Gas Laws: Boyle's Law Charles's Law Avogadro's Law

Gas Laws
o Boyle’s Law
o Charles’s Law
o Avogadro’s Law
Boyle’s Law:
Introduction: In 1660, Robert Boyle explained the relationship

between the volume of given mass of gas and pressure at constant
temperature called Boyle’s law.
Statement: The volume of a given mass of a gas is inversely

proportional to pressure exerted on it at a given temperature.
Temperature
Mathematical Expression:
V α 1/P (T is constant)
V = K.1/P (K is constant)
PV = K
For Two Conditions
K = P1V1 ----> eq-1
K = P2V2 ----> eq-2
By comparing eq-1 and eq-2 we get
P1V1 = P2V2
Graphical Representation
 A hyperbolic curve is obtained when
volume of gas is plotted vs pressure
exert on it.
 Straight line is obtained when
pressure of a gas plotted vs inverse
of volume (1/V).
Problem: What volume does 400 cm3 sample of gas at 700 torr occupy
when pressure is changed to 2 atm?
Data:
P1 = 700 torr
P2 = 2 x 760 = 1520 torr
V1 = 400 cm3
V2 = ???
P1V1
Solution: V2 =
P2
700 x 400
V2 = = 184.21 cm3
1520
Charles’s Law:
Introduction: In 1787, a French physicist Charles explained the

relation between the volume of a gas and its temperature at
constant pressure called Charles’s Law.
Statement: At constant pressure the volume of a given mass of
a gas is directly proportional to temperature of that gas.
V α T (P is constant)
V = K.T (K is constant)
V/ T = K
For Two Conditions
K = V1/ T1 ----> eq-1
K = V2/ T2 ----> eq-2
By comparing eq-1 and eq-2 we get
V1/ T1 = V2/ T2
Graphical Representation
Problem: A Child balloon has a volume of 3.80 dm3 when the temp is 35o C.
What is volume, if the balloon is put into a refrigerator and cooled to 5o C.
Data:
T1 = 35o C = 35 + 273 = 308 K
T2 = 5o C = 5 + 273 = 278 K
V1 = 3.80 dm3
V2 = ???
V1T2
Solution: V2 =
T1
3.80 x 278
V2 = = 3.42 dm3
308
Absolute Zero
 At exact -273 oC the volume of a given mass of
gas reduces to zero. ( -273o C = 0 K )
 The temperature at which the given volume of a

gas reduces to Zero is called Absolute Zero i.e.
0K or -273o C.
 Actually all the gases liquefy or solidify before
they reach -273oC.
 This temperature is considered to as the lowest

possible temperature
Avogadro’s Law:
Introduction: In 1811, Amadeo explained the relationship between

the volume of given mass of gas and the number of molecules at
constant temperature and pressure called Avogadro’s law.
Statement: Equal volume of all gases at same temperature and

pressure contain the same no. of molecules.
V α n (P and T is constant)
V = K.n (K is constant)
K = V/n
Concept of Molar Volume
The volume of one mole of gas at S.T.P is called molar
volume or molar volume gas i.e. 22.4 dm3
Sulphur Carbon dioxide
Oxygen O2 Hydrogen H2
trioxide SO3 CO2
Mass of 1 mole 32 80 44 2
Volume (dm3) 22.4 22.4 22.4 22.4
 An equation that shows the effect of simultaneous changes in
pressure and temperature on the volume of a given gas is called
Ideal Gas equation.
 Ideal gas equation is the combination of three gas laws:

 Boyle’s Law
 Charles’s Law
 Avogadro’s Law
• According to Boyle’s law: 𝑉 ∝ 1 …… eq (i)
𝑃
• According to Charles’s law: 𝑉 ∝ T …… eq (ii)
• According to Avogadro’s law: 𝑉 ∝ n …… eq (iii)

• Combining equations (i) (ii) and (iii) we get:
𝑉 ∝
1 xTxn
𝑃
𝑉 =R
1 T n (R is General Gas Constant)
𝑃
P𝑉= nRT (General Or Ideal Gas Equation)
For Two Conditions
If n = 1 then PV= RT or R = PV
T
R = P 1V1
eq …… (i)
T1
R = P2V2
eq …… (ii)
T2
By comparing eq (i) and eq (ii) we get
P1V1 = P2V2
T1 T2
Value of R ( At S.T.P)
Data:
R = ???
P = 1 atm
T = 273 K
V = 22.4 dm3
n = 1 mole
PV 1 atm x 22.4 dm3

Solution: R = =
nT 1 mole x 273 K
R = 0.0821 atm dm3 mole-1 K-1

Value of R ( At S.T.P)
Data:
R = ???
P = 101300 Nm-2
V = 0.0224 m3
T = 273 K
n = 1 mole
PV 1 01300 Nm-2 x 0.0224 m3

Solution: R = =
nT 1 mole x 273 K
R = 8.3143 N m K-1 mole-1
OR
R = 8.3143 J K-1 mole-1
Problem: What will be the volume occupied by 14g of nitrogen at 20o C and
740 torr pressure?
Data:
P = 740 / 760 = 0.974 atm
T = 20o C = 20 + 273 = 293 K
n = 14/28 = 0.5 mole
R = 0.0821 atm dm3 mole-1 K-1
V = ???
n R T
Solution: V =
P
0.5 mole x 0.0821 atm dm3 mole-1 K-1 x 293 K
V =
0.974 atm

Gas Laws: Boyle's Law Charles's Law Avogadro's Law

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Gas Laws: Boyle's Law Charles's Law Avogadro's Law

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Gas Laws

Introduction: In 1660, Robert Boyle explained the relationship

Statement: The volume of a given mass of a gas is inversely

Introduction: In 1787, a French physicist Charles explained the

 The temperature at which the given volume of a

 This temperature is considered to as the lowest

Introduction: In 1811, Amadeo explained the relationship between

Statement: Equal volume of all gases at same temperature and

 Ideal gas equation is the combination of three gas laws:

• According to Avogadro’s law: 𝑉 ∝ n …… eq (iii)

PV 1 atm x 22.4 dm3

R = 0.0821 atm dm3 mole-1 K-1

PV 1 01300 Nm-2 x 0.0224 m3

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