Learning Module in Oral Communication

THIS MODULE BELONGS TO: _____________________________________

ROYAL BRITISH COLLEGE INC., A.Y. 2020 - 2021
 Quarter 1

FOREWORD
TOPIC 1: EXPLORING THE NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
Learning Objectives:
Amid the spread of the Covid – 19 pandemic, the faculty of
At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to:
Royal British College Inc. deemed it necessary that the health and safety
1. Recognize the nature of communication;
of its students are kept safe, while administering the suitable methods of
2. Create a short essay about the nature of communication, and;
maintaining quality education to produce globally competitive
3. Reflect on the importance of communication in daily life.
individuals. It was through this sole idea that the learning modules were
Communication is defined as:
created to enrich its students’ academic needs while being safe in the
- The transfer of ideas and concepts from a Speaker to a Listener/s.
comfort of their own homes.
- Is the stirring of ideas in the mind of another. It is the sharing of ideas among
This learning module contains all the lessons, complete with activities a group of people. It is imparting concepts to an audience. (Monroe et al., 1982)
and exercises, which will help the learner to gain understanding of the Communication involves transactions: a person wants to talk to
concepts of each subject matter efficiently. The content of this module someone because one needs something. Although we routinely engage in
communication. It is not an easy activity. Communication is an intricate
is divided into weeks and quarters, with one or two lessons contained process of sharing ideas, thoughts, and information, best illustrated by the
weekly. This is to ensure that the learner, through self – paced learning, models of communication.

along with the possible assistance of his/her parents, takes time in EXERCISE: Give 5 daily situations that require a person to communicate
with others.
learning the topics thoroughly and effectively.
1._______________________________________________________
The Royal British College Inc. wishes you, dear learner, to be
2._______________________________________________________
honest with your heart and take time and continue studying at home in
3._______________________________________________________
the midst of the Pandemic. Your teachers will also be there to give
4._______________________________________________________
guidance and assistance any time you need it so.
5._______________________________________________________
Keep safe, and happy learning Royals!
A speaker delivering a speech before an audience is the first thing that
God bless! probably comes to mind for many people. Communication is not just the mere
transfer of messages from one person to another just like a balikbayan box
-Royal British College Inc.
being delivered to one’s doorstep. It involves a Speaker imparting ideas,
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concepts, and data to a group of Listeners (the Audience) – this is Reflection Task: Give your opinion about the statement in five sentences
Communication. below.
Communication is about two people talking such as with a sibling, “What is the importance of communication in a family?”
parent, a teacher, or a friend, face – to face in real life or even via the Internet.
It is also a group of people talking to one another to solve a problem, for ______________________________________________________________
example, discussing with classmates about how a report should be done. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Almost everything that each student has done or encountered that
______________________________________________________________
morning may be considered communication. Note that even ringing of a bell
______________________________________________________________
or listening to the radio are considered communication. This is because central
to all communication is the sending of the message that stirs up ideas in the
mind of another. What message is sent by an alarm ringing or an announcer
talking over a radio? Such a message is communicated to a listener through TOPIC 1.2: EXPLAINING THE NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
verbal and nonverbal communication behavior.
Learning Objectives:
Pace et. al (1979) observed that communication has to be learned.
At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to:
More importantly, communication has to be mastered. However, before these,
the process of communication must first be understood. 1. Explain the different effects of communication;
According to Berelson and Steiner, “Communication is the process of 2. Draw a situation that shows how noise hampers communication; and
transmitting ideas, information, and attitudes from the source to a receiver for 3. Reflect on the importance of communication in daily life.
the purpose of influencing with intent”.
Many authors have come up with their differing models of
communication based on what they want to emphasize as being an important
Enrichment Activity: Answer the following questions in 3 sentences or more. part of communication. The following four models of communication will
1. How does a person communicate? introduce the elements of communication, which will be discussed shortly.
a. Aristotle’s model – he was a teacher of Rhetoric in Ancient Greek (5
BC).

(MESSAGE) (LISTENER)
2. Can a person use other methods besides talking to communicate? How? SPEAKER
SPEECH AUDIENCE

ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

3. What are the different models of communication?

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According to Aristotle, the most important part of his model is the SETTING c. Wilbur Schramm’s Model – he was considered as the Father of Mass
in which the listener is located. It is the setting that dictates the message. There Communication. He asserts that communication can take place if and only
are three settings in this model: if there is an overlap between the Field of Experience of the Speaker and
of the Listener.
LEGAL SETTING – pertains to courts of law
DELIBERATIVE SETTING – refers to political assemblies, the Senate and
Congress
CEREMONIAL SETTING – refers to celebrations and other special occasions
where speeches are given, such as Graduations and Debuts.
FIELD OF EXPERIENCE – It is everything a person has ever experienced
b. Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver’s Model (1948) – these two throughout life.
emphasized the concept of “noise”. This is also known as the Telephone
Model. Exercise: Draw a situation wherein psychological noise affects the
Listener.

INFORMATION TRANSMITTER RECEIVER DESTINATION/

NOISE SOURCE
SOURCE (DEVICE) (DEVICE) MESSAGE

SHANNON AND WEAVER’S “TELEPHONE MODEL”

NOISE – in this manner, it is described as the outside sources that slightly
alters the implied message of the speaker.
Classifications of Noise
Physical Noise – this refers to outside sources or actual noise such as loud
music, the engine of motorcycle running, or many people talking at the same d. Eugene White’s Model (1960) - explains that communication is circular
time. and continuous, without a beginning or end. He contributed the concept
of “Feedback” to the field of communication. (see figure i\on next page)
Physiological (Fee-sho-logical) Noise – this refers to internal body
experiences that hinders good communication. For example, headaches or
stomachaches may distract the listener from getting the message from the
speaker.
Psychological Noise – occurs when one is thinking deeply about something or
is suffering from emotional condition (depression, anxiety, or confusion)
which prevents the listener from getting the message properly.

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 4. Which model do you think best explains the mode of communication?
EXPRESSING
Explain.
______________________________________________________________
SYMBOLIZING TRANSMITTING ______________________________________________________________

5. How do emotions affect communication?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

THINKING RECEIVING Reflection Task: What must we do to communicate properly in daily life?
Answer this sentence in 3 sentences.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
MONITORING DECODING
LECTURE 1.3: EXPLORING THE FUNCTIONS OF
COMMUNICATION
FEEDBACK
Learning Objectives:

Fig. 1. Eugene White’s Communication Model At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to:
1. Explain the functions of communication;
FEEDBACK – the perception of by the Speaker about the Response of the
Listener. The Speaker can only receive Feedback if the Speaker is paying 2. Give examples of how communication functions in daily life; and
attention.
3. Inculcate the essence of functions of communication.
Enrichment Activity: Answer the following questions in two sentences.
1. How is communication processed?
______________________________________________________________ As we have learned in previous lectures, communication is a complex
______________________________________________________________ process; we humans may or may not have reasons to communicate with
someone. People do not communicate just because they love to talk.
2. What happens if an element is missing in the communicative process? Communication always has a reason, and therefore, a function. Collectively,
______________________________________________________________ these reasons are called “Functions of Communication”.
______________________________________________________________
3. Who is more likely to experience difficulty: Speaking in person face to face
or Speaking through technological means? Why?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

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FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION Exercise: List down 6 sample sentences wherein the 1st and 2nd function of
communication are used. 3 sentences for each function.
Regulation/Control – controls/commands others by managing their behavior.
1. _________________________________________________
Social Interaction – allows people to interact with each other in a casual
manner. 2. _________________________________________________
Motivation – persuades someone to do something or change his/her opinion. 3. _________________________________________________
Information – makes the listeners aware of certain data, concepts, or ideas. 4. _________________________________________________
Emotional Expression – moves another person through emotions to make 5. _________________________________________________
action.
6. _________________________________________________
Motivation is said to be the most purposive function of
Regulation/Control as a function of communication means being communication. Its main purpose, as stated last lecture, is to persuade another
able to use language and gestures to manage individual or group activities. It person to change his/her opinion or do something. As opposed to
serves to give commands without questions. Some examples are: Regulation/Control which uses direct (and sometimes forceful commands),
this function has a gentler approach to gently move a person. There is a goal
 A teacher telling the class to be quiet to be achieved, a motive that must be accomplished.
 A son telling his parents to stop teasing him about his crush
 Policemen telling a criminal to raise his hands Here are some examples:
 Talking to your teacher to give you a special project for your failed
exam
Social Interaction is the most common type of function. It merely  A politician giving a speech to the common people
serves to interact and engage in casual, friendly conversations with other  Call center agents making calls to promote their products
people. It is important to remember that this function is not the same in all
types of people you talk to. For example, the way one talks to a jeepney driver Just like in the other functions, motivation uses verbal and nonverbal
is entirely different the way you talk to your best friend. cues to achieve their certain goal.
Here are some examples: Information functions, is as literal as it can get. Its purpose is to
inform. Whether you are watching the news regarding a storm signal, or a
 Friends talking casually to one another friend calling to tell you that you have an upcoming report, all of these serves
 Engaging in small talk with your barber to inform you of new data and information.
 Talking to your classmates
Here are some examples:
One important reminder to remember is that all the functions of
communication may or may not overlap with one another. Meaning,  A teacher telling his students the functions of communication
you may use regulation/control along with social interaction when you  A father instructing his son how to fix the T.V
tell your friend to stop talking about your secrets to other people.  Noli De Castro delivering news

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 One important reminder to remember is that all the functions of Reflection Task: What is the importance of emotions on the functions of
communication may or may not overlap with one another. Also, all the communication? Explain your answer in three sentences.
functions of communication uses verbal and nonverbal cues to avoid
miscommunication. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Emotional Expression appeals to the Listener’s feelings. What do
you feel when ABS – CBN shows destroyed houses of Leyte residents? What
do you feel when you see thin and sickly children being flashed on the TV
screen? If you feel empathy or pity, it’s because the creators of the segment TOPIC 1.4: EXPLAINING THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
used emotional expression to appeal to our feelings. It may or may not move
us to do something, maybe donate food and clothing to the people in Learning Objectives:
evacuation centers. In this sense, Nonverbal Cues and Language Tone At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to:
(Paralanguage) are more used in comparison with Verbal Cues.
1. Identify the elements of communication;
Here are some examples:
2. Create an acrostic about the word speaker; and
 Seeing a child crying in the rain 3. Empathize the Filipinos who are suffering due to Covid 19..
 A couple hugging each other while crying
 A sad Koreanovela At most, two people are involved in the process of communication:

Enrichment Activity: List down 10 instances wherein the 3rd and 4th One delivers the Message and the other receives and understands the Message.
functions of communication are used. 5 instances for each function. Based on the models previously presented as well as on other models,
1._________________________________________________ communication can be seen as a complex process having several elements such
2._________________________________________________ as following:
3._________________________________________________ Introducing the Elements of Communication

4._________________________________________________ A. Speaker – The current person who is trying to convey ideas/messages. Note
that in a group communication, the person currently speaking is the Speaker.
5._________________________________________________ This also applies to one on one conversations.
6._________________________________________________ B. Message – Refers to idea or concept that the Speaker is trying to impart.
The message is always the reason for communication. There are different types
7._________________________________________________
of messages, but those will be discussed in the next topic.
8._________________________________________________
C. Listener – The person/s who receive the message. Note that in a group
9._________________________________________________ communication, the person currently listening is the Listener. This also applies
to one on one conversations. Listening is an important element of
10.________________________________________________

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communication because even if the Speaker and the Message is great, if there ______________________3. The area in which two or more people are
are no Listeners, then communication fails. communicating
D. Channels – the means by which the message is sent. There are only five ______________________4. This is the reaction of the listener to a message.
channels: ears, eyes, skin, mouth, and nose. Humans usually use their mouth
and body to communicate. Meanwhile, the skin, ears, and nose are usually ______________________5. These are the means by which the message is
receivers of message. The eyes can serve to communicate as well to receive sent.
messages (such as reading a text message). To some extent, the hands can be
used to receive messages (such as blind people who touch the engraved letters
on paper to read). Enrichment Activity: Give an acrostic about the word “SPEAKER”.
E. Response – the reaction of the listener to a message. The response of each S - ________________________________________________________
person to a particular message may be different depending on a number of
P - ________________________________________________________
factors. For instance, saying “I love you” to different people will elicit different
responses, such as shock, laughter, or possibly, embarrassment. E - ________________________________________________________
F. Feedback – the result of monitoring the listener’s response. The Speaker A - ________________________________________________________
creates a feedback, after looking at the response of the listener. Just like the
example above, saying “I love you” to different people will elicit different K - ________________________________________________________
responses, such as shock, laughter, or possibly, embarrassment. These E - ________________________________________________________
responses will make the Speaker have feedback like laughter.
R -________________________________________________________
G. Noise – are the forms of barriers to communication. As discussed in the
previous topic, there are different barriers to communication, such as physical, Reflection Task: If you were a speaker of the Dept. of Health, what would
physiological, and psychological noise. your message be to the Filipinos experiencing hardship due to Covid 19?
Express your speech in five sentences.
H. Communicative Situation – it has two components:
______________________________________________________________
H.1. physical location – the area in which two or more people are
______________________________________________________________
communicating, example, classroom, house, etc.
______________________________________________________________
H.2. psychological setting – the mood in which a particular ______________________________________________________________
communication is based upon. For instance, Mcdonald’s is place for eating, ______________________________________________________________
but there are times when couples fight and argue on the tables.
Exercise: Identify the words being described in each item. Write your
answers on the blanks provided.
______________________1. These are barriers in communication.
______________________2. These are people who are trying to send a
message.

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TOPIC 2: EXPLAINING NON VERBAL MISCOMMUNICATION time means that an appointment is scheduled between given set of time.
However, time in the States and Western countries is always exact and to the
Learning Objectives: point. Here in the Philippines, time is used to convey how powerful a person
At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to: is. Higher authorities may show that their time is important by making visitors
wait. Europeans, however, when having to meet someone, will only wait 5
1. Use various strategies to avoid communication breakdown; minutes beyond the appointed time,
2. Apply strategies to draw a specified situation; and E. Language of Space (Proxemics) – use of space to show importance. This
3. Reflect on the significance of avoiding miscommunication. type of Nonverbal Communication is similarly used in Chronemics by people
who want to show who they are, especially in business. For instance, the CEO
Majority of misunderstandings come from the two pairs of dimension, or boss of a company usually has the largest space or office. When employees
Verbal contradicting Nonverbal Dimension. are promoted, they are given bigger and even spacer offices. Houses or
millionaires are also big and covers a lot of land. In psychology, space that a
Nonverbal Communication encompasses:
person owns is equal to power.
A. Paralanguage – the “how” of saying something. Saying “I love you” in an
F. Language of Touch (Haptics) – use of touch to express what cannot be
angry tone is a contradictory message. Words of protest may lose their fire
said. This is considered to be the most powerful of the types of Nonverbal
when said in a meek and soft voice. Tones or voice must match the content of
Communication. What makes it different from the other types is that Haptics
the Message if the Message is to be understood at all. It must also reinforce the
creates physical contact between the Listener and Speaker. Touch can comfort
Message: a Message with strong points to deliver must be emphasized with
or aggravate a person. Hugs and high fives are also considered as language of
strong paralanguage. Asians are thought as being accommodating and
touch.
conciliatory because of their paralanguage. This is merely a stereotype as we
have read of the exact opposite in newspaper articles both here and abroad of G. Facial Expression – configuration of facial features to show emotions.
Filipinos who have acted in a manner that goes against stereotypes.
H. Posture and personal appearance – the way one carries and dresses
B. Language of Flowers – the use of flowers based on the meaning of each oneself. A slouched position or a bad posture is less desirable compared to
type. Flowers say for many of us what we say for ourselves. These meanings people with straight body postures. IN the same manner, every culture has set
are also influenced by culture and gender. Supposedly, only Filipino men send standards regarding the appropriate attire in certain events.
flowers, men do not. Red roses are usually sent on Valentine’s Day, as well as
sunflowers. There are flowers that are used for funerals, such as I. Language of Gestures – these are hand and body movements that
chrysanthemums. Different flowers convey different meanings for different accompanies spoken language.
contexts. 1. Emphasizing – these gestures emphasize the message that we want
C. Language of Colors – Colors have certain meanings based on the dictates to highlight. Example is when we move our hands and point when we are
of culture and gender. In nature, for example, green signifies life, like the color talking about directions.
of fresh leaves and grass. In cultural context, red and yellow colors are usually 2. Regulating – these are used to control the flow of communication
found in food shops and restaurants. In gender context, blue usually represents such as nodding for “yes” or shaking your head for “no”.
masculinity and pink for femininity.
3. Illustrating – these are used to show height, weight, distance, or so
D. Language of Time (Chronemics) – Chronemics shows how time is viewed forth by using one’s hands.
differently in various countries. Filipinos tend to see time as “elastic”. Filipino

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 4. Emblems – these are hand symbols that have fixed meanings. Reflection Task: Create a simple poem four lines that tells about the
Example of this is the “thumbs up” for okay. importance of avoiding miscommunication with people around us. Your
poem can have rhyming or non – rhyming lines.
These types of Non Verbal Communication can be used alternatively
to convey a message. As discussed in the recent chapters, gender and culture __________________________
affect the effect of these nonverbal cues.
_______________________________________________________
All of the above types of Nonverbal Communication are ways to
deliver a Message and to convey meanings, intended or not. A Speaker may _______________________________________________________
think he/she may not realize that his/her nonverbal signals are saying _______________________________________________________
something else.
_______________________________________________________
Exercise: Write the kind of nonverbal action would you show in the
following circumstances: TOPIC 3: Oral Communication Activities
1. How would you ask for money from your mother if she’s mad? Learning Objectives:

______________________________________________________________ At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to:

2. What kind of flowers would you give to someone in a funeral? 1. Examine different oral communication activities;

______________________________________________________________ 2. Speak a set speech clearly and with correct articulation, and;

3. What color would you use if you were to create a horror movie? 3. Internalize the importance of correct and proper speech.

______________________________________________________________ Communication depends on our ability to understand one another.

Although our communication can be ambiguous, one primary goal is
4. If you were a boss bound for a meeting at 3 pm, what time would you attend? understanding. Our daily activities are wrapped in conversations with others.
______________________________________________________________
Oral communication is defined as the process of transmitting, creating,
5. How physically close would you be if you are with your best friend? receiving, and interpreting messages between a source and receiver through
spoken words.
______________________________________________________________
Try to focus on the following activities to further improve your
Enrichment Activity: Draw a situation wherein good personal appearance is communication skills.
used in society.
Exercise: Read the following texts below and see if you can articulate each
words and phrase properly.
1. “Always smile before you answer the phone. When you smile, you are
actually sending a message to your brain that you are in a pleasant, congenial,
and happy mood. Even if it is not entirely true, your subconscious will actually
accept this as a fact. This will affect your tone of voice as well as your manner
of answering.”

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2. “Colors have certain meanings based on the dictates of culture and gender. TOPIC 4: Types of Speech Context
In nature, for example, green signifies life, like the color of fresh leaves and
grass. In cultural context, red and yellow colors are usually found in food Learning Objectives:
shops and restaurants. In gender context, blue usually represents masculinity At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to:
and pink for femininity”.
1. Identify the various types of speech contexts;
3. “Almost everything that each student has done or encountered that morning
may be considered communication. Note that even ringing of a bell or listening 2. Use the different speech contexts in sentences, and;
to the radio are considered communication. This is because central to all 3. Reflect the effects of different speech contexts is social interaction.
communication is the sending of the message that stirs up ideas in the mind of
another. What message is sent by an alarm ringing or an announcer talking While many people think that communication involves two or more
over a radio? Such a message is communicated to a listener through verbal people, communication may also be done with one’s own thoughts. Do you
and nonverbal communication behavior”. look into a mirror and say, “I’m awesome!”? To clarify further, when you do
mental calculations about your budget or you sing a song in your head, you are
Enrichment Activity: Can you guess the answer to these famous riddles? essentially doing what is called INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION.
1. “What on earth walks on four legs in the morning, two at noon, and three According to psychologists, communicating to oneself every once in a while
at night?” ______________________________________________ is normal, so don’t doubt yourself if you think you’re talking to yourself
sometimes.
2. “You can find it twice in a week, once in a year, but never in a month”
_______________________________________________________ There are types of speech context:

3. “What has no roots, but is taller than trees, up up up, it goes, yet never 1. Interpersonal
grows?”. A.1. Dyadic
_______________________________________________________ A.2. Small Group
4. “Give it life, it dies. Kill its’ life, and it lives.” A.3. Intercultural
_______________________________________________________ 2. Intrapersonal
5. “When it drops, it gets cold, when it rises, it gets hot.” 3. Public
_______________________________________________________

Interpersonal Communication involves communication between

Reflection Task: Create your own riddle that the answer would be other people. However, it is not just the number of participants that determine
“communication”. the each particular type of communication. Each context has its own purpose.

_______________________________________________________
A.1. Dyadic Communication - Involves one listener and one speaker
exchanging thoughts, ideas, opinions, and information. The roles of the two
are not fixed, they are interchangeable. The Speaker may become the Listener
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and vice versa. Informal dyadic communication is called conversation, while Enrichment Activity: In a paragraph of 5 sentences, explain the
formal dyadic communication is called interview and dialogue. importance of Intercultural Communication.
A.2. Small Group Communication – requires at least 3 to 10 people to discuss ______________________________________________________________
an issue, a problem and come up with a solution or plan. Unlike Dyadic ______________________________________________________________
Communication, This type has an agenda, a leader, and an outcome to ______________________________________________________________
accomplish. Like stated above, the roles of the two are not fixed, they are ______________________________________________________________
interchangeable. Examples of these are panel discussions, symposia, ______________________________________________________________
roundtables, etc.
Reflection Task: As a student, how can you use public communication to
A.3 Intercultural Communication – is the exchange of concepts, ideas, and affect the world in a positive way? Express your answer in 3 sentences.
thoughts between and among people of different culture and tradition. One
good example of these is the United Nations summit as well as the APEC, ______________________________________________________________
wherein leaders of different nations come together to confer timely issues. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Public Communication is different from the other two types as the ______________________________________________________________
Speaker addresses many Listeners, which we refer to as the Audience. No ______________________________________________________________
interchanging roles are present. The speaker only communicates and the
audience merely listens. It usually has a formal sense into it. Examples are
graduation speeches and celebratory speeches. TOPIC 5: LEARNING THE TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE
Exercise: Which of the following speech context is used in the following Learning Objectives:
instances?
At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to:
____________________1. Praying before going to bed
1. Distinguish the different types of speech styles;
____________________2. Being an emcee to an event
2. Use different speech styles in given situations, and;
____________________3. Giving a toast to your promoted friend from work
3. Value the ethics of choosing what to say and when to say it.
____________________4. Talking to your brother
____________________5. Thinking about your significant other
Like Speech Context, there are also a variety of Speech Styles that
____________________6. Talking to your friend we do not know we use in everyday occurrences. Each Speech Style is as
distinct as the Speech Contexts and can be paired with one another according
____________________7. Taking a mental note about upcoming events to usage. These speech styles are also known as “registers”. According to
____________________8. Chatting with your Japanese cousin Martin Joos (1959), are the following:

____________________9. Speaking in a rally A. Intimate

____________________10. Conducting an interview B. Casual

C. Consultative
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D. Formal Enrichment Activity: Give situations in which each of the five register are
used.
E. Frozen
1. ___________________________________________________________
Intimate Register refers to the speech style that we use when talking
to people we have known and been with for a long time. This means our closest 2. ___________________________________________________________
friends, lovers, and family. It is a style in which we understand each other’s
ideas without correct linguistic forms. It can sometimes result to the two people 3. ____________________________________________________________
finishing each other’s sentences, and know what the other is thinking. 4. ____________________________________________________________
Casual Register is a speech style among friends and acquaintances. 5. ____________________________________________________________
It may not be as informal as the intimate register, but it as casual as it gets.
Talking to classmates, sharing jokes with friends is common in this register.
Usage of slang and interruptions are also common.
Reflection Task: Create a slogan that shows the importance of using
Consultative Register is used when we are communicating with different speech styles in our life.
someone we do not personally know, it requires two – way communication,
______________________________________________________________
and while it is not as casual as friends talking, it is not serious either. One
example is a student talking to a teacher, or a patient talking to his/her dentist. ______________________________________________________________
Formal Register as it name suggests, is used only for formal events
and imparting information. The type of language used is formal and well –
organized. Technical vocabulary and diction are the key elements of this TOPIC 6: LEARNING THE TYPES OF SPEECH ACT
register. Examples are giving speeches and presentations. Learning Objectives:
Frozen Register is a formal style whose quality is static, ritualistic At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to:
and even archaic. From the word “frozen”, it means that the language used in
this register are old and unchanged from a long period of time. Examples are 1. Identify the specific types and functions of speech acts;
Panatang Makabayan and other Oaths. 2. Use the speech acts to create sentences, and;
3. Inculcate the importance of speech to change negative views.
Exercise: WHICH REGISTER IS BEST USED FOR FOLLOWING
INSTANCES?
____________________1. Communicating with oneself
Speech Style and Speech Context are just two of the four
____________________2. Communicating with a classmate communicative strategies. The third is the speech act. These are the locutionary,
____________________3. Talking to a small group illocutionary, and the perlocutionary.

____________________4. Delivering a Speech A. Locutionary Speech Act – this act happens with the utterance of sound,
phrases, or even a word functioning as a natural unit of speech. It is an act in
____________________5. Attending the Flag Ceremony the sense that it has meaning. For example:
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  “Ouch!” (When someone hurts you) Illocutionary
 “Aaaaahh!!” (When a person gets shocked or surprised)
_______________________________________________________
 “Hey” (calling someone’s attention)
_______________________________________________________
B. Illocutionary Speech Act – this act is not just saying something itself, but
it is the act of saying something with an intention. You can either: Perlocutionary
 State an opinion, confirm or deny something; _______________________________________________________
 Make a prediction, promise or request;
_______________________________________________________
 Issue an order or decision, and;
 Give advice or permission. Enrichment Activity: In a paragraph of 5 sentences, discuss how the three
speech acts can be used interchangeably in communication.
Example:
______________________________________________________________
 There’s too much to do. (opinion)
 I’ll give to you tomorrow. (promise) ______________________________________________________________
 Do your homework. (order) ______________________________________________________________
C. Perlocutionary Speech Act – This is seen when a particular effect is sought ______________________________________________________________
from either the Speaker, Listener, or both. The response may not necessarily
be physical or verbal and is elicited by: ______________________________________________________________

 Inspiring or insulting;
 Persuading/convincing
 Deterring/scaring Reflection Task: How can you, as a student, use your voice to change
negative views about the LGBTQ community? Express your answer in 3
Examples:
sentences.
 “Let us all believe in our dreams!” (inspiring) ______________________________________________________________
 “You think that’s good enough?” (insulting) ______________________________________________________________
 “It would be best if we leave her alone.” (persuading)
 “Smoking kills – you and the surroundings around you!” (scaring) ______________________________________________________________

Exercise: Give two sentences for each type of speech act.

Locutionary
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

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TOPIC 7: TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES Ex. I was late for class again! The MRT stopped midway. What is wrong with
MRT? (Focuses on MRT)
Learning Objectives:
Restriction Communicative Strategy – is a strategy that constrains
At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to: or restricts the Response of the Listener. The Listener is forced to respond only
within a set of categories that is made up by the Speaker.
1. Create sentences that uses different communicative strategies;
Ex. Only dumb people would go there right? (No one wants to be dumb).
2. Use various communicative strategies in sentences, and;
Ex. Have you been drinking? (Yes or No question)
3. Reflect the importance of applying communicative strategies in
communication. Turn – taking Communicative Strategy – requires that each
Speaker speaks only when it is his/her turn during an interaction. This is
The use of different communicative strategies is the hallmark of
commonly observed during formal meetings, when each present member talks
communicative competence. Being able to use these enriches one’s linguistic
when he/she feels that no one wants to, or upon the permission of the leader.
knowledge and improves speech skills.
Ex. May I have the floor sir? I wish to add that more employees would want a
Communicative Strategies are plans/ways/means of sharing
pay raise as well.
information which are adopted to achieve a particular social, political,
psychological, or linguistic purposes.
There are seven types of communication strategies: Topic Control Communicative Strategy – This is the counterpart of
the Nomination Strategy in which the presented topic is kept going by adding
A. Nomination
questions and exchanging roles from Speaker to Listener. In a daily sense, this
B. Restriction is usually observed during casual talks between NBA matches, K – drama
episodes, and the like.
C. Turn - taking
Ex. Hey, have you seen yesterday’s episode of Dragonball in Love?
D. Topic Control
Yeah! It was amazing! Do you watched the part where Trunks married
E. Topic Shifting Beerus?
F. Repair Of course! It was so sweet.
G. Termination Topic Shifting Communicative Strategy – is the strategy that is used
Nomination Communicative Strategy – is the process of when introducing another topic. This works best when there is a follow up of
introducing the matter as clearly as possible to maintain focus. It is also used new ideas so the new topic can be discussed.
in everyday nuances. Ex. It really is good to have a Mcfloat.
Ex. Have you noticed the weather today? Do we have a typhoon signal? Yeah it is, but have you tasted Starbucks’ new Frappe?
(Focuses on the main issue, “the weather”)
Woah, that one with coffee roast and whipped cream? That’s good!

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 Repair Communicative Strategy – this is used to correct and avoid E. Topic Shifting
further miscommunications. This is done by two means: either repeating or
recasting. Repeating involves asking for clarification, while recasting is ______________________________________________________________
rephrasing or changing the words so the Listeners will understand the proper F. Repair
message.
______________________________________________________________
Ex. May we call on the stage, the President of the UCDL, Mr. Palkes, I
mean Mr. Falges.
He didn’t say he hates you. He just said that it would be better if you Enrichment Activity: Write a short dialogue using the seven
don’t talk to him now. communicative strategies. Your topic dialogue is about “COVID 19”.
Write your dialogue below.
Termination Communicative Strategy – this strategy aims to end or
terminate the conversation at hand through verbal and nonverbal means. ______________________________________________________________
Sometimes, the Termination is quick and short, sometimes is it prolonged by
______________________________________________________________
asking questions or clarifications before ending the conversation.
______________________________________________________________
Ex. Well, that’s our lesson for today. Any questions class?
______________________________________________________________
None, Sir!
______________________________________________________________
Very well, if there are no more questions, you may leave now.
______________________________________________________________
I have to tell you that I-
______________________________________________________________
I’m sorry, but I have to go.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Exercise: Give one sentence that uses the specified communicative strategy.
______________________________________________________________
A. Nomination
______________________________________________________________
B. Restriction
______________________________________________________________
C. Turn – taking
______________________________________________________________
D. Topic Control
______________________________________________________________
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Reflection Task: Make an acrostic about the word “strategy”.
S- _____________________________________
T- _____________________________________
R- _____________________________________
A- _____________________________________
T- _____________________________________
E- _____________________________________
G- _____________________________________
Y- _____________________________________

REFERENCES
Bernardo, Ritchel B., “Oral Communication”, 2016 ed., JFS
Publishing Corp.
Flores, Ramona, “Oral Communication in Context”, 1st ed., Rex
Book store.
Guia, Clarissa Dela Cruz, “Speech and Oral Communication” 2 nd
ed., Mindshapers Co. Inc.

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