Titan Crash Course for NEET 2021

KEY NOTES ON RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

Biomentors Classes Online, Mumbai

NCERT Based - Very Important Points

Copyright Reserved with Biomentors; Please do not redistribute the content

om
Reflection of Light Normal

l.c
Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection Incident ray Reflected ray

i = r i r

ai
Boundary

gm
Reflection From a Plane Mirror

Deviation ()
8@
97


i r
 
a1

 = (180 – 2i)  = (360 – 2)

(A) Single Reflection (B) Double Reflection
rm

Images by two inclined plane mirrors

va

360𝑜 360𝑜
a) If =even integer then no of images 𝑛 = ( − 1);
𝜃 𝜃
ha

360𝑜
b) If = odd integer then there are two possibilities
𝜃
360𝑜
(i) For symmetric position of the object means at bisector no of images = −1=
ob

𝜃
𝑛−1
360𝑜
sh

(ii) For asymmetric position of the object the no of images = 𝑛 = ( );

𝜃
360𝑜
c) If =is fractional no then the number of images formed will be equal to its integral
𝜃
part.

1
Velocity formula in case of plane mirror
Velocity of the image wrt mirror = -(velocity of the object wrt mirror)
VIM = -(VOM)
VIG – VMG = -(VOG – VMG)
Where VIM = velocity of image wrt mirror
VOM = velocity of the object wrt mirror
VIG = velocity of image wrt ground
VMG = velocity of the mirror wrt ground
VOG = velocity of the object wrt ground

om
Spherical Mirror –

l.c
Terminologies used in spherical mirrors –
(i) Pole (P) : Mid point of the mirror

ai
(ii) Centre of curvature (C) : Centre of the sphere of which the mirror is a part.

gm
(iii) Radius of curvature (R): Distance between pole and centre of curvature.
(iv) Principle axis : A line passing through P and C.
8@
(v) Focus (F) : An image point on principle axis for an object at .
(vi) Focal length (f) : Distance between P and F.
97

𝑅
(vii) Relation between f and R : generally – 𝑓 = 2
a1

Sign conventions used while formation of images using spherical mirrors –

rm

(i) All distances are measured from the pole.

(ii) Distances measured in the direction of incident rays are taken as positive while in the
va

direction opposite of incident rays are taken negative.

(iii) Distances above the principle axis are taken positive and below the principle axis are
ha

taken negative.
ob

Concave mirror : Image formed by concave mirror may be real or virtual, may be inverted or
erect, may be smaller, larger or equal in size of object.
sh

(1) When object is placed at infinite (i.e. u = )

Image F P
At F
Real
Inverted
Very small in size
Magnification m << – 1

2
(2) When object is placed between infinite and centre of curvature (i.e. u > 2f)
Image
Between F and C
C F P
Real
Inverted
Small in size
m<–1

om
l.c
(3) When object is placed at centre of curvature (i.e. u = 2f)
Image

ai
At C

gm
F P
Real
C
8@
Inverted
Equal in size
97

m=–1
a1

(4) When object is placed between centre of curvature and focus (i.e. f < u < 2f)
Image
rm

Between 2f and 
Real
va

F P
Inverted C
Large in size
ha

m>–1
ob

(5) When object is placed at focus (i.e. u = f)

sh

Image
At 
P
Real C F
Inverted
Very large in size
m >> – 1

3
(6) When object is placed between focus and pole (i.e. u < f)
Image
Behind the mirror
Virtual P
Erect C F

Large in size
m>+1

om
Convex mirror : Image formed by convex mirror is always virtual, erect and smaller in size.
(1) When object is placed at infinite (i.e. u = )

l.c
Image

ai
At F
P F
Virtual

gm
Erect
Very small in size
8@
Magnification m << + 1
97

(2) When object is placed any where on the principal axis

Image
a1

Between P and F
rm

Virtual P F C
Erect
va

Small in size
Magnification m < + 1
ha

(1) Mirror formula :

1 1 1
= +
ob

𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
(2) Lateral magnification : When an object is placed perpendicular to the principle axis,
sh

𝐼 𝑣 𝑓 𝑓−𝑣
𝑚= =− = =
𝑂 𝑢 𝑓−𝑢 𝑓
(3) Axial magnification : When object lies along the principle axis
𝐼 −(𝑣2 − 𝑣1 )
𝑚= =
𝑂 (𝑢2 − 𝑢1 )
If object is small;
𝑑𝑣 𝑣 2 𝑓 2 𝑓−𝑣 2
𝑚=− =( ) =( ) =( )
𝑑𝑢 𝑢 𝑓−𝑢 𝑓

4
Refraction of Light –
When a light ray goes from one medium to another medium then it deviates from its path,
this phenomenon is called as refraction of light. This content is developed by Biomentors
Classes Online, Mumbai. When a ray of light goes from a rarer medium to a denser medium,
it bends towards the normal. When a ray of light goes from a denser medium to a rarer
medium, it bends away from the normal.
Snell’s law: -
𝜇1 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖 = 𝜇2 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟
If a light ray travels from medium (1) to medium (2), then

om
𝜇2 𝜆1 𝑣1
1𝜇2 = = =
𝜇1 𝜆2 𝑣2

l.c
Real and Apparent Depth

ai
(1) When object is in denser medium and observer is in rarer medium

gm
Real depth 𝒉
(i) 𝝁 = Apparent depth = 𝒉′ 
h
h
(ii) Real depth > Apparent depth O
8@
d O
1
(iii) Shift 𝑑 = ℎ − ℎ′ = (1 − 𝜇) ℎ
97

(iv) If a beaker contains various immiscible liquids as shown then

1 d1
𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3
Apparent depth of bottom= 𝜇 + 𝜇 + 𝜇 +. . .. 2 d2
a1

1 2 3
3 d3
rm

(2) Object is in rarer medium and observer is in denser medium

va

𝒉′
(i) 𝝁 = 𝒉
(ii) Real depth < Apparent depth.
ha

(iii) 𝒅 = (𝝁 − 𝟏)𝒉
ob

Refraction Through a Glass Slab

sh

(1) Lateral shift :

i
The Lateral shift of the ray is the perpendicular
distance between the incident and the emergent ray r
r 
t N
MN = t sec r sin (i – r)

M
e

5
(2) Normal shift :

Normal shift
O' O
1 x
𝑂𝑂′ = 𝑥 = (1 − ) 𝑡 
𝜇
t

Total Internal Reflection

When a ray of light goes from denser to rarer r
90°
medium it bends away from the normal and
i C  >C 
as the angle of incidence in denser medium increases,

om
the angle of refraction in rarer medium also increases
and at a certain angle, angle of refraction becomes O

l.c
90o, this angle of incidence is called critical angle (C).
When Angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle than light ray comes back in to the same medium

ai
after reflection from interface. This phenomenon is called Total internal reflection.

gm
1
μ= 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜇 → Rarer 𝜇Denser
sinC
8@
Refraction From Spherical Surface
𝜇2 −𝜇1 𝜇2 𝜇1
97

(1) Refraction formula : 𝑅

= 𝑣
− 𝑢
Where 𝜇1 =Refractive index of the medium from which light rays are coming.
a1

𝜇2 =Refractive index of the medium in which light rays are entering.

u = Distance of object, v = Distance of image, R = Radius of curvature
rm

LENS
va

Biconvex Plano convex Concavo convex

ha
ob

Biconcave Plano concave Convexo concave

sh

6
Rules of Image Formation by Lens
Convex lens – The image formed by convex lens depends on the position of object.

(1) When object is placed at infinite (i.e. u = )

Image
At F
Real 2F F F 2F
Inverted
Very small in size

om
Magnification m << – 1

l.c
(2) When object is placed between infinite and 2F (i.e. u > 2f)
Image

ai
Between F and 2F

gm
Real F 2F
Inverted 2F F
Very small in size
8@
Magnification m < – 1
97

(3) When object is placed at 2F (i.e. u = 2f )

a1

Image
At 2F
rm

Real F 2F

Inverted 2F F
va

Equal in size
ha

Magnification m = – 1
ob

(4) When object is placed between F and 2F (i.e. f < u < 2f )

Image
sh

Beyond 2F
Real F 2F
2F F
Inverted
Large in size
Magnification m > – 1

7
 (5) When object is placed at F (i.e. u = f )
Image
At 
Real F 2F
2F F
Inverted
Very large in size
Magnification m >> – 1

om
(6) When object is placed between F and optical center (i.e. u < f )
Image

l.c
Same side as that of object

ai
Virtual
Erect

gm
F 2F
large in size F

Magnification m > 1
8@
Concave lens – The image formed by a concave lens is always virtual, erect and diminished
97

(like a convex mirror)

a1

(1) When object is placed at 

Image
rm

At F 2F 2F
F
Virtual
va

Erect
ha

Point size
Magnification m << + 1
ob

(2) When object is placed any where on the principal axis

sh

Image
Between optical centre and focus
Virtual
F
Erect
Smaller in size
Magnification m < + 1

8
 Lens formula :
1 1 1
= −
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
Lens maker's formula : If R1 and R2 are the radii of curvature of first and second refracting
surfaces of a thin lens of focal length f and refractive index  (w.r.t. surrounding medium)
then
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= (𝜇 − 1) ( − ) ⇒ − = (𝜇 − 1) ( − )
𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑣 𝑢 𝑅1 𝑅2

om
Newton's Formula –
If the distance of object (x1) and image (x2) are

l.c
measured from first and second principal foci then F
Newton's formula states

ai
F
x1 x2
2
𝑓 = 𝑥1 𝑥2

Combination of Lens
gm
8@
When two lenses are placed co-axially at a f1 f2

distance d from each other then equivalent focal length (F).

97

1 1 1 𝑑
= + −
a1

d
𝐹 𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓1 𝑓2
PRISM
rm

Refraction through a prism

va

A
i – Angle of incidence,
A
ha

 e – Angle of emergence,
e
i r1 A – Angle of prism or refracting
ob

r2

angle of prism,
sh

 r1 and r2 – Angle of refraction,

C B  – Angle of deviation

𝐴 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 and 𝑖 + 𝑒 = 𝐴 + 𝛿

9
Minimum deviation : ∠𝑖 = ∠𝑒 and ∠𝑟1 = 
∠𝑟2 = 𝑟, deviation produced is minimum.
i e
(a) Refracted ray inside the prism is parallel r r
m
to the base of the prism for equilateral and
isosceles prisms. i

𝐴 𝐴+𝛿𝑚
(b) 𝑟 = 2
and 𝑖 = 2
𝐴+𝛿𝑚
𝑠𝑖𝑛
2
(c) 𝜇 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴/2
(Prism formula)

Dispersion Through a Prism

om
The splitting of white light into it’s constituent colours is called dispersion of light.
(1) Angular dispersion ( ) :

l.c
V
Angular separation between extreme colours R Y Screen

ai
Incident
θ = δV − δR = (μV − μR )A.
R


gm
white light
(2) Dispersive power () : Y
𝜃 𝜇𝑉 −𝜇𝑅 𝜇𝑉 +𝜇𝑅 V
𝜔=𝛿 = where {𝜇𝑦 = }
𝑦 𝜇𝑦 −1 2
8@
It depends only upon the material of the prism i.e.  and it doesn't depends upon angle of
prism A
97

Combination of prisms : Two prisms (made of crown and flint material) are combined to get
a1

either dispersion only or deviation only.

rm

(i) Dispersion without deviation

(chromatic combination) Flint
V
va

𝐴' (𝜇𝑦 − 1) A R
=−
𝐴 (𝜇'𝑦 − 1) R
ha

A
V
𝜔'
𝜃net = 𝜃 (1 − ) = (𝜔𝛿 − 𝜔'𝛿') Crown
𝜔
ob
sh

(ii) Deviation without dispersion

(Achromatic combination)
Flint
𝐴' (𝜇𝑉 − 𝜇𝑅 )
=− A
𝐴 (𝜇'𝑉 − 𝜇'𝑅 )
R
𝜔 A
𝛿net = 𝛿 (1 − ) V
𝜔' Crown

10
 DEFECTS IN EYE
(1) Myopia (short sightness) –
A short-sighted eye can see only nearer objects. Distant objects are not seen clearly.

Retina Concave lens

Retina
Far point

d
(A) Defected eye (B) Removal of Defect

om
(i) In this defect image is formed before the retina and Far point comes closer.
(ii) This defect can be removed by using a concave lens of suitable focal length.

l.c
(2)Hypermetropia (long sightness) –

ai
A long-sighted eye can see distant objects clearly but nearer object are not clearly visible.

gm
Convex lens
Retina
Retina
8@
I
Near
O
97

point

(A) Defected eye (B) Removal of Defect

(i) Image formed behind the retina and near point moves away
a1

(ii) In this defect focal length or radii of curvature of lens increases or power of lens
rm

decreases or distance between eye lens and retina decreases.

(iii) This defect can be removed by using a convex lens.
va

(iv) If a person cannot see before distance d but wants to see the object placed at distance
D from eye then
ha

𝑑𝐷 𝑑−𝐷
Focal length of lens required 𝑓 = 𝑑−𝐷 and power of the lens 𝑃 = 𝑑𝐷
ob
sh

(3) Presbyopia – In this defect both near and far objects are not clearly visible. It is an old
age disease and it is due to the loosing power of accommodation. It can be removed by using
bifocal lens.

(4) Astigmatism – In this defect eye cannot see horizontal and vertical lines clearly,
simultaneously. It is due to imperfect spherical nature of eye lens. This defect can be removed
by using cylindrical lens.

11
MICROSCOPE
Simple microscope
(i) It is a single convex lens of lesser focal length.
(ii) Also called magnifying glass or reading lens.
(iii) Magnification’s, when final image is formed at D
A
𝐷
𝑚𝐷 = (1 + ) Virtual and
𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑥
enlarged image
(iii) Magnification when final image is formed at A
infinity.

om
𝐷 B F B
𝑚∞ = ( )
𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑛
(iv) If lens is kept at a distance a from the eye ve=D to 

l.c
then
𝐷−𝑎 𝐷−𝑎
𝑚𝐷 = 1 + 𝑓 and 𝑚∞ = 𝑓

ai
gm
Compound microscope
8@
uo vo ue

A
97

B
B Q E

A
a1

ve=D to 
rm

(i) Consist of two converging lenses called objective and eye lens.
va

(ii) 𝑓eye lens > 𝑓objective

(iii) Intermediate image is real and enlarged.
ha

(iv) Final image is magnified, virtual and inverted.

ob

(v) 𝑢𝑜 =Distance of object from objective (o),

𝑣𝑜 =Distance of image (𝐴′ 𝐵 ′ ) formed by objective from objective,
sh

𝑢𝑒 = Distance of 𝐴′ 𝐵 ′ from eye lens,

ve = Distance of final image from eye lens,
fo = Focal length of objective, fe = Focal length of eye lens.
𝑣 𝐷
(vi) Final image is formed at D : Magnification 𝑚𝐷 = − 𝑢𝑜 (1 + 𝑓 ) and length of the
𝑜 𝑒

microscope tube (distance between two lenses) is 𝐿𝐷 = 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑢𝑒 .

12
 −𝐿 𝐷
𝑚𝐷 = (1 + )
𝑓𝑜 𝑓𝑒
(vii) Final image is formed at  : Magnification
𝑣 𝐷
𝑚∞ = − 𝑢0 . 𝑓 and length of tube 𝐿∞ = 𝑣0 + 𝑓𝑒
0 𝑒
(𝐿∞ −𝑓𝑜 −𝑓𝑒 )𝐷
In terms of length 𝑚∞ = 𝑓𝑜 𝑓𝑒

(viii) For large magnification of the compound microscope, both 𝑓𝑜 and 𝑓𝑒 should be small.
(ix) If the length of the tube of microscope increases, then its magnifying power increases.

om
(x) The magnifying power of the compound microscope may be expressed as 𝑀 =
𝑚𝑜 × 𝑚𝑒 ; where mo is the magnification of the objective and me is magnifying power of eye
piece.

l.c
ai
Astronomical Telescope (Refracting Type)

gm
By astronomical telescope heavenly bodies are seen.

A fo ue
8@
B
B
97

O Q E

A
a1

P
ve=D to 
rm

(1) 𝑓objective > 𝑓eyelens and 𝑑objective > 𝑑eye lens .

va

(2) Intermediate image is real, inverted and small.

ha

(3) Final image is virtual, inverted and small.

(4) Magnification when image is formed at D
ob

𝑓0 𝑓𝑒
𝑚𝐷 = − (1 + )
𝑓𝑒 𝐷
sh

Also length of the tube 𝐿𝐷 = 𝑓0 + 𝑢𝑒

(5) Magnification when image is formed at infinity
𝑓𝑜
𝑚∞ = −
𝑓𝑒
Also the length of the tube 𝐿∞ = 𝑓0 + 𝑓𝑒

13
GOLDEN POINTS –
1. Wavelength of visible light is approx. 400 nm to 750 nm.
2. After reflection, speed, wavelength, and frequency of light remains same but
intensity decreases.
3. After reflection the incident light ray deviates from its path by 180° − 2𝑖.
4. When two mirrors are inclined perpendicular to each other then 3 images are
formed.
5. When two plane mirrors are placed parallel to each other then infinite number of
images are formed (eg of saloon).

om
6. A man of height h requires a mirror of length at least equal to h/2 to see his own
complete image.
7. If a person is at midpoint of mirror and wall of height h, wants to see the full image

l.c
of the wall in the mirror then the length of the plane mirror required is h/3.
8. Keeping the incident ray fixed if the plane mirror is rotated by an angle 𝜃 about an

ai
axis in the plane of mirror, then the reflected ray rotates by an angle 2𝜃.

gm
9. A light ray travelling parallel to spherical mirror if inclined at an angle 𝜃 to the line
drawn from center of curvature to the mirror, then after reflection from the mirror
𝑅
the light rays meet on the principal axis at a distance 𝑅 − 2 sec 𝜃 from the pole of
8@
the mirror.
10. A medium in which the speed of light is more is called as optically rarer medium and
97

the medium in which the speed of light is less is called as optically denser medium.
11. When a light ray travels from one medium to another medium then the frequency of
a1

light ray remains same but the wavelength and the speed changes.
4 3
12. Refractive index of water is = 1.33, Refractive index of glass is = 1.5 and
rm

3 2
12
Refractive index of diamond is = 2.4
5
13. In concave mirror, the real image always moves opposite to the object and so if 𝑣𝑂 is
va

positive, then 𝑣𝑖 will be negative.

ha

14. In convex mirror, the image always moves in the direction opposite of object and so
both 𝑣𝑂 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑖 are opposite.
ob

15. Image velocity in convex mirror is always less than the object velocity.
16. Since, the field of view of convex mirrors is large, so they are used in automobiles to
sh

see the traffic behind the driver.

17. Concave mirrors are used as reflectors in head light of automobiles and search
lights.
18. When at the interface of two transparent media (one is air and one is another
transparent medium, light ray is travelling from air to medium); If reflected light ray
and refracted light rays are perpendicular to each other then 𝜇 = tan 𝑖.

14
19. If a fish is at depth h in a medium of refractive index 𝜇, from the surface then the
fish sees the world from a circle of radius r OR Field of view of fish in water situated
ℎ
at depth h of refractive index 𝜇 is given as 𝑟 = .
√𝜇 2 −1
20. Sun appears big during the sunrise or sun set it is due to refraction.
21. Twinkling of stars is due to refraction.
22. Sun is visible before the actual sun rise and after the actual sun set, it is due to
refraction.
23. A pool water appears less deep compared to its actual depth when from seen
outside the water, this phenomenon is due to refraction.

om
24. When a fish observes a bird flying outside the water, bird appears at larger distance
compared to original distance.
25. When a bird observes a fish inside the water, then fish appears it at lesser distance

l.c
compared to original distance.
26. A straight rod when placed in water looks bend due to refraction.

ai
27. The critical angle for diamond is 𝑖𝑐 = 24.4𝑜 .

gm
28. The brilliance of diamond is due to total internal reflection.
29. Fiber optics works on the principle of total internal reflection.
30. Mirage in desserts is observed due to total internal reflection.
8@
31. Rainbow is produced due to dispersion of light by small raindrops floating in the air
after rain.
97

32. The rainbow can only be seen when the sun is behind the observer.
33. Generally, rainbows are seen in west in the morning and in the east in the evening in
a1

rainy season.
34. In primary rainbow red colour is in upward direction and violet colour is at
rm

downward direction.
35. Primary rainbow is formed due to one reflection and two refractions.
Secondary rainbow is formed due to two internal reflections and two refractions.
va

36.
37. In secondary rainbow red colour is at bottom and violet colour is at top.
ha

38. The intensity (I) of scattered light is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the
wavelength (𝜆) of light.
ob

39. Blue colour of the sky is due to scattering of light.

40. The least possible distance between the object and its real image is 4f.
sh

41. The minimum and maximum distance between object its real image will be 4f and ∞
respectively.
42. When a lens is placed in a medium then its focal length compared to focal length in
fmedium (µlens −1)
air is compared as = µlens .
fair ( −1)
µmedium

43. If an equiconvex lens of focal length ‘f’ is cut into two equal parts by vertical plane,
then focal length of each part becomes twice the original focal length.
44. If an equiconvex lens of focal length ‘f’ is cut into two equal parts by horizontal
plane, then focal length of each part remains same.

15
 45. A person who can see upto distance → x, wants to see distance → y (y > x) then focal
𝑥𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
length of the concave lens will be 𝑓 = 𝑥−𝑦 or power of the lens 𝑃 = 𝑥𝑦

MCQ QUESTIONS SOLVE IT YOURSELF – NO MCQ LECTURE WILL BE PUBLISHED

1 A beam of light from a source L is (d) P ⟶ C and D, Q ⟶ B and D, R

incident normally on a plane mirror ⟶ B and C, S ⟶ A and D.
fixed at a certain distance x from the
source. The beam is reflected back as 3 Two plane mirrors are inclined at

om
a spot on a scale placed just above 700 . A ray incident on one mirror at
the source I. When the mirror is angle 𝜃 after reflection falls second
rotated through a small angle 𝜃, the mirror and is reflected from there

l.c
spot of the light is found to move parallel to first mirror. The value of 𝜃
through a distance y on the scale. is

ai
The angle 𝜃 is given by (a) 500
𝑦
(a) 𝑥 (b) 450

gm
(b)
𝑥 (c) 300
2𝑦
𝑥 (d) 550
(c) 𝑦
8@
𝑦
(d) 4 A rod of length 10 cm lies along the
2𝑥
principal axis of a concave mirror of
focal length 10 cm in such a way that
97

2 Match the corresponding entries of

column-I with column-2 (Where m is its end closer to the pole is 20 cm
away from the mirror. The length of
the magnification produced by the
a1

mirror) : the image is :

(a) 10cm
(b) 15cm
rm

Column-1 Column-2
(c) 2.5cm
(P) m = -2 (A) Convex
(d) 5cm
mirror
va

(Q) 𝑚 (B) Concave

5 If two mirrors are kept inclined at
1
ha

=−
mirror 600 to each other and a body is
2 placed at the middle, then total
number of image formed is
ob

(R) m = +2 (C) Real image

(S) 𝑚 (D) Virtual (a) Six
(b) Five
1
sh

image (c) Four

=+
2 (d) Three

(a) P ⟶ B and C, Q ⟶ B and C, R 6 Which of the following is not due to

⟶ B and D, S ⟶ A and D. total internal reflection ?
(b) P ⟶ A and C, Q ⟶ A and D, R (a) Working of optical fibre
⟶ A and B, S ⟶ C and D. (b) Difference between apparent
(c) P ⟶ A and D, Q ⟶ B and C, R and real depth of pond
⟶ B and D, S ⟶ B and C. (c) Mirage on hot summer days
(d) Brilliance of diamond

16
7 A ray light travelling in a transparent (a) 7.5 cm
medium of refractive index 𝜇, falls on (b) 10.5 cm
a surface separating the medium (c) 7 cm
from air at an angle of incidence of (d) 10 cm
450 . For which of the following value
of 𝜇 the ray can undergo total 11 Wavelength of light of frequency 100
internal reflection ? Hz.
(a) 𝜇 = 1.33 (a) 2 × 166 𝑚
(b) 𝜇 = 1.40
(c) 𝜇 = 1.50 (b) 3 × 166 𝑚
(d) 𝜇 = 1.25 (c) 4 × 166 𝑚

om
(d) 5 × 166 𝑚
8 The frequency of a light wave in a
material is 2 × 1014 𝐻𝑧 and
wavelength is 5000 Å. The refractive 12 An electromagnetic radiation of

l.c
index of material will be frequency n, wavelength 𝜆, travelling
(a) 1.50 with velocity v in air enters in a glass

ai
(b) 3.00 slab of refractive index (𝜇). The

gm
(c) 1.33 frequency, wavelength and velocity
(d) 1.40 of light in the glass slab will be
respectively
𝜆 𝑣
8@
9 A small coin is resting on the bottom (a) 𝑛, 𝜇 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇
of a beaker filled with liquid. A ray of
𝑣
light from the coin travels upto the (b) 𝑛, 2𝜆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇
97

surface of the liquid and moves

𝑛 𝜆 𝑣
along its surface. How fast is the light (c) , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇
𝜇 𝜇
travelling in the liquid ?
a1

2𝜋 𝜆
(d) , 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝜇 𝜇
𝑣
rm

13 A point source of light is placed 4 m

below the surface of water of
va

5
refractive index 3. The minimum
ha

diameter of a disc, which should be

placed over the source, on the
surface of water to cut off all light
ob

coming out of water is

(a) 2.4 × 108 𝑚/𝑠 (a) ∞
sh

(b) 3.0 × 108 𝑚/𝑠 (b) 6m

(c) 1.2 × 108 𝑚/𝑠 (c) 4m
(d) 1.8 × 108 𝑚/𝑠 (d) 3m

10 An air bubble in a glass slab (𝜇 = 14 Time taken by sunlight to pass

1.5) is 5 cm deep when viewed from through a window of thickness 4 mm
one face and 2 cm deep when 3
whose refractive index is 2 is
viewed from the opposite face. The
(a) 2 × 10−4 𝑠𝑒𝑐
thickness of the slab is
(b) 2 × 108 𝑠𝑒𝑐

17
 (c) 2 × 10−11 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (a) equal to that of glass
(d) 2 × 1011 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (b) less than one
(c) greater than that of glass
15 A beam of monochromatic light is (d) less than that of glass
refracted from vacuum into a
medium of refractive index 1.5, the 19 A concave mirror of focal length ′𝑓′1
wavelength of refracted light will be is placed at a distance of ‘d’ from a
(a) dependent on intensity convex lens of focal length ′𝑓′2 . A
of refracted light beam of light coming from infinity
(b) same and falling on this convex lens-
(c) smaller concave mirror combination returns
(d) larger to infinity.

om
The distance ‘d’ must equal :
16 Two identical thin plano-convex glass (a) 𝑓1 + 𝑓2
(b) −𝑓1 + 𝑓2

l.c
lenses (refractive index 1.5) each
having radius of curvature of 20 cm (c) 2𝑓1 + 𝑓2
are placed with their convex surfaces (d) −2𝑓1 + 𝑓2

ai
in contact at the centre. The

gm
intervening space is filled with oil of 20 A converging beam of rays is incident
refractive index 1.7. The focal length on a diverging lens. Having passed
of the combination is through the lens the rays intersect at
8@
(a) -25 cm a point 15 cm from the lens on the
(b) -50 cm opposite side. If the lens is removed
(c) 50 cm the point where the rays meet will
97

(d) -20 cm move 5 cm closer to the lens. The

focal length of the lens is
(a) -10cm
a1

17 A plano convex lens fits exactly into a

plano concave lens. Their plane (b) 20cm
surfaces are parallel to each other. If (c) -30cm
rm

lenses are made of different (d) 5cm

materials of refractive indices 𝜇1 and
21 A lens having focal length f and
va

𝜇2 and R is the radius of curvature of

the curved surface of the lenses, aperture of diameter d forms an
then the focal length of the image of intensity I. Aperture of
ha

combination is 𝑑
𝑅 diameter 2 in central region of
(a) 2(𝜇 −𝜇 )
ob

1 2 lens is covered by a black paper.

𝑅
(b) (𝜇1 −𝜇2 ) Focal length of lens and intensity
2𝑅 of image now ill be respectively
sh

(c) (𝜇2 −𝜇1 ) 𝐼

𝑅 (a) 𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4
(d) 2(𝜇1 +𝜇2 ) 3𝑓 𝐼
(b) 𝑎𝑛𝑑
4 2
3𝐼
18 When a biconvex lens of glass having (c) 𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4
refractive index 1.47 is dipped in a 𝑓 𝐼
liquid, it acts as a plane sheet of glass. (d) 𝑎𝑛𝑑
2 2
This implies that the liquid must have
refractive index.

18
22 Two thin lenses of focal lengths 𝑓1
and 𝑓2 are in contact and coaxial.
The power of the combination is
𝑓
(a) √𝑓1
2

𝑓
(b) √𝑓2
1
𝑓1 +𝑓2
(c) 2
𝑓1 +𝑓2
(d) 𝑓1 𝑓2
Choose the correct statement from

om
the following
23 A boy is trying to start a fire by (a) f’ = 2f, f’’ = 2f
focusing sunlight on a piece of (b) f’ = f, f’’ = 2f

l.c
paper using an equiconvex lens of (c) f’ = 2f, f’’ = f
focal length 10 cm. The diameter (d) f’ = f, f’’ = f
of the sun is 1.39 × 109 𝑚 and its

ai
26 A convex lens is dipped in a liquid
mean distance from the earth is whose refractive index is equal to

gm
1.5 × 1011 𝑚 and its mean the refractive index of the lens. Then
distance from the earth is 1.5 × its focal length will
1011 𝑚. What is the diameter of (a) remain unchanged
8@
the Sun’s image on the paper ? (b) become zero
(a) 9.2 × 10−4 𝑚 (c) become infinite
(b) 6.5 × 10−4 𝑚 (d) become small, but non-zero
97

(c) 6.5 × 10−5 𝑚

(d) 12.4 × 10−4 𝑚 27 A body is located on a wall. Its image
a1

24 A convex lens and a concave lens, of equal size is to be obtained on a

each having same focal length of parallel wall with the help of a
rm

25 cm, are put in contact to form a convex lens. The lens is placed at a
distance ‘d’ ahead of second wall,
combination of lenses. The power
then the required focal length will be
va

in diopters of the combination is 𝑑

(a) 50 (a) only 4
𝑑
ha

(b) Infinite (b) only 2

(c) Zero 𝑑 𝑑
(c) more than 4 but less than 2
ob

(d) 25 𝑑 𝑑
(d) less than but less than
25 An equiconvex lens is cut into two 4 2
halves along (i) XOX’ and (ii) YOY’ as
sh

shown in the figure. Let f, f’, f’’ be 28 A plano-convex lens is made of

the focal lengths of the complete material of refractive index 1.6. The
lens, of each half in case (i), and of radius of curvature of the curved
each half in case (ii), respectively. surface is 60 cm. The focal length of
the lens is
(a) 50 cm
(b) 100 cm
(c) 200 cm
(d) 400 cm

19
29 A luminous object is placed at a derivation. The angle of the second
distance of 30 cm from the convex prism should be
lens of focal length 20 cm. On the (a) 7o
other side of the lens, at what (b) 10o
distance from the lens a convex (c) 12o
mirror of radius of curvature 10 cm (d) 5o
be placed in order to have an upright 34 The angle of incidence for a ray of
image of the object coincident with it light at a refracting surface of a
? prism is 45o . The angle of prism is
(a) 12 cm 60o . If the ray suffers minimum
(b) 30 cm deviation through the prism, the
(c) 50 cm angle of minimum deviation and

om
(d) 60 cm refractive index of the material of
the prism respectively, are
30 The focal length of converging lens is 1
(a) 45o , 2

l.c
measured for violet, green and red √
(b) 30o , √2
colours. It is respectively 𝑓𝑣 , 𝑓𝑔 , 𝑓𝑟 .

ai
(c) 45o , √2
1
We will get (d) 30o ,

gm
√2

(a) 𝑓𝑣 = 𝑓𝑔
35 The refracting angle of a prism is ‘A’,
and refractive index of the material
(b) 𝑓𝑔 > 𝑓𝑟 of the prism is cot(A/2). The angle of
8@
(c) 𝑓𝑣 < 𝑓𝑟 minimum deviation is
(d) 𝑓𝑣 > 𝑓𝑟 (a) 180o − 2𝐴
31 A convex lens of focal length 80 cm (b) 90o − 2𝐴
97

and a concave lens of focal length 50 (c) 180o + 2𝐴

cm are combined together. What will (d) 180o − 3𝐴
a1

be their resulting power? 36 A beam of light consisting of red,

(a) +6.5 D green and blue colours is incident on
rm

(b) -6.5 D a right-angled prism. The refractive

(c) +7.5 D index of the material of the prism for
(d) -0.75 D the above red, green and blue
va

32 Focal length of a convex lens of wavelengths are 1.39, 1.44 and 1.47,
refractive index 1.5 is 2 cm. Focal respectively.
ha

length of the lens when immersed in

a liquid of refractive index of 1.25
will be
ob

(a) 10 cm
(b) 2.5 cm
sh

(c) 5 cm
(d) 7.5 cm
The prism will :
33 A thin prism of angle 15o made of
(a) separate all the three colours
glass of refractive index 𝜇1 = 1.5 is
from one another.
combined with another prism of
(b) not separate the three colours
glass of refractive index 𝜇2 = 1.75.
at all
The combination of the prism
produces dispersion without

20
 (c) separate the red colour part (b) 46.0 cm
from the green and blue (c) 50.0 cm
colours (d) 54.0 cm
(d) separate the blue colour part 39 The magnifying power of a telescope
from the red and green colours is 9. When it is adjusted for parallel
37 The angle of a prism is ‘A’. One of its rays the distance between the
refracting surfaces is silvered. Light objective and eyepiece is 20 cm. The
rays falling at an angle of incidence focal length of lenses are.
2A on the first surface returns back (a) 10 cm, 10 cm
through the same path after (b) 15 cm, 5 cm
suffering reflection at the silvered (c) 18 cm, 2 cm
surface. The refractive index 𝜇, of (d) 11 cm, 9 cm

om
the prism is 40 For a normal eye, the cornea of eye
(a) 2 sin A provides a converging power of 40D
and the least converging power of

l.c
(b) 2 cos A
1 the eye lens behind the cornea is
(c) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
2 20D. Using this information, the

ai
(d) tan A distance between the retina and eye
38 A astronomical telescope has

gm
lens of the eye can be estimated to
objective and eyepiece of focal be
lengths 40 cm and 4 cm respectively. (a) 2.5 cm
To view an object 200 cm away from
8@
(b) 1.67 cm
the objective, the lenses must be (c) 1.5 cm
separated by a distance (d) 5 cm
(a) 37.3 cm
97
a1
rm

SOLUTIONS
va

1 Ans – (d) 𝑦
⇒ 𝜃=
ha

When mirror is rotated by angle 𝜃 2𝑥

2 Ans – (a)
reflected ray will be rotated by 2𝜃. Magnitude m = +ve ⇒ virtual image
ob

m = -ve ⇒ real image

sh

magnitude of magnification,
|𝑚| > 1 ⇒ magnified image
|𝑚| < 1 ⇒ diminished image

3 Ans – (a)

𝑦
= 2𝜃
𝑥

21
 Number of image formed by the inclined
3600 3600
mirror (𝑛) = 𝜃
−1= 600
−1=6−1

=5

6 Ans – (b)
Difference between apparent and real
depth of a pond is due to the refraction of
From fig. 400 + 𝜃 = 900 light, not due to the total internal
reflection. Other three phenomena are
∴ 𝜃 = 900 − 400 = 500 due to the total internal reflection.

om
4 Ans – (d) 7 Ans – (c)
For total internal reflection,

l.c
1
𝜇≥ ≥ √2 ≥ 1.414
sin 𝐶

ai
⇒ 𝜇 = 1.50

gm
8 Ans – (b)
The focal length of the mirror
By using 𝑣 = 𝑛𝜆
8@
1 1 1
− = + Here, 𝑛 = 2 × 1014 𝐻𝑧
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
𝜆 = 5000 Å = 5000 × 10−10 𝑚
97

For A end of the rod the image distance

𝑣 = 2 × 1014 × 5000 × 10−10 = 108 𝑚/𝑠
When 𝑢1 = −20 𝑐𝑚
a1

−1 1 1 Refractive index of the material,

⇒ = −
10 𝑣1 20 𝑐 3 × 108
rm

𝜇= = =3
1 1 1 −2 + 1 𝑣 108
− + =
𝑣1 10 20 20
Ans – (d)
va

9
𝑣1 = −20 𝑐𝑚
ha

For when 𝑢2 = −30𝑐𝑚

1 1 1
= −
ob

𝑓 𝑣2 30
1 −1 1 −30 + 10 −20
= + = =
sh

𝑣2 10 30 300 300
𝑣2 = −15𝑐𝑚
Hypotenuse comes out to be 5 cm.
𝐿 = 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 = −15 − (−20) 1 sin 𝑖
Since, 𝜇 = sin 900
L = 5cm
1 5
𝜇= =
5 Ans – (b) sin 𝑖 3
Angle between two mirrors (𝜃) = 600 . 𝑐 3×108
Speed, 𝑣 = 𝜇 = 5/3
= 1.8 × 108 𝑚/𝑠

22
 𝑣
10 Ans – (b) and velocity, 𝑣 ′ = 𝜇

𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ (𝑅1 )

1.5 = 13 Ans – (b)
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ (5 𝑐𝑚) 1 1 3 3
sin 𝐶 = = = ⇒ tan C =
∴ 𝑅1 = 1.5 × 5 = 7.5 𝑐𝑚 𝜇 5 5 4
3
𝑟 3
Now, tan 𝐶 = ℎ ; 𝑟 = ℎ tan 𝐶 = 4 × 4 =

3𝑚
Diameter of disc = 2r = 6m

om
For opposite face, 14 Ans – (c)
𝑐 3 × 108

l.c
𝑅2 𝑣𝑔 = = = 2 × 108 𝑚/𝑠
1.5 = ⇒ 𝑅2 = 3.0 𝑐𝑚 𝜇 3
2 2

ai
 Thickness of slab = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑥 4 × 10−3
𝑡= = = 2 × 10−11 𝑠

gm
= 7.5 + 3 = 10.5 cm 𝑣𝑔 2 × 108

15 Ans – (c)
8@
11 Ans – (b) From 𝜇 = =
𝑐 𝑛𝜆𝑣
,𝜆 =
𝜆𝑣
𝑣 𝑛𝜆𝑚 𝑚 𝜇
Frequency (n) = 100 Hz
Here, c = velocity of light in medium and v
97

𝑣 = 𝑛𝜆
= velocity of light in vacuum;
3 × 108
a1

𝜆= 𝜇 = refractive index of the medium.

100
[where, velocity of light (𝑣) = 3 × 108 𝑚/ Hence, wavelength in medium (𝜆𝑚 ) < 𝜆𝑎
rm

𝑠] (∵ 𝜇 < 1, 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛)
va

𝜆 = 3 × 166 𝑚. So, the required wavelength decreases.

ALTERNATIVELY,
ha

12 Ans – (a) 𝑐 = 𝑣𝜆. On refraction, the frequency, v do

When electromagnetic wave enters in not change. When light is refracted
ob

vacuum to a medium, the velocity, c

other medium, frequency remains decreases. Therefore, 𝜆 also decreases.
sh

unchanged while wavelength and velocity

1
16 Ans – (b)
become 𝜇 times. So, For e.m. wave Using lens maker’s formula,

entering from air to glass slab (𝜇), 1 1 1

= (𝜇 − 1) ( − )
𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅2
frequency remains n,
𝜆
Wavelength, 𝜆′ = 𝜇

23
 𝑅
⇒𝑓=
𝜇1 − 𝜇2
Hence, focal length of the combination is
𝑅
𝜇 −𝜇
.
1 2

18 Ans – (a)
1 𝜇𝑔 1 1
=( − 1) ( − )
𝑓 𝜇𝑚 𝑅1 𝑅2
1 1 1
1 1.5 1 1 If 𝜇𝑔 = 𝜇𝑚 , then 𝑓 = (1 − 1) (𝑅 − 𝑅 )
1 2
=( − 1) ( − )

om
𝑓1 1 ∞ −20 1 1
⇒ =0 𝑓= =∞
𝑓 0
⇒ 𝑓1 = 40𝑐𝑚
This implies that the liquid must have

l.c
1 1.7 1 1
=( − 1) ( − ) refractive index equal to glass.
𝑓2 1 −20 +20

ai
100 19 Ans – (c)
⇒ 𝑓2 = − 𝑐𝑚
7

gm
1 1.5 1 1
and =( − 1) ( − )
𝑓3 1 ∞ −20
8@
⇒ 𝑓3 = 40𝑐𝑚
1 1 1 1
= + +
𝑓𝑒𝑞 𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓3
97

1 1 1 1 𝑑 = 𝑓2 + 2𝑓1
⇒ = + +
𝑓𝑒𝑞 40 −100/7 40
a1

∴ 𝑓𝑒𝑞 = −50𝑐𝑚 20 Ans – (c)

rm

Therefore, the focal length of the

combination is -50 cm.
va

17 Ans – (b)
ha
ob

By lens formula
sh

1 1 1
− =
𝑣 𝑢 𝑓
1 1 1
= + u = 10 cm
𝑓 𝑓1 𝑓2
1 1 1 1 v = 15 cm
= (𝜇1 − 1) (− ) + (𝜇2 − 1) ( − )
∞ 𝑅 ∞ 𝑅 f=?
(𝜇1 − 1) (𝜇1 − 1) 1 𝜇1 − 𝜇2
= − ⇒ = Putting the values, we get
𝑅 𝑅 𝑓 𝑅

24
 1 1 1 From the formula,
− =
15 10 𝑓
1 1 1 1 1
10 − 15 1 = + = − =0
= 𝑓 𝑓1 𝑓2 25 25
150 𝑓
1
150 Power of combination = 𝑓 = 0
∴𝑓=− = −30𝑐𝑚
3
25 Ans – (b)
21 Ans – (c)
By covering aperture, focal length does
not change. But intensity is reduced by

om
1 𝑑
times, as aperture diameter 2 is
4 1 1 1
= (𝜇 − 1) ( − )

l.c
covered. 𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝐼 3𝐼 In this case, 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 are unchanged

ai
∴ 𝐼′ = 𝐼 − =
4 4 So, f will remain unchanged for both pieces

gm
∴ New focal length = f and intensity = of the lens
3𝐼
. ∴ 𝑓 = 𝑓′
4
8@
22 Ans – (d)
The focal length of the combination
97

1 1 1
=𝑓 +𝑓
𝑟 1 2
a1

 Power of the combinations,

1 1 1
rm

𝑓1 +𝑓2 1
𝑃= (∴ 𝑃 = 𝑓) = +
𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓 𝑓1 𝑓2
This is combination of two lenses of equal
va

23 Ans – (a)
𝑣 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 focal lengths
We have, |𝑢| = 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
ha

1 1 1 2
𝑣 ∴ = ′′ + ′′ = ′′ ⇒ 𝑓 ′′ = 2𝑓.
or, Size of image = |𝑢| × 𝑓 𝑓 𝑓 𝑓
ob

𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 26 Ans – (c)

sh

1 1 1
10−1 = (ℓ𝜇𝑔 − 1) ( − )
=( ) × (1.39 × 109 ) 𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅2
1.5 × 101.1
where, ℓ𝜇𝑔 = 1 is given
= 0.92 × 10−3 𝑚 = 9.2 × 104 𝑚
1 1 1
⇒ = (1 − 1) ( − ) = 0
 Diameter of the sun’s image 𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅2
=9.2×104 𝑚. ⇒𝑓=∞

24 Ans – (c) 27 Ans – (b)

25
 1 1 1 1 1
Using the lens formula 𝑓 = 𝑣 − 𝑢 We know that 𝑓 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓
𝑖

Given v = d, for equal size image 1 1 1

= + ; 𝑓 = 8 𝑐𝑚, 𝑓2 = −50𝑐𝑚
|𝑣| = |𝑢| = 𝑑 𝑓 𝑓1 𝑓2 1
1 1 1 𝑑 1 1 1
∴ 𝑓 = 𝑑 + 𝑑 or 𝑓 = = −
2 𝑓 80 50
100 100
28 Ans – (b) 1
⇒ 𝑃 = = 1.25 − 2 = −0.75𝐷
𝑅1 = 60𝑐𝑚, 𝑅2 = ∞, 𝜇 = 1.6 𝑓
1 1 1
= (𝜇 − 1) ( − ) 32 Ans – (c)
𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅2

om
𝜇𝑔 1.5 1
1 1 𝑓𝑎 ( 𝜇𝑙 − 1) (1.25 − 1) 5 2
= (1.6 − 1) ( ) ⇒ 𝑓 = 100 𝑐𝑚. = = = =
𝑓 60 𝑓𝑙 𝜇𝑔 − 1 1.5 − 1 1 5

l.c
29 Ans – (c) 2
5 5
𝑓𝑙 = 𝑓𝑎 = × 2 = 5 𝑐𝑚

ai
2 2

gm
33 Ans – (b)
Deviation = zero
8@
So, 𝛿 = 𝛿1 + 𝛿2 = 0
⇒ (𝜇1 − 1)𝐴1 + (𝜇2 − 1)𝐴2 = 0
⇒ 𝐴2 (1.75 − 1) = −(1.5 − 1)15o
97

For the lens,

1 1 1 1 1 1 0.5
− = ; − = ⇒ 𝑣 = 60 𝑐𝑚 ⇒ 𝐴2 = − × 15o
a1

𝑣 𝑢 𝑓 𝑣 −30 20 0.75
Coincidence is possible when the image is 𝑜𝑟 𝐴2 = −10o .
rm

formed at the centre of curvature of the Negative sign shows that the second prism
mirror. Only then the rays refracting is inverted with respect to the first.
through the lens will fall normally on the
va

convex mirror and retrace their path to

34 Ans – (b)
form the image at O. So, the distance
Given: Angle of incidence angle of prism,
ha

between lens and mirror = 60 – 10 = 50

cm. 𝑖 = 45o ; 𝐴 = 60o ;
ob

Angle of minimum deviation,

30 Ans – (c)
According to Cauchy relation 𝛿𝑚 = 2𝑖 − 𝐴 = 30o
sh

𝐵 𝐶 Refractive index of material of prism.

𝜇 = 𝐴 + 𝜆2 + 𝜆4 … Hence 𝑓 ∝ 𝜆.
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝛿𝑚 )
 Red light has wavelength greater than 2
𝜇=
violet light. Therefore focal length of lens sin 𝐴/2
for red is greater than for violet. (𝑓𝑟 > 𝑓𝑣 ) sin 45o 1 2
= o
= . = √2
sin 30 √2 1
31 Ans – (d)

26
 sin 𝑖
35 Ans – (a) According to Snell’s law 𝜇 = sin 𝑟
As we know, the refractive index of the
⇒ (1) sin 2𝐴 = (𝜇)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 ⇒ 𝜇 = 2 cos 𝐴
material of the prism
𝛿𝑚 + 𝐴 38 Ans – (d)
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 )
𝜇= Given : Focal length of objective, 𝑓0 =
sin (𝐴/2)
40𝑐𝑚
𝐴 + 𝛿𝑚
𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 ) cos(𝐴/2) Focal length of eye – piece 𝑓𝑒 = 4𝑐𝑚
cot = =
2 sin 𝐴/2 sin(𝐴/2) image distance, 𝑣0 = 200 𝑐𝑚
[∵ 𝜇 = cot(𝐴/2)] Using lens formula for objective lens

om
𝛿𝑚 + 𝐴 1 1 1 1 1 1
⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(90o + 𝐴/2) − = ⇒ = +
2 𝑣0 𝑢0 𝑓0 𝑣0 𝑓0 𝑢0

l.c
⇒ 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 180o − 2𝐴 1 1 1 +5 − 1
⇒ = + =
𝑣0 40 −200 200

ai
36 Ans – (c)
For total internal reflection, incident angle ⇒ 𝑣0 = 50 𝑐𝑚

gm
(i) > critical angle (𝑖𝑐 ) Tube length
ℓ = |𝑣0 | + 𝑓𝑒 = 50 + 4 = 54 𝑐𝑚.
8@
39 Ans – (c)
𝑓0
97

𝑀. 𝑃. = 9 =
𝑓𝑒
⇒ 𝑓0 = 9𝑓𝑒 …(i)
a1

𝑓0 + 𝑓𝑒 = 20 … (ii)
rm

So, sin 𝑖 > sin 𝑖𝑐 On solving

1 𝑓0 = 18𝑐𝑚 = focal length of the objective

sin 45o >
va

⇒ 𝜇 > √2 ⇒ 1.414
𝜇 𝑓𝑒 = 2𝑐𝑚 = focal length of the eyepiece
Since refractive index 𝜇 of green and
ha

violet are greater than 1.414 so they will 40 Ans – (b)

total internal reflected. But red colour will 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑎 = +40D
ob

be refracted. 𝑃𝑒 = +20𝐷
Total power of combination = 40 + 20 = 60
sh

37 Ans – (b)
D
1
Focal length of combination = ×
60

100𝑐𝑚
5
= 𝑐𝑚
3

27
For minimum converging state of eye lens, 1 1 1 5
= − ⇒ 𝑣 = 𝑐𝑚
5 𝑓 𝑣 𝑢 3
𝑢 = −∞ v = ? 𝑓 = 3
Distance between retina and cornea-eye
From lens formula, 5
lens = 3 = 1.67 𝑚

om
l.c
ai
gm
8@
97
a1
rm
va
ha
ob
sh

28