases.The taxonomic study is also helpful to understand the phylogenetic
significance of euphorbiacea family.Morphological features of the euphorbiacea family members are
directly studies and twigs are made into herbarium for further studiesand references.Many journals and
books are referred to obtain the economic importance of euphorbiacea family along with the information
gainedfrom common people who are natives of the area where the study was conducted.

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