Homework #2: Numerical Analysis

Universidad Industrial de Santander
Grupo de Investigación HDSP

Escuela de Ingeniería de Sistemas e Informática
PhD. Henry Arguello Fuentes Undergraduate Studies
Numerical Analysis
Homework #2
The solution of Nonlinear Equations f (x) = 0
DATE : 9th June 2020 D UE : 21th June 2020
1 I NDICATIONS
1. You must fill this sheet with just the answer for each problem and return it to the professor. However, you
have to present the process on a separate exam sheet.
2. Answers with no process are not valid.
3. Make all calculations with 5 decimal places of precision.
2 T HE SOLUTION OF NONLINEAR EQUATIONS

1. (1.0 point) The Van der Waals equation relates the density of fluids to the pressure P , volume υ , and
temperature T conditions. Thus, it is a thermodynamic equation of state given by,
a
P+ (υ − b) = RT, (2.1)
υ2
where, a, b and R are constasts that depends on the gas.
If P = 5, a = 0.245, b = 0.0266, R = 0.08206 and T = 350,
a) Determine a nonlinear equation f (υ) = 0 that allows to calculate the volume υ by finding its root.
f (υ) =
b) Use the Secant method to find the root of the nonlinear equation in literal a). Use υ0 = 35, υ1 = 30 and
iterate until achieving a precision of |υ − υk−1 | < 1 × 10−5 Make all calculations with 5 decimal places.
Iteration rule: υk+1 =
k υk f (υk ) |υk − υk−1 | Ek = |5.76234 − υk |

0 35 −−−−−
1 30
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Ph.D. Henry Arguello Fuentes Page 1 of 5

c) The rate of convergence for the secant method is given by, R ≈ 1.618. Thus, the relation between
successive error terms is Ek+1 = A|Ek |1.618 . Use information found in table of literal b), to calculate
the value of A.
A=
2. (1.0 point) Let f (x) = x3 − 3x − 2

a) Find the Newton-Rapshon formula pk = g(pk−1 )
Iteration rule: pk =
b) Start with p0 = 2.1 and find p1 , p2 , p3 , p4 and p5 .

k pk f (pk ) f 0 (pk ) |pk − pk−1 |
0 2.1 −−−−−
1
2
3
4
5
c) Is the sequence converging quadratically or linearly?
Answer:
3. (1.0 point) The world population N can be simulated by a function that grows in proportion to the number
of individuals in a given time t. This is called the logistic function and it follows the equation (2.2),
eλt − 1
N (t) = N0 eλt + µ , (2.2)
λ
where, N0 = N (t0 ) is the amount of individuals at
the beginning of the simulation period, λ is the growth
rate and µ simulates the immigration rate.
Figure 2.1: World population growth
Suppose that N (t0 ) = 1000, µ = 435 and N (t1 ) = 1564.
a) Determine a nonlinear equation g(λ) = 0 that allows to calculate the growth rate λ by finding its root.
g(λ) =
b) Use the Newton method to find the root of the nonlinear equation in literal a). Use λ0 = 0.5 and iterate
until achieving a precision of |λk − λk−1 | < 1 × 10−6 Make all calculations with 5 decimal places.
Iteration rule: λk+1 =
2
k λk g(λk ) g 0 (λk ) |λk − λk−1 |
0 0.5 −−−−−
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
dsfs
dsfsd
4. (1.0 point) Determine rigorously if each function has an unique fixed point.
x2 − 8x + 25
a) g(x) = , x ∈ [1, 7]
3
fixed point existence theorem verification: unique fixed point theorem verification:
Sketch g(x) and y = x Sketch g 0 (x)
Use the starting value p0 = 3.15 and compute p1 , p2 , p3 , p4 and p5 .

p0 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5
3.15
Do the sequence converge?

p0 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5
3.25
11x3 − 141x2 + 556x − 546

b) g(x) = , x ∈ [2, 7]
30
3
fixed point existence theorem verification: unique fixed point theorem verification:
Sketch g(x) and y = x Sketch g 0 (x)

p0 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5
4.1

p0 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5
6.95
5. (1.0 point) Archimedes’ principle indicates that the upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed
in a fluid, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces, and it acts in the upward direction at the
centre of mass of the displaced fluid. Suppose that a sphere of radius r = 15 constructed with a material
of density ρ = 0.638 is submerged in water to a depth d as shown in Fig. 2.2. According to Archimedes’
principle, the mass of water displaced Mw is equal to the mass of the ball Mb , thus,
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑟
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜌
Mw = Mb where, (2.3)
πd2 (3r − d)
Mw = , (2.4)
3 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑑
4πr3 ρ
Mb = . (2.5)
3
Figure 2.2: Sphere submerged in water
a) Use equations (2.3), (2.4) and (2.5) to find a nonlinear equation of the form f (d) = 0, that allows to
determine the depth d.
f (d) =
b) Use the bisection method of Bolzano to calculate the roots of the nonlinear equation in literal a). Use
a0 = 17.6 and b0 = 18 and iterate until achieving a precision of |ck − ck−1 | < 1 × 10−3 . Make all
calculations with 5 decimal places.
4
k ak bk ck f (ak ) f (bk ) f (ck ) |ck − ck−1 |
0 17.6 18
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
c) Without doing iterations, determine the required number of iterations N to guarantee that the mid-
point cN is an aproximation to a zero of the nonlinear equation in literal a) with an error less than
δ = 1 × 10−15 , where a0 = 17 and b0 = 18.
N=
Ph.D. Henry Arguello Fuentes Page 5 of 5

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Universidad Industrial de Santander

Grupo de Investigación HDSP

2. Answers with no process are not valid.

3. Make all calculations with 5 decimal places of precision.

2 T HE SOLUTION OF NONLINEAR EQUATIONS

If P = 5, a = 0.245, b = 0.0266, R = 0.08206 and T = 350,

Iteration rule: υk+1 =

k υk f (υk ) |υk − υk−1 | Ek = |5.76234 − υk |

Ph.D. Henry Arguello Fuentes Page 1 of 5

2. (1.0 point) Let f (x) = x3 − 3x − 2

b) Start with p0 = 2.1 and find p1 , p2 , p3 , p4 and p5 .

Figure 2.1: World population growth

Suppose that N (t0 ) = 1000, µ = 435 and N (t1 ) = 1564.

Iteration rule: λk+1 =

Sketch g(x) and y = x Sketch g 0 (x)

Use the starting value p0 = 3.15 and compute p1 , p2 , p3 , p4 and p5 .

Use the starting value p0 = 3.25 and compute p1 , p2 , p3 , p4 and p5 .

11x3 − 141x2 + 556x − 546

Sketch g(x) and y = x Sketch g 0 (x)

Use the starting value p0 = 4.1 and compute p1 , p2 , p3 , p4 and p5 .

Use the starting value p0 = 6.95 and compute p1 , p2 , p3 , p4 and p5 .

Figure 2.2: Sphere submerged in water

Ph.D. Henry Arguello Fuentes Page 5 of 5

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