Formwork: Requirements of A Good Formwork Types of Formwork

Formwork
Requirements of a
good Formwork
Types of formwork
1
Introduction
 A mould or open box-like container into which

wet concrete is poured and compacted
 Necessary for in situ reinforced concrete
construction
 Supporting structure holding forms in place is
called falsework
 Temporary structure to be removed once
concrete it contains has formed (hardened)
 Could also be permanent
2
In-situ Reinforced Concrete Process
Lumber
Plywood sheet
3
Form Components
4
Ground level
5
Base form
6
Concreting
of base
7
Stump form
8
Concreting of
stump
9
Ground
beam form
10
Concreting of
ground beam
11
Column form
12
Concreting
of column
13
Slab/beam formwork
14
15
16
Basic requirements of formwork
 Quality
 Safety
 Economy
17
Quality
 Accuracy
 Produce accurate shape, size and
alignment of structure
 Designer should specify allowable
dimensional tolerance
18
Quality
 Rigidity
 Resist any distortion during concreting
therefore formwork should be
supported, tied, braced
19
Quality
 Watertight joints
 loss of water, cement and fines affect
final strength of concrete
 affect appearance, honeycombs, uneven
colour
 Less rectification costs
20
Quality
 Good surface finish

 formwork surface in contact with
concrete should be even
 no screws, nails
 To achieve good surface application
apply mould oils called release agents
21
Safety
 Withstand load of wet concrete, operatives

and equipments
 An unsafe formwork create insecure working
conditions thus resulting in inefficiency of
workers and reduce output
22
Safety
 Provide adequate foundations – place

mudsills under all shoring
 Check surrounding excavations to ensure
that formwork does not fail due to
embankment failure
 Provide adequate bracings
23
Safety
24
Safety
26
Safety
27
Economy
 Of three elements in concrete structures –

concrete, reinforcement, formwork
 Formwork generally the most expensive
 Formwork – high % of labour
28
Economy
Formwork:Labour and
Concrete:Labour and equip(39%) material
equip(8%):material (10%)
(24%) 49%
32%
Reinforcemet:Labour
andequip(7%):material
(12%)
19%
29
Economy
 Factors influencing cost

 Material
 Labour
 Time
30
Economy
Factors to achieve economy

 Standardisation
 Simplification
 Less labour
 Less time
 Reusability
31
Economy
 Standardisation (Designing stage)

 Identical bay spacing
 Standardise column and beam sizes
32
Economy
 Simplification
 Easy installation and removal of
formwork and all joints and supports
therefore less labour and time
 Easy handling size therefore less labour
33
Economy
 Reusability
 Durable material
 Design for ease of striking without
damage therefore more number of times
of uses
34
Types of Formwork
Categorised by material
 Timber
 Metal eg. steel and aluminium
 Plastic (PVC) and GRP (glass reinforced plastics)
 Laminated paper products (cardboards)
 Fiber cement materials moulded to shape
 Pre-cast concrete units used as permanent
formwork
35
Timber Formwork
 Most common material

 plywood and boards
 Versatile
 Readily available
36
Timber Formwork
 Advantage
 Custom manufactured in large panel
sizes
 Curved for special shapes
 Reuse many times
37
Timber Formwork
 Disadvantage
 Liable to damage at corners and edges
 Wear out quicker
 Greater chance of leakage for boards
 Variability of absorbency
38
Plywood
 Varies in thickness from 12 to 20 mm

 Common sheet sizes – 2400×1200 mm,
1800×900 mm
 Produce smooth concrete surface
 Coated in each face with phenolic resin film
or has a face layer of resin impregnated
paper
 Does not absorb water from wet concrete
39
Timber Formwork
Timber boards
 Sawn timber boards – thickness 25 to 65 mm,

widths 70 to 250 mm
 Commonly used as edge boarding for concrete

cast on ground, road pavement, kerbs
foothpaths, fllor slabs and footing beams
40
Metal Formwork
 Mainly proprietary system, consists of stiff metal

sheets and edges, mechanically handled and self
climbing formwork
 Use where high stresses occur
 Steel sections as a frame for plywood sheeting
 Steel plate may be used to replace plywood
sheeting for repeated number of uses
 Panels are made in a range of sizes and shapes
for the convenience of other combinations
41
Metal Formwork
Advantage:
 Stiff and durable thus advantageous for reuse
 Closer tolerance
 Aluminium- for light weight construction
Disadvantage:
 Chemical reaction with fresh concrete which
may cause adverse effect to concrete properties
42
Types of Formwork
Categorised by shape
 Column formwork
 Beam formwork
 Floor slab formwork
 Wall formwork
45
Column Form
Bracing
46
Column Form
47
Beam and Slab Form
48
Forms for Elevated Slab
51
Mudsills
52
Staircase Form
53
Typical Wall Form
Double wales used and ties

inserted in between
Bracing to prevent form

movement
54
Formwork Ties
56
Formwork Ties
57
Formwork Ties
58
Formwork Ties
Tie Rods
59
Formwork Systems
 A special formwork constructed as a system

 System is usually proprietary
 Usually made of metal
 Need machinery for handling
60
Formwork Systems
 Selecting forming systems is critical because

it affects
 speed of construction
 building cost
 Some prefabricated forming systems can
improve construction efficiency by saving
time and money
61
Column Formwork System
63
64
Slacken off column spanner

and open first column frame
65
Release second frame

from concrete
66
Suspend formwork from crane

and shift to the next point of
use
67
Frames can be
adjusted to required
size of formwork
68
69
Climbing Formworks
70
Climbing Formworks
The retracted bracket allow

you to work safely within the
protection of the formwork –
finishing platform
71
Selection of Types of Formworks
Factors to be considered
 Cost of construction (materials and labour)
 Easy installation and removal
 Reusability
 Safety
 Requirements of decorative finishes
 Availability of materials, instruments (lifting) and
labour
75
Permanent Formwork
 A structural element used to mould concrete

and left in place for the life of the structure
 Contribute to strengthening of structure
 Provide additional benefits eg. improved
durability, finish or insulation property
 Improve safety by reducing hazards during
construction
76
General Safety Measures
 Used only materials approved (specifications/no
defect).
 Form - strong, properly supported (shores, braces).
 Pre-casting inspection - to check strength and stability
of forms.
 Install perimeter barriers (no visitors/vehicles).
 Inside surfaces of forms - oiled to ease strippings.
 No other unnecessary materials or equipment.
 Safety precautions signboards must be installed.
77

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Formwork

 A mould or open box-like container into which

 Good surface finish

 Withstand load of wet concrete, operatives

 Provide adequate foundations – place

 Of three elements in concrete structures –

 Formwork – high % of labour

 Factors influencing cost

Factors to achieve economy

 Standardisation (Designing stage)

 Most common material

 Varies in thickness from 12 to 20 mm

 Sawn timber boards – thickness 25 to 65 mm,

 Commonly used as edge boarding for concrete

 Mainly proprietary system, consists of stiff metal

Double wales used and ties

Bracing to prevent form

 A special formwork constructed as a system

 Selecting forming systems is critical because

Slacken off column spanner

Release second frame

Suspend formwork from crane

The retracted bracket allow

 A structural element used to mould concrete

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