Assamese literature

Assamese literature (Assamese: অসমীয়া সািহত ,

romanized: ɔxɔmiya xaɦitjɔ) is the entire corpus of poetry, novels,
Assamese literature
short stories, plays, documents and other writings in the অসমীয়া সািহত
Assamese language. It also includes the literary works in the older
forms of the language during its evolution to the contemporary
form and its cultural heritage and tradition. The literary heritage of
the Assamese language can be traced back to the c. 9-10th
century in the Charyapada, where the earliest elements of the
language can be discerned.[1]

Bani Kanta Kakti divides the history of Assamese literature into

three prominent eras—Early Assamese, Middle Assamese and
Modern Assamese[2]—which is generally accepted.

Contents
Ancient era: Literature of the beginning period, 950-
1300 AD
Medieval era: 1300-1826 AD
Modern era: 1826 AD-present
History
Old Assamese
Asamiya literature
Medieval era
Pre-Shankari literature (1300-1490 AD) (by category)
Translations and adaptations Asamiya
Choral songs Asamiya literary history
Shankari literature (1490-1700 AD) History of Asamiya literature
Post-Shankari literature (1700-1826 AD) Asamiya language authors
Modern era List of Asamiya writers
Effect of British rule
Asamiya writers
Influence of missionaries
Beginning of modern literature Dramatists & playwrights • Poets •
Contemporary literature Writers
Forms
See also
Books – Poetry
Notes
Ankia Naats - Bhaona – Borgeets –
References Buranjis
External links Institutions & awards
Assam Sahitya Sabha
Assam Lekhika Samaroh Samiti
Assam Ratna
 Assam Valley Literary Award
Ancient era: Literature of the beginning
Kamal Kumari National Award
period, 950-1300 AD Related portals
Literature Portal
Charyapada
India Portal
Mantra Sahitya

Medieval era: 1300-1826 AD

1st period: Pre-Shankari literature, 1300-1490 AD
2nd period: Shankari literature, 1490-1700 AD
3rd period: Post-Shankari literature, 1700-1826 AD

Modern era: 1826 AD-present

1st period: Missionary literature, 1826-1870 AD
2nd period: Hemchandra-Gunabhiram Barua's era, 1870-1890 AD
3rd period: Romantic era or Bezbaruah's era, 1890-1940 AD
4th period: Current period, 1940 AD-present

History

Old Assamese

The first reference to the language of Assam was found in the account of famous Chinese monk-cum-traveler
Xuanzang. He visited the Kamarupa Kingdom during the reign of Kumar Bhaskara Varman of Varman
dynasty. While visiting Kamrupa in seventh century, Xuanzang noted that the language of the region was
slightly different from the language of Middle India (Magadha). He was able to identify the phonetic
differences evident in the region.[6] Even though systematic errors in the Sanskrit of Kamarupa inscriptions
betray an underlying Pakrit in the pre-12th century period,[7] scarce examples of the language exist. The
Charyapadas, the Buddhist ballads of 8th-10th century some of whose composers were from Kamarupa and
the language of which bear strong affitinities with Assamese (besides Bengali, Maithili and Oriya), are
considered the first examples of Assamese literature. The spirit of the Charyapadas are found in later-day
Deh-Bicaror Geet and other aphorisms; and some of the ragas found their way to the 15th-16th century
Borgeets.[8] In the 12th-14th century period the works of Ramai Pundit (Sunya Puran), Boru Chandidas
(Krishna Kirtan), Sukur Mamud (Gopichandrar Gan), Durllava Mullik (Gobindachandrar Git) and Bhavani
Das (Mainamatir Gan) bear strong grammatical relationship to Assamese; and their expressions and their use
of adi-rasa are found in the later Panchali works of Mankar and Pitambar.[8] These works are claimed as
examples of Bengali literature as well. After this period of shared legacy, a fully differentiated Assamese
literature finally emerged in the 14th century.

Medieval era

Pre-Shankari literature (1300-1490 AD)

This period saw the flourishing of two kinds of literary activity: translations and adaptations, and choral songs.
Translations and adaptations

The earliest known Assamese writer of this period was Hema Saraswati, whose well known works include
Prahlad Charita and Hara Gauri Samvada.[9] The story of the Prahlad Charita is taken from the Vamana
Purana and the Hara Gouri Samvada includes the myth of Hara-Gouri marriage, birth of Kartik etc. Kaviratna
Saravati's Jayadratha-vadha; Rudra Kandali's Satyaki-pravesa are prominent works of this era. Harivara
Vipra, a court poet of Kamata Kingdom, composed Vavruvahanar Yuddha (based on the Mahabharata),[10]
Lava-Kushar Yuddha (based on the Ramayana) and Tamradwajar Yudha. Though translated works, they
contain local descriptions and embellishments, a feature that describes all translated work of this period. His
Vavruvahanar Yuddha, for instance makes references to articles of the Ahom kingdom,[11] which at that time
was a small kingdom in the east, and describes the undivided Lakhimpur region,[12] and in Lava-Kushar
Yuddha he departs from the original and describes local customs for Rama and Sita's pumsavana
ceremony.[13] All these works are associated with Durlabhanarayan of Kamata and his immediate successors.

The major work from this period that left a lasting impression is Saptakanda Ramayana, composed by
Madhava Kandali in verse, and recited[14] in the court of a 14th-century Barahi-Kachari king Mahamanikya
(Mahamanikpha) who ruled either in the Nagaon or the Golaghat region.[15] In chronology, among vernacular
translations of the original Sanskrit, Kandali's Ramayana comes after Kamban's (Tamil, 12th century), and
ahead of Kirttivas' (Bengali, 15th century), Tulsidas' (Awadhi, 16th century), Balaram Das' (Oriya) etc.[16]
Thus the Saptakanda Ramayana becomes the first rendition of the Ramayana into an Indo-Aryan language in
the Indian subcontinent.[17] The literary language (as opposed to the colloquial Assamese) this work adopted
became the standard literary language for much of the following periods, till the rise of new literature in the
19th century. That his work was a major influence can be inferred from Sankardeva's tribute to the "Opromadi
Kobi/ অ মাদী কিব" ("unerring predecessor poet").[18]

The pada form of metrical verse (14 syllables in each verse with identical two syllables at the end of each foot
in a couplet) became a standard in Assamese kavya works, something that continued till the modern times.
Though a translated work, it is infused with local color, and instead of the heroic, Kandali instead emphasized
the homely issues of relationships etc. Among the two kinds of alamkara's, arthalankaras were used
extensively, with similes and metaphors taken from the local milieu even though the original works are set in
foreign lands; whereas the shabdalankara (alliteration etc.) were rarely used.[19]

In the pre-shankari era, a renowned mathematician, Bakul Kayastha from Kamarupa Kingdom, compiled
Kitabat Manjari(1434), which was a translation of the Līlāvatī by Bhāskara II into Assamese.[20] Kitabat
Manjari is a poetical treatise on Arithmetic, Surveying and Bookkeeping. The book teaches how accounts are
to be kept under different heads and how stores belonging to the royal treasury are to be classified and entered
into a stock book. The works of Bakul Kayastha were regarded as standards in his time to be followed by
other Kayasthas in maintaining royal accounts.[21]

Choral songs

Choral songs composed for a popular form of narration-performances called Oja-Pali, a precursor to theater
and theatrical performances, came to be known as Panchali works.[22] Though some of these works are
contemporaneous to Sankardeva's, they hark back to older forms free of Sankardeva's influences and so are
considered pre-Sankardeva literature.[23] The Oja-palis follow two different traditions: biyah-gowa which tells
stories from the Mahabharata and Maroi, which tells stories on the snake goddess Manasa.[22] The poets—
Pitambar, Durgabar, Mankar and Sukavi Narayan—are well known for the compositions.[22]

Shankari literature (1490-1700 AD)

 থেম ণােমা পী সনাতন ।

স অৱতাৰৰ কাৰণ নাৰায়ণ ।।

তযু নািভ কমলত া ভলা জাত ।

যুেগ যুেগ অৱতাৰ ধৰা অসংখ াত ।।১।।

— Sankardeva, Kirtana Ghosa

In Assamese literature, the era of Shankardeva or Shankari era, incorporates the literary works that were
produced mostly as pertinent to the Neo-Vaishnavite movement which propagated the Ekasarana Nama-
Dharma. Sankardeva’s contribution to Assamese literature is multidimensional and spread through different
genres of literature. He is credited with building on past cultural relics and devising new forms of music
(Borgeet), theatrical performance (Ankia Naat, Bhaona), dance (Sattriya), literary language (Brajavali).
Sankardev produced a large body of work. Though there were others before him who wrote in the language of
the common man, it was Sankardev who opened the floodgates and inspired others like Madhavdev to carry
on where he left off.[24][25][26] His magnum opus is the Kirtana-Ghosha which contains narrative verses
glorifying Shri krishna, meant for community singing. His other prominent literary works include the rendering
of eight books of the Bhagavata Purana including the Adi Dasama (Book X), Harishchandra-upakhyana,
Bhakti-pradip, Nimi-navasiddha-samvada, Bhakti-ratnakara (Sanskrit verses, mostly from the Bhagavata,
compiled into a book), Anadi-patana, Gunamala and many plays like Cihna Yatra, Rukmini haran, Patni
prasad, Keli gopal, Kurukshetra yatra and Srirama vijaya.[27][28][29]

Madhavdeva, a disciple of Sankardeva, has a large scale contribution to Assamese literature. His Magnum
opus, Naam Ghosa is based chiefly on the Bhagavata Purana. The Naam-Ghosa is known by the name of
Hajari Ghosa as well, as it contains one thousand verses (ghosas).His Guru Bhatima, a long poem of praise to
his Guru Sankardev, is also popular. Bhakti-Ratnavali is another notable work, rendered by Madhavadeva
from the original work by Visnupuri in Sanskrit. Other prominent works include Naam Maalikaa, Assamese
rendering of the Adi Kanda of Valmiki's Ramayana, Janma Rahasya, 191 Borgeets and several
plays.[30][31][32][33][34]

After Sankardev and Madhavdev, several other writers emerged and contributed to Assamese literature.
Ananta Kandali's Mahiravana Vadha, Harihara Yuddha, Vrttrasura Vadha, Kumara Harana and Sahasra
Nama Vrttanta; Rama Saraswati's translation of the Mahabharata, Geeta Govinda and Vadha Kavyas; a part of
Naam Ghosa by Ratnakar Kandali; Sridhar Kandali's Kumara Harana; Janmajatra, Nandutsav, Gopi-
Uddhab Sambad and Sitar Patal Pravesh by Gopaldev; compilation of Kirtan Ghosha by Ramcharan Thakur;
Nava Ghosha, Santasaar, Burha-Bhashya by Purushottam Thakur etc. are notable of the period.[35][36][27][37]

Bhattadeva, another notable writer of this period, is acknowledged as the father of Assamese prose.[38]
Katha Bhagavata, Katha Gita, Bhaktiratnavali, Bhakti Viveka (Sanskrit) etc. are his prominent works.
BhattadevBhattadeva's erudition in Sanskrit grammar and literature, and his command over the Bhagavata
earned him the title of Bhagavata Bhattacharya.[39][40]

Post-Shankari literature (1700-1826 AD)

Along with the expansion of power and border of the Ahom kingdom, literary works other than Neo-
vaishnavite centric started gaining momentum in the 18th century. However the tradition of composing works
based on Sanskrit scriptures still continued. Raghunath Mahanta was one of the most important figures of this
period whose well known works include Katha-Ramayana, Adbhut Ramayana and Satrunjoy- all of them are
based on the Ramayana.[41][42][43] Kabiraj Chakravarti's translation of Brahma Vaivarta Purana and
Shakuntala, Kavichandra Dwija's Dharma Purana, Bishnu Dev Goswami's Padma Purana, Putala Charitra
by Borruchi, Ramchadra Borpatra's Hoigrib-Madhva Kahini, Acharya Dwija's Ananda-Lahari, Ruchinath
Kandali's translation of Chandi Aakhyana are important works of this period. Among translation of texts
related to practical knowledge include translation of Srihastha Muktavali on Dance and mudra by Suchand
Ojha, translations of Kaamratna- Tantra, Bhaswati by Kaviraj Chakraborti. Hastividyarnava, commissioned
under the patronage of king Siva Singha and translated by Sukumar Barkaith, is based on the Sanskrit text
Gajendra-Chintamoni by Sambhunath. Books like Ghora Nidaan, Aswanidaan by Surjyakhari Daivajna were
also compiled during this period.[44][45][46]

Modern era

This is a period of the prose chronicles (Buranji) of the Ahom court. The Ahoms had brought with them an
instinct for historical writings. In the Ahom court, historical chronicles were at first composed in their original
Tai-Kadai language, but when the Ahom rulers adopted Assamese as the court language, historical chronicles
began to be written in Assamese. From the beginning of the 17th century onwards, court chronicles were
written in large numbers. These chronicles or buranjis, as they were called by the Ahoms, broke away from
the style of the religious writers. The language is essentially modern except for slight alterations in grammar
and spelling.

Effect of British rule

The British imposed Bengali in 1836 in Assam after the state was occupied and annexed with the Bengal
Presidency. As a result of this language imposition, the progress of education in Assam remained not only
slow but highly defected and a lot of Bengalis were imported and employed in the different schools of Assam.
Writing of text books in Assamese for school children did not get any encouragement and Assamese literature
naturally suffered in its growth.[47] Due to a sustained campaign, Assamese was reinstated in 1873 as the state
language. Since the initial printing and literary activity occurred in eastern Assam, the Eastern dialect was
introduced in schools, courts, and offices and soon came to be formally recognized as the Standard Assamese.
In recent times, with the growth of Guwahati as the political and commercial center of Assam, the Standard
Assamese has moved away from its roots in the Eastern dialect.

Influence of missionaries

The modern Assamese period began with the publication of the Bible in Assamese prose by the American
Baptist missionaries in 1819.[48] The currently prevalent standard Asamiya has its roots in the Sibsagar dialect
of Eastern Assam. As mentioned in Bani Kanta Kakati's "Assamese, its Formation and Development" (1941,
Published by Sree Khagendra Narayan Dutta Baruah, LBS Publications, G.N. Bordoloi Road, Gauhati-1,
Assam, India) – "The Missionaries made Sibsagar in Eastern Assam the centre of their activities and used the
dialect of Sibsagar for their literary purposes". The American Baptist Missionaries were the first to use this
dialect in translating the Bible in 1813.

The missionaries established the first printing press in Sibsagar in 1836 and started using the local Asamiya
dialect for writing purposes. In 1846 they started a monthly periodical called Arunodoi, and in 1848, Nathan
Brown published the first book on Assamese grammar. The Missionaries published the first Assamese-English
Dictionary compiled by M. Bronson in 1867. One of the major contributions of the American Baptist
missionaries to the Assamese language is the reintroduction of Assamese as the official language in Assam. In
1848 missionary Nathan Brown published a treatise on the Assamese language.[49] This treatise gave a strong
impetus towards reintroducing Assamese the official language in Assam. In his 1853 official report on the
province of Assam, British official Moffat Mills wrote:
 ...the people complain, and in my opinion with much reason, of the substitution of Bengalee for
the Vernacular Assamese. Bengalee is the language of the court, not of their popular books and
shashtras, and there is a strong prejudice to its general use. …Assamese is described by Mr.
Brown, the best scholar in the province, as a beautiful, simple language, differing in more respects
from, than agreeing with, Bengalee, and I think we made a great mistake in directing that all
business should be transacted in Bengalee, and that the Assamese must acquire it. It is too late
now to retrace our steps, but I would strongly recommend Anandaram Phukan’s proposition to
the favourable consideration of the Council of Education, viz., the substitution of the vernacular
language in lieu of Bengalee, and completion of the course of the Vernacular education in
Bengalee. I feel persuaded that a youth will, under this system of tuition, learn more in two than
he now acquires in four years. An English youth is not taught in Latin until he is well grounded in
English, and in the same manner, an Assamese should not be taught in a foreign language until he
knows his own.[50]

Beginning of modern literature

মাৰ ই অ ৰ খিন সাগৰৰ দেৰ নীলা, বদনােৰ –

দখা নাই তিম ?

উ েছ মিৰেছ য’ত বাসনাৰ ল ঢউ তামােৰই

ৃিত – সীমা চিম |

— Dev Kanta Barooah, "Saagor Dekhisa"

The period of modern literature began with the publication the Assamese journal Jonaki ( জানাকী) (1889),
which introduced the short story form first by Lakshminath Bezbaroa. Thus began the Jonaki period of
Assamese literature. In 1894 Rajanikanta Bordoloi published the first Assamese novel Mirijiyori.[51]

The modern Assamese literature has been enriched by the works of Jyoti Prasad Agarwalla, Birinchi Kumar
Barua, Hem Barua, Atul Chandra Hazarika, Mafizuddin Ahmed Hazarika, Nalini Bala Devi, Navakanta
Barua, Syed Abdul Malik, Mamoni Raisom Goswami, Bhabendra Nath Saikia, Homen Borgohain, Birendra
Kumar Bhattacharya, D. K. Barooah, Nirupama Borgohain, Kanchan Baruah, Saurabh Kumar Chaliha,
Raihan Shah and others. Moreover, as regards the spreading of Assamese literature outside Assam, the
complete work of Jyoti Prasad Agarwala has been translated into Hindi to reach a wider audience by Devi
Prasad Bagrodia. Bagrodia has also translated Shrimanta Shankardev's 'Gunamala' into Hindi.

In 1917 the Asam Sahitya Sabha was formed as a guardian of the Assamese society and the forum for the
development of Assamese language and literature. Padmanath Gohain Baruah was the first president of the
society.

Contemporary literature
Contemporary writers include Arupa Patangia Kalita, Monikuntala Bhattacharya, Mousumi Kondoli, Monalisa
Saikia , Geetali Borah, Juri Borah Borgohain. Emerging trends are marked by experiments with post
modernist literary technique and growing fascination of young writers with magic realism and surrealism . In
the realm of literary criticism young literary critics Areendom Borkataki , Bhaskar Jyoti Nath , Debabhusan
Borah are exploring different possibilities and ideas to meet the needs in literary criticism . Assamese literature
is currently booming in Assamese-speaking world, with readership of Assamese books gradually increasing
over the last decades. A huge success can be seen in North East book fair and Nagaon book fair, when selling
of Assamese books increased then English books. [52]

See also
List of Assamese writers with their pen names
Oxomiya Bhaxa Unnati Xadhini Xobha
Assamese Short Story
Assamese Poetry
List of Assamese poets
Indian literature
List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Assamese
Assam Sahitya Sabha
Sadou Asom Lekhika Samaroh Samiti

Notes
1. "(T)he Charyapadas or dohas may be taken to be the starting point of Assamese language and
literature." (Sarma 1976:44)
2. (Kakati 1953:5–7)
3. "639 Identifier Documentation: aho – ISO 639-3" (https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/aho). SIL
International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics). SIL International.
Retrieved 29 June 2019. "Ahom [aho]"
4. "Population by Religious Communities" (http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census
_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm). Census India – 2001.
Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 1 July 2019. "Census Data Finder/C
Series/Population by Religious Communities"
5. "Population by religion community – 2011" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/htt
p://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS). Census of India,
2011. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original (http://
www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS) on 25 August 2015.
6. Neog, Maheswar (2008). Asamiya Sahityar Ruprekha (10th ed.). Guwahati: Chandra Prakash.
7. (Sharma 1978, pp. 0.24-0.29)
8. (Saikia 1997, p. 5)
9. Sarma, Satyendranath (2009). Axomiya Xahityar Xamixhyatmak Itibritta (9th ed.). Guwahati:
Saumar Prakash.
10. example of language:
age yena manusye laware kharatari
chaga buli baghar galata ache dhari
manusye erante galara nere baghe
"if a man runs fast
and catches hold of the neck of a tiger thinking it is only a goat
and then tries to leave it, the tiger would not let him go"
11. References to camua (verse 176), cor (verse 57), and phura (verse 70) indicated that Vipra was
either acquainted with the Ahom Kingdom, or even belonged there. (Neog 1953, p. 34)
12. (Neog 1953, p. 35)
13. (Neog 1953, p. 39)
14. The text indicates change overs from time to time (madhava bolanta aita acho ehimana, let me
leave this here) and that the poet directed the course of the narration as the courtiers desired
(Neog 1953, p. 27).
15. (Neog 1953, pp. 24–26)
16. (Saikia 1997, p. 7)
17. Goswāmī, Māmaṇi Raẏachama, 1942-2011. (1996). Rāmāyaṇa from Gangā to Brahmaputra.
Delhi: B.R. Pub. Corp. ISBN 817018858X. OCLC 47208217 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/472
08217).
18. purvakavi apramadi madhav kandali adi
pade virachila rama katha
hastira dekhiya lada sasa yena phure marga
mora bhaila tenhaya avastha.
19. (Sastry 1988, p. 1694)
20. Chopra, Pran Nath (1992). Encyclopaedia of India – Volume 23. Rima Publishing House.
p. 157.
21. Proceedings and transactions of the All-India oriental conference – Volume 23. 1969. p. 174.
22. (Saikia 1997, p. 8)
23. (Neog 1953, p. 46)
24. "Mahapurusism; name of religion preached by Sankaradeva is Eka-Sarana Hari-Nām Dharma,
also referred to as Mahapurusism or Assam Vaisnavism. It is deeply rooted in Vedantic
philosophy, as contained in the Bhagavata and the Gita. :: ATributeToSankaradeva" (http://ww
w.atributetosankaradeva.org/mahapurusiya.htm). www.atributetosankaradeva.org. Retrieved
27 September 2019.
25. "Sankardeva and the Neo-Vaishnavite Movement in Assam" (https://www.sentinelassam.com/e
ditorial/sankardeva-and-the-neo-vaishnavite-movement-in-assam/). The Sentinel. 11
September 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
26. "Mahapurush Srimanta Sankardev | Krishnakshi Kashyap" (https://www.sattriyakristi.com/shan
kar/). Retrieved 27 September 2019.
27. Barman, Sivnath (1999). An Unsung Colossus: An Introduction to the Life and Works of
Sankardev. Guwahati: Forum for Sankaradeva Studies/ North Eastern Hill University.
28. Borkakoti, Sanjib Kumar (2005). Mahapurusha Srimanta Sankaradeva. Guwahati: Bani Mandir.
29. Borkakoti, Sanjib Kumar (2012). Srimanta Sankaradeva : an epoch maker. Guwahati: EBH
Publishers (India). ISBN 978-93-80261-47-8.
30. "The Nama Ghosa of Madhavadeva (Madhabdeva, Madhavdev) :: ATributeToSankaradeva" (htt
p://www.atributetosankaradeva.org/namghosa.htm). www.atributetosankaradeva.org. Retrieved
27 September 2019.
31. "The Bhakti Ratnavali of Madhavadeva :: ATributeToSankaradeva" (http://atributetosankaradev
a.org/Madhava_guru_ratnavali.htm). atributetosankaradeva.org. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
32. "Buy Bhakti Ratnavali from Chennaimath.org at lowest price" (https://istore.chennaimath.org/pr
oduct/bhakti-ratnavali/). Ramakrishna Math iStore. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
33. "The Literary Output of Madhavadeva (Madhabdeva, Madhavdev) :: ATributeToSankaradeva"
(http://atributetosankaradeva.org/Madhava_guru_lit.htm). atributetosankaradeva.org. Retrieved
27 September 2019.
34. "The Guru Bhatima of Madhavadeva :: ATributeToSankaradeva" (http://atributetosankaradeva.o
rg/guru_bhatima.htm). atributetosankaradeva.org. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
35. Gogoi, Biswadip. "Translation in Assamese: A Brief Account" (https://www.academia.edu/3460
4056). In Khan, Tariq (ed.). History of Translation in India. pp. 281–307.
36. Sen, Samar Ranjan (1985). The Truth unites: essays in tribute to Samar Sen (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=Sua1AAAAIAAJ&q=Gopaldev+assam). Subarnarekha.
37. Goswami, Upendranath. (1970). A study on Kāmrūpī, a dialect of Assamese. Dept. of Historical
Antiquarian Studies, Assam. OCLC 5354680 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5354680).
38. Sarma, Satyendranath (1987). "Bhattacharya, Baikunthanatha Bhagavata", in Dutta, Amaresh
(ed.), Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. p. 480.
39. Barua, B. K. (1953). "Early Assamese Prose", in Kakati, Banikanta (ed.), Aspects of Early
Assamese Literature. Gauhati: Gauhati University. p. 129.
40. (Saikia 1997:3–20)
41. Pattanaik, Devdutt (2018). Devlok with Devdutt Pattanaik: 3. Penguin Random House India
Private Limited.
42. Mahanta, Raghunatha (1972). Adbhuta Ramayana. Gauhati: Gauhati University Press.
43. Paniker, K. Ayyappa (1997). Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections. New Delhi:
Sahitya Akademi. p. 16. ISBN 81-260-0365-0.
44. Mishra, Dr Mani Bhushan (23 January 2015). UGC NET/JRF/SET History (Paper II & III) Facts
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2%80%99s+translation+of+Brahmavaivarta+Puran&pg=PA305). Upkar Prakashan.
ISBN 9789350133231.
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References
Kakati, Banikanta (1953). Aspects of early Assamese literature (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=Thx4AAAAIAAJ). Gauhati University.
Barpujari, H K, ed. (1990). "Language and Literature". The Comprehensive History of Assam.
1. Guwahati: Publication Board.
Neog, Maheshwar (1953), "Assamese Literature before Sankaradeva", in Kakati, Banikanta
(ed.), Aspects of Early Assamese Literature, Gauhati: Gauhati University
Sastry, Biswanarayan (1988). "Influence: Sanskrit (Assamese)" (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1692). In Datta, Amaresh (ed.). Encyclopedia of Indian
Literature. 2. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 1692–1694. ISBN 9788126011940.
Saikia, Nagen (1997). "Medieval Assamese Literature" (https://books.google.com/books?id=KY
LpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA3). In Ayyappa Panicker, K (ed.). Medieval Indian Literature: Assamese,
 Bengali and Dogri. 1. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 3–20. ISBN 9788126003655.
Sharma, Mukunda Madhava (1978). Inscriptions of Ancient Assam (https://books.google.com/b
ooks?id=fo6VpP78pJcC). Guwahati, Assam: Gauhati University.
Sarma, Satyendra Nath (1976). Gonda, Jan (ed.). A History of Indian Literature: Assamese
Literature. IX. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.

External links
Life and Works of Bhattadeva, the Father of Assamese Prose (http://www.atributetosankaradev
a.org/movement_lit_prose.htm)
Assamese proverbs, published 1896 (https://archive.org/details/someassamesepro01gurdgoo
g)

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