High Performance Trays
High Performance Trays
High Performance Trays
French inventor
High performance trays
deliver the best capacity and efficiency
Cellier‐Blumenthal
uses sieve trays in the
distillation process.
1815 Cellier‐Blumenthal Trays with both high capacity and high efficiency can
discloses bubble cap provide low cost solutions that increase profitability by
trays in a patent
improving recovery of hydrocarbons to higher value
1832 Anneas Coffey mentions products and/or increasing throughput of existing
sieve holes and moveable
valves in a distillation units.
process patent.
The increasing cost of energy and higher awareness of environmental concerns
1832 - Bubble cap, sieve, and have led operating companies to look at ways to improve the energy efficiency
1954 valve tray technology of one of their highest energy consuming unit operations: mass transfer
remains virtually
separation applications. Mass transfer is typically carried out in a separation
unchanged.
column that contains one or more of the
1954 FRI tests bubble cap following: trays, random packing, and
devices structured packing.
1956 FRI tests FLEXITRAY® This article focuses on improving
large movable valve tray, column performance using high
which outperforms performance trays to obtain
bubble cap trays in significant economic rewards:
capacity and efficiency.
• An increase in column feed rates
1960s FRI tests trays with for the same energy consumption
and large and fixed valves. • A reduction in the energy
1970s consumption for the same feed rate
• An improvement in product purity
1970s New random packing • A reduction in absorption liquid circulation rates and a corresponding
and and structured reduction in regeneration energy cost requirements
1980s packing make serious
• A reduction in pollutant discharge levels with no increase in scrubbing/
inroads into the
stripping costs
crossflow tray domain.
1990s Koch‐Glitsch introduces Beyond the conventional tray
patented MINIVALVE® Well‐designed conventional trays generally provide a very economical solution
technology. for grassroots construction. However, as an operator’s throughput and product
requirements increase, conventional trays become a primary constraint because
2005 FRI tests SUPERFRAC®
of design limitations that include:
tray with VG‐0 fixed
valves • Liquid and/or vapor maldistribution that can reduce tray efficiency and lead
to premature flooding because of entrainment.
• Less‐than‐optimal downcomer design that can ultimately result in premature
downcomer flooding.
© 2009 Koch‐Glitsch, LP. All rights reserved.
To enhance the performance of conventional trays, Koch‐Glitsch targeted three
major areas:
• Active area enhancements
High performance trays deliver • Advanced downcomer technology
the best capacity and efficiency • Inlet area enhancements
Page 2
Active Area Enhancements
Research on valve types showed that small diameter valves have a higher
entrainment flood capacity and higher efficiency than large diameter valves. In
1992, Koch‐Glitsch introduced its patented MINIVALVE® tray technology, which
included a fixed valve (VG‐0) and movable valve (MV‐1). FRI tests of a
SUPERFRAC® high performance tray with VG‐0 fixed valves showed
unsurpassed efficiency over the whole operating range, even at operating
conditions very close to the flood point. The results confirm that the
MINIVALVE tray technology by Koch‐Glitsch can be used on high performance
trays to obtain good tray efficiency.
To maximize tray efficiency, it is also very important to maximize the plug flow
effect by eliminating stagnant zones and retrograde flow. This is accomplished
by strategic placement of proprietary push valves and other proprietary
directional devices on the tray deck.
When designing a high
performance tray, one has
to be careful because too
much push reduces tray
efficiency. VG‐0 valves on
the SUPERFRAC tray
tested at FRI
demonstrated a higher
efficiency than other FRI
tested trays that imparted
more push on the froth.
Downcomer Enhancements
Good valve performance alone does not ensure good tray performance. To
maximize the capacity of a crossflow tray, it is imperative to make the
downcomer only as big as it needs to be.
A thorough
understanding of
downcomer flooding
mechanisms in a wide
variety of services is
critical to successful
application of high
performance tray
technology.
© 2009 Koch‐Glitsch, LP. All rights reserved.
Several semi‐conical vapor tunnel downcomers patented by Koch‐Glitsch follow
the contour of the tower shell and free up bubbling area and area that would
have been inside the downcomer. More bubbling area can be freed up by
High performance trays deliver truncating the vapor tunnel downcomer and populating the area underneath
the best capacity and efficiency with bubbling devices.
Page 3
For truncated downcomers, it is important to give special attention to how the
liquid exits the downcomer. Koch‐Glitsch has several patented arrangements
that direct the exit of the liquid from the downcomer:
• At the back of the truncation plate.
• Between the downcomer apron and the truncation plate.
• Through louvers in the truncation plate.
The vapor tunnel downcomer, and in particular the truncated vapor tunnel
downcomer, maximizes the liquid flow path length, which maximizes the
crossflow effect, which increases tray efficiency.
Oversizing the downcomer reduces the bubbling area and disengagement area of
the tray. Advanced downcomer technology by Koch‐Glitsch provides the
capability to accurately size and shape the downcomer. This provides multiple
options in the design and the relative dimensions depending on the particular
application.
Inlet Area Enhancements
Bubbling area is only effective if bubbling actually takes place. An inlet weir and
bubble promoters help ensure that the liquid from the downcomer starts
bubbling right away, and that the active area gained by the vapor tunnel or
truncated vapor tunnel downcomer is fully utilized.
Inlet area enhancements can provide improved capacity, better froth initiation,
and improved bubbling activity on the tray, and thus increase vapor‐liquid
contact efficiency. SUPERFRAC trays use inlet area enhancements to eliminate
the vapor and liquid maldistribution and stagnant zones that can occur on
conventional trays. These enhancements promote uniform flow distribution,
which improves the hydraulic performance and contact efficiency on the tray.
SUPERFRAC Tray Technology
Over twenty years of research and testing has led to a proprietary toolbox of
technologies that is the SUPERFRAC tray:
• High capacity and high efficiency valves in sizes to meet different
application requirements.
• Vapor tunnel or truncated vapor tunnel downcomers with various
downcomer outlet shapes to maximize tray capacity and efficiency.
• Inlet weir and bubble promoters.
• Push valves and other directional devices.
• Multi‐pass arrangements.
• Special anti‐fouling features.
• Mechanical innovations to simplify installation.
© 2009 Koch‐Glitsch, LP. All rights reserved.
Significant economic rewards can be achieved by using trays with good capacity
and efficiency.
High performance trays deliver Reduced efficiency drives up the energy cost of a distillation tower because more
the best capacity and efficiency reflux is needed to achieve the desired separation. The additional reflux reduces
Page 4 the capacity of the tower because it consumes part of the tray capacity.
The influence of tray efficiency on the economics of a distillation operation is
particularly pronounced for trays with a large number of downcomers and short
flow path lengths. Using a SUPERFRAC tray design that is optimized for
efficiency and capacity can yield a significant reduction in energy consumption
and an increase in throughput.
In a distillation operation with a large number of downcomers and short path
lengths, the options are to reduce the tray spacing to counter the loss in tray
efficiency. This drives up the cost of the tray and creates installation issues. It
also reduces the capacity of the trays. The only solution is to use trays that have
high efficiency and capacity.
The superior efficiency and capacity of high performance SUPERFRAC trays can
be used to extend the efficient capacity of towers to well beyond that of other
high performance trays. The features used on these trays must be carefully
selected to achieve the right balance between performance and cost. Given the
cost of equipment and energy, it makes sense to pay special attention to the
performance of trays in distillation towers.
The information contained in this article is believed to be accurate and reliable
but is not to be construed as implying any warranty or guarantee of
performance.
TRADEMARKS
KOCH‐GLITSCH, MINIVALVE, and SUPERFRAC are registered trademarks of Koch‐Glitsch, LP and
are registered in the US and various other countries worldwide. All other trademarks, service marks,
or registered trademarks that appear in this document are the trademarks or service marks of their
respective owners.
PATENTS
SUPERFRAC technologies are protected by US patents and patents in various countries worldwide.
Other patents are pending.
© 2009 Koch‐Glitsch, LP. All rights reserved.