BOSH Webinar Manual 2021 - FOR PRINTING

BASIC OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH TRAINING MANUAL | Making Safety a Way of Life.
INSAFETY INCORPORATED
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BASIC OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

(B.O.S.H)
TRAINING MANUAL
NOTE
“This manual contains the details of all the key elements that the participants must learn in attending the seminar.
Although this manual replicates the visual presentations, the speaker/s reserves the right to deliver the material in a manner that
will optimize the participants’ learning experience.
The content of this manual and the speakers’ presentation are one and the same. Thank you.”
“Making Safety a Way of Life”
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COURSE OUTLINE
WHY THE NEED FOR OSH? 03
WORKPLACE RISK ASSESSMENT 06
GOOD HOUSEKEEPING 09
FIRE SAFETY 09
ELECTRICAL SAFETY 11
MACHINE SAFETY 13
MATERIALS HANDLING 16
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE & CHEMICAL SAFETY 18
EVALUATION OF RISKS AND HAZARDS 23
MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE 26
DEVELOPMENT OF CONTROL MEASURES 28
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS 30
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION 31
COMMUNICATING OSH 35
WORKPLACE EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS 38
EMPLOYEE’S COMPENSATION PROGRAM 40
OSH LEGISLATIONS 42
DOLE OSH PROGRAM TEMPLATE 50
CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 GUIDELINES 57
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Key Employment Indicators (Philippines – April 2019)

Indicator Rate
Population 15 years and over (in 000) 72,500
Labor force participation rate (%) 61.4
Employment rate (%) 94.9
Unemployment rate (%) 5.1
Underemployment rate (%) 13.5
Philippine Situation
WHY THE NEED FOR OSH? * 2017/2018 Integrated Survey on Labor and Employment (ISLE)
– Part 5 Occupational Safety and Health Practices:2017
Global OSH Figures
Top Five Preventive and Control Measures/Activities
• International Labor Organization (ILO) Safework
Conducted by Establishments
Introductory Report in 2008 showed that close to 50% of
• Among the total 32,288 establishments employing 20 or
work-related deaths occur in Asia
more workers covered by the survey in 2017, 98.1
• In developing countries, fatality rates are five to six times percent had conducted various preventive and control
higher than in industrialized nations and in developing measures/activities to protect workers from
countries unnecessary danger and harm in their workplaces
• Every year, around 170,000 agricultural workers and • Posting of safety signages or warnings was the most
320,000 people die from exposures to biological risks common measure/activity practiced among all
such as viral, bacterial, insect or animal related risks establishments at 86.4 percent
Global Estimated Work-Related Mortality by Cause in 2011 • Other top measures/activities commonly conducted
were: smoke-free workplace (85.4%); emergency
% Work-Related Mortality preparedness and response activities for earthquake,
fire, chemical spills, etc. (84.2%); appointed
Accidents & Violence 15% safety/health officers and/or first-aiders (81.3%); and
Genitourinary Diseases 1%
regular inspection and maintenance of equipment
Digestive Diseases 1%
Respiratory Diseases 7%
(80.4%)
Circulatory Diseases 35% Top Five Occupational Safety and Health
Neuropsychiatric Conditions 2% Policies/Programs Implemented in Establishments
Malignant Neoplasms 29% • To ensure occupational safety and good health
Communicable Diseases 10%
conditions among the employees in establishments,
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 95.3 percent of the total establishments had
implemented various OSH policies/programs in 2017.
Series 1
• Fire prevention and control program was the topmost
OSH policies and programs conducted in 82.6 percent
• Every 15 seconds, a worker dies from a work-related of the total 32,288 establishments.
accident or disease. • Other top OSH policies/programs include drug-free
• Every 15 seconds, 153 workers have a work-related workplace policy/program (77.0%); emergency
accident. response preparedness program (75.1%); accident
• Every day, 6,300 people die as a result of occupational prevention program (68.4%); and
accidents or work-related diseases – more than 2.3 monitoring/surveillance of occupational and work-
million deaths per year. 317 million accidents occur on related injuries and illnesses (63.5%)
the job annually; many of these resulting in extended
Establishments with Designated Health and Safety
absences from work
Personnel
The ILO aims to create worldwide awareness of the • For all industries in 2017, 85.7% of the total
dimensions and consequences of work-related accidents, establishments have designated health and safety
injuries and diseases and to place the health and safety of personnel
all workers on the international agenda and to stimulate • Across industries, wholesale and retail trade industry
and support practical action at all levels. had the highest share of establishments with designated
Philippine Labor and OSH Statistics health and safety personnel in 2017 with 20.3%;
• In 2019, total employment of 44.5 million workers was followed by manufacturing at 16.1% and
distributed between agriculture, fisheries and forestry, accommodation and food service activities at 11.4%
industry and services • Trained first-aiders were the most designated health and
• A huge number of Filipino domestic workers needing safety personnel among establishments with 81.3%.
protection from the government including the provision This was followed by safety officers with 46.2% and
of safe workplace occupational health nurses with 25.0%
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The 2017/2018 Integrated Survey on Labor and 35.9%. Lower extremities and arm and shoulder came
Employment (ISLE) next with 18.7% and 17.6%, respectively
(Source:https://psa.gov.ph/tags/integrated-survey-labor-and- • Cause of injury: The leading cause of work-related injury
employment) in establishments was stepping on, striking against or
• A total of 38,235 occupational accidents occurred in struck by objects, excluding falling objects (36.3%).
2017. These work-related accidents were reported by Other causes of injury include caught in or between
about 16.3 percent of the total 32,288 establishments objects (21.0%) and falls of persons (10.5%)
employing 20 or more workers in 2017. • Agent of injury: The top three agents of injuries in 2017
• As a result of workplace accidents, about 46,283 cases were machines and equipment (26.2%); materials and
of occupational injuries were recorded in 2017. Both objects (24.4%); and hand tools (18.3%)
cases of occupational accidents and cases of • Major occupation group: By major occupation group,
occupational injuries in 2017 were comparatively lower 30.2% of the total 20,797 cases of occupational injuries
by 14.5 percent and 9.2 percent, respectively from 2015. with workdays lost in 2017 affected plant and machine
(Refer to figure below) operators and assemblers. Injuries to service and sales
workers; and elementary occupations followed at 19.3%
Occupational Accidents and Cases of Occupational and 18.7%, respectively
Injuries in Establishments Employing 20 or More,
Philippines: 2015 and 2017 Occupational Diseases
Occurrences of occupational diseases in establishments
60,000 50,961
44,739
38,235
46,283 employing 20 or more workers accounted to 101,851 cases
40,000 in 2017. This was a decrease of 19.1% from 125,973
20,000 reported cases in 2015.
0 Cases of Occupational Diseases in Esablishments
2015 2017 Employing 20 or More Workers, Philippine: 2015
and 2017
Occupational Accidents Occupational Injuries
200,000
Source of Data: Philippine Statistics Authority 125,973
101,851
100,000
• Among cases of occupational injuries, about 43.9%
were non-fatal cases with lost workdays while about 1% 0
were fatal cases. More than half of all occupational
injuries (55.1%) were accounted to cases of injuries 2015 2017
without lost workdays.
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2017/2018 Integrated Survey on
• By industry, manufacturing accounted for the highest Labor and Employment
share of occupational injuries at 49.7% of the total
cases. Far second was wholesale and retail trade; repair Topmost work-related diseases suffered by workers was
of motorcycles at 11.4%, followed by administrative and back pains with 31.3%. Other most prevalent occupational
support service activities at 7.2% share diseases experienced were essential hypertension (15.5%)
and neck-shoulder pains (11.4%).
Measures on Safety Performance of Occupational
Injuries Top Five Occupational Diseases in Establishments
• The frequency rate in 2017 was registered at 1.75 (Philippines – 2017)
percent. Approximately, there were 2 cases of • Back pains – 31.3%
occupational injuries with workdays lost reported per • Essential hypertension – 15.5%
1,000,000 employee-hours of exposure • Neck - Shoulder pains – 11.4%
• The incidence rate in 2017 was posted at 4.27% which • Occupational asthma – 5.4%
indicates that there were around 4 cases of occupational • Other infections – 5.3%
injuries with workdays lost per 1,000 workers Workers engaged in administrative and support service
• The severity rate was recorded at 9.68. This means that activities reported the highest share of cases with
about 10 workdays were lost in cases of occupational occupational diseases with 31.8 percent. Followed by
injuries resulting to temporary incapacity per 1,000,000 manufacturing industry (28.9%) and wholesale and retail
employee-hours of exposure trade; repair of motorcycles (9.6%).
Cases of Occupational Injuries with Workdays Lost by Establishments Violating General Labor Standards and
Classification Occupational Safety and Health Standards (Philippines: 2014
• Type of Injury: Superficial injuries and open wounds – 2017)
were the most common type of occupational injuries with 100.00% 59.50% 50.10% 46.70%
more than half or 50.8% of the total cases reported. This 35.10%
50.00%
was followed by dislocations, sprains and strains with
12.0% and fractures with 10.7% 0.00%
2014 2015 2016 2017
• Part of body injured: Wrist and hand were collectively
recorded as the most injured part of body accounting for Source: Department of Labor and Employment, Bureau of Working Conditions.
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• By type of violation, the most common violation incurred • Oversee the overall management of the OSH program
by establishments under general labor standards in in coordination with the OSH committee
2017 was no record keeping/non-presentation of • Frequently monitor and inspect any health or safety
records accounting for 21.0% of total establishments aspect of the operation being undertaken with the
with violations on the required labor standards participation of supervisors and workers
• This was followed by wage-related violations such as • Assist government inspectors in the conduct of safety
underpayment of minimum wage (14.1%); non- and health inspection at any time
remittance of Social Security System (SSS) Premium • Issue Work Stoppage Order (WSO) when necessary
(13.2%); non- payment/underpayment of regular holiday based on the requirements and procedures provided by
pay (10.7%); and non- payment/underpayment of the OSH standards
overtime pay (10.0 %)
Introduction to HIRAC
• With regard to violations on occupational safety and
health standards, the most widespread violation among • Risk Assessment is a set of practices aimed at helping
inspected establishments in 2017 was inadequacy of to manage the risks and hazards inherent in a wide
first-aider at 19.3% range of activities
▪ It is increasingly considered to be an essential part
• This was followed by non-registration of establishment
of the work to be done in planning and implementing
(Rule 1020) at 18.6%; non-keeping of medical records
such activities
(15.9%); non-submission of accident report (14.2%);
non-submission of annual medical report (13.8%); and NOTE: Basically, it helps us to know when something we
no safety committee (11.0%) are doing involves hazardous conditions resulting in
potential risks that should be mitigated or eliminated.
Establishments Violating Occupational Safety and
Health Standards (Philippines – 2017) The Four Questions
1. What could possibly go wrong?
Inadequacy of registered
0.80% ▪ This is a brainstorming exercise through which we
nurse make a list of potential risks and hazards in our
Inadequacy of first-aider
19.30% situation
Inadequacy of emergency ▪ Take the time to look beyond the obvious, and use
4.10%
medicine your common sense and experience
Non-keeping of medical
15.90% 2. What could be the severity of the consequences if it did?
records ▪ Think through the severity of the result if the bad thing
Poor housekeeping
1.60% happens. In particular, would it result in serious injury?
Inadequate aisles and On a scale of 1 through 5, rate the severity of the
1.00%
passage ways potential consequences, with 1 being trivial, and 5
Non-provision of fire
9.90% being death
extinguisher
No machine guarding 3. What is the likelihood of it occurring?
0.20%
• Rank the likelihood of the bad thing happening, again
Non-registration of on a scale of 1-5, with 1 being highly unlikely (like a
18.60%
establishment (Rule 1070)
No safety committee comet landing on the site) and 5 being nearly certain
11.00% (like someone tripping over a loose extension cord in
No minutes of safety
7.70%
the dark)
committee meetings
Non-submission of accident Sample Risk Assessment Table
14.20%
report
Non-submission of annual
13.80%
medical report
No personal protective
1.30%
equipment (PPE)
0.00% 5.00% 10.00% 15.00% 20.00%
Safety Officer
• The employment of a full-time safety officer may not be
required if the employer enters into a written contract
with a qualified consultant or consulting organization
* Low risk: 1 – 3 * High risk: 9 – 14
whose duties and responsibilities shall be the duties of * Moderate risk: 4 – 8 * Extreme risk: 15 – 25
a safety practitioner
• The employment of a consultant, however, will not We can see that hazard with a low probability and trivial
excuse the employer from the required training of his consequences will end up toward the Green (Go) part of
supervisors or technical personnel the grid, while those with high probability and bad
consequences will end up toward the Red (STOP) zone.
Roles of A Safety Officer (Section 14 of DOLE DO 198 s18) This process helps us to identify what we need to pay
attention to.
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4. What can/should we do to mitigate or eliminate the risk? Unsafe Act: any activity by workers which are not as per the
• Identify and select actions that will reduce or eliminate prescribed safety standard or practice and which can cause
the hazard, which would move it toward or into the or likely to cause accidents or risk for self or others at
green workplace, damage equipment and bring losses in terms of
▪ These may take the form of operational or reputations and revenue to employer. Such human acts can
equipment changes to eliminate the risk completely be due to callous attitude of workers or lack of awareness
• They may also involve actions to help avoid bad on safety measures or not following safe work practices.
consequences. NOTE: In general, unsafe activities can lead to unsafe
Once the four questions have been asked and answered, it conditions.
is essential to run through the cycle again, with a particular Examples of Unsafe Acts
focus on making sure that the mitigation actions taken have • Workers uses equipment that is defective or damaged
not created new risks or unforeseen consequences.
• Worker uses good equipment in a careless or other
We are done when we have implemented the identified unsafe manner
changes, and all of the identified risks fall within an • Disregarding posted warning signs
acceptable zone. • Opening and lifting material incorrectly
NOTE: A risk assessment must be carried out before Factors Contributing to Unsafe Acts
people starts working, and this should cover all risk factors • Improper attitude
related to: • Physical limitations
• Equipment: workplace layout, machines, hand tools, • Lack of knowledge/skills
software and hardware
• Product: hazardous substances, heavy loads, sharp Unsafe Condition: any condition or situation (electrical,
objects chemical, biological, physical, mechanical & environmental)
• Environment: light, noise, climate, vibrations which increases the risks and dangers of accidents that may
result in injury to a person, damage or destruction to
• Organization: tasks, working hours, breaks, shift
property and other losses
systems, training, communication
• Human: lack of physical or mental capacity, lack of Examples of Unsafe Conditions
knowledge or skills, lack of right attitude/behavior • Insufficient illumination
Workplace Hazards • Too few fire extinguishers available
• Safety Hazards: Unsafe working conditions that that • Careless disposal of waste
can cause injury and death NOTE: Heinrich found out that 98% of workplace accidents
▪ The most common workplace risks are preventable and only 2% are non-preventable. Of the
▪ Associated with unsafe equipment/machinery 98% preventable accidents, 88% is due to unsafe acts or
• Health Hazards: Any agent or activity posing a potential man failure and 10% is due to unsafe conditions
hazard to health
▪ Organism, chemical, condition, or circumstance that
may cause illness
Evaluation of Risk
Risk = Probability (event) x Severity (harm)
WORKPLACE RISK ASSESSMENT

Introduction
Before hazards can be controlled, they must be discovered.
Monitoring is an effective means of acquiring hazard
information and monitoring can be defined as a set of
observation and data collection method used to detect and
measure deviations from plans and procedures in current
operations.
Unsafe Act and Unsafe Conditions Monitoring can involve four (4) functions:
• An accident is an unplanned and unexpected 1. Hazards identification 3. Analysis
occurrence that may result to injury or death to a person 2. Inspection 4. Accident investigation
and/or damage to properties
• The causes of accidents could actually be divided into
two categories – unsafe acts and unsafe conditions
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Important Terms Classification of Hazards

• Accident is an unplanned, unexpected, unforeseen and A Hazard Classification System helps managers set
unwanted event that result to harm to person or damage priorities for actions to control all identified hazards and they
to property are classified as follows:
• Hazard is a physical condition with a potential for human • CLASS A – a condition or practice likely to cause
injury, damage to property, the environment or a permanent disability, loss of life, or body part and/or
combination thereof extensive loss of structure, equipment or material. Ex.,
• Hazard Assessment is a systematic approach to a band saw without guard
identify hazards in order to analyze and evaluate their • CLASS B – a condition or practice likely to cause
overall effect on people, property and environment serious injury/illness resulting in temporary disability or
• Hazard Identification – process of recognizing that a property damage that is disruptive but less than CLASS
hazard exists and defining its characteristics A. Ex., incorrect position in handling a radial arm saw
• Incident (Near-miss) is a situation which almost • CLASS C – a condition or practice likely to cause
resulted to an accident. NOTE: An incident where no ill serious injury/illness resulting in temporary disability or
health, injury, damage, or other loss occurs is also non-disruptive property damage. Ex., carpenter
referred to as a “near miss.” The term “incident” also handling rough lumber without gloves
includes “near misses” Hazard Category
• Non-Conformance – any deviation from work • Catastrophic – may cause death or loss of facility
standards, practices, procedures, regulations, • Critical – may cause severe injury, severe occupational
management system performance etc. that could either illness or major property damage
directly or indirectly lead to injury or illness, property
• Marginal – may cause minor injury or minor
damage, damage to the workplace environment, or a
occupational illness resulting in lost workday/s or minor
combination of these
property damage
• Occupational Health & Safety – conditions and factors • Negligible – probably would not affect personnel safety
that affect the well-being of employees, temporary
or health and thus less than a work lost day but
workers, contractor personnel, visitors and any other
nevertheless is in violation of specific criteria
person in the workplace
• Risk is a potential problem that exists when persons or Procedures required:
properties are exposed to hazards • Identification of
• Assessment of risks
• Risk Assessment – overall process of estimating the hazards
magnitude of risk and deciding whether or not the risk is • Implementation of necessary control measures
tolerable Hazard Identification
• Safety – freedom from unacceptable risk of harm Hazard Identification is the systematic use
• Tolerable Risk – is a risk that has been reduced to a of all available information to identify
level that can be endured by the organization having hazards in order to analyze and evaluate
regard to its legal obligations and its own OH&S policy. their overall effect on people, property and
the environment.
Causes of Accident & Illness
• Hazardous acts Purpose of Hazard Identification
• Hazardous conditions • Uncover overlooked hazards
Hazards
• Locate new hazards that developed
• Determine essential factors or requirements for specific
processes or operations
• Modify processes or operations, if needed
• Identify situational hazards
• Identify human causal factors
• Identify exposure causal factors
• Identify physical causal factors
• Determine appropriate monitoring methods
• Any existing or potential condition in the workplace that, Benefits of Hazard Identification
by itself or inter-acting with other variables, can result in • Identifies hazardous conditions and potential accidents
death, injuries, property damage and other losses • Provides information with which effective control
• Hazards are grouped into two broad categories, namely: measures can be established
▪ Those dealing with safety and injuries • Determines level of knowledge and skill as well as
▪ Those dealing with health and illnesses physical requirements workers need to execute specific
tasks
Page 7 of 62
• Discovers and eliminates unsafe procedures, Processes for an Effective Hazard Control Program
techniques, motions, positions and actions Hazard identification and evaluation:
• Ranking hazards by risk
Sources of Workplace Hazards Information
• Management decision making
• Those who are familiar with plant operations and the • Establishing preventive and corrective measures
hazards associated with them
• Monitoring
• Hazard information from manufacturers of industrial • Evaluating program effectiveness
equipment, tools and machinery acquired by the
company Establishing Preventive & Corrective Measures
• From accident and old inspection reports (either internal Control of Occupational Hazards
or external) 1. Engineering Controls
• Hazard analysis and thorough knowledge of the 2. Administrative Controls
demands of a particular task 3. Personal Protective Equipment
• Safety Data Sheet in compliance with GHS Engineering Controls
• Technical and Professional Associations • Isolation of source
• Lockout procedures
Risk Level Estimator
• Design
Slightly Extremely
Harmful • Process or procedural changes
Harmful Harmful
Highly Tolerable Risk • Monitoring & warning devices
Trivial Risk (1) Moderate Risk (3)
Unlikely (1) • Chemical or material substitution
Tolerable Risk Moderate Risk Substantial Risk
Unlikely Administrative Controls
(2) (3) (4)
Likely
Moderate Risk Substantial Risk Intolerable Risk • Personnel • Management
(3) (4) (5) • Monitoring • Limiting worker
Risk Control Plan exposure
Risk Level Action • Measuring performance • Training and education
Trivial 01 None • Housekeeping & • Purchasing
Tolerable 02 Acceptable maintenance
Moderate 03 Kept within limits
Substantial 04 Urgent Personal Protective Equipment
Intolerable 05 Immediate Purpose of PPE:
• Trivial – of little value or importance; insignificant • To reduce exposures while other controls are being
• Tolerable – endurable; bearable implemented
• Moderate – keeping or kept within reasonable limits • To provide protection during activities such as
• Substantial – of real worth and importance maintenance and repairs when controls are not feasible
• Intolerable – not tolerable; insufferable • To provide protection during emergencies
Basic Steps in Risk Assessment • To supplement other controls
1. Classify work activities 2. Identify hazards Monitoring
3. Determine risk 4. Decide if risk tolerable • To provide assurance that hazard controls are working
5. Prepare risk control 6. Review the adequacy of properly
plan action plan • To ensure that modifications have not so altered the
Hazard Analysis/Assessment workplace that current hazard controls can no longer
function adequately
• To discover/locate new or previously undetected
hazards and assess effectiveness of existing controls
Coverage
• Inspection
• Industrial hygiene testing
Hazard Analysis is an orderly process used to acquire • Medical surveillance
specific information pertinent to a given system and other Pro-Active Safety Process (PSP)
areas of responsibility. However, it differs in a very • Pro-Active Safety Process is a practical approach to the
important way. What you are managing is prevention and prevention of accidents. In PSP, the emphasis is in
that which requires taking a pro-active management discovering what causes accident and identifying where
approach. in the work process those causes are likely to occur
In most cases; less time, effort and money are required to • The application of PSP is a simple Four-Step Process:
prevent accident than is required to react to their 1. Identification 2. Assessment
consequences 3. Intervention 4. Maintenance
Page 8 of 62
Evaluating Program Effectiveness • A tidy workplace reduces the opportunity for accidents,
The final process in hazard control is to evaluate the incidence and prevents wasted energy
effectiveness of the safety & health program.
Signs of Poor Housekeeping
Evaluation involves answering the following questions: • Poorly arranged work areas
• What is being done to locate and control hazards? • Untidy or dangerous storage of materials
• What impact are the benefits having on improving • Dusty, dirty floors and work surfaces
operational efficiency and effectiveness? • Items that are in excess or no longer needed
• Tools and equipment left in work areas instead of being
returned to proper storage places
• Broken containers and damaged materials
• Overflowing waste bins and containers
• Spills and leaks
Methods of Improving Housekeeping
• Keep work areas clean
• Keep exits and entrances clear
GOOD HOUSEKEEPING • Keep floors clean, dry and in good condition
• Stack and store items safety
What is Good Housekeeping?
• Store all work materials in approved, clearly labeled
• Means having no unnecessary items about and keeping containers in designated storage areas only
all necessary items in their proper places
• Use proper waste containers
• “A place for everything and everything in its place.”
• Keep sprinklers, fire alarms and fire extinguishers clear
• Management and maintenance of the property and
• Clean up spills and leaks of any type quickly and
equipment of an institution or organization
properly
Why Good Housekeeping? • Fix or report broken or damaged tools, equipment, etc.
Good housekeeping promotes:
Establishing a Housekeeping Program
• Quality • Productivity
• Careful planning
• Safety • Clean environment
• A clean-up schedule of policy
How Does Good Housekeeping Help? • Effective inspection
• Place for everything • Continuous supervision and enforcement of
▪ Inventory of every item housekeeping rules
- Why do we need?
➢ Get rid of unwanted material
➢ Low inventory means less cost
• Everything in its place
▪ Identification system in the department
▪ Discipline in the department
▪ Searching time is eliminated
▪ Improved productivity and high moral
FIRE SAFETY
Effects of Good Housekeeping
Fire: a chemical reaction between a flammable or
• Eliminates accident and fire causes
combustible material and oxygen. This process converts the
• Provides the best use of space
flammable or combustible materials and oxygen into
• Keeps inventory of materials to a minimum energy.
• Helps control property damage
• Guarantees a good workplace appearance Property Loss
• Reduces the amount of cleanup • Direct: destruction and damage by fire, water or smoke
• Indirect: loss of jobs, income, business failure
Housekeeping is Safe-keeping at Work
• Good housekeeping is the foundation for a safer Personal Injuries
workplace • Deaths
• Housekeeping in any organization is the cornerstone of ▪ Asphyxiation
efficiency and the maintenance of operating standards. ▪ Burns
if you are going to increase safety levels, first of all to ▪ Trampled upon by others
improve housekeeping • Non-Fatal Injuries
• A messy working environment contributes to unsafe ▪ Burns
work practices, undesirable incidents and ultimately, ▪ Inhalation of fire gases
workplace accidents
Page 9 of 62
Fire Losses Classification of Fires

• Flash Point is the lowest temperature at which a
substance will give off flammable vapors
• Ignition Temperature is the temperature at which a
substance will ignite and continue to burn
• Combustible Substance is a substance that can burn • Class A – fire in ordinary combustible materials, such as
• Flammable Substance is a substance that can easily burn wood, paper excelsior, rags and general thrash or
Elements of Fire Safety rubbish where the quenching and cooling effects of
Fire prevention quantities of water or of solutions containing a large
• Fire safety engineering, design of building, operation, percentage of water are of first importance
processes • Class B – fire in flammable liquids, such as gasoline, oil,
• Good housekeeping alcohol, greases or organic solvents, where a blanketing
• Electrical safety effect is essential
• Proper storage of materials (combustible & flammable) • Class C – fire in “live” electrical equipment or of
• Safety practices electrical origin, where the use of non-conducting
extinguishing agent is of first importance
Fire Protection • Class D – fire in combustible metals. These are limited
• Fire detection • Evacuation to few industries and require specialized control
• Fire alarm • Rescue techniques
• Fire locator • First-aid • Class K – fires involving commercial cooking appliances
• Fire extinguishment • Salvage with vegetable oils, animal oils, or fats at high
Fire Chemistry temperatures. A wet potassium acetate, low pH-based
In order to have a fire, three conditions must be present agent is used for this class of fire.
simultaneously. Fire Extinguishing Agents
• First, there must be FUEL in the form of combustible • Water. The application of water reduces the
vapor temperature of the burning material below that is
• Second, there must be OXYGEN present in the proper necessary for it to give off combustible vapor, thus,
concentration to support combustion removing the HEAT leg of the triangle by COOLING
• Third, there must be sufficient HEAT to ignite this vapor, ACTION of the extinguishing agent
and the amount of heat necessary varies according to • Carbon Dioxide. A carbon dioxide extinguisher
the substance from which the vapor is given off consists of one or more cylinders of liquid carbon
dioxide, which vaporizes when released to the
Triangle of Fire and Fire Tetrahedron
atmosphere and is blown through a horn over the fire
• This can be more graphically explained if we state that
area
each of these
▪ The inert gas, being one and half times heavier than
conditions represent
air, dilutes the AIR (OXYGEN) side of the fire triangle
one side of a
and extinguishes the fire by SMOTHERING
TRIANGLE and all
• Dry Chemical. Extinguishment of fires by use of dry,
three portions must be
finely powdered, noncombustible dust has been used in
present to make the
various forms. The dust blown over the fire with dry
triangle complete
chemical powder being principally sodium bicarbonate is
• When a fire starts, a
converted to carbon dioxide and in addition to the
fourth element, which
cooling effect of the powder, extinguished by smothering
is the chemical
▪ This method of extinguishment removes the air
reaction, is necessary for flame propagation
(oxygen) and heat (ignition) legs of the fire triangle
▪ The four-sided figure is called Fire TETRAHEDRON
and extinguishes by smothering and cooling.
Methods of Fire Extinguishment
Fire Extinguisher Anatomy
• Smothering – Removal or dilution of air or oxygen to a
• Discharge lever
point where combustion ceases
• Discharge locking pin and seal
• Isolation – Removal of fuel to a point where there is
• Discharge hose
nothing remaining to oxidize
• Discharge nozzle
• Quenching – Cooling of the fuel to a point where
combustible vapors are no longer involved or where • Discharge orifice
activation energy is lowered to the extent that no • Pressure gauge
activated atoms or free radicals are produced • Carrying handle
• Inhibition – Interruption of the flame chemistry of the • Data plate
chain reaction of combustion by injection of compounds • Body
capable of quenching free radical production during their
existence.
Page 10 of 62
Care & Maintenance of Fire Extinguishers • Weeds, twigs, and other trash should be kept mowed or
• Check the amount of extinguishing agent picked up from around the outside of the building
• Check the pressure through the pressure gauge • Paper storage should not be near lights, fans, electrical
• Check accessories (flexible hose, nozzle or discharge boxes, heaters or outlets
horn, pressure gauge, etc.) • Flammable substances should be kept elsewhere
• Subject containers to hydrostatic testing, as follows: outside the building.
▪ Carbon Dioxide – every five (5) years. • Vehicles and machinery should be stored in a separate
▪ Dry Chemical – every ten (10) years. building
Foam • A fire hose and buckets should be available and kept for
the purpose of extinguishing class A fires rapidly
• Foam is the most effective of all extinguishing agent for
fighting a solvent fire in the tank, in a firewall, trench etc., • Practice fire drills should be held so employees and
where the liquid surface can be completely blanketed boarders are familiar with their responsibilities should a
with a layer of foam real fire occur
• Foam extinguishes the fire by cutting off the solvent
surface from the fire space and radiant heat above,
thereby stopping the formation of vapor essential to the
burning of the solvents and thus starves the fire by
removing the air (oxygen) leg of a triangle. Foam has
also the tendency to cool the solvent surface, but its
greatest effectiveness is STARVING
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
Halogenated Extinguishing Agents
Introduction
• However, this type is already banned from use by the
• The OSH Standards has devoted an entire section (Rule
Fire Code of the Philippines.
1210) which specify standards on ELECTRICAL
How to Use a Fire Extinguisher? SAFETY
If the fire can be contained or • The employer must train employees in safe work
extinguished, a properly trained person practices in working with electrical equipment
should use the right extinguishers on the ▪ The training rules distinguish between workers who
blaze. work on or near exposed energized parts and those
When using a typical extinguisher, who do not
follow the “PASS” method. Hold the ▪ Even if you are not qualified to work on electrically
extinguishers upright and: energized equipment, you must know the specific
• Pull the pin, stand back 8 to 10 safety practices which apply to your job
feet • To handle electricity safely, including working with
• Aim at the base of the fire electrical equipment, you need to understand how
electricity acts, how it can be approached, the hazards
• Squeeze the handle
it presents, and how those hazards can be controlled
• Sweep at the base of the fire with the extinguishing
• Basically, there are two (2) kinds of electricity:
agent
▪ Static (stationary)
If you aim at the high flames, you won’t put out the fire. ▪ Dynamic (moving)
Remember, that most extinguishers have a very limited
Characteristics of Electricity
operation time, 8-10 seconds, so you have to act fast and
Three basic terms are defined using the analogy that
spray correctly at the base of fire, not at smokes or flames.
electricity flowing through a circuit can be likened to the flow
Time is the essence of firefighting. The smaller the fire, the of water through a pipe, and if this analogy is kept in mind,
easier it is to extinguish. Know the location of fire alarms the following terms are not troublesome.
and extinguishers. Know your nearest fire exit and proceeds • Current (I)
to it in an orderly fashion. • Voltage (V or E)
General Fire Safety Precautions • Resistance (R)
• Smoking should never be permitted in any storage area, ▪ CURRENT may be thought of as the total volume of
tack room or lounge water flowing past a certain point in a given length of
• “No-Smoking” signs should be posted in these areas time. Electric current is measured in amperes, which
and at all exterior is a very large quantity; therefore, in relation to the
• entrances. Butt cans should be provided as an incentive effect of shock on the human body, the measurement
to extinguish all cigarettes used is the mill ampere (0.001 ampere)
▪ VOLTAGE may be thought of as the PRESSURE in a
• Exit doors should be clearly marked
pipeline: it is measured in volts
• Aisles should be raked or swept clean at all times.
▪ RESISTANCE is any condition which RETARDS
Vacuum up cobwebs and dust regularly. Wipe dust/dirt
FLOW; it is measured in ohms
off light fixtures, outlet covers, switches and panel boxes
Page 11 of 62
▪ LOW VOLTAGE is 24 to 600 volts, and safety low muscular contraction, often so severe that the victim is
voltage refers to voltages below 24 volts thrown clear of the circuit.
Ohm’s Law Table 2: Resistance of Materials
V (voltage) • Most Metals 10 to 50 Ohms
I (current) = ----------------------- • Dry Wood 100,000,000 Ohms
R (resistance) • Wet Wood 1,000 Ohms
• Rubber 1,000,000,000,000,000 Ohms
Hazards of Electricity
• Human Resistance
Shock Explosions ▪ Human body (dry skin) 100,000 to 600,000 Ohms
Burns Fires ▪ Human body (wet skin) 1,000 Ohms
Arc Blast ▪ Internal body – hand to foot 400 to 600 Ohms
▪ Internal body – ear to ear (about) 100 Ohms
Electrical Injuries
• Current flow is the factor that causes injury as electric Electrical Hazards
shock; that is, the severity of electric shock is • Defective appliances, equipment and tools
determined by the amount of current flow through the • Defective wiring installation
victim • Personal factor (“Do-it-yourself”
conditions)
How Does Current Affects the Body?
• Lack of maintenance of
• At 0.4 ma: No sensation
equipment
• At 1.1 ma: A slight tingling sensation
• Using unapproved electrical
• At 1.8 ma: Shock equipment appliances
• At 16 ma: Painful shock • Failure to ground equipment
▪ Loss of muscle control can cause victim to lock on to
• No proper rated protective
the source
device
• Above 23 ma: Severe injuries and possible death
• Overloading of circuits
Severity of Electric Shock
Control of Electrical Hazards
• The amount of CURRENT that flows through the body 1. Conformance to requirements of NEC on:
and the path that the current takes from entry to exit the
• Grounding provisions
body
• Insulation requirements
• In general, the longer the current flows through the body,
the more serious may be the result. Considerable • Enclosure requirements
current is likely to flow from high voltage sources, and in 2. Electrical circuit protection (use of standard fuses or
general only very short exposure can be tolerated if the circuit breakers)
victim is to be revived 3. Strict conformance to Lockout/Tag-out (LO/TO)
System
TABLE 1: Reaction of the body to electric shock 4. Implementation of Preventive Maintenance of Electrical
50 to 200 Milli-amperes will cause Installations
Fatal Shock
death depending on length of time
(100-110 volts) How Can You Protect Yourself from Electrical Current?
(due to ventricular fibrillation)
15 to 20 Milli-amperes
• Will cause a painful shock and
Freezing to the
control of muscle is lost.
line
• Will cause death due to heart
(100-110 volts)
collapse & stop breathing if left in
contact too long.
8 to 15 Milli-amperes
• Is painful and person can let go – When working around electrical equipment:
Sensation of
Shock
may lead to other accidents. • NEVER make repairs, unless the power is off and
1 to 8 MILLI-AMPERES unplugged from the circuit
(100-110 volts)
• Is not painful and person can let • NEVER use equipment or appliances with frayed cords
go.
• NEVER operate, repair, submerge or work with
Because current flow depends on voltage and resistance, equipment in or around water
these factors are important.
• RESISTANCE to current flow is mainly to be found in What Is an Electrical Conductor?
the skin surface. Dry skin has a fairly high resistance, • A material having many free electrons that can move
but a sharp decrease in resistance takes place when the easily
skin is moist. See Table 2. Once the skin resistance is • Metals (especially copper) are good conductors.
broken down, the current flows readily through the blood • A copper wire will allow billions of electrons to flow in the
and body tissues. same direction to create a great source of electrical
• Whatever protection is offered by skin, its resistance current.
decreases rapidly with increase in VOLTAGE. High
voltage alternating current of 60 Hz causes violent
Page 12 of 62
What Is an Electrical Insulator? Hazardous Mechanical Actions

• A material having few free electrons that cannot move • Cutting
easily • Punching
• Rubber, dry wood, porcelain, and clay are good • Shearing
insulators • Bending
• Insulators prevent electricity from flowing where it
Where Mechanical Hazards Occur
should not flow and control the flow of electricity in order
to prevent accidents • Point of operation
• All parts of the machine which move, such as:
Safety Rules ▪ Flywheels, pulleys, belts, couplings, chains, cranks,
gears, etc.
▪ feed mechanisms and auxiliary parts of the machine
• In-running nip points
Point of Operation
• Do not guess – every line should be assumed energized That point where work is performed on the material, such
• Use right instruments to test as cutting, shaping, boring, or forming of stock must be
• Inspect regularly guarded.
• Use appropriate PPE, fuse tongs & insulated tools
• Use Lockout/Tag-out (LO/TO) System Rotating Parts
• Never work alone on electrical lines
• Make temporary wirings safe
• Observe NEC during installation
• Only qualified electricians should be allowed to work on
electrical jobs
• Never use metallic ladders when working on electricity
• Never bridge a fuse with wire
• Always have a high respect for electricity
Rescue Techniques
• Cut off electrical source immediately In-Running Nip Points
• Break connection between the victim and the power
source, or remove the victim from the current source
without endangering yourself
• As soon as you can touch the victim safely, apply
artificial respiration (CPR) immediately
MACHINE SAFETY
Crushed hands and arms, severed fingers, blindness – the
list of possible machinery-related injuries. Safeguards are
essential for protecting workers from needless and
preventable injuries.
A good rule to remember is: Any machine part, function, or
process which may cause injury must be safeguarded.
Where the operation of a machine can injure the operator
or other workers, the hazard must be controlled or
eliminated.
Causes of Machine Accidents
• Reaching in to “clear” equipment
• Not using Lockout/Tagout
• Unauthorized persons doing maintenance or using the
machines
• Missing or loose machine guards
Page 13 of 62
Power-Transmission Apparatus Pullback Device

Power-transmission apparatus (shafting, flywheels, pulleys, • Utilizes a series of cables attached to the operator’s
belts, chain drives, etc.) less than 7 feet from the floor or hands, wrists, and/or arms
working platform must be guarded. • Primarily used on machines with stroking action
Requirements for Safeguards • Allows access to the point of operation when the
• Prevent contact - slide/ram is up
prevent worker’s body • Withdraws hands when the slide/ram begins to descend
or clothing from • Hands in die, feeding
contacting hazardous • Point of operation exposed
moving parts • Pullback device attached and properly adjusted
• Secure - firmly • Die closed
secured to machine • Hands withdrawn from point of operation by pullback
and not easily device
removed Restraint Device
• Protect from falling
objects - ensure that no objects can fall into moving
parts
• Create no new hazards - must not have shear points,
jagged edges or unfinished surfaces
• Create no interference - must not prevent worker from
performing the job quickly and comfortably
• Allow safe lubrication - if possible, be able to lubricate
the machine without removing the safeguards
• Uses cables or straps attached to the operator’s hands
Methods of Machine Safeguarding
and a fixed point
Guards
• Must be adjusted to let the operator’s hands travel within
• Fixed
a predetermined safe area
• Interlocked
• Hand-feeding tools are often necessary if the operation
• Adjustable involves placing material into the danger area
• self-adjusting
Devices Safety Tripwire Cables
• presence sensing • Device located around the perimeter of or near the
• pullback danger area
• restraint • Operator must be able to reach the cable to stop the
• safety controls (tripwire cable, two-hand control, etc.) machine
• gates Two-Hand Control
Location/Distance • Requires constant, concurrent pressure to activate the
Feeding & Ejecting Method machine. The operator’s hands are required to be at a
• automatic and/or semi-automatic feed and ejection safe location (on control buttons) and at a safe distance
• robots from the danger area while the machine completes its
Miscellaneous Aids closing cycle
• awareness barriers Presence Sensing
• protective shields • Uses systems of light
• hand-feeding tools • Principle of operation: When the light beam is broken,
Fixed Guard machine will not start to cycle or stopping mechanism
• Provides a barrier - a permanent part of the machine, will be activated
preferable to all other types of guards. Gate
• Interlocked Guard - When this type of guard is opened • Movable barrier device which protects the operator at
or removed, the tripping mechanism and/ or power the point of operation before the machine cycle can be
automatically shuts off or disengages, and the machine started
cannot cycle or be started until the guard is back in • If the gate does not fully close, machine will not function
place.
• Adjustable Guard - Provides a barrier which may be Safeguarding by Location/Distance
adjusted to facilitate a variety of production operations. • Locate the machine or its dangerous moving parts so
• Self-Adjusting Guard - Provides a barrier which moves that they are not accessible or do not present a hazard
according to the size of the stock entering the danger to a worker during normal operation
area. • Maintain a safe distance from the danger area
Page 14 of 62
Automatic Feed: Robots In a tagout, you attach a written warning tag at the place
• Machines that load and unload stock, assemble parts, where the equipment would be energized, such as at the
transfer objects, or perform other tasks ON switch or on a valve that opens a supply line.
• Best used in high-production processes requiring Your safety - and that of your co-workers – depends on
repeated routines where they prevent other hazards to proper recognition and use of locks and tags. So remember:
employees • Never use your lockout/tagout equipment for locking
Protective Shields personal or unauthorized items
• These do not give complete protection from machine • Never lend or borrow a lock or tag
hazards, but do provide some protection from flying • Never remove someone else’s lock or tag
particles, splashing cutting oils, or coolants.
Locks or Tags?
Holding Tools • OSHA considers using a lock safer
• Used to place and remove stock in the danger area than just using a tag
• Not to be used instead of other machine safeguards, but • The OSHA standard allows a tag in
as a supplement the place of a lock only if the tagout
provides the equivalent protection of
Machine Safety Responsibilities
a lockout
Management
• Ensure all machinery is properly guarded Energy Sources
• Electrical – can be a direct source
Supervisors
• Hydraulic – uses fluid under pressure
• Train employees on specific guard rules in their areas
• Pneumatic – uses air under pressure
• Ensure machine guards remain in place and are
functional • Kinetic – the energy created in a moving object
• Immediately correct machine guard deficiencies • Potential – stored energy such as the energy in
capacitors, compressed air, hydraulics and springs
Employees • Pressurized liquids or gases – including steam and
• Do not remove guards unless machine is locked and chemicals present in pipes and supply lines
tagged • Any other energy – including thermal or mechanical
• Report machine guard problems to supervisors energy, gravity, pressurized systems and elevated parts
immediately
Service or maintenance activities on equipment
• Do not operate equipment unless guards are in place
include:
Training • Constructing • Inspecting
Operators should receive training on the following: • Installing • Modifying
• Hazards associated with particular machines • Setting up • Maintaining
• How the safeguards provide protection and the hazards • Adjusting • Servicing
for which they are intended
• How and why to use the safeguards Definition of Terms
1. Affected Employee
• How and when safeguards can be removed and by
whom • An employee whose job requires them to operate a
machine or piece of equipment where servicing is
• What to do if a safeguard is damaged, missing, or
being performed under LOTO, or whose job requires
unable to provide adequate protection
them to work in an area where repairing, servicing or
Any machine part, function, or process which may maintaining is being performed.
cause injury must be safeguarded 2. Authorized Person
Lockout/Tagout (LOTO • A person who implements a LOTO system/procedure
on machines or equipment to perform the servicing or
maintenance on that machine or equipment.
• An affected and authorized employee may be the
same person when the affected employee’s duties
also include performing maintenance or service on a
machine or a piece of equipment which may be locked
and tag-out.
3. Hazardous Energy
LOCKOUT is blocking the flow of energy from the power • Any energy such as electrical, mechanical, hydraulic,
source to the equipment – and keeping it blocked out. pneumatic, chemical, thermal or other energies.
In a lockout, place a lock on a disconnect switch, circuit 4. Lockout
breaker, valve handle to make sure it cannot be moved from • The placement of a locking device on an energy –
the OFF or closed position. isolating device, in accordance with an established
procedure, ensuring that the energy – isolating device
Page 15 of 62
and the equipment being controlled cannot be

operated until the lockout device is removed
5. Lockout Device
• A device that utilizes a positive means, such as a lock,
to hold an energy – isolating device in the safe
position and prevent the energizing of a machine or
equipment.
6. Primary Authorized Employee
• The authorized employee who has been vested with
responsibility for a set number or group of employees MATERIALS HANDLING
performing service or maintenance on machines or Introduction
equipment subject to LOTO procedures. Almost every supervisor, at one time or another, has had to
handle materials on the job. Materials handling may be
Areas Where LO/TO Is Necessary done manually or w/ mechanical equipment, but either way,
• Electric motor control switches material handling can be a source of occupational injury.
• Steam lines valves
• Acid line valves Handling of materials accounts for 20 – 25 % of all
• Valves on high pressure gas or LPG lines occupational injuries. These injuries occur in every part of
• Fuel line valve to boilers, heater, etc. an operation, not just the stockroom or warehouse.
Effective Energy Control Program Strains, sprains, fractures & contusions are the common
• Must have a written Management Directive on ENERGY injuries.
CONTROL PROGRAM requiring all employees & Classification of Materials
contractors to strictly comply with its requirements. Solid
• Must have promoted awareness of safe work practices, • Bulk - crated large machineries and parts, crated
including proper dissemination to all employees and materials, caustic blocks, soap, blocks, etc.
contractors (service providers). • Powder - flours, phosphates, sugar, cement
• Must have identified energy control points. • Granules & Gravel Size - copra meal pellets, silicates
• Employers must document when training took place, • Odd Size - copra
who attended, and the topics covered. Liquids
• Employees must be re-trained under the following • Light - solvents, oils, fuels
situations: • Viscous - molasses, asphalt, heavy oil, paints
▪ Employee assigned to new job • Pastes - detergent paste, adhesives
▪ Change made to energy control policies or procedures Gases
▪ Machinery installed or modified, presenting a new According to Hazardous Characteristics
hazard • Flammables – easily set on fire & likely to burn rapidly.
▪ Whenever the employer has reason to believe that
• Explosives
there are problems with the employee’s
• Toxic – poisonous.
understanding or use of the procedures
• Corrosive
• Authorized employees must undergo an annual review
to ensure they fully understand their responsibilities • Emits Hazardous Fumes or Gases
under the program • Fragile
Sample: LOTO Procedures Materials Handling is the preparation, placing, and

1. Locate equipment to be de-energized. Notify supervisors positioning of materials to facilitate their movement or
and operators. Contact electrician to identify the starter or storage.
main switch • There is now substantial international acceptance of
2. Shutdown machinery or equipment by normal stopping both the scale of the manual handling problem and
procedure methods of prevention.
3. Neutralize all stored energy • Modern medical and scientific knowledge stresses the
4. Lockout devices shall be affixed to the energy isolating importance of an ergonomic approach in removing or
device in the off-position by authorized employee
reducing the risk of manual handling injury.
5. Sign, date and attach a lockout tag to the disconnected
switch, valves and other similar devices. NEVER RELY ON Ergonomics is sometimes described as “fitting the job to
TAGS ALONE. They should be used to record information. the person, rather than the person to the job”.
6. After locking out equipment, attempt to re-start using the • The ergonomic approach therefore looks at manual
starting controls. handling as a whole, taking into account a range of
7. After testing, return operating controls to “neutral or off”
relevant factors including the nature of risk, the load, the
position. The equipment is now locked out
working environment and individual capability.
▪ Many manual handling injuries are cumulative rather
than being truly attributable to any single handling
Page 16 of 62
incident. The result can be physical impairment or Back Injuries

even permanent disability. • Interestingly, while many people know the role
Materials Handling: Categories cholesterol, diet and exercise play in preventing heart
attack, few persons know how to prevent spine
• Lifting. Distance is particularly important where lifting is
problems, or a “back attack.” While everyone
an integral part of the job.
understands that chest pain is a signal from the body
• Transporting. Considerable thought should be given to
that something is wrong, random bouts of back pain are
the planning and routing of traffic.
largely ignored until the problem becomes more serious,
• Storing. Depends on cost and type of materials and free and a disc is herniated.
flow of materials
• Some back injuries involve the “soft tissue” that is the
Types of Materials Handling muscle, ligament type injury.
1. Manual • A more serious injury occurs when
• Individual capacity the discs of the spine are involved.
▪ 25 kg – female Your Spine
▪ 50 kg – male
• This is a normal spine.
• Accessories
• The normal anatomy of the spine
▪ 2 wheeled hand trucks
is usually described by dividing up
▪ 4 wheeled hand trucks
the spine into 3 major sections:
▪ Crowbars
• The cervical,
▪ Shovel
2. Mechanical • The thoracic, and
• The lumbar spine. (Below the
• Powered hand truck
▪ Crane lumbar spine is a bone called the
▪ Forklift sacrum, which is part of the pelvis). Each section is
▪ Hoist made up of individual bones called vertebrae. There are
7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, and 5 lumbar
▪ Boom Truck
vertebrae.
• Heavy-duty truck
▪ Tractors The spine is composed of:
▪ Pipeline • Vertebra
▪ Pallets • Discs
▪ Wire ropes • Spinal Cord and Nerves
▪ Carton clamps
Rules for Lifting
▪ Lifting bars
• Never Bend, Lift, and Twist at the same time!
• Railroad cars
• Use mechanical aids or assistance when possible.
• Conveyors
• Bend your knees and use your legs to lift!
Safe Operating Practices
1. Can the job be engineered to possibly eliminate manual Proper Lifting
handling? • Plan the Lift: Before attempting to lift or move
2. Can the material be conveyed or moved mechanically? something heavy, it is important to step back and
3. In what way do the materials being handled cause analyze what needs to be accomplished. Think about
injury? how heavy the object is, how far it has to be moved,
4. Can employees be given handling aids to make their where it is going to end up? What is the shape of the
job easier and safer? object? Is it cumbersome, will it be easily manipulated?
5. Will protective clothing or equipment, help prevent Is it a two-person job? Is there anything in the way that
injuries? needs to be moved prior to lifting? Stand directly in front
of the load, with feet about shoulder width apart. One
Materials Handling Problems foot should be in front of the other for balance.
Common injuries are strains, sprains, fractures & bruises. • Correct Positioning: Get Help if Needed. If the load is
These are primarily caused by unsafe practices: too heavy, DON’T TRY TO LIFT IT ALONE. Find
• improper lifting, someone who can help carry it, or if possible, break the
• carrying too heavy load, load into two smaller, more manageable loads. Bend the
• incorrect gripping, knees and tighten the stomach muscles. Using both
• failing to observe proper foot or hand clearance, and hands, grasp the object firmly and pull it as close as
• failing to use or wear proper equipment &/or personal possible to your body.
protective equipment & clothing. • Lift with the Legs – Not the Back.: Since leg muscles
Property damage & serious injury/fatality caused by are stronger than back muscles, lift with the legs, until
mechanical equipment! they are straightened. Avoid jerky movements. Keep the
natural curve in the spine; don’t bend at the waist. To
turn, move the feet around by pivoting on the toes, not
by twisting at the stomach.
Page 17 of 62
When it is time to set the load down, it is very important

that it is done correctly. Reverse the procedures for
lifting to minimize the strain on the back. If the load is
going to set on the floor, bend the knees and position
the load in front of you. If the load is to go at table height,
set it down and keep in contact with the load until it is
secure on the table. HEALTH HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
There is one final important rule: “THINK BEFORE YOU Industrial hygiene is the science of anticipating,
LIFT”. Remember, in lifting, you are the major cause of recognizing, evaluating, and controlling workplace
your injuries; therefore, you have the major conditions that may cause workers' injury or illness.
responsibility for preventing them. Industrial hygienists use environmental monitoring and
analytical methods to detect the extent of worker exposure
Safe Operation of Materials Handling Equipment
and employ engineering, work practice controls, and other
Tractor
methods to control potential health hazards.
• Operated by authorized and qualified drivers
• Operated at speed consistent with road conditions Concerns of Industrial Hygiene
outside and inside the plant premises • Detection, measurement and evaluation of hazards in
• Properly secured coupling of truck trailer train the workplace
• Planning and implementation of measures to improve
Forklift Trucks
the environment
• Operated by authorized and qualified drivers
• Control of environmental stressors in the workplace that
• Should have substantial canopy guards can affect the wellbeing of workers and community
• Should not be used to transport personnel members
• Loads should be stable
• Should travel with load as low as possible Health Hazards
• Loads should not be raised or lowered en route These are chemical, physical, biological and ergonomic
factors in our environment that can have negative impacts
Power Trucks/Cranes on our short- or long-term health. Exposure can occur
• Operated by authorized and qualified crane operator through touch, inhalation, and ingestion.
• Operator should always have a helper
Chemical Health Hazards: can cause acute
• Operated at the lowest possible speed
or chronic negative health effects from short-
• The hook should be fixed to the lower end of the boom
or long-term exposure. These chemicals are
when traveling without load
found in outdoor environments, as well as
Storage of Specific Materials
indoor environments including the home,
• Temporary & permanent storage should be secured,
workplace and schools. Health effects can
neat & orderly
range from skin and eye irritation to cancer
• Allow adequate ceiling clearance under the sprinklers and chronic diseases affecting the heart, lung, brain and
(18 – 36 in) other organs
• Keep all exits & aisles clear at all times
• Use bins & racks to facilitate storage and reduce Routes of Entry of Chemicals to the Body
hazards • Inhalation
• Segregation & isolation: • Ingestion
▪ 6M safe distance • Skin Contact or Skin Absorption
▪ Cartons; Lumbers; Bagged Materials; Barrels; Pipes;
Liquid Containers; Paints & Thinners; Gasoline / Examples:
Diesel; Oxygen & Acetylene Cylinders • Organic solvents (vapor) • Heavy metals (fumes)
• Acids (mists) • Gases (gas)
Safety in Chemical Handling • Dust (power/fibers)
• Make sure the chemical being used is the right one for
the job Organic solvents: are carbon-based substances capable of
• Determine the nature and degree of hazard of the dissolving or dispersing one or more other substances
chemical • Organic solvents are recognized as carcinogens or
• Never use an unknown substance reproductive hazards. Various mixtures of organic
• Isolate the hazard solvents may cause neurotoxic effects
• Match protection to the hazard • Some examples are benzene, methyl chloride and
toluene
• Organic solvents are used in many industries. They are
used in paints, varnishes, lacquers, adhesives, glues,
and in degreasing and cleaning agents, and in the
production of dyes, polymers, plastics, textiles, printing
inks, agricultural products, and pharmaceuticals
Page 18 of 62
Occupational Exposure: Vapors • Wastewater treatment plant (hydrogen sulfide & chlorine
• Degreasing of metals gas)
• Printing • Refrigeration and fertilizer plants (ammonia)
• Dry-cleaning • Machinery using diesel engine (nitrogen dioxide)
• Painting
• Laboratory analysis Physical Health Hazards: include noise, extreme
temperature, illumination, abnormal pressure,
Acids: due to their corrosive nature, they can irritate or even
vibration, inadequate ventilation and
burn the eyes, irritate the skin, and cause respiratory
radiation
distress. The risk is higher when they are concentrated, but
even when diluted they can be hazardous Noise: is one of the most common
• Some examples are hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, physical hazards present in the
sulfuric acid, acetic acid, phosphoric acid occupational setting. Inadequate hearing protection or
• Sulfuric acid is the most commonly-produced industrial prolonged exposure to noise can result in either temporary
chemical in the world. Its primary industrial use is to or permanent hearing loss
make superphosphate which is a main ingredient in • Machinery and equipment are the most likely sources of
most water-soluble fertilizers (Source: https://info. hazardous noise in the workplace (canning factory;
noahtech.com/blog/5-most-common-industrial-chemicals) railway; cockpit and cabin pressurization; etc.)
• Sulfuric acid is a critical component for metal
Arm’s Length Rule
manufacturing, particularly in the production of copper
If two people with no hearing impairment have to raise
and zinc as well as the cleaning of steel
their voices or shout to be heard in a distance of less than
Occupational Exposure: Mists arm’s length from each other, the sound level is potentially
• Wastewater treatment hazardous.
• Acids from electroplating Noise Levels Prevailing in Different Industries in the
• Oil mists from cutting and grinding operation Philippines
• Mist from spray painting operation • Textile (Weaving) – 102-104 dBA
Dust: refers to the suspension of solid particles in air • Iron & Steel (Rolling mills) – 94-99 dBA
• Dust are classified according to size: • Car (Grinding – 94-96 dBA) (Stamping – 95-97 dBA)
▪ Total dust – all dust particles in the area • Cement (Mill area) – 100-102 dBA
▪ Respirable dust – fraction of total dust which passes • Wire & Cable (Stranding) – 100-102 dBA
through a selector which can be inhaled and
Effects of Extreme Levels of Noise
deposited in the lungs
• Noise-Induced Hearing Loss and may develop to
Occupational Exposure: Dusts Permanent Hearing Loss if control measured are not
• These dust particles are generated by physical undertaken.
processes such as handling, grinding, drilling, milling • Decrease Work Efficiency
and crushing operations where solid materials are
broken down Extreme Temperature: extreme temperatures can cause
danger to workers
Heavy metals: are any relatively dense metal or metalloid • Cold Stress – overexposure to freezing conditions or
that is noted for its potential toxicity, especially in extreme cold that may result to numbness of the feet and
environmental contexts. localized burning sensations. (e.g., those who work in
• Examples include manganese, chromium, cobalt, nickel, the refrigerated warehouse)
copper, zinc, silver, antimony and thallium • Heat Stress & Heat Stroke– caused by exposure to
• They become concentrated as a result of human caused extreme heat
activities and can enter plant, animal, and human tissues ▪ Specific work environment may put workers at risk,
via inhalation, diet, and manual handling like:
Occupational Exposure: Fumes - Bakeries; Firefighting; the Outdoors; Farms;
Construction sites; Factories; and etc.
• Soldering operation
• Welding Illumination: is the measurement of stream of light falling on
• Lead-battery making a surface
• Mining operation Types of Workplace Lighting
Gases: substances in the gaseous state at room • General lighting: provides fairly uniform lighting. An
temperature and pressure example would be ceiling fixtures that light up areas
• They do not have a warning odor at a dangerous • Local lighting: increases light level over the work and
concentration immediate surroundings. Local lighting often allows the
user to adjust and control lighting and provides flexibility
Occupational Exposure: Gases for each user
• By-product of incomplete combustion (carbon monoxide)
Effects of Poor Illumination
Page 19 of 62
• Workers may complain of visual fatigue Effective, well-designed ventilation offers a solution to these
• Double vision problems where worker protection is needed. Ventilation
• Headaches can also serve to control odor, moisture, and other
• Painful Irritation undesirable environmental conditions.
• Lacrimation Radiation: is the emission or transmission of energy as
• Conjunctivitis waves or moving particles
Extreme Pressure: change in the altitude or atmospheric • Ionizing radiation – is a type of energy released by
pressure atoms in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles
• Below or greater than normal atmospheric pressure ▪ People are exposed to natural sources of ionizing
(14.7psi or 101.325kpa) radiation, such as in soil, water, and vegetation, as
▪ Occupational Exposure: Underwater tunneling, diving, well as in human-made sources, such as x-rays and
sewage construction, aviation, mining medical devices; nuclear power generation; medical
use of radiation for diagnosis and treatment
Vibration: induced health conditions progress slowly. It ▪ Exposure to ionizing radiation may damage the cells
starts as a pain and as the exposure continues, the pain of the human body leading to cancer, congenital
may develop into an injury or disease. Pain is the first health defects and even death.
condition that is noticed and should be addressed in order • Non-ionizing radiation - refers to any type of
to stop the injury electromagnetic radiation that does not carry enough
• Vibration-induced White Finger (VWF) is the most energy to ionize atoms or molecules—that is, to
common condition among the operators of hand-held completely remove an electron from an atom or
vibrating tools (e.g., powered by compressed hair, molecule (e.g., sun; light bulbs; electric power lines;
combustion engine, electricity). The symptoms are radio and tv antenna; lasers; etc.)
aggravated when the hands are exposed to cold ▪ Examples of health effects of non-ionizing radiation
• Vibration can cause changes in tendons muscles, bones are skin redness, corneal and conjunctival burns,
and joints, can affect the nervous systems. Collectively, retinal injury and long-term exposure may result to
these effects are known as Hand-Arm Vibration cataract.
Syndrome (HAVS)
Biological Health Hazards: includes bacteria, viruses,
Workers affected by HAVS commonly report: parasites and molds or fungi. They can
▪ Attacks of whitening (blanching) of one or more pose a threat to human health when
fingers when exposed to cold they are inhaled, eaten or come in
▪ Tingling and loss of sensation in the fingers contact with skin. They can cause
▪ Loss of light touch illness such as food poisoning,
▪ Pain and cold sensations between periodic white tetanus, respiratory infections or
finger attacks parasite infection.
▪ Loss of grip strength • Some examples are blood and body fluids; sewage;
▪ Bone cysts in fingers and wrists airborne pathogens (common cold); stinging insects;
Symptoms of HAVS harmful plants; animal and bird droppings
▪ Affects the blood flow (vascular effect) and causes • Occupational Exposure:
loss of touch sensation (neurological effect) in fingers ▪ Poor sanitation and housekeeping
▪ Hospital works
• Whole-body Vibration can cause fatigue, stomach ▪ Removal of industrial waste and sewage
problems, headache, loss of balance and shakiness ▪ Poor personal cleanliness
shortly after or during exposure
▪ After daily exposure over a number of years, whole- Type of Pathogens Common Health Diseases
body vibration can affect the entire body and the Bacteria Tuberculosis, Tetanus, Infection
result in a number of health disorders HIV-AIDS, Flu, SARS, COVID-19,
Viruses
▪ Bus/truck drivers and machine operators found that Hepatitis B
occupational exposure to whole-body vibration could Parasites Intestinal Parasitism
have contributed to a number of circulatory, bowel, Fungi Skin Diseases, Rashes
respiratory, muscular and back disorders Enzymes Metabolic Disorders
Inadequate Ventilation: The supply of fresh air and exhaust Ergonomic Health Hazards: are factors in your
of contaminated air within a workroom. Inadequacy of environment that can harm the musculoskeletal system.
ventilation has many factors to consider: These are injuries that caused by strain placed on the body
• Air flow/ Velocity from ergonomic hazards and aren’t always obvious, making
• Contaminant/ Chemical Hazard Generation these hazards difficult to detect.
• Presence of Hazards
Ergonomic hazards include:
• Heat Controls
• Improperly designed tools or work areas
• Design of the Ventilation System
• Improper lifting or reaching
Page 20 of 62
• Poor posture ▪ Has the right of refusal to work if an imminent danger

• Repeated motion in awkward position situation exists until the corrective action to eliminate
• Using too much force, especially, if it’s done frequently the danger is achieved
• Storage Requirements and Inventory
For example, using the hand or knee as a hammer ▪ All toxic substances should be procured with
(operating a punch press or using the knee to stretch carpet
consultation with the safety and health committee.
during installation) alone may expose the employee to such
a degree of physical stress that the employee has a No container shall be accepted without an adequate
significant risk of being harmed. identifying GHS label and having SDS supplied
container.
DOLE Department Orders related to Ergonomic Hazards ▪ Each establishment should have adequate, well-
DOLE D.O. 178 Series of 2017- Safety and Health
ventilated storage space and chemicals and properly
Measures for Workers who by the nature of their works have
segregate in accordance with the GHS and SDS.
to stand at Work
▪ Chemicals classified under GHS Danger Category
• Effects of Prolong Standing may lead to varicosities and
hypotension (Carcinogenic, Mutagenic, Teratogenic) should be
kept under strict control.
DOLE D.O. 184 Series of 2017- Safety and Health ▪ Stored chemicals should be examined periodically
Measures for the Workers who by the nature of work have for replacement, deterioration, and container
to spend long hours of sitting.
integrity.
• Long hours of sitting may at risk the worker to develop
▪ Quantities of chemicals to be stored shall be kept to
Cardiovascular Diseases due to impaired body
circulation. the minimum amount.
▪ There should be adequate security and limited
Hazard Identification access to chemical storage areas.
▪ Periodic inventories shall be conducted regularly.
▪ Proper labelling in accordance with the GHS must
be observed at all times.
• Waste Management- Disposal of all toxic substances
shall be in accordance with DENR Administrative Order
(DAO) 92-26.
Hazards are identified through: • Information and Training- All employees working with
• Walkthrough survey/Ocular inspection industrial chemicals shall attend the Chemical Safety
• Review of processes involved Training.
• Knowing the raw materials used, products and by- • Personal Protective Equipment- The establishment
products
should adhere to Rule 1080 of the OSH Standards.
• Gathering of workers’ complaints
• Work Environment Monitoring (WEM)- The
• GHS Labels and Safety Data Sheet
establishment should adhere to Rule 1070 of the OSH
Department Order 136-14 Standards.
• Guidelines for the Implementation of the Globally • Occupational Health and Medical Surveillance- The
Harmonized System (GHS) in Chemical Safety establishment shall comply with Rule 1960 of the OSH
Programs in the Workplace
Standards.
• Applies to all workplaces engaged in the manufacture,
• Emergency Preparedness and Response- A written
use and storage of chemicals in the private sector
including their respective supply chains emergency procedure must be posted in the workplace
• Explicitly stated in the Department Order are the roles and communication to all workers.
and responsibilities of workers, employers and the Globally Harmonized System
company safety and health committee, adherence to the
latest edition of the GHS, confidential business
information, elements of a chemical safety program, and
monitoring procedure for the Bureau of Working
Conditions and DOLE Regional Offices
Chemical Safety Program Elements
• Facilities and Control Measures: Interventions to
provide protection of workers through engineering and
administrative controls and personal protection GHS is an international system that the United Nations
equipment (PPE) created for the unified classification and labeling of
• Worker’s Right to Know: Shall cover training and chemicals
information on chemical safety and orientation on
chemical safety data sheets
Page 21 of 62
The GHS is a system for standardizing and harmonizing the 1. Product Identifier – should match the product identifier on
classification and labeling of chemicals. It is a logical and the Safety Date Sheet
comprehensive approach in: 2. Signal Word – either use “Danger” (severe) or “Warning”
• Defining health, physical and environmental hazards of (less severe)
chemicals 3. Hazard Statements – a phrase assigned to a hazard class
• Creating classification processes that use available data on that describes the nature of the product’s hazards
chemicals for comparison with the defined hazard criteria 4. Precautionary Statements – describes recommended
• Communicating hazard information, as well as protective measures to minimize or prevent adverse effects resulting
measures, on labels and Safety Data Sheets (SDS) from exposure
5. Supplier Identification – the name, address and
Industrial chemicals shall be classified according to the telephone number of the manufacturer or supplier
following criteria for GHS Hazard Classifications: 6. Pictograms – graphical symbols intended to convey
• GHS Physical Hazards specific hazard information visually
▪ Explosives
▪ Flammable Gases GHS Pictograms
▪ Flammable Aerosols
▪ Oxidizing Gases
▪ Gases Under Pressure
▪ Flammable Liquids
▪ Flammable Solids
▪ Self-Reactive Substances
▪ Pyrophoric Liquids
▪ Pyrophoric Solids
▪ Self-Heating Substances
▪ Substances which in Contact with Water Emit
Flammable Gases
▪ Oxidizing Liquids
▪ Oxidizing Solids
▪ Organic Peroxides
▪ Corrosive to Metal
• GHS Health Hazards
▪ Acute Toxicity
▪ Skin Corrosion
▪ Skin Irritation
▪ Eye Effects
▪ Sensitization
▪ Germ Cell Mutagenicity
▪ Carcinogenicity
▪ Reproductive Toxicity
▪ Systemic Target Organ
What is Safety Data Sheet (SDS)?
Toxicity:
- Single Exposure • Safety Data Sheet a summary of the important health,
- Repeated Exposure safety and toxicological information on the chemical or
▪ Aspiration Toxicity the mixture ingredients
• GHS Environmental Hazards • Provide comprehensive information about a chemical
▪ Hazardous to the Aquatic Environment substance or mixture
▪ Hazardous to the Ozone Layer • Primarily for workplace use
• Employees & workers use these as a source of
GHS Labels
information about hazards and to obtain advice on safety
Labeling is the cornerstone of GHS compliance. With an
emphasis on consistency and comprehension of chemical precautions
labels. There are six key elements to a GHS label, they are: Contents of Safety Data Sheet
01. Identification of the Chemicals
02. Hazard(s) Identification
03. Composition/Information on Ingredients
04. First-aid measures
05. Firefighting measures
06. Accidental release measures
07. Handling and storage
08. Exposure control and personal protection
09. Physical and chemical properties
010. Stability and reactivity
011. Toxicological information
Page 22 of 62
012. Ecological information (non-mandatory) guidelines and procedures as provided in the

013. Disposal considerations (non-mandatory) guidelines of Designation of DOLE Recognized
014. Transport information (non-mandatory) Hygiene Laboratory
015. Regulatory information (non-mandatory) • Category III- Sampling and Occupational Laboratory
016. Other information ▪ The provider under this category can perform
sampling and measurements including laboratory
analysis specified in Levels 1 and 2 Categories.
▪ An OSH Consultant with specialization in IH is
required
Purpose of WEM
• To determine the magnitude of harmful environmental
agents
• To periodically check the environment through
measurement
EVALUATION OF RISKS AND HAZARDS • To predict harmfulness of new facilities, raw materials,
Work Environment Measurement (WEM) production processes and working methods
• Shall mean sampling and analysis carried out in respect • To monitor worker’s exposure to harmful substances
of the atmospheric working environment and other • To evaluate the effectiveness of environmental control
fundamental elements of working environment for the measures adopted to improve the workplace
purpose of determining actual conditions therein • To maintain favorable environment conditions
Rule 1077: Working Environment Measurement (WEM) Types of Monitoring
• The employer shall exert efforts to maintain and control • Area / Environmental Monitoring
the working environment in comfortable and healthy • Personal Monitoring
conditions for the purpose of promoting and maintaining • Biological Monitoring
the health of his workers.
Area/Environmental Sampling
• The employer shall carry out the WEM in indoor or other
• Is the measurement of contaminant in the workroom.
workplaces where hazardous work is performed and
This helps pinpoint work areas with high or low exposure
shall keep a record of such measurement which shall be
levels of contaminants.
made available to the enforcing authority.
• The WEM shall be performed periodically as may be
necessary but not longer than annually.
• The WEM shall be performed by the safety and medical
personnel who have taken adequate training and
experience in WEM (internal monitoring)
• In the event of inability to perform the WEM, the Monitoring air quality inside the
production area. Sound/level are monitoring
employer shall commission the Bureau/OSHC/Regional
Office concerned and other institutions accredited or Personal Sampling
recognized by the Bureau, to perform the measurement. • Is the measurement of a particular worker’s exposure to
DO NO. 160-16: Guidelines on the Accreditation of airborne contaminants. The data collected approximates
Consulting Organizations to Provide WEM Services the concentration of contaminant by which the worker is
• Establishments shall only seek WEM services from exposed to
accredited WEM Providers. Otherwise, the WEM shall
NOT be regarded as compliant to Rule 1077 (Working
Environment Measurement) of the OSHS.
• NO person or organization shall be allowed, hired or
provide WEM services unless the requirements of this
rule are complied with
Category of Accreditation as WEM Providers:
• Category I- Sampling and Measurement
▪ Category IA- Physical Hazards: Noise, Illumination,
Vibration and Heat Sorbent tube sampling
▪ Category IB- Chemical Hazards: Organic Solvents,
Metals, Dusts, Acids and etc. Biological Monitoring
▪ Category IC- Authorized to evaluate the Ventilation It involves the measurement of changes in the composition
System of body fluids, tissue or expired air to determine absorption
• Category II- Occupational Hygiene and Laboratory of a potentially hazardous material
▪ The accreditation of Occupational Hygiene
Laboratory under Category II has separate
Page 23 of 62
WEM Equipment ▪ Concentration where exposure should be no longer

• Lux meter – illumination than 15 mins. And not more than 4x/day (60 mins.
• Psychrometer – humidity Between successive exposures)
• Anemometer – air movement • TLV – Ceiling (C)
• Smoke tester – air direction ▪ Concentration that should not be exceeded during
• Globe thermometer – heat working exposure
• Sound level meter – noise Evaluation
• Vibration level meter – vibration The measurement data will be compared with existing
standards/guidelines:
Analysis of Samples
Analytical Equipment Sample • Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)
Gas chromatograph Solvents • Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs)
High performance liquid • Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs)
Inorganic chemicals
chromatograph • Recommended Exposure Limits (RELs)
Atomic absorption
Metals • Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MACs)
spectrophotometer
X-ray diffractometer Mineral dust Exposure Limits
Phase contrast microscope Asbestos fibers • Less hazardous to More Hazardous
UV-Vis spectrophotometer Acids & other chemicals • High TLV or PEL to Low TLV or PEL
Evaluation of the Results of WEM TLV or PEL (ppm) Relative Degree of Hazard
• The result of measurement is evaluated to determine Less than 1 Extreme
whether or not they represent actual health hazards. 1 to 10 Extreme to high
• Results are compared with the accepted standards of 10 to 100 High to Moderate
maximum allowable concentrations or levels as 100 to 1000 Moderate
prescribed by the following standards: Greater than 1000 Very Low
▪ Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS) of Action Level
DOLE The level of a harmful or toxic substance/activity which
▪ American Conference of Governmental Industrial requires medical surveillance, increased industrial hygiene
Hygienist (ACGIH) for the Threshold Limit Values monitoring, or biological monitoring (NIOSH and OSHA)
(TLVs) & Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs)
▪ American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Action Levels for TLV for chemical is 50% of its TLV
Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Action Level for Noise
▪ Occupational Safety and Health Administration The Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s
(OSHA) (OSHA’s) Noise standard (29 CFR 1910.95) requires
▪ Others employers to have hearing conservation program in place if
• WEM are also performed to determine the magnitude or works are exposed to a time-weighted average (TWA) noise
level of hazards with the use of IH equipment level of 85 decibels (dBA) or higher over an 8-hour work
• Comparison of results of measurement with the different shift
standards
TLV of Airborne Contaminants, OSHS
Guidelines and Standards of Exposure Acids Vapors
• Standards – Legally acceptable exposure limits HCI 5 ppm Acetone 1000 ppm
▪ Rule 1070 (Occupational Safety and Environment H2SO4 0.25 ppm Benzene 25 ppm
Control) of OSHS establishes the TLVs HNO3 2 ppm Toluene 100 ppm
• Guidelines – Recommended maximum exposure which Formic 5 ppm Ethanol 1000 ppm
are voluntary and not legally enforceable Acetic 10 ppm Methyl Chloride 100 ppm
Threshold Limit Value (TLV): are exposure guidelines Standards/Guidelines
established for airborne concentration of many chemical Exposure Limits for Select Chemical Agents
compounds (as 8-hour time-weighted-average except for C notation)
• According to ACGIH, TLVs are also defines as airborne TLV TLV TLV PEL
(ACGIH) (ACGIH) (DOLE) (OSHA)
concentrations of substances and represent conditions Chemical
USA, USA, Phil., USA,
under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be 2015 2003 1990 1997
repeatedly exposed to day after day without adverse Ammonia 25 ppm 25 ppm 50 ppm 50 ppm
effects Asbestos, all
0.1 f/cc 0.1 f/cc 2 f/cc 0.1 f/cc
forms
Categories: Benzene 0.5 ppm 0.5 ppm C 25 ppm 1.0 ppm
• TLV - Time Weighted Average (TWA) Carbon
25 ppm 25 ppm 50 ppm 50 ppm
monoxide
▪ Concentration for an 8-hr workday and a 48-hrs (40 Cotton dust,
0.1 mg/m3 0.2 mg/m3 1.0 mg/m3 0.2 mg/m3
hours) work of exposure per week, OSHS (ACGIH) raw
• TLV – Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) Ethyl ether 400 ppm 400 ppm 400 ppm 400 ppm
Formaldehyde C 0.3 ppm C 0.3 ppm C 5 ppm 0.75 ppm
Page 24 of 62
Hydrogen ACGIH Screening Criteria for Heat Stress Exposure (WBGT

1 ppm 10 ppm 10 ppm C 20 ppm
sulfide values in OC) for 8-hour work day five days per week with
Lead, conventional breaks
0.05 mg/m3 0.05 mg/m3 0.15 mg/m3 0.05 mg/m3
inorganic
Acclimatized
Mercury, all 0.025 0.025 1.0 mg/10 Allocation of Work in a
forms mg/m3 mg/m3
0.05 mg/m3
m3 Work/Rest Cycle Very
Light Moderate Heavy
Toluene 20 ppm 50 ppm 100 ppm 200 ppm Heavy
75-100% 31.0 28.0 - -
Action Level for Noise 50-75% 31.0 29.0 27.5 -
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s 25-50% 32.0 30.0 29.0 30.0
(OSHA’s) Noise Standard (29 CFR 1910.95) requires 0-25% 32.5 31.5 30.5 30.0
employers to have a Hearing Conservation Program in
Action Limit (Unacclimatized)
place if workers are exposed to a TWA noise level of 85 Allocation of Work in a
Work/Rest Cycle Very
decibels (dBA) or higher over an 8-Hour work shift Light Moderate Heavy
Heavy
75-100% 28.0 25.0 - -
Rule 1074, OSHS 50-75% 28.5 26.0 24.0 -
Permissible Noise Exposure Limits 25-50% 29.5 27.0 25.5 24.5
Duration/Day (Hours) Sound Level (dBA) 0-25% 30.0 29.0 28.0 27.0
8 90
6 92 Workplace Control Principles
4 95 Key elements of Industrial Hygiene:
3 97 • Identification
2 100 • Evaluation
1–½ 102 • Control
1 105 Reasons for Control Hazardous Substances
½ 110 • Protecting workers health from exposure to substances
¼ 115 • To protect the workers’ comfort
* Sound level in decibels are measured on a sound level meter, A-weighted
network, slow meter response
• To comply with the different standards implemented
* No exposure is allowed for continuous, intermittent noise in excess of 115
dBA
Generalize Diagram of Controlling Hazards
Three zones where control measures can be applied:
Rule 1075, OSHS • At the SOURCE of contamination
Recommended Illumination Levels • Along the transmission PATH
• A minimum of 50 lux – passageway, corridor, • At the WORKER
warehouse
• A minimum of 100 lux – engine and boiler rooms,
toilets and washrooms
• A minimum of 200 lux – canning and preserving;
planning of lumber and veneering
• A minimum of 300 lux – medium inspection; office
deskwork with intermittent reading and writing for filing
and mail sorting. Hierarchy of Controls
• A minimum of 500 lux – fine inspection, fine • Engineering control
woodworking, accounting, drafting, • Administrative control
• A minimum of 1000 lux – extra fine assembling; jewelry • Personal Protective Equipment
and watch mfg.; proofreading in printing plants
Engineering control (Key Elements)
Limits for Heat Stress • Elimination: eliminating a hazard by removing a process
• Exposure limits intended to minimize the risk of heat- or substance completely
related illnesses are based on the exposure guidelines • Substitution: involves changing chemical substances
recommended by the American Conference of and/or process with less hazardous or harmful one
Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) ▪ Factors to consider:
• The ACGIH gives these limits in units of WBGT (wet bulb - Hazard assessment
globe temperature) degrees Celsius (OC) - Effectiveness
▪ The WBGT unit takes into account environmental - Compatibility
factors, such as air temperature, humidity and air - Existing control measures
movement - Waste disposal
• The ACGIH publication – 2016 TLVs and BEIs – • Isolation: separation of the source of contaminant and
provides recommended screening criteria for heat stress the worker by a physical barrier such as an enclosure,
exposure for workers wall or partition
• Containment: source of the hazard by placing the
hazardous substance in a sealed vessel or system to
create a barrier between the hazard and the worker
Page 25 of 62
• Modification of the Process/Equipment: to change Capturing hood: are located next to an emission source
physical operating conditions without changing the without surrounding (enclosing) it.
chemical or process • Example – a rectangular hood along the edge of a tank
• Automation
• Industrial Ventilation
Industrial Ventilation
The process of supplying or removing air by natural or
mechanical means to and from any space
Two Types of Ventilation
• General or dilution ventilation
• Local exhaust ventilation
Types of Industrial Ventilation
• Natural: is the intentional passive flow or outdoor air into
a building through planned openings (such as louvers,
doors, windows). Natural ventilation doesn’t require
mechanical systems to move outdoor air • Example a hood on a welding or grinding bench table
• Mechanical: is the intentional fan driven flow of outdoor
air into a building. Mechanical
ventilation systems may
include supply fans (which
push outdoor air into a
building), exhaust fans
(which draw air out of
building and thereby cause
equal ventilation flow into a
building), or a combination of
both. Mechanical ventilation is often provided
by equipment that is also used to heat and cool a space
• Local exhaust: addresses the issue of avoiding the
contamination of indoor air by specific high-emission
sources by capturing airborne contaminants before they
are spread into the environment
▪ Enclosure hood • Example of a downdraft hood for hand grinding bench
▪ Capturing hood
▪ Receiving hood
Enclosing Hood: hoods surrounding the process or point
where the contaminants are generated
• Examples of completely enclosed hoods (all sides
enclosed) are glove boxes and grinder hoods
• Examples of partially enclosed (two or three sides
enclosed) hoods are laboratory hoods or paint spray
booths
• The enclosing hood is preferred whenever possible
Receiving hood: designed to "receive" or catch the

emissions from a source that has some initial velocity or
movement.
• For example, a type
of receiving hood
called a canopy hood
receives hot rising air
and gases. An
example is a canopy
hood located over a
melting furnace
Partially enclosed hood
Page 26 of 62
Purpose of Ventilation Limitations of Respirators

• To ensure condition of thermal comfort Air-Purifying
• To renew the air in the workplace, therefore diluting • Mechanical filter
eventual air contaminants to acceptable levels ▪ Does not provide O2
• To prevent hazardous air contaminants from generating ▪ Does not provide protection against vapor and gases
into the working environment and reaching the workers • Chemical cartridge
breathing zone ▪ Does not provide O2
▪ Cartridge has carbon which absorbs specific gases
Administrative control
and vapors
• Reduction of work periods (Office Memorandums) ▪ Works until sorbent is used up
• Adjusting work schedule (ex. Labor Advisory no. 3 series
of 2016) Air-Supplying Required
• Job rotation • In confined space
• Education of supervisors • Where O2 is not enough
• Employee information and training • Containment concentration is greater than cartridge
• Housekeeping and maintenance capacity
• Emergency response training (ex. First aid and Basic • Where no cartridge is effective against contaminant
Life Support) Types of SCBA
• Special programs specific to Ergonomics (ex. Prolong • Mechanical filter respirators
standing and sitting and etc.) • Chemical cartridge respirators
• Medical Surveillance • Combination mechanical filter/chemical cartridge
• PPE Program • Gas masks
• Work Environment Measurement • Power air-purifying respirators
• Chemical Safety Program (DO 136-14)
Criteria for Selection of Respirators
Personal Protective Equipment • Identification of contaminants
Dust/Gas respirators Aprons • Maximum possible concentration of contaminants in the
Safety goggles/spectacles Safety shoes work area
Face shields Helmets • Acceptability in terms of comfort
Earplugs/Earmuffs Gloves • Compatibility with the nature of job
Respiratory Protective Equipment • Proper fit to the face of user to prevent leakage
Hearing Protection
• Earplugs: placed inside the ear to block out noise. To

work effectively, they should fit snugly into the ear canal
• Earmuffs: a device composed of a headband with two
cushioned ear cups that form a seal around the outer
• Where temporary control measures are necessary ear, covering it completely and blocking out the noise
before engineering controls are installed
• Where engineering controls are not applicable NRR (Noise Reduction Rating)
• To supplement engineering control in reducing exposure • A rating system used to determine the effectiveness of
during maintenance and repair hearing protection devices to decrease sound exposure
• During emergencies within a given working environment
• The higher the NRR number, the more hearing
Criteria for Selection of Respirators protection it can provide to the end-user
• There should be Identification of contaminants.
Determine the maximum possible concentration of Formula:
contaminants in the work area. There should be • Earplugs
acceptability in terms of comfort, compatibility with the ▪ Approximate Noise Protective Level = Noise Level – [
nature of job and proper fit to the face of user to prevent (NRR – 7) x 0.5]
leakage • Earmuffs
▪ Approximate Noise Protective Level = Noise Level – [
Types of Respirators (NRR – 7) x 0.75]
• Air-purifying
• Air-supplying
Page 27 of 62
Example of Using the NRR • Biological Monitoring

For ear plugs: ▪ Measurement and assessment of agents or their
Noise Level - 100 dB(A) metabolites either in tissues, secreta, excreta,
NRR of Hearing Protectors - 31 dB expired air, or any combustion
Computation: 100dB(A)- [(31dB-7) x 0.5] ▪ Evaluates exposure compared to reference
100dB(A)-{24dBx0.5) ▪ BEI
100dB(A)-12dB= 88dB • Health Surveillance
For ear muffs: ▪ Periodic medico-physiologic examinations of
Noise Level - 100 dB(A) exposed workers
NRR of Hearing Protectors - 31 dB ▪ Aims to protect health and prevent occupationally
Computation: 100dB(A)- [(31dB-7) x 0.75] related disease
100dB(A)-{24dBx0.75) What is Involved with Medical Surveillance?
100dB(A)-18dB= 82dB • Affected employees undergo a work history, a medical
history, and a medical examination by a licensed
physician – these elements are used to establish a
baseline of the employees’ health and then used to
monitor their future health as it relates to their potential
occupational exposures to hazardous agents
Individuals covered under this requirement are:
• Members of HAZMAT (Hazardous Materials) teams
• Members of Fire Brigades
• Employees engaged in emergency response operations
who have potential for exposure to hazardous
substances or health hazards above the PEL for a
specified period of time
• Employees engaged in various hazardous waste
occupations
MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE
Introduction Evaluation for Specific Occupational Exposures and
• Medical surveillance coupled with biological monitoring Diseases Assessment
has proven to be a valuable tool in protecting workers • The type of occupational health programs needed by
from potential harmful health effects associated with any business is directly dependent on the goals,
exposure to hazardous materials activities, and operations of that organization. The first
• The OSHA requirements for medical surveillance for stage of medical surveillance is needs assessment.
hazardous waste workers are found at 29 CFR Part ▪ “Do certain workers need special tests?”
1910.120 (f) Assessment of Factors Outside the Workplace
What is Medical Surveillance? • Disinfectants
• Medical surveillance is the process of evaluating the • Cleaning agents
health of employees as it relates to their potential • Paint removers
occupational exposures to hazardous agents • Wax strippers
▪ Purpose: Prevention of illness and early detection of • Solvents
work-related health problems and determining its • Pesticides
cause • Emissions from heating or cooling devices
▪ Objective: To assure compliance with federal and • Sunlamps
state regulations which require medical monitoring • A wide variety of materials used in painting, ceramics,
when employees use certain materials printmaking, sculpture and casting, welding, stained
Monitoring Strategies glass, woodworking, photography, and many forms of
• Ambient Monitoring commercial art
▪ Measurement and assessment of agents at the Symptoms that occur during the workweek and
workplace subside over weekends certainly suggest an
▪ Evaluates ambient exposure compared to reference occupational cause. Conversely, those that appear
▪ TLV only when away from the workplace could well be
associated with home exposure or hobby activities.
Page 28 of 62
The Initial Health Assessment would look into the The risk assessor should discuss this with the Head of the
occupational history, selective body system history, general company who is responsible and accountable for the Health
medical history and physical exam, appropriate testing and Surveillance that is required within the area and for whom,
subsequent reports. as identified in the risk assessment.
Occupational History Once this has been completed all hazards and health
• Work processes (e.g. tasks, tools used) hazards in the workplace should have been identified.
• Hazard exposure (chemical, physical, biological) Why do We Test?
• Route of entry (inhalation, skin, ingestion, injection)
• Frequency, duration and intensity of exposure
• Use of PPE
• Use of engineering controls (ventilation)
• Work organization (hours of work, breaks, OT)
Worker History • Provide a baseline for future tests to be compared against
• Will show if the control measures put in place are working
• Current and past employers
effectively
• Jobs and tasks performed
• Show early signs of the effects of work on health
• Medical history including family history • Allow steps to be taken to prevent further damage
• Personal activities (e.g. smoking habits) and hobbies • Your health surveillance is mandatory, and you cannot opt
• Do co-workers have similar symptoms or suffer from any out
illnesses?
What do We Test?
Selective Body System History List of prescribed hazards and specific medical test required
Some examples are: for workers exposed to these hazards:
• Respiratory questionnaire Prescribed Hazard Medical Test(s) Required
• Nickel sensitivity questionnaire Pre-employment and annual early
• Hearing loss questionnaire Arsenic and morning urine arsenic level, pre-
compounds employment liver function test, and
Appropriate Testing chest x-ray examination
• Bloodwork for lead and for other causes of symptoms Full size chest x-ray examination
that could be related to lead Asbestos (pre-employment and once in 36
• Chest x-rays CAT scans months)
• Audiological assessment Pre-employment and annual
• Pulmonary Function Test hemoglobin, full blood count,
Benzene
peripheral blood film, and mid-week
Report end of shift urine phenol
Cadmium and its Pre-employment and annual blood
compounds cadmium, urine β2-microglobulin
Pre-employment and annual
Compressed air audiometry, lung function test, x-ray
(frequency depends examination of shoulder, hip and
on working knee joints, electrocardiogram (for
pressure) those >35 years), pre-employment
chest x-ray examination
Pre-employment and annual lung
Cotton
function test: FEV, and FVC
Lead (inorganic) Pre-employment and six-monthly
and its compounds blood lead and hemoglobin levels
• To the worker Manganese and its Pre-employment and annual early
• To the employer compounds morning urine manganese
• To legislative bodies Mercury and its Pre-employment and annual early
compound morning urine mercury
Any medical surveillance being carried out should find out
Pre-employment and annual
what the hazards are, identify who might be at risk from Noise
audiometry
exposure to these hazards and how, and decide what to do Pre-employment and six-monthly red
to prevent harm to health – e.g. remove the hazard Organophosphates
blood cell acetylcholinesterase
altogether; reduce risks by changing the way work is done Pre-employment and annual mid-
or us other controls; provide protective equipment. week end of shift urine
Perchloroethylene
trichloroacetic acid, pre-employment
What is required at the starting point of any health liver function tests
surveillance is the risk assessment and trained risk Full size chest x-ray examination
assessors for the department will complete this. Each year, Free silica (pre-employment and once in 36
it is request that a Health Surveillance risk assessment form months)
is completed for each department.
Page 29 of 62
Pre-employment and annual mid- • Limited range of tests

week end of shift urine • Specimen contamination
Trichloroethylene
trichloroacetic acid, pre-employment
• Metabolism – chemical or its metabolite(s)
liver function tests
Vinyl chloride Pre-employment and annual liver
• Timing – short ½ life
monomer function test • Requires cooperation
Source: Guidelines for designated factory doctors, 3rd edition. The • Interpretation may be difficult
Factories (Medical Examinations) Regulations, Singapore, 1997 • Expensive
Biological Monitoring Work and Exposure History

• Focus on the job when the patient first began having
symptoms
• Patient’s job title (or occupation): it is important to know
the nature of the job
• “Tell me what you do on your job?”
• “Is there anything you do now that is different from past
jobs where you’ve been an [e.g. electrician]?”
• Specific exposures: the exposure history requires
• The measurement of a chemical, its metabolite, or a further study to identify specific constituents of products
non-adverse biochemical effect in biological specimen and exposure levels
for the purpose of assessing exposure • Assessment of relative levels of exposure (i.e., low,
• Measures total exposure (quantity of chemical absorbed medium, high) for specific agents can be valuable
regardless or route of administration) vs workplace
exposure (environmental monitoring) Work and Exposure History
• Assesses the extent of exposure, therefore only an • Change in symptoms during the work day
indirect measurement of risk of health effects as a result • Change in symptoms over the work week
of exposure • Change in symptoms on weekends and on vacations
• Necessary conditions to consider biological monitoring • Onset of symptoms away from work
▪ Determinant must be present in blood, urine, exhaled • Other experiences with work-related events
air; suitable for sampling; acceptable sampling Medical Surveillance Program
method • Pre-employment Screening
▪ Method of analysis should be practical, produce valid • Periodic Medical Examinations
reproducible results over the range of concentrations • Emergency Treatment
▪ Strategy of sample collection produces representative
• Non-emergency Treatment
samples
• Recordkeeping
▪ Results can be interpreted
▪ Action required for aberrant result established prior to • Program Review
monitoring • Critical Incident Stress
Advantages of Biologic Monitoring

• It is an attempt to measure the parameter most directly
related to potential health effects
▪ Results can aid in formulating a more refined estimate
of risk of illness secondary to exposure
• Nonoccupational exposures and individual variability are
assessed
• Multiple exposures and other routes of exposure, such DEVELOPMENT OF CONTROL MEASURES
as dermal and ingestion, can be evaluated • Hazard control measures occur at the very end of your
safety program development process
Limitations of Biologic Monitoring
• This process starts with an assessment of hazard risk –
• Effectiveness is dependent on adequate toxicologic data and control measures are only identified and
• Test results can be affected by other factors such as implemented later
alcohol and pregnancy • These are followed by evaluation and continuous
▪ Cigarette smoking can also interfere with monitoring improvement of your risk control measures to maintain
results an up-to-date, effective safety program
▪ Workers who smoke cigarettes, for example, may
have levels of cadmium higher than their What is Hazard Control?
nonsmoking counter parts • Hazard control refers to workplace procedures adopted
• For some substances, relatively short biologic half-lives to minimize injury, reduce adverse health effects and
affect the monitoring control damage to plant or equipment
• Monitoring is ineffective for surface-acting agents such
as sulfur dioxide and ammonia
Page 30 of 62
• Hazard control practices are often standardized and Definition of a Hazard

taught to managers and safety personnel in a given • A condition or set of circumstances that presents a
industry potential for harm. Hazards are divided into two broad
categories:
What Are Hazard Control Measures?
a. Health hazards: cause of occupational illnesses
• Control measures include actions that reduce risk from b. Safety hazards: cause physical harm/injuries
hazard exposure by removing the hazard or reducing
exposure to it. Control measures also include Hazard Identification
substituting less hazardous materials, introducing
physical barriers to the hazard, changing work
processes to limit hazard exposure, and providing your
workers with appropriate personal protective equipment
(PPE).
• Depending on the hazard and how often a worker is
exposed to it, the risk of injury will vary. Likewise, control
measures vary in effectiveness. Controls dependent on
workers applying the control consistently are less • The process of identifying all hazards in the workplace
successful, given the human tendency to forget. • Hazards are the main cause of occupational health and
Conversely, controls independent of human action are safety problems. Therefore, finding ways of eliminating
most effective. The trick is choosing the most effective hazards or controlling the risks is the best way to reduce
control measure that’s feasible to implement while also workplace injury and illness
considering its impact on your workflow.
Hazard Prevention and Control
Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment • To assess safety management on your workplace,
• Safety in any operation check whether you have:
works best if the person ▪ Regular hazard assessment surveys of operations,
or people in charge take equipment, substances and tasks
a leading role in ▪ A system of recording injuries, near misses and
managing safety and identified hazards
health ▪ Safe procedures for work tasks
• By having a good safety ▪ Safety training and supervision for new and young
management program, employees
you can avoid not only ▪ Protective clothing and equipment (PPE)
injuries, but also other ▪ Safety training and practices for each new piece of
incidents that are equipment
costly, time consuming, stressful and inconvenient ▪ Safety discussions between employers and
Safety Pyramid employees
▪ Safety information readily available for hazardous
(1)
substances
Fatality
▪ Copies of the regulations
(30) Lost
Workday Cases Develop a Plan
• Develop a written safety and health program covering the
(300) Recordable
Injuries
points listed (Hazard Prevention and Control)
• Discuss the program with others during the development to
(3,000) Near Misses (estimated) assure their safety concerns are met
▪ Incorporate a system for hazard identification, risk
assessment and risk control
(300,000) At-risk Behaviors (estimated)
• Make sure employees and others are familiar with the plan,
safe work procedures, and current legal safety and health
• Conoco Phillips Marine conducted a study requirements
demonstrating a large difference in the ratio of serious
accidents and near misses Identify the Hazards
▪ This study was built on the original work of H.W.
Heinrich back in 1931
• The Conoco study found that for every single fatality
there were at least 300,000 at-risk behaviors, defined as
activities that are not consistent with safety programs,
training and components on machinery • The best way to protect yourself and your employees
from workplace hazards is to identify and manage them
and take reasonable steps to prevent their potential to
harm
Page 31 of 62
• To control workplace hazards and eliminate or reduce • Hearing damage

the risk, you should take the following steps: • Reduced wellbeing
▪ Identify the hazard by carrying out a workplace risk
Some types of safety risks
assessment
Some common types of safety risks in the workplace are:
▪ Determine how employees might be at risk
• Slips, trips and falls
▪ Evaluate the risks
• Hazardous materials
▪ Record and review hazards at least annually, or
• Cuts and lacerations
earlier if something changes
• Heat exhaustion or heat stress
Common Workplace Hazards • Struck by moving objects
There are many types of workplace hazards, which tend to
Hierarchy of Prevention and Control Measures
come under four main categories:
• Risks may cause suffering to people, losses for companies
• Physical hazards: most common workplace hazards,
and damage to our economy, and, as such, they should be
including vibration, noise and slips, trips and falls avoided or reduced to a minimum
• Ergonomic hazards: harm the musculoskeletal system, • Common sense and legislation dictate that employers
such as repetitive movement, manual handling and poor assess the risks for their staff and implement related
body positioning preventive or control measures
• Chemical hazards: any hazardous substance that can ▪ Preventive measures aim at avoiding risks whereas
cause harm to your employees control measures are put in place in order to reduce and
• Biological hazards: bacteria and viruses that can cause manage risks
health effects, such as hepatitis, HIV/AIDS and • To combat the vast number of very different risks, for
Legionnaire’s disease example slipping, falling, developing musculoskeletal
disorders (MSD), etc., researchers, technicians and
Hazards may be identified by: practitioners have developed an even higher number of
• Observation - use your senses of sight, hearing, smell preventive and control measures
and touch - combined with knowledge and experience • To facilitate this, measures are classified, and these types
• Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) - obtain them from are put into a hierarchical order. The highest level is seen
manufacturers and suppliers. Read them carefully to as the most efficient one in terms of combating the risks.
identify possible harm from hazardous substances and The lower levels are only to be applied, if no higher-level
precautions that need to be taken measures are available, or if the application would be
• Hazard and risk surveys - conduct hazard spotting disproportionate in terms of effort and achievable result
surveys of main work areas. Talk to others about their Checking the Changes
safety concerns
• To make sure risk has been minimized, and a further
• Record analysis - keep records of identified hazards, hazard has not been created, the new safety measures
near misses, injuries and workers' compensation claims may need to be carefully tested before work begins again
to help identify possible trends • Consultation between the employer and others at the
• Discussion groups - are useful for identifying hazards workplace will help to reach a safe decision
and recommending solutions • In some cases, a new set of safe work procedures may be
• Safety audits - consider creating a safety committee to necessary, possibly even another period of training and
investigate safety and help prepare a management plan supervision, until the improvement can be shown to be
• Information - keep informed of hazards in the industry working safely
through the latest available information ▪ Safety improvements should be reviewed periodically to
• Regulations and best practices make sure they continue to be effective
Assess the Risk
• Once a hazard has been identified, the likelihood and
possible severity of injury or harm will need to be
assessed before determining how best to minimize the
risk
• High risk hazards will need to be addressed more
urgently than low risk situations
• You may decide that the same hazard could lead to
several different possible outcomes
▪ For each hazard consider how likely each possible JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
outcome is and record the highest priority • A job hazard analysis is a technique that focuses on job
tasks as a way to identify hazards before they occur. It
Common health risks
focuses on the relationship between the worker, the
Some of the most common health risks associated with
task, the tools, and the work environment
workplace hazards include:
• Ideally, after you identify uncontrolled hazards, you will
• Breathing problems
take steps to eliminate or reduce them to an acceptable
• Skin irritation
risk level
• Damage to muscles, bones and joints
Page 32 of 62
A JHA can be conducted on many jobs in your ▪ Later, review the job steps with the employee to make
workplace. Priority should go to the following types of sure you have not omitted something
jobs: ▪ Include the employee in all phases of the analysis –
• Jobs with the highest injury or illness rates from reviewing the job steps and procedures to
• Jobs with the potential to cause severe or disabling discussing uncontrolled hazards and recommended
injuries or illnesses, even if there is no history of solutions
previous accidents Develop Solutions
• Jobs in which one simple human error could lead to a The final step in JHA is to develop ways to eliminate the
severe accident or injury hazards and prevent occurrence of potential accidents. The
• Jobs that are new to your operation or have undergone principal solutions are:
changes in processes and procedures • Find a new way to do the job. Consider work-saving
• Jobs complex enough to require written instructions tools and equipment
Ways of Controlling Accidents • Change the physical conditions that create the hazards.
• Practice good housekeeping Point out benefits (greater production or time saving)
• Safety inspections from this change to higher management
• Accident investigations • To eliminate the hazards still present, change the job
• Perform job hazard analysis & job/task observations procedure
• Try to reduce the necessity of doing a job, or at least the
Job hazard analysis is a procedure to make a job safe frequency that it must be performed
by:
• Identifying the hazards or potential accidents associated Recommending Corrective Measures
with each step of the job • Recommendations should be developed at the job site
• Developing a solution for each hazard that will either whenever possible
eliminate or control the exposure • Recommendations should be developed in sequence,
beginning with the first hazard
Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) is a program element of the • Recommendations must be specific
Plant Safety & Health Program • As many solutions as possible should be listed
Steps in Making a Job Hazard Analysis
• Involve your Employees. It is very important to involve ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

your employees in the job hazard analysis process.
They have a unique understanding of the job and this What is an Accident?
knowledge is invaluable for finding hazards • Any undesired, unplanned event arising out of
• Review your Accident History. Revie with your employment which results in physical injury or damage
employees your farm's history of accidents and to property, or the possibility of such injury or damage
occupational illnesses that needed treatment, losses • “Near miss” situations must also be addressed - events
that required repair or replacement, and any "near which did not result in injury or damage but had the
misses" potential to do so
• Conduct a Preliminary Job Review. Discuss with your Accident Ratio Study
employees the hazards they know exist in their current
work and surroundings
▪ Brainstorm with them for ideas to eliminate or control
those hazards
• List, Rank, and Set Priorities for Hazardous Jobs.
List jobs with hazards that present unacceptable risks,
based on those most likely to occur and with the most
severe consequences. These jobs should be your first
priority for analysis
• Outline the Steps or Tasks. When beginning a job
hazard analysis, watch the employee perform the job
and list each step as the worker takes it. Be sure to • Serious or Disabling: Includes disabling & serious
record enough information to describe each job action injuries
without getting overly detailed • Minor Injuries: Any reported injury less than serious
Page 33 of 62
• Property Damage & Accidents: All types • Plant & equipment

• Accidents with no visible Injury or Damage: Critical • Noise or vibration
incidents • Hazardous substances
Accident Causes • Radiation
• Heat & cold
• Animals or insects
• Microbiological agents
Immediate causes
• Standard practices
▪ Operating with authority
▪ Use serviceable equipment
• Unsafe Act: an act by the injured person or another
▪ Use equipment properly
person (or both) which caused the accident
▪ Use of PPE where required
• Unsafe Condition: some environmental or hazardous ▪ Correct lifting
situation which caused the accident independent of the ▪ No drinking & drugs
employee(s) ▪ No horseplay
Accident Causation Model ▪ Secure equipment or warnings
• Results of the accident (harm or damage) • Standard conditions
• Incident - Contact (accident) ▪ Effective guards & devices
• Immediate causes (symptoms) ▪ Serviceable tools & equipment
• Basic causes (real problems) ▪ Adequate warning systems
▪ Good housekeeping
Chain of Accident Causation ▪ Non-polluted environment
• Basic causes: Management Safety Policy and - Noise
Decisions; Supervisory performance; Personal factors - Hazardous substances
or Job factors ▪ Good illumination & ventilation
• Immediate causes: Substandard practices; ▪ Good working, storage & travelling space
Substandard conditions; Human factor
• Incident – Contact: Accident (unplanned release of Basic causes
energy and/or hazardous material) • Personal factors
• Accident results: Personal injury; Property damage; ▪ Lack of knowledge or skill
Uninsured costs ▪ Improper motivation
▪ Physical or mental conditions
Results of accident ▪ Literacy or ability (NESB)
• Physical harm (injury or illness) • Job factors
▪ Catastrophic (multiple deaths) ▪ Physical environment
▪ Death ▪ Sub-standard equipment
▪ Disabling, lost time, major ▪ Abnormal usage
▪ Serious ▪ Wear & tear
▪ Minor ▪ Inadequate standards
▪ Notifiable ▪ Design & maintenance
▪ Compensatable ▪ Purchasing standards
• Property damage • Supervisory performance
▪ Catastrophic ▪ Inadequate instructions
▪ Major ▪ Failure of SOPs
▪ Serious ▪ Rules not enforced
▪ Minor ▪ Hazards not corrected
Incident – Contact ▪ Devices not provided
• Struck against • Management policy and decisions
• Struck by ▪ Set measurable standards
• Fall to below ▪ Measure work in progress
▪ Evaluate work-v-standards
• Fall on same level
▪ Correct performance if necessary
• Caught on
• Caught in Computation of Frequency, Severity and Incidence
• Caught between Rates
• Over exertion • Frequency Rate (FR) – refers to cases of occupational
• Chemical contact injuries with workdays lost per 1,000,000 employee-
hours of exposure
Contact with
• Electricity
Page 34 of 62
• Incidence Rate (IR) – refers to cases of occupational Incidence Rates

injuries with workdays lost per 1,000 workers Lost-time injury incidence rate =
• Severity Rate (SR) – refers to workdays lost of cases of Number of lost-time injuries x 1 000
occupational injuries resulting to temporary incapacity Average number of persons employed
per 1,000,000 employee-hours of exposure Reportable lost-time injury incidence rate =
• Average Workdays Lost – refer to workdays lost for Number of reportable lost-time injuries x 1 000
every case of occupational injury resulting to temporary Average number of persons employed
incapacity • Since reportable lost-time injury incidence rate is based
on the lost time injuries reportable to the statutory
Frequency rate authorities, it should be used for official purposes only.
FA = Number of lost time injury x 1 000 000 In all other cases lost-time injury incidence rate should
Man-hours worked be used
Why Investigate?
FB = Number of reportable lost time injury x 1 000 000
Man-hours worked
• If the injury does not cause loss of time in the period in
which it occurs but in a subsequent period, the injury
should be included in the frequency rate of the period in
which the loss of time begins
• If an injury causes intermittent loss of time, it should only
be included in the frequency rate once, that is, when the
first loss of time occurs • Legal requirement
• Since frequency rate FB is based on the lost time injuries • Establish causes
reportable to the statutory authorities, it may be used for • Prevent recurrences
official purposes only. In all other cases, frequency rate • Accurate record (courts & enquiries)
FA should be used for comparison purposes • Statistical data base
Severity Rate Accident Investigation
SA = Man-days lost due to lost time injury x 1 000 000 • A systematic approach to accident investigation, the
Man-hours worked identification of causal factors and implementation of
SB = Man-days lost due to reportable lost time injury x 1000000 corrective actions is essential to a good H&S program
Man-hours worked and management system
• Since severity rate SB is based on the lost time injuries Good procedures:
reportable to the statutory authorities, it should be used • Provide information needed to determine injury rates,
for official purposes only. In all other cases severity rate identify trends or problem areas, permit comparisons and
SA should be used for comparison purposes satisfy Workers Compensation requirements
• Identify, without placing blame, the basic causal factors
Calculation of man-days lost under Severity Rate shall be that contributed directly or indirectly to each accident
based on the following: • Identify deficiencies in management systems
• Man-days lost due to temporary total disability • Suggest corrective action alternatives for a given accident
• Man-days lost according to schedule of charges for • Suggest corrective action alternatives for the management
death and permanent disabilities. In case of multiple system
injury, the sum of schedule charges shall not be taken to
exceed 6 000 man-days What, When and How to Investigate
• Days lost due to injury in previous periods, that is, if any • What to investigate?
accident which occurred in previous period is still ▪ All accidents & near misses
causing loss of time in the period under review, such ▪ As soon as possible
▪ Scene interference
loss of time is also to be included in the period under
▪ Survey of scene
review
▪ Chronology of data
• In the case of intermittent loss of time, each period ▪ Measurements, maps & sketches
should be included in the severity rate for the period in ▪ Eyewitnesses
which the time is lost ▪ Reconstruction
• If any injury is treated as a lost time injury in one ▪ Statistics & trends
statistical period and subsequently turns out to be a ▪ Injury types & groups
permanent disability; the man-days charged to the injury • Who should investigate?
shall be subtracted from the schedule charge for the ▪ Supervisor
injury when permanent disability becomes ‘known ▪ WH&S Officer
▪ WH&S Representative
▪ Team
Page 35 of 62
• Training and skills • Clarity and completeness of the description of the

▪ Investigative & recording skills sequence of events leading up to the accident
▪ Technical knowledge • Correct identification of all causal factors
▪ Interviewing skills • Clarity and completeness of all causal factors
▪ Report writing skills • Recommendations made for corrective actions to
Action Plan reduce or eliminate the probability of recurrence of a
• Identification of the individual who is in charge and assigns similar accident
responsibilities • Recommendations for corrective actions to improve
• Authority to conduct investigation management system
• Securing the accident site for the duration of the • Timelines – specific time periods, monitoring and
investigation, after rescue and damage control are responsibilities
complete • Proper review and sign off
• Photographic support or capability
• Procedures & equipment to ensure observation and Documentation
recording of fragile, perishable or transient evidence • Accident investigation Form
(instrument readings, control panel settings, weather & • Witness Statements &
other environmental conditions, chemical spills, stains, skid Records of Interview
marks) • Checklists:
• Development of a comprehensive report ▪ Victim(s)
▪ Witnesses
Determine the Facts
▪ Environment & Locations
• Visit accident scene
▪ Equipment & Parts
• Take samples
▪ Documentation
• Visual records
• Preserve accident items
• Accident/Incident Record
• Identify people involved Records
• Interview witnesses • Specified forms
• Review information ▪ Records maintained
Finding Facts (Logic Method) ▪ Periods
• Notifiable injury – S.B.I.
▪ Admitted as an “in-patient”
• Times
▪ S.B.I. – within 24 hours
▪ Death – immediately
Prevention
• Effective management and supervision
• What was the exact injury or damage? • Commitment to accident prevention
• What was the damaging energy source? • Effective policy and procedures
• What event immediately preceded the damaging event? • Effective reporting & recording
• What happened before that? • Regular consultation and “toolbox” meetings
• What happened even before that? • Risk assessments
• What happened in between? • Specific training
• What else was going on at the time of the accident? • Literature and culture
• Was anyone else involved? • Incentive schemes
• Interview witnesses
Warning Signs
Techniques • Increases in breaches of safety
• Put at ease procedures
• Assure “no blame” • Increase in reportable incidents
• Ask witness to relate their account of the accident • Technical concerns
• Listen carefully • Friction or disputes
• Ask questions – reinforce • Ageing or suspect equipment
• Repeat if necessary • Introduction of new procedures
• Ask witness for suggestions for future avoidance or equipment
• Encourage further contact • New employees
• Be polite and thank the witness • Age of employees
A Good Report • Long periods of work
• Accuracy and completeness of • Environmental issues
information
Page 36 of 62
Training
A learning intervention with the objective of improving the
match between job requirements and individual’s
knowledge, skills, and attitudes. After a training, the
individual is expected to apply learning immediately, such
as the situation in BOSH, COSH, PCO training.
COMMUNICATING OSH Training Needs Analysis (TNA)
Communicate the Occupational Safety and Health Determines whether training is needed in the first place. If
(OSH) Program so, the training should be based on sound, clearly identified
• The means of communicating the OSH program should requirements. The training should be able to identify the
be anchored to the roles and responsibilities of problem (e.g. compliance), training is the best way to
concerned individuals or groups of individuals, as they respond to the problem and it should be able to identify the
need to understand their take on the program and how target learners.
they can be instrumental in ensuring its effective Curriculum Development
implementation. As part of the company’s • A by-product of the TNA
communication plan, the Safety Officer should schedule • Composed of the course outline / training activity plan,
orientation of contractors and service providers on the learning objectives, selection of the most appropriate
principal’s OSH program, so the contractors can methodologies and specifying other details such as
prepare their respective safety and health programs in training dates, target participants, etc. (e.g. Mandatory
accordance to the principal’s OSH program 8-hour Safety and Health Seminar for Workers)
• Per Republic Act 11058 and DOLE DO 198 – 18, a
company’s OSH program is submitted to the DOLE Development of Training Materials
Regional/ Provincial/ District Office. The submission is The conversion of the Course Outline / Training Activity
among the basis of a labor inspector in exacting OSH Plan into a complete set of materials in the form of detailed
compliance from a company lesson plans, learner materials (e.g. workbooks, hand-
outs), audiovisual aids (e.g. slides, flip charts, etc.),
• In communicating to employers, they give premium to
compliance requirements, status of compliance, costs, assessment and evaluation sheets. Administrative
productivity indicators, the need to know and what can arrangements in terms of venue, selection of resource
be done and the efficient and effective way to implement persons and facilitators and other arrangements have to be
prepared.
OSH
Training Implementation
What Should Be Communicated OSH to Employers?
This requires preparedness of the resource persons and
• Duties of Employers
facilitators, the sufficient logistics, documentation such as
• Compliance to Legislations (OSH Standards, DO)
records of learners’ progress, and evaluation of training
• OSH Data/Profile and OSH Situationer of Company facilities/ trainers. In the duration of the training,
• Risk Assessment adjustments need to be done to ensure overall
• OSH Committee effectiveness of the training.
• Accident Data
Monitoring and Evaluation
Duties of Employers
A valuable process in the whole package of training. There

should be a means of checking if the learner has retained
• Equip a place of employment for workers free from
the main points/key messages of the session. This can be
hazardous conditions that are causing or likely to cause
tested through written evaluations, quizzes/ exercises
death, illness or physical harm to the workers
through summaries in the hand-outs or checklists.
• Provide complete job instructions and proper orientation
to all workers including, but no limited to, those relating Conduct of Safety/Toolbox Meetings
to familiarization with their work environment Safety Meetings
• The daily safety briefings by supervisors to all workers
How do You Communicate OSH to Employees?
has a lot to say in inculcating a culture of safety and
Communication to employees can be done through
health in the workplace
workers’ OSH seminar, OSH committee meetings, toolbox
meeting, OSH bulletin boards, posters, IEC materials, email • These meetings are also where the workers get to
brigades, reports and specific OSH learning sessions, re- appraised the current risk and hazards
orientation. • Can lead to positive behavioral changes among workers
Page 37 of 62
Toolbox Meetings of the Safety and Health Committee meetings are submitted
• State agenda items of to the DOLE using the prescribed forms and on a regular
highest importance basis.
• Usually, a 15 – 20 Writing a Realistic Aims and Objectives for your
minute of toolbox Training Session
meeting should suffice • Your aims and objectives must be attainable and
• Does not have to measurable
discuss in full length a • It is essential that the results you expect to achieve are
lot of safety and health realistic
issues
• Focuses on urgent Sample aims and objectives:
ways to deal with safety and health issues. The • To teach the understanding of current discrimination
meetings can have a single topic each day and be held laws, and to train staff on the implications relating to
regularly for greatest impact recruitment, appraisals, benefits, pensions and
retirement.
Conducting Effective Toolbox Meetings
• To train staff on customer care strategies and to ensure
• Be direct to the point that they understand how customer care needs are to
• Agenda only relevant topics be implemented as part of the organization’s ‘Treating
• Have topics that worker can relate to both on and off the Customers Fairly’ initiative
job
• Keep it short Rules for Writing Objectives
• Highlight only the necessary points • An objective should be phrased in a positive way, and
• Always stay positive should outline the outcomes of the training
▪ It should begin with, “At the end of the session you (i.e.
• Use the meeting as avenue to promote safe behavior
the trainees) will be able to…”, or” after this session
and preventive attitude
you will be able to…”
• Stay focus on the positive practices, forget past failures
• It should also indicate the standards that the trainees
• Clarify your point
must be able to attain, to determine the success of the
• Make your talk interactive, involve the audience
training: “… so that we will be able to use this with every
• Use clear examples to be more informative customer enquiry...” or, “… by using this we’ll be able to
• Tell a story, not a statistic. Storytelling is a powerful cut waiting times down by half the current level”
method of conveying information
Asking Questions
Safety and Health Committee Meetings The two basic types of questions trainer use during a
The presentation:
Occupational • Open-ended questions/requests - why, how, describe…
Safety and • Closed-ended questions - is, are, can, were…
Health
Listening to Questions
Standards, RA
Listen to your audience’s questions and comments first
11058 and the
before thinking of your response…
DOLE DO 198 –
• Welcome difficult questions
18, are clear as • To build rapport, say – “That’s a good question…”
to the responsibilities of the Safety and Health Committee. • Make direct eye contact with the person
The Committee is involved in planning and policymaking on • Focus on the person when they are asking the question
OSH. Meetings are conducted at least once a month. This • Move towards the person
is an important opportunity to communicate OSH in the • Repeat the question
workplace. • Rephrase the question
The safety officer being the main person in organizing the Answering Questions
Committee meetings is responsible facilitating the • Respond initially to the
administrative arrangements for the meeting is set. person who asked the
Although each committee member should play his/ her part. question
All meetings should be documented stating the agreements • Then shift eye contact to
and action plans discussed in the meetings. The Minutes of the broad audience
meeting should take note of these agreements while the • Answer the question
action plans should be filed subject to the monitoring of the clearly and briefly
safety officer. There are compliance requirements of the • Hold your ground and
Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE). The Safety don’t back down
and Health Committee through the safety officer shall
• If you don’t know the answer, say so
ensure that the required OSH reports including the Minutes
Page 38 of 62
• Conclude by transitioning attention back to the person ▪ Your presentation should cover the following three
who asked the question main goals of a training session
• If appropriate, ask, “Did I answer the question for you?” - Make your learning outcomes specific and clear
or “Does that help?” - Make your goals realistic
- Focus on what is achievable
Handling Problem Situations • Practice your presentation: Practicing your
Problem situations have something to do with the level of presentation can help you confidently deliver the
participation of individual learners: material to your audience. You can also learn how best
• Too much participation to pace the presentation or discover sections that need
• Too little participation to be added or removed
• Hostility • Prepare material to handout: Using handouts can help
There are three important considerations when your audience understand and retain the information
handling problem situations: presented. Handing out printed materials is also a great
1. Eliminate or reduce the problem behavior. Resolve the way for them to bring the material home and refresh
problem to the extent necessary what they learned
2. Maintain the self-esteem of the learner causing the Preparing for Your Visual Aids
disruption • Prepare any visual aids you might need
3. Avoid further disruptions. Make sure the learning ▪ Include visual presentations in your rehearsals and
environment is relaxed and conducive to learning practice. Keep visuals as clean and simple as you
Important strategies for handling problem situations: can. Don't rely fully on visual aids for your training
• Remain emotionally neutral session
• Identify possible strategies you or other trainers have • Don’t hand out material while presenting a visual aid
used before in a similar situation ▪ This can cause your audience to become distracted
• Evaluate alternative strategies against the and possibly miss some of the information being
considerations above presented. Hand out any materials before or after
• Select the strategy that best satisfies the criteria for the using a visual aid. Keep the audience focused on the
situation visual aid when it is being presented
• Have a backup plan in place
Types of Difficult Participants ▪ Technology that is used during a presentation to
• The Silent One: A participant doesn’t appear to want to deliver a visual aid may break down or fail. Without
contribute a backup plan in place, your presentation may suffer.
• The Griper: A participant often complains about the Always make sure to have another method to
tasks, facilities and other things present this information should a visual aid become
• The Know-All: A participant wants to display his/her unusable
knowledge, dominating the session
Engaging Your Audience
• The Clash: Two or more participants clash over
• Put your audience first: They are the reason you are
personalities, abilities, facts, etc.
having the training session and now you will need to
• The Latecomer: A participant consistently arrives late,
engage them and effectively deliver your information
returns late after breaks
• Monitor your audience: Watch for signs of how they are
• Difficult-to-Understand: A participant is hard to
receiving the information, levels of interest, and how
understand, maybe a non-English speaker, a non-
focused they are. Adjust your pace to keep your
technical person on a technical course
audience interested and engaged
Preparing the Training Program • Always end with a question and answer session: The
entire audience can learn from a single question.
Question and answer sessions are highly engaging,
allowing your audience to better understand the topic
under discussion
• Evaluate your presentation: Implementing a method to
have your presentation assessed can give you great
feedback and help you improve your next training
session
• Choose the best location and time for your training ▪ You may consider giving a kind of test at the end of
session: You will want to choose a location for your your presentation. This will let you learn how much
training session that has enough room and seating for information your audience retained
everyone attending ▪ Try handing out a survey at the end of your training
• Plan your goals for the presentation: An important session. These are evaluations that your audience
part of creating a good presentation is having clear goals can use to give you direct feedback
for it. Find some key points that you want to make and
discover what you want your audience to learn
Page 39 of 62
What is Disaster Management?
• Is how we deal with the human, material, economic or

WORKPLACE EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
environmental impacts of said disaster, it is the process
Emergency
of how we “prepare for, respond to and learn from the
• Potentially life-threatening situation, usually occurring
effects of major failures”
suddenly and unexpectedly
▪ Though often caused by nature, disasters can have
Immediate Response is Essential human origins
• Speed in responding can mean the difference between Disaster Management Plan
life and death or between minimal damage and major
• Preparedness: activities prior to a disaster
damage
▪ Examples: preparedness plans; emergency
• Preparation is planning for emergencies (Plan, practice, exercises/training; warning systems
evaluate, adjust)
• Response: activities during a disaster
Emergency Classification ▪ Examples: public warning systems; emergency
The emergencies are classified as: operations; search and rescue
• Construction Hazard: During the construction of • Recovery: activities following a disaster
infrastructure facilities, construction practice and safety ▪ Examples: temporary housing; claims processing and
requirement should be enforced by the contractor at site. grants; long-term medical care and counseling
The construction manager can be the coordinator for the • Mitigation: activities that reduce the effects of disasters
emergency management ▪ Examples: building codes and zoning; vulnerability
▪ Depending on the severity of the injury/disaster analyses; public education
outside medical help can be obtained. Before
Purposed of Emergency Planning
commencement of the work the hospital facilities
should be identified and the address and phone
numbers to be available to the contractor as well as
the construction manager
• Natural Hazard: During natural hazard the emergency
plan to be implemented with the help and guidance from
the district collector, who is the coordinator for such
activity
▪ Disaster Management Team (DMT) will also be
responsible for disaster mitigation and disaster • Minimize damage
recovery. The primary mass disaster potential for the • Ensure the safety of staff, customers/ clients and public
area is fire and water damage • Protect vital records/assets
• Manmade/Operational Hazard: During the operation • Provide for continuity of operations
phase project proponent and maintenance staff
becomes the coordinator for the emergency activity and Phases in Emergencies
the emergency cell will be acting in accordance with the Generally, the following five phases are involved in an
disaster management plan (DMP) emergency:
1. Discovery and Notification
Emergency Management 2. Evaluation and Accident Control Initiation
3. Containment and Counter Measures
4. Cleanup and Disposal
5. Documentation
Discovery and notification
• An event with an imminent threat of turning into an
• Emergency management is a comprehensive system
accident must first be discovered and the discoverer
set up to address and handle natural and man-made
should quickly notify the same to the safety officer
hazards
Evaluation and accident control initiation
Four Parts of Emergency Management
1. Prevention/Mitigation • Based on the evaluation of available information, the
2. Preparedness safety officer makes a rapid assessment of the severity
3. Response of the likely accident and initiates the best course of
4. Recovery action
Page 40 of 62
Containment and counter measures • Fire-fighting personnel

• Action is first taken to contain and control the accident • Security personnel
by eliminating the causes which may lead to the spread • Safety personnel
of accident. Measures are also taken to minimize the • Specialists from different fields
damage to personnel, property and environment
Key to success in an emergency:
Cleanup and disposal
• After the accident is effectively contained and controlled,
the cleanup of the site of the accident and safe disposal
of waste generated due to the accident are undertaken
Documentation
• All aspects of accidents, must be documented for
subsequent analysis for prevention in future, damage
estimation, insurance recovery and compensation
payment • One person is In-charge
• It may be noted that photographs, survey reports, main • Everyone involved knows who is in charge
objects involved in the accident, etc. may have to be • Everyone who has a role in responding to an emergency
carried out before the cleanup and disposal phase is given ample opportunities to practice in simulated
• However, the effort in all cases is to recommence the conditions that come as close as possible to real
operation as soon as possible conditions
Emergency Classification Important Elements in the Emergency Management
Severity of accident and its likely impact area will determine Plan
the level of emergency and the disaster management plan • Reliable and early detection of an emergency and
required for appropriate handling of an emergency careful planning
Level 01 Emergency • The command, co-ordination, and response
• A local accident with likely impact only to immediate organization structure along with efficient trained
surroundings of accident site, such as, local fires, and personnel
limited release of inflammable material • The availability of resources for handling emergencies.
• The impact distance may not be more than 15m from the • Appropriate emergency response actions
site of primary accident and may require evacuation of • Effective notification and communication facilities
the building/area where accident occurred and utmost • Regular review and updating of the EMP
the adjacent building/area • Proper training of the concerned personnel
Level 02 Emergency Assembly Points for Emergency Management Plan
• A major accident with potential threats to life and • Assembly points are to be set up farthest from the
property up to 500m distance requiring the evacuation location of likely hazardous events, where
of all personnel from the threatened area except the predesignated persons would assemble in case of
emergency response personnel emergency
• Larger fires, release of large quantities of inflammable • The location near to the entrance gate is one of the
materials may belong to emergency level 2 safest places. This can be the assembly point
Level 03 Emergency Communication System for EMP
• An accident involving a very serious hazard and with • Different types of alarms to differentiate types of
likely impact area extending beyond 500m from the emergencies should be provided
operational area such as, major fire, flood, very large • In case of failure of siren, placards of various colors
release of inflammable material etc. should be used to indicate the situations
• In a level 3 emergency, evacuation of population in • If everything fails, a messenger should be used for
adjacent villages, may sometime become necessary if sending the information and the various placards
threatened area extend to adjoining the site of the mentioned would also be used
primary accident in a direction of maximum impact • Alarms should be followed by announcement over
Organization and Coordination Public Address System. In case of failure of alarm
system, communication should be by telephone, Walkie-
talkie etc.
Emergency Services for EMP
• Emergency Services includes fire-fighting system, first
aid center, hospital etc.
• Alternate sources of power supply for operating fire
Responses to emergencies include: pumps, communication with local bodies, fire brigade
• Medical personnel etc. should also be clearly identified
Page 41 of 62
• Adequate number of external and internal telephone Disability in the Workplace

connections should be installed
Evacuation Map for EMP
• Maps showing evacuation routes shall be displayed
should be displayed at prominent places
• The map should contain the site related details such as:
▪ Emergency escape routes
▪ Location of emergency medical services
▪ Location of dangerous substances Definition:
▪ Seat of emergency contact key personnel • Takes into account loss of function/body part
▪ Location of emergency control room • Loss/reduction of income due to injury/illness
▪ The parking points of ambulances and fire-fighting • Inability to engage in gainful work
vehicles
Disability = Absence due to illness or injury
Disability Benefits
• SSS Disability (not work-connected)
• GSIS Disability (not work-connected)
• ECC Disability (work-connected)
• OWWA Disability (not work-connected)
Disability and Sickness
• Work-Related = File EC claim
EMPLOYEES’ COMPENSATION PROGRAM • Not Work-related = File with SSS/GSIS
1997 Work Accidents/Injuries Summary (WAIS) Employees’ Compensation Program
• Yearly in-depth study and analysis of work-related • A legal system designed to shift some of the costs of
accidents/injuries occupational injury and illness from workers to
• Occupation employers
Workman’s Compensation: ECP
Category of Disabling Injuries
• Provide package of benefits to workers and their
• Temporary total disability (TTD):71%
dependents in the event of work-related injuries,
• Non-disabling injuries: 29% illnesses and death
• Permanent partial disability (PPD): 0.23%
• Fatalities/death: 0.31% Grounds for compensability of work-related illness/injury:
• Is the injury or illness compensable?
Social Protection in the Philippines
• Social Protection - a set of public private & public Compensability of Injuries
policies & programs created as a response to both man- • For the injury and the resulting disability or death to be
made & national emergencies & risks compensable, the injury must be the result of an
• Social Insurance – cushions the effects of illness, accident arising out of in the course of the employment.
disability, work injury, old age Grounds for Compensability of Work-related Injury
▪ Social Security System (SSS) • It occurred while the employee was performing an
▪ Government System Insurance System (GSIS) official function at the place of work, & if elsewhere, the
▪ Employees’ Compensation Commission (ECC) employee must have been executing an order for the
▪ Philippine Health Insurance System (PHIC) employer
▪ Overseas’ Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA) • It occurred while employee was performing an act within
What is a Disability? the time & space limits of his employment to minister to
• Definition of disability (Article 167, Labor Code) personal comfort such as satisfaction of thirst, hunger,
• Loss or impairment of a physical or mental function or other physical demands
resulting from injury or illness Work-Connected Injuries
SSS definition of disability: Seven Instances where injury can be compensable:
• Any loss or reduction of earning capacity due to • Happened at the workplace
impairment of the physical and/or mental facilities which • Happened while performing official function
reduces a member’s ability to engage in any gainful • Outside of workplace but performing an order of his
occupation employer
• When going to or coming from work
• While ministering to personal comfort
• While in a company shuttle
• During a company sponsored activity
Page 42 of 62
Going To and Coming From One ring finger 5

• The act of the employee going to or coming from the One little finger 3
One big toe 6
workplace, must have been a continuing act, no Any other toe 3
diversion, and he had not departed from his usual route One hand 39
to or from his workplace One arm 50
One foot 31
• The employer shall require pre-employment One leg 46
examination and periodic examination One ear 10
• The disease was contracted within a period of exposure Both ears 20
Hearing of one ear 10
Occupational Diseases Hearing of both ears 50
• For the disease and the consequent disability or death Sight of one eye 25
to be compensable, the disease must be in the ECC’s
Monthly Income Benefit for PTD
List of Occupational Diseases.
For disability that is permanent and total also paid for:
• The conditions or risk factors identified for the disease
• Complete loss of sight of both eyes
must be present on the job.
• Loss of two limbs/permanent complete paralysis of two
Work-Connected Diseases limbs
• Not all diseases are compensable • Brain injury resulting in imbecility/insanity
• Only diseases caused by work or the working
ECP Benefits
environment is compensable
• Loss of Income Benefit
• List of 30 Occupational Diseases with specific conditions
• Medical Benefits
set
• Carer’s Allowance
Conditions must be present for the occupational • Death Benefits
disease to be compensable. • Rehabilitation Services
• Other diseases not in the list may be compensable if Loss of income benefit
employee can establish causal connection with: • Under the ECP, it is not the illness or injury that is
▪ The nature of his work compensated
▪ The working environment • It is the incapacity to work (disability) as a result of the
• 30 identified occupational disease by ECC which are illness or injury that is being compensated
compensable. Among them are:
Noise-induced hearing loss PTB Employee’s Compensation Program
HPN CVD • Enjoyed only by those with Employee - Employer
CVA Viral hepatitis relationship
Bronchial Asthma • Coverage/entitlement to benefits begin on first day of
employment
Types of Disability • Benefits are in addition to SSS and PhilHealth benefits
• Temporary Total Disability (TTD)
• Permanent Total Disability (PTD) Monthly Income Benefit for PTD
• Permanent Partial Disability (PPD) • Guaranteed for life if disability remains until death of the
worker but may be suspended
Temporary Total Disability (TTD): result of injury or sickness • Failure to present for examination
where the employee is unable to perform any gainful • Failure to submit quarterly medical report
occupation for a continues period from 120 days and not • Complete or full recovery
exceeding 240 days • Upon being gainfully employed
Daily Income Benefit for TTD Medical Benefits
• For disability not exceeding 120 days • Ward services for hospital confinement
• Paid from first day of disability • Medical attendance by an accredited doctor
• May go beyond 120 days but not to exceed 240 days • Surgical expense benefit
• P90/day for public sector employees • Reimbursement of cost of medicines
• P200/day for private sector employees Carer’s Allowance
Permanent Partial Disability (PPD): result of injury or illness • Granted to employee who gets permanently and totally
where employee suffers a permanent partial loss of any part disabled and has difficulty taking care of basic personal
of his/her body needs
• P575/month allowance for the private sector employees
Monthly Income Benefit for Permanent Loss of the Use of only
Body Part or Permanent Partial Disability (PPD)
Complete and Permanent Death Benefits
Number of Months
Loss of the Use of: • Monthly Income Benefit pension to beneficiary plus 10%
One thumb 10 for each dependent child not exceeding five
One index finger 8
One middle finger 6
Page 43 of 62
• Funeral benefit of P10,000 for private sector; P3,000 for • The State shall protect every worker against injury,
public sector sickness or death through safe and healthful working
conditions
Rehabilitation Services for ODWs
• It shall promote strict but dynamic, inclusive, and
• Physical therapy
gender-sensitive measures in the formulation and
• Kagabay Program of ECC
implementation of policies and programs related to OSH
▪ Re-skilling for re-employment
▪ Training for entrepreneurship Section 02: Coverage
It shall apply to all establishments, projects and sites and all
Employees’ Compensation Program Prescriptive other places where work is being undertaken in all branches
Period of economic activity, including:
No claim for compensation shall be given due course unless • Establishments located inside special economic zones
said claim is filed with the Systems within three (3) years and other investment promotion agencies (e.g.,
from the time the cause of action occurred. Philippine Economic Zone Authority [PEZA], Clark
Development Corporation [CDC])
• Utilities engaged in air, sea, and land transportation
• Industries such as mining, fishing, construction,
agriculture, and maritime
• Contractors and subcontractors including those
engaged in the projects of the public sector
OSH LEGISLATIONS NOTE: The Rules does not apply to the public sector
Legal Bases Section 03: Definition of Terms
• Labor Code of the Philippines (PD 442, 1974): • High Risk Establishment – refers to a workplace
Consolidation of labor and social laws to afford full wherein the presence of hazard or potential hazard
protection to labor, promote employment and human within the company may affect the safety and/or health
resources development, and ensure industrial peace of workers
• OSH Standards (1979, amended in 1989): A set of • Medium Risk Establishment – a workplace where
mandatory rules on OSH which codifies all safety orders there is moderate exposure to safety and health hazards
issued prior to its promulgation and with probability of an accident, injury or illness
• Republic Act No. 11058 and its IRR (January 25, • Low Risk Establishment – a workplace where there is
2019): An Act Strengthening Compliance with the OSH low level of danger or exposure to safety and health
Standards and Providing Penalties for Violations thereof hazards and not likely or with low probability to result in
DOLE OSH Framework accident, harm or illness
• Imminent Danger – a situation caused by a condition or
practice in any place of employment that could
reasonably be expected to lead to death or serious
physical harm
• Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) – establishments
employing less than 10 employees and the
establishments employing less than 100 employees,
respectively, regardless of capitalization
• Safety Officer 1 (SO1) – an employee who has
completed the mandatory 8-hour OSH orientation
course as prescribed in the OSH standards and 2-hour
trainer’s training
DOLE Department Order No. 198 (IRR of RA 11058) • Safety Officer 2 (SO2) – an employee who has
• The State affirms labor as a primary social and completed the mandatory forty 40- hour OSH training
economic force, and that a safe and healthy workforce course applicable to the industry as prescribed in the
is an integral aspect of nation building OSH standards
• The State shall ensure a safe and healthful workplace • Safety Officer 3 (SO3) – 40-hour OSH training course
for all working people by affording them full protection applicable to the industry
against all hazards in their work environment ▪ Additional 48 hours of advanced/ specialized OSH
• It shall ensure that the provisions of the Labor Code of training course
the Philippines, all domestic laws, and internationally- ▪ At least 2 years’ experience in OSH
recognized standards on OSH are being fully enforced • Safety Officer 4 (SO4) – 4o-hour OSH training course
and complied with by the employers, and it shall provide ▪ 80 hours of advanced/ specialized Occupational
penalties for any violations thereof Safety training course
▪ Aggregate of 320 hours of OSH related training or
experience
Page 44 of 62
Section 04: Duties of… • Whenever 2 or more undertakings are engaged in

activities simultaneously in one 1 workplace, it shall be
the duty of all concerned to collaborate and cooperate to
ensure compliance with OSH standards and regulations
Section 05: Worker’s Right to Know
• All workers, including new hires, shall be provided
training and information for all types of hazards in the
workplace in a language and dialect that workers can
understand
Employers • A re-orientation on safety and health for workers in high
• Equip a place of employment for workers free from risk establishments must be conducted regularly, not
hazardous conditions that are causing or are likely to less than once a quarter, and to be conducted
cause death, illness, or physical harm immediately following any changes in the operations and
• Provide complete job safety instructions to all the production process
workers, including, but not limited to, those relating to Section 06: Worker’s Right to Refuse Unsafe Work
familiarization with their work environment • The worker has the right of refusal to work without threat
• Ensure that the chemical, physical and biological or reprisal from the employer if, as determined by DOLE,
substances and agents, and ergonomic and an imminent danger situation exists
psychosocial stresses under control are without risk to • As a preventive measure, the safety officer may,
health following his/her own determination and without fear of
• Use only approved specific industry set of standards of reprisal, implement a work stoppage or suspend
devices and equipment for the workplace operations in cases of imminent danger
• Comply with OSHS including training, medical • The employer or safety officer cannot require the
examination, and where necessary, provisions on workers to return to work where there is a continuing
protective and safety devices such as PPE and machine imminent danger
guards • Workers affected by the existence of an imminent
• Make arrangement for workers and their representatives danger situation may be temporarily assigned to other
to have the time and resource to participate in the areas within the workplace provided there is no
processes of organizing, planning and implementation, impending issue with safety and health
monitoring, evaluation and action for improvement of the
OSH management system Section 07: Workers’ Right to Report Accidents
• Provide, where necessary, for measures identifying • Workers and their representatives shall have the right to
trainings and drills, evacuation plans, etc. to deal with report accidents, dangerous occurrences, and hazards
emergencies, fires and accidents including first-aid to the employer, to DOLE and to other concerned
arrangements competent government agencies
• Comply with all reportorial requirements of the OSH • Reporting of accidents to DOLE may be made through
standards any means of communication, including the DOLE
• Register establishment to DOLE as provided under the hotline, whichever is most convenient to the worker. The
OSH standards same may be reported to the nearest DOLE Regional,
Field, Provincial or Satellite Office having jurisdiction
Workers over the place of the incident
• Participate in capacity building activities on safety and
health and other OSH related topics and programs Section 08: Workers’ Right to PPE
• Proper use of all safeguards and safety devices • Every employer,
furnished for workers’ protection and that of others contractor or
• Comply with instructions to prevent accidents or subcontractor, if any,
imminent danger situations in the workplace shall provide his/her
workers, free of
• Observe prescribed steps to be taken in cases of
charge, PPE for any
emergency
part of the body that
• Report to their immediate supervisor any work hazard
may be exposed to
that may be discovered in the workplace
hazards
Other Persons • All PPE shall be of the
• Any other person, including the builder or contactor who appropriate type as tested and approved by the DOLE
visits, builds, renovates or installs devices or conducts based on its standards and/or other means of
business in any establishments or workplace, shall verification
comply with the provisions of this Rules and all other • The usage of PPE in all establishments, projects, sites
regulations issued by the Secretary of Labor and and all other places where work is being undertaken
Employment shall be based on the evaluation and recommendation
of the safety officer
Page 45 of 62
• All PPE must be of appropriate size, weight, and type to program, which shall be duly signed by the employer,
specific workers exposed to hazards from which PPE must include at least the following:
are meant to ensure effective protection ▪ Company commitment to comply with OSH
• Failure to provide appropriate PPE in high risk activities requirements
shall give rise to the right of the worker to refuse unsafe ▪ General safety and health programs, including:
work - Safety and health hazard identification, risk
assessment and control (HIRAC)
Section 09: Safety Signage and Devices - Medical surveillance for early detection and
• All establishments, projects, sites and all other places management of occupational and work-related
where work is being undertaken shall have safety diseases
signage and devices to warn the workers and the public - First aid and emergency medical services
of the hazards in the workplace ▪ Promotion of the following health domains:
• Safety signage and devices shall be posted in prominent - Drug-free workplace (RA 9165)
positions at strategic locations in a language - Mental health services in the workplace (RA 11036)
understandable to all, and in accordance with the OSH - Healthy lifestyle
standards on color of signs for safety instructions and ▪ Prevention and control of the following health
warnings, Globally Harmonized System (GHS) domains:
pictograms, construction safety, classification and - Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired
labelling of chemicals, radiation, safety instructions and Immune Deficiency Syndrome (RA 8504)
warning signs, set by DOLE - Tuberculosis (EO 187-03)
Safety 10: Safety in the Use of Equipment - Hepatitis B (DOLE DA 05-2010)
• Contractor or subcontractor, if any, must comply with the ▪ Complete company or project details
OSH standards set by DOLE on safety and use of such ▪ Composition and duties of the OSH committee
equipment in the different phases of the company or ▪ OSH personnel and facilities
project operation including the transport to and from the ▪ Safety and health promotion, training and education,
establishment, project, site or place where work is being including:
undertaken - Orientation of all workers on OSH
• Appropriate training and certification by the Technical - Conduct of risk assessment, evaluation and control;
Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA), ▪ Conduct of toolbox or safety meetings and job safety
Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) or other analysis, if applicable
concerned government agency shall be a requirement ▪ Accident/incident/illness investigation, recording and
for operators before use of equipment, if applicable reporting
▪ Provision and use of PPE
Section 11: OSH Information ▪ Provision of safety signage
The employer, contractor or subcontractor, if any, shall ▪ Provision of workers’ welfare facilities
provide the workers in all ▪ Emergency and disaster preparedness and mandated
establishments, projects drills
and all other places where ▪ Solid waste management system
work is being undertaken ▪ Control and management of hazards
adequate and suitable • For medium to high risk establishments with 10–50
information on the workers and low to high risk establishments with 51
following: workers and above. The OSH program, which shall be
• Workplace hazards and duly signed by the employer, must include at least the
the risk posed on the following:
safety and health of the workers such as chemical safety ▪ Dust control and management, and regulations on
data sheets activities such as building of temporary structures, and
• Control mechanisms in place that reduces or minimizes lifting and operation of electrical, mechanical,
the risk of exposure to hazards and other preventive communications system, and other equipment
strategies ▪ Prohibited acts and penalties for violations
• Appropriate measures, including the probable location ▪ Cost of implementing company OSH program
of workers, for the prevention, control and protection • The OSH program shall be communicated and be made
against those hazards readily available to all persons in the workplace. It shall
• Emergency and disaster management protocols be updated periodically whenever the DOLE, other
including proper evacuation and shut-down procedures regulatory or government agencies and institutions
Section 12: OSH Program promulgate new rules, guidelines and other issuances
Covered workplaces shall develop and implement a suitable related to workers’ safety and health
OSH program in a format prescribed by DOLE which shall • A duly signed company commitment to comply OSH
be posted in prominent places. requirements together with the company OSH program
• For establishments with less than 10 workers and low using the prescribed template shall be considered
risk establishments with 10-50 workers. The OSH approved upon submission EXCEPT for Construction
Page 46 of 62
Safety and Health Program which shall need approval or complex, the health and safety committee
by DOLE prior to construction organized in each workplace shall form themselves
• OSH programs in the pre-approved template may be into a Joint Coordinating Committee to plan and
modified by DOLE as necessary based on existing laws, implement programs and activities concerning all the
rules and regulations, and other issuances or upon establishments
validation of the program during inspection - Chairperson: Building owner or his/her
• The company shall review and evaluate the OSH representative such as the building administrator
program at least once a year or as necessary, to ensure - Secretary: Safety officer of the building or complex
that its objectives are met towards an improved safety appointed by the Chairperson
and health performance - Members: At least two safety officers from any of
the establishment housed under one building or
Section 13: OSH Committee complex; At least two workers’ representatives, one
of which must be from a union if organized, from any
of the establishment housed under one building or
complex
• The building administrator shall ensure that the Joint
OSH committee shall submit its organizational plans and
minutes to the DOLE Regional office, copy furnished the
• The establishment shall ensure that the core elements Bureau of Working Conditions
of OSH program are integrated in the company OSH Section 14: Safety Officer
program such as management commitment and • Safety officer/s of all workplace must possess the
employee involvement, workplace risk assessment, necessary training and experience requirement
hazard prevention and control, safety and health training according to its category as contained herein
and education, and OSH program evaluation. • The respective qualifications of safety officers are as
▪ For establishments with less than 10 workers and low follows:
risk establishments with 10 - 50 workers. – A SO1
shall establish an OSH committee composed of the
following:
- Chairperson: Company owner or manager
- Secretary: Safety officer of the workplace
- Member: At least one (1) worker, preferably a union
member if organized
• The safety officer of the workplace may also be the
owner, manager or his/her designated representative.
• The company owner, manager or one of the workers of
the company shall undertake first aid training from the
Philippine Red Cross or any DOLE recognized
organization
▪ For medium to high risk establishments with 10-50
workers and low to high risk establishments with 51
workers and above. The OSH committee of the
covered workplace shall be composed of the
following:
- Ex-officio chairperson: Employer or his/her
representative
- Secretary: Safety officer of the workplace
- Ex-officio members: Certified first-aider, OH nurse, • The number and qualification of safety officers shall be
OH dentist, and OH physician, as applicable proportionate to the total number of workers and
- Members: Safety officers representing the equipment, size of work area, classification of the
contractor or subcontractor, as the case may be, workplace and such other criteria as required by the
and representative/s of workers who shall come OSH standards
from the union, if the workers are organized, or • The number and qualification of safety officers shall be
elected workers through a simple vote of majority, if proportionate to the total number of workers and
they are unorganized equipment, size of work area, classification of the
• The OSH committee shall effectively plan, develop, workplace and such other criteria as required by the
oversee and monitor the implementation of the OSH OSH standards
program • In the case of a contractor or subcontractor, at least 1
▪ For 2 or more establishments housed under one safety officer must be deployed at each specific area of
building or complex including malls. When two or operations to oversee the management of the OSH
more establishments are housed under one building program of its own workforce
Page 47 of 62
Medium
Number of Low Risk
Risk
High Risk • A - Annual Work Accident/Injury Exposure Data Report
Workers
1 to 9 One (1) SOI One (1) SOI One (1) SO2 (January 30)
10 to 50 One (1) SOI
One (1) SO2
One (1) SO3 • R - Report of Safety Organization (annually)
51 to 99 One (1) SO2 • M - Minutes of OSH Committee Meeting (quarterly)
100 to 199 One (1) SO2 and and One (1)
One (1) SO2
One (1) SO3 SO3 • A - Annual Medical Report (March 30)
200 to 250 Two (2) SO2 or One (1) SO2 and Two (2)
One (1) SO3 One (1) SO3 SO3 Section 18: Workers’ Competency Certification
251 to 500 Two (2) SO2 One (1) SO2
and One (1) Two (2) SO3 and Two (2)
SO3 SO3
501 to 750 Two (2) SO2
One (1) SO2
and One (1)
and Two (2)
SO3 Two (2) SO3
SO3
751 to 1000 Two (2) SO3
Every additional Additional
250 or fraction - - One (1) SO3
thereof orSO4
Every additional
Additional One (1) Additional One (1)
500 or -
SO3 SO3 orSO4
fraction thereof
Minimum Classification and Number of Safety Officer for All Covered • The PRC shall determine the minimum and necessary
Workplaces Shall be as Follows competency on safety and health for OSH personnel
and use the same as equivalency in their application for
Section 15: OH Personnel and Facilities Continuing Professional Development (CPD) units
• In order to professionalize, upgrade and update the level
of competence of workers, TESDA or PRC, shall
establish national competency standards and prepare
guidelines on competency assessment and certification
for critical occupations to include requirements on safety
and health
• An occupation shall be considered critical when:
▪ The performance of a job affects people’s lives and
safety
• Covered workplaces shall have qualified occupational
▪ The job involves the handling of complex tools,
health personnel such as physicians, nurses, certified
equipment and supplies
first-aiders, and dentists duly complemented with the re
▪ The job requires a relatively long period of education
quired medical supplies, equipment, and facilities
and training
• The number of health personnel, personnel, equipment,
▪ The performance of the job may compromise the
and facilities, and the amount of supplies shall be
safety, health and environmental concerns within the
proportionate to the total number of workers and the risk
immediate vicinity of the establishments
or hazard involved, the ideal ratio of which shall be
prescribed by the DOLE Section 19: Worker’s Welfare Facilities
All establishments, projects, sites and all other places
Section 16: Safety and Health Training
where work is being undertaken shall have the following
• All safety and health personnel shall undergo the free welfare facilities in order to ensure humane working
mandatory training on basic occupational safety and conditions:
health for safety officers as prescribed by the DOLE
• Adequate supply of safe drinking water
• All workers shall undergo the mandatory 8 hours safety
• Adequate sanitary and washing facilities
and health seminar as required by the DOLE
• Suitable living accommodation for workers, as may be
• All personnel engaged in the operation, erection, and
applicable such as in construction, shipping, fishing and
dismantling of equipment and scaffolds, structural
night workers
erections, excavations, blasting operations, demolition,
• Separate sanitary, washing and sleeping facilities for all
confined spaces, hazardous chemicals, welding, and
gender, as may be applicable
flame cutting shall undergo specialized instruction and
training on the said activities • Lactation station except those establishments as
provided for under DOLE Department Order No. 143-15
Section 17: OSH Reports • Ramps, railings and the like
All employers, contractors or subcontractors, if any, shall • Other workers’ welfare facilities as may be prescribed by
submit to DOLE all safety and health reports, and the OSH standards and other issuances
notifications such as but not limited to annual medical report
(AMR), OSH committee report, employer’s work Section 20: All Other OSH Standards
accident/injury report (WAIR), and annual work • All employers, contractors or subcontractors, if any, shall
accident/injury exposure data report (AEDR) comply with other occupational safety and health
• W - Work Accident and Illness Report (20th day, standards as provided for in the 1978 DOLE
following month) Occupational Safety and Health Standards, as amended
Page 48 of 62
Section 21: Cost of Safety and Health Program Section 25: Delegation of Authority
• The total cost of implementing a
duly approved OSH program shall
be an integral part of the
operations cost. It shall be
separate pay item in
construction and in all
contracting or subcontracting
arrangements
Section 22: Joint and Solidary Liability
• The employer, project owner, contractor, or • The authority to enforce mandatory OSH standards may
subcontractor, if any, and any person who manages, be delegated by the Secretary of Labor to a competent
controls or supervises the work being undertaken shall government authority. The said delegation of authority
be jointly and solidarily liable for compliance with shall only cover the conduct of industrial safety
occupational safety and health standards including the inspection
penalties imposed for violation thereof as provided for in • In pursuance of the delegation of authority, the
this Rules competent government authority shall submit a monthly
Section 23: Visitorial Powers of the Secretary of Labor report to the DOLE-Regional Office having jurisdiction
• Department Order No. 183, Series of 2017 and the over its location, in accordance with the provisions of the
manual on execution of judgments shall govern the Revised Technical Safety Inspection Manual
procedures in the conduct of inspection, mandatory • The delegation of authority upon may be revoked any
conference, issuance of order and execution thereof time as may be warranted by the circumstances
• The Labor Secretary or his/her duly authorized Section 26: Standards Setting Power of the Secretary of
representatives may order stoppage of work or Labor
suspension of operations of any unit or department of an • The Secretary of Labor shall, in consultation with all
establishment when noncompliance to this Rules, OSH concerned government agencies and instrumentalities,
standards and other applicable laws poses grave and and relevant stakeholders, set and enforce mandatory
imminent danger to the safety and health of workers in OSH standards to eliminate or reduce OSH hazards
the workplace depending on the number of employees of the
• No person or entity shall obstruct, impede, delay or establishment, the nature of its business operations, and
otherwise render ineffective the orders of the Secretary the risk or hazard involved
of Labor and Employment or the Secretary’s duly • The Secretary of Labor shall institute new and updated
authorized representatives issued pursuant to the programs to ensure safe and healthy working conditions
authority granted under Article 128 of the Labor Code of in all workplaces especially in hazardous industries such
the Philippines, and no lower court or entity shall issue as, but not limited to, mining, fishing, construction, and
temporary or permanent injunction or restraining order maritime
or otherwise assume jurisdiction over any case involving
the enforcement orders Section 27: Employee’s Compensation Claim
• Any kind of self-assessment shall not take the place of • A worker may file claims for compensation benefit
labor inspection conducted by DOLE. However, arising out of work-related disability or death. Such
chartered cities may be allowed to conduct industrial claims shall be processed independently of the finding
safety inspection of establishments within their of fault, gross negligence or bad faith of the employer in
jurisdiction in coordination with DOLE, provided that, a proceeding instituted for the purpose. The employer
they have adequate facilities and competent personnel shall provide the necessary assistance to employees
for the purpose as determined by DOLE applying for claims
Section 24: Payment of Workers During Work Stoppage Section 28: Incentives to Employers and Workers
Due to Imminent Danger • There shall be established package of incentives under
• If stoppage of work due to imminent danger occurs as a such rules and regulations as may be promulgated by
result of the employer’s violation or fault, the employer the DOLE to qualified employers and workers to
shall pay the affected workers their corresponding recognize their efforts towards ensuring compliance with
wages during the period of such stoppage of work or OSH and general labor standards such as OSH training
suspension of operations packages, additional protective equipment, technical
• For purposes of payment of wages and any other guidance, recognition awards and other similar
liabilities arising from the WSO, the employer is incentives
presumed a party at fault if the WSO was issued Section 29: Prohibited Acts and Its Corresponding
secondary to an imminent danger situation which would Penalties
imperil the lives of the workers. A mandatory conference Any willful failure or refusal of an employer, contractor or
not later than 72 hours shall be held to determine subcontractor to comply with the following OSH standards
whether the WSO will be lifted or not below or with a compliance order issued by the Secretary of
Page 49 of 62
Labor and Employment or his/her authorized representative consideration the damage or injury caused and risk
shall be penalized of the administrative fines as follows involved including the severity and frequency of the OSH
computed on a per day basis until full compliance: violations and size of the establishment
• Fines collected pursuant to this Rules shall be utilized
for the operation of OSH initiatives incentivizing qualified
employers and workers in recognition of their efforts
towards ensuring compliance with OSH
Section 30: Updated DOLE Computerized Inspection
System
• The Secretary of Labor shall
maintain an updated labor
inspection system of
computerized gathering and
generation of real time data on
compliances, monitoring of
enforcement, and a system of
notification on workplace
accidents and injuries
Section 31: Inter-Government Coordination and
Cooperation
• The DOLE shall be primarily responsible for the
• Failure or refusal to comply with OSH standards or administration and enforcement of OSH laws,
compliance order shall be deemed willful when done regulations and standards in all establishments and
voluntarily, deliberately and intentionally workplaces to effectively implement the provisions of RA
• An employer, contractor or subcontractor who is found 11058
to have repeatedly violated the same prohibited act shall • There shall be established an Inter-government
be penalized of the corresponding fine plus an additional Coordination and Cooperation Committee composed of
fine equivalent to fifty percent (50%) thereof for every the DENR, DOE, DOT, DA, DPWH, DTI, DILG, DOH,
instance of repeat violation DICT, PEZA and all other government agencies,
• If any of the following acts is present and there is non- including local government units, within sixty (60) days
compliance, the penalty of one hundred thousand pesos from the issuance of this Rules
(₱100,000.00) administrative fine shall be imposed • It shall regularly convene at least once per quarter
separate and in addition to the daily administrative fine • There shall be developed an annual work plan and
imposed above: accomplishments to be submitted to SecLab. The funds
▪ Repeated obstruction, delay or refusal to provide the for the operation of the Inter-government Coordination
SecLab or any of its authorized representatives and Cooperation Committee shall be sourced from the
access to the covered workplace or refusal to allow fines collected under this Rules
access to relevant records and documents necessary
in determining compliance with OSH standards Section 32: Separability Clause
▪ Misrepresentation in relation to adherence to OSH • If any part, section or provision of this Rules shall be held
▪ Making retaliatory measures such as termination of invalid or unconstitutional, the other provisions not
employment, refusal to pay, reducing wages and affected by such declaration shall remain in full force and
benefits or in any manner discriminates against any effect
worker who has given information relative to the • Nothing in this Rules shall repeal any issuances which
inspection being conducted have more stringent measures issued by other
• When the violation exposes the worker to death, serious regulatory agencies for the achievement of safe and
injury or serious illness, the imposable penalty shall be health working conditions for workers
one hundred thousand pesos (₱100,000.00) OSH Program Development
• Should there be 2 or more be non-compliances, all • A safety and health program is a systematic plan to
penalties shall be imposed; provided that the total daily identify and control hazards and respond to
penalty shall not exceed one hundred thousand pesos emergencies.
(₱ 100,000.00) • It lays out responsibilities, resources, and procedures for
• The penalties shall be computed on a per day basis until keeping the workplace safety and healthy
full compliance reckoned from the date of the notice of
violation or service of the compliance order to the Role of Management in OSH Programming
employer without prejudice to the filing of a criminal or • Effective safety program can be achieved basically
civil case in the regular courts, as the case may be through control of people’s actions. Only top
• The RD shall, after due notice and hearing, impose the management has the authority to implement such
appropriate administrative fines taking into controls
Page 50 of 62
Review and Adjust • Weekly Rest Day: A weekly day-off of 24 consecutive

• Monitor performance: hours should be scheduled by the employer upon
▪ Compare current performance with previous consultation with the workers
performance (benchmark) • Wage and Wage Related Benefits: Wage is the
▪ Compare current performance with targets amount paid to an employee in remuneration for the
• Make necessary changes to improve the safety program service rendered. Wage maybe fixed for a given period.
▪ Continue successes There is a corresponding minimum wage for a particular
▪ Change failures region or sector as maybe provided by law
OSH Policy • Payment of Wages: Wages shall be paid in cash, legal
tender at or near the place of work. Payment may be
• Specific to the organization, concise, clearly written,
made through a bank upon a written petition of majority
dated, signed
of the workers in an establishment with twenty-five or
• Indicates management commitment, support and
more employees and within one-kilometer radius to a
accountability
bank. Payment shall be made directly to the workers
• Includes principle and objectives of protecting SH of all ▪ Payment shall be given not less than once every two
members of the organization weeks or twice within a month at intervals not
• States compliance with OSHS and related laws exceeding sixteen days
• States objectives to continually improve the OSH MS • Female Employees: Women are prohibited from
• Employees are aware of the Policy engaging in night work unless the work is allowed by the
(communicated/posted) following rules: industrial undertakings from 10 p.m. to 6
• Covers all workers and community a.m., commercial/non-industrial undertakings from 12
Basic Rights of Workers m.n. to 6 a.m., or agricultural takings at night provided
that she has had nine consecutive hours of rest
▪ Welfare facilities, such as separate dressing rooms
and lavatories, must be installed at the workplace.
Prohibition against discrimination with respect to pay,
(equal pay for work of equal value), promotion,
training, opportunities, study and scholarship grants
• Employment of Children: The minimum employment
age is 15 years of age. Any worker below 15 years of
age should be directly under the sole responsibility of
parents or guardians provided that work does not
interfere with the child’s schooling or development. Work
permit from DOLE. The minimum age of employment is
• Equal Work Opportunities for All: It is provided in the
18 years for hazardous jobs, and 15 years for non-
Philippine Constitution that the State shall protect labor,
hazardous jobs
promote full employment, provide equal work
• Safe Working Conditions: Employers must provide
opportunity regardless of gender, race, or creed; and
workers with every kind of on-the-job protection against
regulate employers-employees relationship
injury, sickness or death through safe and healthful
• Security of Tenure: Workers cannot be dismissed
working conditions. Proper illumination and ventilation,
without just and authorized causes and only after due
fire exits and extinguishers, occupational health
process. Just cause refers to any to any wrongdoing
personnel and services must be provided at the
committed by a worker; authorize cause refers to
workplace by the employers
economic circumstances that are not the worker’s fault.
• Rights to Self-Organization and Collective
▪ Due process involves the “twin” requirements of notice
Bargaining: Every worker has the right to self-
and hearing. Every worker shall be assured security
organization, i.e., to form or to join any legitimate
of tenure. A worker shall be made regular after six
workers’ union, free from interference of their employer
months’ probation
or the government. All workers may join a union for the
• Work Days and Work Hours: Normal working hours of
purpose of collective bargaining and is eligible for union
eight hours a day. Meal and rest period. Meal break of
membership on the first day of their employment.
less than one hour and short rest periods shall be
▪ Collective bargaining is a process between two
considered compensable working time
parties, namely the employer and the union, where the
▪ Workers must be paid their wages for all hours
terms and conditions of employment are fixed and
worked. If work hours fall between 10:00 p.m. and
agreed upon. In collective bargaining, the two parties
6:00a.m., workers are entitled to night differential pay,
also decide upon a method for resolving grievances.
which is 10% of the basic or regular rate, in addition
Collective bargaining results in a contract called a
to their pay for regular hours worked
Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA)
▪ If they work for over eight hours a day, they are
entitled to overtime pay
Page 51 of 62
DOLE OSH PROGRAM TEMPLATE
Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Program of (Company Name)

I. Complete Company Profile/Project Details
Company Name : ______________________________________________________________________________
Date Established : ______________________________________________________________________________
Complete Address : ______________________________________________________________________________
Phone and Fax Numbers : ______________________________________________________________________________
Website / Email Address : ______________________________________________________________________________
Name of Company : ______________________________________________________________________________
Owner/Manager/President : ______________________________________________________________________________
Total Number of Employees: ______________ Male: ______________ Female: ______________
Description of the Business (Please Specify). Kindly Check:
• Manufacturing : ______________________________________________________________________________
• Service : ______________________________________________________________________________
• Agri/Fishing : ______________________________________________________________________________
• Wholesale/Retail : ______________________________________________________________________________
• Utilities : ______________________________________________________________________________
• Banks & Financial Inst. : ______________________________________________________________________________
• Security Agency : ______________________________________________________________________________
• Maintenance : ______________________________________________________________________________
• Construction : ______________________________________________________________________________
• Other : ______________________________________________________________________________
Product Descriptions : (ex. Garments, shoes, electronics, etc. _______________________________________________

Description of Services : ______________________________________________________________________________
Basic Components of Company OSH Program and Policy (DO 198-18, Chapter IV, Section 12)
1.0 Company Commitment to Comply with OSH Requirements
2.0 General Safety and Health Programs
▪ Safety and Health Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Control (HIRAC)
▪ Medical Surveillance for early detection and management of occupational and work-related diseases
▪ First-aid and emergency medical services
3.0 Promotion of Drug Free Workplace, Mental Health Services in the Workplace, Health Lifestyle
4.0 Prevention and Control of HIV-AIDS, Tuberculosis, Hepatitis B
5.0 Composition and Duties of Health and Safety Committee
6.0 OSH Personnel and Facilities
7.0 Safety and Health Promotion, Training and Education
▪ Orientation of all workers on OSH
▪ Conduct of risk assessment, evaluation and control
▪ Continuing training on OSH for OSH personnel*
▪ Work Permit System*
8.0 Toolbox/Safety Meetings, Job Safety Analysis
9.0 Accident/Incident/Illness Investigation, Recording and Reporting
10.0 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
11.0 Safety Signages
12.0 Dust control and management and regulation on activities such as building of temporary structures and lifting and operation of
electrical, mechanical, communications system and other requirements*
13.0 Welfare Facilities
14.0 Emergency and disaster preparedness and response plan to include the organization and creation of disaster control groups, business
continuity plan, and updating the hazard, risk and vulnerability assessment (as required)
Page 52 of 62
15.0 Solid Waste Management System

16.0 Compliance with Reportorial Government Requirement (refer to item 9.0)
17.0 Control and Management of Hazards (refer to item 2-HIRAC)
18.0 Prohibited Acts and Penalties for Violations*
19.0 Cost of implementing Company OSH Program*
(*) – Applicable for medium to high risk establishments with 10 to 50 workers and low to high risk establishments with 51 workers and above)
1.0 Company Commitment to Comply with OSH Policy
[Name of the Company]
__________________________________________________ do hereby commit to comply with the requirements of RA 11058 and
DOLE Department Order 198-18 (its Implementing Rules and Regulations) and the applicable provisions of the Occupational Safety and
Health Standards (OSHS).
We acknowledge the company’s obligation and responsibilities to provide appropriate funds for implementing this OSH program including
orientation and training of its employees on OSH, provision and dissemination of IEC materials on safety and health, provision of Personal
Protective Equipment (PPE) when necessary and other OSH related requirements and activities, to ensure the protection for our workers
and employees against injuries, illnesses and death through safe and healthy working conditions and environment.
We commit to conduct risk assessment as required to prevent workplace accidents as well as comply with other provisions of this OSH
program. That we are also fully aware of the penalties and sanctions for OSH violations as provided for in RA 11058 and its Implementing
Rules and Regulations.
Signature : __________________________________
Name [President/Chief Executive Officer/Owner]
: __________________________________
Date : __________________________________
2.0 General Safety and Health Programs

2.1 Conduct of Risk Assessment
Kindly accomplish. Please use additional pages if needed. You may also wish to attach your company’s Risk
Assessment Matrix as substitute
Risk Assessment Matrix
Priority: likelihood
of injury and illness Control
Task Hazard Identified Risk Description
to occur (low, Measures
medium, high)
EXAMPLE
Delivering Drivers work alone May be unable to call for help if needed High Need a helper
product to Drivers have to Fatigue, short rest time between shifts Medium Policy on work
customers occasionally work long break
hours
Drivers are often in very Increased chance of collision. Low Road safety
congested traffic program
Longer working hours Medium Work breaks
Drivers have to lift boxes Injury to back from lifting, reaching, High Given proper
when delivering products carrying, etc. orientation on
lifting
2.2 Medical Surveillance
The company will require all employees to undergo a baseline or initial medical health examination prior to assigning to a potentially
hazardous activity. The examination will include but not limited to the following:
a. Routine : ( ) CBC ( ) Chest X-ray ( ) Urinalysis ( ) Stool Exam
b. Special : ( ) Blood Chemistry ( ) ECG ( ) Others, please specify: ____________________
c. Schedule of annual medical examination : ( ) Q1 ( ) Q2 ( ) Q3 ( ) Q4
d. Is random drug testing conducted? Yes: ______ When (if yes): _______ No: ________
2.3 First-Aid, Health Care Medicines and Equipment Facilities
▪ How may treatment rooms/first aid rooms are existing in your company? ______
▪ How many clinics in the workplace? _______
▪ What hospital(s) are you affiliated with? _______
3.0 and 4.0 – Health Programs for the Promotion, Prevention and Control
This refers to: Drug-free Workplace in compliance to RA 9165, Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in compliance to (RA
8504) RA 11166, Tuberculosis in compliance to EO 187-03, Hepatitis B in compliance to DOLE Advisory No. 05 Series of 2010, Mental
Health in compliance to RA 11036.
Page 53 of 62
5.0 Composition and Duties of Safety and Health Committee

The SHC of the company is responsible to plan, develop and implement OSH policies and programs, monitor and evaluate OSH
programs and investigate all aspect of the work pertaining to the safety and health of all the workers. SHC shall be composed of the
following in compliance with the law:
a. For establishments with less than ten workers and low risk establishments with ten (10) to fifty (50) workers. – A SO1
shall establish an OSH committee composed of the following:
Chairperson : Name of employer or his/her representative
Secretary : Safety officer of the workplace
Member : Name of at least one worker, preferably a union member, if organized
b. For medium to high risk establishments with ten (10) to fifty (50) workers and low to high risk establishments with fifty-
one (51) workers and above. – The OSH committee of the covered workplace shall be composed of the following:
Ex-officio Chairperson : Name of employer or his/her representative
Secretary : Safety officer of the workplace
Name of certified first-aider(s)
Ex-officio Members : Name of OH nurse
Name of OH dentist, and OH physician, as applicable
Name of safety officers representing the contractor or
subcontractor, as the case may be
Members : Name of worker’s representatives who shall come from the union, if
the workers are organized, or elected workers through a simple vote
of majority, if they an unorganized
c. Joint Coordinating Committee: For two or more establishments housed under one building or complex including malls.
Chairperson : Name of building owner or his/her representative such as the building administrator
Secretary : Name of safety officer appointed by the Chairperson
Name of two safety officers from the building selected to the joint OSH Committee
Members : Name of two workers’ representatives one from which must be from a union if
organized from any establishments under the building
(All members of the HSC shall perform their duties and responsibilities by the OSH law and its implementing guidelines.)
Safety and Health Committee Minutes/Reports submitted to DOLE (pls. attach latest OSH committee minutes/report)
Yes ____ No ______
6.0 OSH Personnel and Facilities
6.1 Safety Officer
Safety Officer(s): (attach certificate of training/s prescribed by DOLE) (please use additional sheets as necessary)
Name of Safety Officer(s) Training(s) (kindly include number of hours)
6.2 Emergency Occupational Health Personnel and Facilities

List of competent emergency health personnel within the worksite duly complemented by adequate medical supplies,
equipment and facilities based on the total number of workers. (Use additional sheet if necessary and attach all required
training certificates in this section.)
Health Personnel and Facilities
Total Number of Health Personnel (First-
Shift/Area/Unit/Department Facilities (Treatment Room /
Workers/Area Aider, Nurse, Physician,
Clinic / Hospital)
Dentist)
7.0 Safety and Health Promotion, Training and Education Provided to Workers
▪ Orientation of all workers on OSH
▪ Conduct of Risk Assessment, Evaluation and Control
▪ Continuing training on OSH for OSH personnel*
▪ Work Permit System*
(*) – Applicable for medium to high risk establishments with 10 to 50 workers and low to high risk establishments with 51 workers and
above)
(Please attach additional sheet as necessary)
Page 54 of 62
Name of OSH Training/Orientation Number of Employees in Attendance Date
Conduct of Risk Assessment (may include WEM) Date
8.0 Conduct of Tool Box/Safety Meetings (if applicable)

Conduct of Toolbox/Safety Meetings Date
9.0 Accident/Incident/Injury Investigation Recording and Reporting

Any dangerous occurrence, major accident resulting to death or permanent total disability, shall be reported by the company to the
DOLE Regional Office within twenty-four (24) hours from occurrence using the prescribed form (Work Accident / Incident Notification).
After the conduct of investigation, the company shall prepare and submit work accident report using the prescribed form (WAIR).
Moreover, other work accidents resulting to disabling injuries such as Permanent Partial Disability and Temporary Total Disability shall
be reported to the DOLE Regional Office within 30 days after the date of occurrence of accident using the DOLE prescribed form (WAIR).
All near misses shall be recorded and reported. A system for notification and reporting of work accidents including near misses within
the company shall be developed and reviewed by the OSH Committee as necessary.
Kindly submit reports on the following: Work Accident /Injury Report (WAIR), Annual Exposure Data Report (AEDR), Annual Medical
Report (AMR)
Report Submitted Date
10.0 Provision and Use of PPE

Issuance of PPE shall be supplemented by training on the application, use, handling, cleaning and maintenance.
PPE Provided Number of Workers Given
11.0 Safety Signage

The safety signages include warning to workers and employees and the public about the hazards within the workplace.
Type of Safety Signage: Kindly attach picture.
12.0 Dust control and management and regulation on activities such as building of temporary structures and lifting and
operation of electrical, mechanical, communications system and other requirements*
(*) – Applicable for medium to high risk establishments with 10 to 50 workers and low to high risk establishments with 51
workers and above)
Kindly attach dust control procedures, plans on temporary structures, permits applicable for the operation of electrical,
mechanical, communications systems and other requirements
13.0 Workers Facilities Provided
Provided?
Facilities Remarks
Yes No
a. Adequate supply of drinking water
b. Adequate sanitary and washing facilities
c. Suitable living accommodation (if applicable)
d. Separate sanitary, washing and sleeping facilities (if applicable)
e. Lactation station (in consonance with DOLE D.O. 143-15)
f. Other workers’ welfare facilities as prescribed by OSHS and other
related issuances
14.0 Emergency and Disaster Preparedness
14.1 Written emergency and disaster program Yes _____ No _____
14.2 Types and number of drills conducted
Types of Drills (fire, earthquake) Date Responsible Person/Position
Page 55 of 62
15.0 Solid Waste Management System

Written pollution control program Yes _____ No _____
Name of Pollution Control Officer: ______________________
16.0 Compliance with Reportorial Government Requirements (refer to item 9.0)
17.0 Control and Management of Hazards
Refer to accomplished HIRAC
18.0 Prohibited Acts and Penalties/Sanctions for Violations on OSH*
above)
(Please attach existing company sanctions for violations on OSH)
Example of company violation policies
Safety Violation 1st Offense 2nd Offence 3rd Offense
Not using issued PPE Warning 3-day suspension 5-day suspension
Littering and loitering Warning 3-day suspension 5-day suspension
Smoking at prohibited area Warning 3-day suspension 5-day suspension
Illegal dismantling of safety signages and paraphernalia Warning 3-day suspension 5-day suspension
Not following safety rules 3-day suspension 5-day suspension 5 Dismissal
19.0 Cost of Implementing Company OSH Program*
above)
Php _______ ; annual estimated amount for OSH program implementation to include but not limited to the following: orientation/training
of workers, safety officer, OH personnel, purchase and maintenance of PPE, first aid medicine and other medical supplies, safety
signages and devices, fire safety equipment/tools, safety of equipment (i.e. machine guards, etc.)
OSH Item Estimated Cost/Year

PPEs
OSH trainings
Safety signages
Machine guards and related equipment
Medical examinations
Medical supplies/medicines
Others: (Specify)
ANNEX A: Workplace Policy & Program on Promoting Workers Health & Ensuring Prevention & Control of Health-
Related Issues & Illness
_______________________________ company is committed to promote and ensure a healthy and safe working environment
through its various health programs for its employees. We shall conform to the all issuances and laws that guarantee workers
health and safety at all times.
The company shall ensure that worker’s health is maintained through the following company programs and activities:
a) Orientation and education of employees
b) Access to reliable information on illness and hazards at work
c) Referral to medical experts for diagnosis and management of illness or health-related concerns
d) Provide health-related programs such proper nutrition and exercise activities are made available to the workers
The above-mentioned programs shall comply with the Government’s issuances on promoting healthy lifestyle, addressing mental
health in the workplace and preventing and controlling substance abuse.
In addition, company policies to protect workers’ rights arising from illness shall be guaranteed. The company shall promote the
following workers’ rights:
a) Confidentiality of information
b) Non-discrimination including non-termination
c) Work accommodation following a course of illness
d) Assistance to compensation
This policy is formulated for everybody’s information. The company is committed to ensuring workers’ health and providing a
healthy and safe workplace.
________________ ___________________________ __________________________
Date Owner/Manager Employee’ Representative
Page 56 of 62
DOLE Reportorial Requirements

It is the responsibility of the employer to ensure that the company complies with the DOLE’s reportorial requirements. The Safety and
Health Committee through the safety officer takes on the responsibility of coordinating the timely submission of the required reports to
DOLE using the prescribed forms and the complete in substance.
Insofar as the Safety and Health Committee is concerned, there are two (2) reports that should be submitted to DOLE
OSH Rule Report/Form Where to File When to File
Report of Safety Organization Two copies to be submitted Within 1 month after the
Rule 1040: OSH Committee (DOLE/BWC/IP-5) to concerned RO, copy- organization
Minutes of the meeting furnished BWC Quarterly
Every employer shall register his/her business with the Regional Labor Office to provide the DOLE with information as guide in its
enforcement activities. This is free of charge, Valid for lifetime, except when there is change in name, location, ownership; opening
after previous closing.
Requirements: IP Form 3
• All work accidents or occupational illnesses, resulting in disabling conditions or dangerous occurrences shall be reported by the
employer to the DOLE Regional Office
• Employer shall notify the DOLE within 24 hours and provide the DOLE with the company’s incident report, when an accident results
in death or permanent total disability
For the purpose of notifying the DOLE, three reports are required to be submitted:
OSH Rule Report/Form Where to File When to File
Work Accident/Illness Report On or before the 30 days after the
(DOLE/BWC/IP-6 WAIR A & B) Two copies to be occurrence of the accident (per the latest
Rule 1050: Notification &
submitted to concerned issuance of BWC)
Keeping of Accidents &/or Annual Exposure Data Report
RO, copy-furnished
Occupational Illnesses (DOLE/BWC/IP-6b) On or before Jan 30 of the following yar
BWC
Fatal/Major Accident Within 24 hours
Page 57 of 62
A new WAIR for has been issued by DOLE for COVID
Page 58 of 62
• Provide sanitizers in corridors, conference areas,

elevators, stairways and areas where workers pass
• Practice physical distancing of 1-meter radius space
between workers at all times
• Communal eating is discouraged
• Ensure that physical distancing is maintained if eating in
dining areas; dispose wastes properly
• Clean and disinfect regularly canteens and kitchens
WSH: Minimizing Contact Rate
COVID-19 GUIDELINES • Adoption of alternative work arrangements- shift work as
The DOLE and DTI issued a joint Interim Guidelines on staggered work hours, WFH
Workplace Prevention and Control of Covid-19. The • Discourage prolonged face-to-face interaction between
guidelines spelled out minimum requirements as to the workers and with clients
following: ▪ Masks should be worn
• Increasing physical and mental resilience ▪ Meetings with minimum pax short duration
• Reducing transmission of Covid-19 ▪ Use videoconferencing
• Minimizing contact rate • Arrange office tables to maintain proper physical
• Reducing risk of infection from Covid-19 distancing
• Duties of employers and workers • Design workstation layout to allow for unidirectional
movement in aisles, corridors or walkways
• Covid-19 Testing
• Limit number of people in enclosed space
Increasing Physical and Mental Resilience ▪ Elevators: physical distancing
• Emphasize everyday actions to stay healthy such as: • Encourage use of stairs with physical distancing
▪ Eat nutritious and well-cooked food (unidirectional if possible)
▪ Drink plenty of fluids and avoiding alcoholic beverages • Encourage highly the use of online system for clients
▪ Have adequate rest and at least 8 hours of sleep needing assistance from offices including the use of
▪ Exercise regularly videoconferencing
• Enjoin companies to provide free medicines and • Roving officer (ex, safety officer) shall ensure physical
vitamins distancing and observance of health protocols
• Provide referral for workers needing counselling or
presenting with mental health concerns WSH: Reducing Risk of Infection from Covid-19
Worker is a Covid-19 Suspect
Reducing Transmission of Covid-19 • The worker shall
immediately
proceed to the
designated
isolation area and
never remove
his/her mask
• Clinic personnel
attending to the
Prior to Entrance in Buildings or Workplaces workers should wear appropriate PPEs and, if needed,
• All employers and workers shall: require the transport of the affected worker to the
▪ Wear mask at all times (may use cloth masks) nearest hospital
▪ Accomplish daily the health symptoms questionnaire ▪ PCR testing shall be done and results reported by
▪ Have your temperature checked and recorded hospital to DOH
▪ Spray alcohol to both hands and provide foot baths at • Decontamination of workplace:
the entrance, if practicable ▪ Workplace shall be decontaminated with appropriate
• Disinfect equipment or vehicle entering the operational disinfectants
hub ▪ After decontamination of the work area, work can
• Instill physical distancing of one meter on queue outside resume after 24 hours
the office or store premises ▪ Workers present in the work area with the suspect
Covid-19 worker shall go on 14 days home quarantine
Inside the Workplace
Worker is Sick or has Fever, not Covid-19
• Clean and disinfect at least once every 2 hours all work
Employer must advise the worker to take prudent measures
areas and frequently handled objects
to limit the spread of communicable diseases, as follows:
• Provide sufficient clean water and soap in all washrooms
• Stay at home and keep away from work or crowds
and toilets
• Take adequate rest and plenty of fluids
• Encourage workers to wash hands frequently and avoid
touching face • Practice personal hygiene to prevent spread of disease
Page 59 of 62
• Seek appropriate medical care if there is: Sample Protocol for Screening Employees and Visitors
▪ Persistent fever • Temperature Check
▪ Difficulty of breathing ▪ 37.60C
▪ Weakness - Cannot enter building
▪ 37.50C
Duties of Employers
- Rest in isolated holding area for 5 minutes then
• Provide the necessary company policies for the
recheck temperature
prevention and control of Covid-19 in consultation with
• Higher than 37.50C – Cannot enter building
workers
▪ Advocacy and IEC programs from reliable source • Still 37.50C – To be assessed by Doctor/Nurse
• Provide resources and materials needed to keep the • Lower than 37.50C – Accomplish Visitor’s Checklist
worker healthy and the workplace safe (masks, soap, ▪ 37.40C or lower
disinfectants, PPE, testing kit) - Accomplish Visitor’s Checklist
• Designate a safety officer to monitor Covid-19 • With yes response – To be assessed by Doctor/Nurse
prevention and control measures • No Yes response – Enter
• Enhance health insurance provision for workers Supplemental Guidelines
• Provide shuttle services and/or decent accommodation Coverage: All private establishments regardless of
on near-site location to lessen travel and people economic activity, including those located inside special
movement, when feasible economic zones and other areas under the jurisdiction of
• Enjoin the hiring from the local community Investment Promotion Agencies are covered also
• Put up a Covid-19 hotline and call center for employees Employer Obligations
Duties of Workers In addition to the minimum
• Comply with all workplace measures in place for the public health standards
prevention and control of Covid-19 (masks, physical under the Interim Guidelines,
distancing, frequent handwashing) employers are required to
• Observe proper respiratory etiquette comply with the following
• Cough and sneeze into tissue or into shirt sleeve additional standards in the
• Dispose used tissues properly workplace.
• Disinfect hands immediately after a cough or sneeze Workplace Safety and Health
Covid-19 Testing • Employers shall provide
• Employers may test their employees with
workers for Covid-19 psychosocial support to
increase the latter’s
• Testing of workers and
mental resilience and promote work-life balance
interpretation of results
through proper scheduling of activities and workforce
shall be in accordance
rotation
with DOH Memorandum
No. 2020-0180 and • Aside from the mandatory wearing of face masks,
Administrative Order No. observance of physical distancing, and frequent
2020-0014 disinfection, all employees are now required to use face
shields in the workplace
Most at Risk Workers and Vulnerable Groups • Display of signages/visual cues and reminders to
• Employer are highly encouraged to allow most at risk practice proper handwashing and other hygiene
workers and vulnerable groups to do work from home behaviors among employees is mandatory
arrangement • Large and medium sized private establishment are
▪ Most at risk workers: >60 years old or of any age with enjoined to provide services for their employees
co-morbidities or pre-existing illness • Adequate ventilation should be strictly enforced inside
• Work arrangements should be developed to detail the the workplace and inside the shuttle service
worker’s deliverables and there shall be no diminution in • The OSH Committee shall facilitate webinars, virtual
wages or benefits lectures and trainings related to COVID-19 to be
Assistance and Reporting attended by employees and the management
• DTI and DOLE shall extend assistance and technical • Designated smoking areas in the workplace shall be
support to all workplaces, employers and workers in provided with individual “booths,” subject to the
complying with the guidelines applicable requirements and standards
• The employer shall provide the DOLE through its • The most-at-risk population for COVID-19 in the
Regional Office, copy furnished the DOH, monthly workplace (i.e., senior citizens, pregnant women,
reporting of illness, diseases and injuries utilizing the individuals with co-morbidities or underlying health
DOLE Work Accident/Illness Report Form (WAIR) conditions) and those below 21 years old, shall
continue to observe work-from-home arrangements
Page 60 of 62
▪ They may be allowed to report physically to work • All employees experiencing symptoms of COVID-19
when needed occasionally, provided they secure a and those who are close contacts of COVID-19 cases
certificate of fit to work from the OSH personnel shall undergo RT-PCR test
and they must stay in the workplace only for a • Symptomatic employees with travel/exposure to
specified number of hours COVID-19 shall undergo fourteen (14) days
• Mass gathering in the workplace is restricted and they quarantine. Upon its completion and prior to return to
should adopt a staggered meal schedules work, the employee shall present to the employer a
Certificate of Quarantine Completion from the step-
Management of Cases in the Workplace down care facility or local health office
• Asymptomatic employees returning to work are not
required nor recommended to undergo RT-PCR or
antibody-based tests
Notification and Reporting
• Even before testing, the OSH Officer/employer must
report COVID-19 positive employees, symptomatic
employees, and their close contacts, to the local health
office having jurisdiction over the workplace and the
Barangay Health Emergency Team of their place of
residence
• As much as practicable, employers shall minimize the • Reporting to the DOLE shall be made in accordance
duration of customer transaction to less than 15 with the Interim Guidelines
minutes
• Employers shall ensure that employees have access to Disinfection and Closure of Buildings/Workplaces
telemedicine services. Large and medium sized private
enterprises are strongly encouraged to provide their
own telemedicine services, in the absence of an HMO
• Large and medium sized private establishments and
establishments with multiple tenants are now
mandated to designate an isolation area of one room
for every 200 employees. The isolation area shall have
adequate ventilation, chairs, and a dedicated restroom
• Private establishments unable to establish an isolation • If one (1) confirmed case of COVID-19 is detected in
area may make arrangements with a temporary the workplace, the facility shall be disinfected. The
treatment and monitoring facility nearby or with the building must be locked down for 24 hours prior to
Barangay Local Government Unit (LGU), for immediate disinfection to lessen transmission to sanitation
referral of employees who fulfill the criteria for isolation personnel, and may only be reopened 24 hours after
the disinfection process
Contact Tracing • In case of case clustering, or when there are two or
more confirmed cases from the same area/facility
whether in the same/different office spaces, employers
are encouraged to develop their own company policies
on the temporary closure of the workplace, disinfection,
and more extensive contact tracing. Employers must
also abide by the directives/advice of their LGU on
building closure
• Employers shall ensure strict compliance with the Leaves of Absence and Entitlements
protocols established by the DOH and LGUs for contact • Employers are highly encouraged to provide sick leave
tracing of employees in close contact with a COVID-19 benefits, medical insurance coverage, including
case. Referral of symptomatic individuals shall be supplemental pay allowance, for COVID-19 RT-PCR
coordinated to the nearest health care facility. test confirmed employees or close contacts made to
Customers, including visitors, entering private undergo a 14-day quarantine
establishments/business premises shall be required to
accomplish the Contact Tracing Form
• Employers shall explore the use of technology, such as
contactless forms
COVID-19 Testing
• Certain priority workers may be made to undergo RT-
PCR test in the indicated frequency under the
Supplemental Guidelines
Page 61 of 62
Sources
http://www.oshc.dole.gov.ph/images/OSH-Standards-2019-Edition.pdf
https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/2018-12/fy11_sh-22318-11_Mod_3_ParticipantManual.pdf
https://fitforwork.org/blog/identifying-workplace-hazards/
https://info.noahtech.com/blog/5-most-common-industrial-chemicals
https://www.osha.gov/dte/outreach/intro_osha/7SafetyHealthProbsWorkplace.pdf
https://www.workplace-rm.com/the-5-most-significant-safety-risks-in-construction/
https://oshwiki.eu/wiki/Hierarchy_of_prevention_and_control_measures
https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/phys_agents/heat_control.html#:~:text=These%20ACGIH%20guidelines%20suggest%20th
at,person's%20body%20to%20cool%20effectively.
https://safeti.com/podcast/hse-hierarchy-of-controls/
http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/FormB/EC/Risk_Assessment/050620190QMWUKEOAnnexureXIIQRA.pdf
https://www.dole.gov.ph/news/dti-and-dole-interim-guidelines-on-workplace-prevention-and-control-of-covid-19/
https://iclg.com/briefing/14323-supplemental-guidelines-on-workplace-prevention-and-control-of-covid-19-philippines
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BASIC OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH TRAINING MANUAL | Making Safety a Way of Life.

BASIC OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

“Making Safety a Way of Life”

WHY THE NEED FOR OSH? 03

WORKPLACE RISK ASSESSMENT 06

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE & CHEMICAL SAFETY 18

EVALUATION OF RISKS AND HAZARDS 23

DEVELOPMENT OF CONTROL MEASURES 28

JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS 30

WORKPLACE EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS 38

EMPLOYEE’S COMPENSATION PROGRAM 40

DOLE OSH PROGRAM TEMPLATE 50

CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 GUIDELINES 57

Key Employment Indicators (Philippines – April 2019)

WORKPLACE RISK ASSESSMENT

Important Terms Classification of Hazards

Fire Losses Classification of Fires

What Is an Electrical Insulator? Hazardous Mechanical Actions

Power-Transmission Apparatus Pullback Device

and the equipment being controlled cannot be

Sample: LOTO Procedures Materials Handling is the preparation, placing, and

incident. The result can be physical impairment or Back Injuries

When it is time to set the load down, it is very important

• Poor posture ▪ Has the right of refusal to work if an imminent danger

012. Ecological information (non-mandatory) guidelines and procedures as provided in the

WEM Equipment ▪ Concentration where exposure should be no longer

Hydrogen ACGIH Screening Criteria for Heat Stress Exposure (WBGT

Receiving hood: designed to "receive" or catch the

Purpose of Ventilation Limitations of Respirators

• Earplugs: placed inside the ear to block out noise. To

Example of Using the NRR • Biological Monitoring

Pre-employment and annual mid- • Limited range of tests

Biological Monitoring Work and Exposure History

Advantages of Biologic Monitoring

• Hazard control practices are often standardized and Definition of a Hazard

• To control workplace hazards and eliminate or reduce • Hearing damage

• Involve your Employees. It is very important to involve ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

• Property Damage & Accidents: All types • Plant & equipment

• Incidence Rate (IR) – refers to cases of occupational Incidence Rates

• Training and skills • Clarity and completeness of the description of the

A valuable process in the whole package of training. There

What is Disaster Management?

• Is how we deal with the human, material, economic or

Containment and counter measures • Fire-fighting personnel

• Adequate number of external and internal telephone Disability in the Workplace

Going To and Coming From One ring finger 5

Section 04: Duties of… • Whenever 2 or more undertakings are engaged in

Review and Adjust • Weekly Rest Day: A weekly day-off of 24 consecutive

DOLE OSH PROGRAM TEMPLATE

Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Program of (Company Name)

Product Descriptions : (ex. Garments, shoes, electronics, etc. _______________________________________________

15.0 Solid Waste Management System

2.0 General Safety and Health Programs

5.0 Composition and Duties of Safety and Health Committee

6.2 Emergency Occupational Health Personnel and Facilities

Name of OSH Training/Orientation Number of Employees in Attendance Date

Conduct of Risk Assessment (may include WEM) Date

8.0 Conduct of Tool Box/Safety Meetings (if applicable)