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Design of a Multi-Band U-Slot Microstrip Patch Antenna

Article · December 2019

DOI: 10.9790/2834

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IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)
e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 14, Issue 6, Ser. I (Nov.-Dec. 2019), PP 29-39
www.iosrjournals.org

Design of a Multi-Band U-Slot Microstrip Patch Antenna

Ahmed Samir1,3*, Ahmed Fawzy2*, Hala M. Abd El Kader3
1
MTI University, Department of Communications Engineering, Egypt
2
Nanotechnology Central Lab, Electronics Reasearch Institute, El Tahrir St., Giza, Egypt.
3
Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering (Shoubra), Banha University, Egypt

Abstract: This paper presents multiband U slot rectifying antenna in RF energy harvesting system.The
difference between two microstrip patch antennas for energy harvesting system from surrounding RF signals at
several frequencies is proposed. The first one is single band antennas at three frequencies 2 GHz, 3.7 GHz and
5.8 GHz. The second one is a compact antenna which operates at the same frequencies at the same time. The
design, simulation and fabrication of the proposed antennas were performed. The design of a multiband antenna
is based on U-slots shapes. Furthermore, the paper presents RF-DC rectifier using the Agilent diode HSMS-
2850 and advanced design system (ADS) simulator. The antenna operates at multi-band frequencies such as
GPS band, Wi-Fi band, and Wi-Max band with reflection coefficient below -20 dB. The proposed RF energy
harvester system will allow collecting power as much as possible at the desired frequencies.it is very effective in
many applications that don't need high power consumption like wireless sensor networks (WSN).
Keywords: Energy harvesting, Microstrip antenna, Rectifier circuits, Multiband antenna.
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Date of Submission: 04-12-2019 Date of Acceptance: 19-12-2019
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I. Introduction
Nowadays, with the rapid development of wireless communication systems,wireless sensor network
nodes have been attracting most of researchers.The main requirement for design of these devices is the power
consumption. Batteries are the power source of these devices, but the life time of the network nodes is limited
by the batteries capacity. So the RF energy harvesting system is one of the solutions of this problem. Energy
harvesting means that converting the electromagnetic waves around us radiated from many sources such as
cellular mobile communications, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Television, and Radio waves into positive power for these
devices[1-2].Therefore, RF energy harvesting have attracted significant attention in the past few years [3-4]. A
rectifying antenna is one of the most popular devices for harvestingapplications. Several works have been made
[5-8]. Multiband antennas are promising solution to harvest RF power from different sources and from different
channels simultaneously to DC power. In this work, a multiband antenna is proposed and designed for energy
harvesting application. A comparison between single frequency antenna and multiband antenna has been made.
The comparison showed that the multiband antenna has small size and wider bandwidth. Performance
improvement is happened by using U slot multiband antenna instead of single frequency antenna.

II. Microstrip Patch Antenna Design Process

The essential parameters for the design of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna are:
1. Calculation of patch width ( W )
1 2 C 2
W = 2f √ = √ (1)
r √µ0 Є0 Єr+1 2fr Єr+1
Where c is the free space velocity of light, Єr is dielectric constant of substrate and fr is the operating frequency.
2. Calculation of effective dielectric constant (Єreff )
−1
Єr+1 Єr−1 h 2
Єreff = 2 + 2 [1 + 12 W] (2)
The effective dielectric constant of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna treats the antenna as if all the fields
were contained within a humongous substrate [7-9].
3. Calculation extension length (∆L)
W
(Єeff+0.3)( +0.264)
h
∆L = 0.412 × h × W (3)
(Єeff−0.258)( +0.8)
h

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 Design of a Multi-Band U-Slot Microstrip Patch Antenna

The extension length is used for calculating resonant frequency of microstrip antenna.

4. Calculation of the effective length (Leff) & actual patch length ( L )

1
Leff= (4)
2 fr √Єeff √µ0 Є0

L = Leff − 2∆L (5)

2.1 Rogers duroid 5880 substratematerial

For a patch antenna designed using 1.575 mm, Rogers duroid 5880 material with a relative permittivity
of 2.2 works at three frequencies, 2.5 GHz, 3.7 GHz and 5.8 GHz. The design consideration is how to take
energy to the patch. The coaxial feed is the feed technique which used due to its simple in design in spite of its
narrow bandwidth [16-24]. The key point in using a coaxial feed is where it should be located on the patch in
order to achieve the desired input impedance for matching. With the coaxial feed at the midpoint of the width of
the patch and the input impedance of the patch can be tuned by adjusting the location of the feed point relative
to the center of the patch. Note that the patch input impedance decreases as the feed point moves towards the
center and the inverse case is occurs when moves towards the edge [10-11]. The dimensions of the coaxial cable
should be calculated to achieve the correct characteristic impedance Zo. The dimensions of coaxial cable consist
of the radius of the pin (a) and the radius of the ground shield (b). For a cable 1m along, the inductance and
capacitance parameters are given by
µ b
L = 2π ln a (6)
2𝜋Є
𝐶= 𝑏 (7)
ln
𝑎
Where µ is the permeability and Є is the real part of permittivity of the insulator between the conductors. The
Characteristic impedance Zo can calculate by
𝐿
Zo = √𝐶 (8)
𝑏
For a lossless transmission line, the ratio of 𝑎
can be calculated by
µ
b 2πZO √
= e Є
(9)
a

The first consideration in simulation setup is specifying the solution type. In this case, "Model" was
selected for solution type. According to simulation documentation, the "Model" solution type is desirable for
simulating passive and high frequency patches for calculating the S- parameters using reflected and incident
powers. The second consideration in simulation setup was the patch excitation. "Lumped Port" was used as a
patch excitation [6-12]. This was achieved by drawing a circle equal to the diameter of the coaxial ground shield
and placing it at the end of the connector. The integration line for the excitation was connected from the pin to
the ground shield. The "Lumped Port" excitation is choosing in order to its serves as a mechanism, such as a
lumped impedance or source that can be used for S-parameter measurement or for excitation that is analogy to
exciting or measuring a transmission line. The third consideration in simulation setup was to create a box
centered around the patch and wide enough so that the distance between the patch surface and the box edge is at
least 0.125 wavelengths [19-21]. This box was assigned to be as a vacuum. The location of the feed point not
only affects the input impedance of the patch, but also it influences the resulting resonant frequency. This means
that the patch dimension and the feed point must be chosen together to optimize the patch design and get the
best patch dimensions [17-23].

2.2 Parametric study at 2GHz

The parametric study performed a sweep over the length, width and the feed offset from edge. The
length was varied from 44 mm to 49 mm with increments of 0.5 mm, the width was varied from 49 mm to 53
mm with increments of 0.5mm, and the feed offset was varied from 6 mm to 12 mm with increments of 1 mm.
The performance of each simulation was judged by the magnitude of S11 and the resonant frequency Figure-1
illustrates the results of this study. The result of this study is a patch design that operates at 2 GHz with a
reflection coefficient of -40.1587 dB .The dimensions of this patch are 46.5 mm for the length, 50.5 mm for the
width, and a feed offset of 8 mm.

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 Design of a Multi-Band U-Slot Microstrip Patch Antenna

Fig 1. Magnitude of S11 for the final patch design at 2 GHz

2.3 Parametric study at 3.7 GHz

The parametric study performed a sweep over the length, width and the feed offset from edge. The
length was varied from 23 mm to 27 mm with increments of 0.5 mm, the width was varied from 23 mm to 27
mm with increments of 0.5mm, and the feed offset was varied from 2 mm to 6 mm with increments of 0.5 mm.

XY Plot 1 HFSSDesign1
0.00

-10.00

-20.00

-30.00
dB(S(1,1))

-40.00

-50.00

-60.00

-70.00

-80.00
3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00
Freq [GHz]

Fig 2. Magnitude of S11 for the final patch design at 3.7GHz

The performance of each simulation was judged by the magnitude of S11 and the resonant frequency
Figure-2 illustrates the results of this study.The result of this study is a patch design that operates at 3.7 GHz
with a reflection coefficient of -40.15 dB .The dimensions of this patch are 25.5 mm for the length, 25 mm for
the width, and a feed offset of 4.5 mm.

2.4 Parametric study at 5.8 GHz

The parametric study performed a sweep over the length, width and the feed offset from edge. The
length was varied from 13 mm to 22 mm with increments of 1 mm, the width was varied from 18 mm to 25 mm
with increments of 1mm, and the feed offset was varied from 3 mm to 8 mm with increments of 1 mm. The
performance of each simulation was judged by the magnitude of S11 and the resonant frequency Figure-3
illustrates the results of this study.

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 Design of a Multi-Band U-Slot Microstrip Patch Antenna
XY Plot 1 HFSSDesign1
0.00

-10.00

-20.00
dB(S(1,1))

-30.00

-40.00

-50.00
4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00
Freq [GHz]

Fig 3. Magnitude of S11 for the final patch design at 5.8 GHz

The result of this study is a patch design that operates at 5.8 GHz with a reflection coefficient of -
37.5115 dB .The dimensions of this patch are 16 mm for the length, 18 mm for the width, and a feed offset of 3
mm. Finally, the microstrip patch antenna design for several frequencies 2 GHz, 3.7 GHz and 5.8 GHz
respectively is concluded the table no 1 and for each frequency the optimal patch dimension , the optimal feed
point and also the magnitude of reflection coefficient S11is shown in the table.

Table no 1:The conclusion results for the designed patch antenna at the operated frequencies.
The optimal Patch
Dimensions (mm) The Optimal Feed Offset Reflection Coefficient
The operating Frequency
Point (S11)
Width Length
2 GHz 50.5 46.5 8 -40.1587 dB
3.7 GHz 25 25.5 4.5 -40.1501 dB
5.8 GHz 18 16 3 -37.5115 dB

III. U-slot antenna design

The design of the proposed antenna is shown in Figure-4 while geometric dimensions are listed in
Table no2. This antenna consists of coplanar monopole that collects large amount of Electromagnetic signals
from several communication bands. The topology of the antenna is designed on FR4 epoxy material with
thickness (H) 1.6 mm, dielectric constant of 4.4 and loss tangent of 0.02. The overall dimensions of the antenna
are 65 × 70 × 1.6 mm2.Three U-Slots are used for multi band antenna and H-Slot offers better flexibility [14-
22]. In the proposal antenna, we used FR4 material instead of Rogers’s duriod 5880 because FR4 materials have
a lot of advantages such as electrical insulators with high dielectric strength, light weight and low cost. The
proposed antenna can be used for WCDMA/Wi-MAX/Wi-Fi bands.In this section, we will show all simulation
results for the proposed antenna as shown in the following figures.

Table no 2:The proposed antenna dimensions (mm).

L W T H W1
65 70 0.5 1.6 10
W2 W3 W4 W5 W6
2 3 8 5 12
W7 L1 L2 L3 L4
15 16 10 20 45

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 Design of a Multi-Band U-Slot Microstrip Patch Antenna

Fig 4. Geometrical Configuration of the proposed antenna

3.1 Return loss

Return loss (S11) is very good for all frequencies where the values at 2 GHz, 3.7 GHz and 5.8 GHz are -15.75
dB, -15.21dB and -15.73 dB respectively, asshown in Figure-5.

Fig 5. Return loss results of the proposed antenna

3.2 Radiation pattern and 3-D polargain

Antenna radiation patterns are simulated at one frequency, one polarization, and one plane cut. The
patterns are usually presented in polar or rectilinear from with a dB strength scale. Since a Microstrip patch
antenna radiates broadband patch surface, the elevation pattern for ɸ = 0 degree would be important and also
antenna radiation pattern gain are shown in Figure-6 andFigure-7 respectively.

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 Design of a Multi-Band U-Slot Microstrip Patch Antenna

(a) 2-D Radiation Pattern(b) 3-D Radiation Pattern

Fig 6. (a) 2-D Radiation Pattern and (b) 3-D Radiation Pattern

Fig 7. 3-D Polar Gain of the proposed antenna

3.3 Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)

The most common case for measuring VSWR is when installing and tuning transmitting antennas.
When a transmitter is connected to an antenna by a feed line, the impedance of the antenna and feed line must
be exactly for maximum energy transfer from the feed line to the antenna to be possible. When an antenna and
feed line do not have matching impedances, some of electrical energy cannot be transferred from the feed line to
the antenna. Energy not transferred to the antenna is reflected back towards the transmitter. It is the interaction
of these reflected waves with forward waves which causes standing wave pattern as shown in Figure-8. Ideally,
VSWR must lie in the range of 1-2 for achieved good impedance matching.For the frequency 2 GHz, VSWR =
1.3976, for the frequency 3.7 GHz, VSWR = 1.4203 and for the frequency 5.8 GHz, VSWR = 1.4009.
XY Plot 1 HFSSDesign1
16.00
Curve Info
VSWR(1)
Name X Y
Setup1 : Sw eep
m1 2.0650 1.3976
14.00
m2 3.6300 1.4203
m3 5.8090 1.4009

12.00

10.00
VSWR(1)

8.00

6.00

4.00

2.00 m1 m2 m3

0.00
1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00
Freq [GHz]

Fig 8. Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) of the proposed antenna

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 Design of a Multi-Band U-Slot Microstrip Patch Antenna

3.4 Antennabandwidth
The bandwidth is the difference between upper frequency and lower frequency around the resonance frequency
at -10 dB. The fractional bandwidth was calculated by the equation (10) for all resonance frequencies to
determine if the antenna still operates in UWB range, as shown in Figure-9.
𝑓𝑢𝑝 − 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝐵. 𝑊𝑓 = 2 (𝑓 ) × 100% (10)
𝑢𝑝 + 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤

Fig 9. Bandwidth results of the proposed antenna

At 2 GHz, upper frequency is 2.148 GHz and lower frequency is 1.969 GHz then the Bandwidth is 179
MHz and B.Wf = 8.7%, At 3.7 GHz, upper frequency is 3.793 GHz and lower frequency is 3.515 GHz then the
Bandwidth is 278 MHz and B.Wf = 7.6% and At 5.8 GHz, upper frequency is 6.006 GHz and lower frequency is
5.708 GHz then the Bandwidth is 298 MHz and B.Wf = 5.1%.

3.5 Electric field and magnetic field patterns

Figure-10 and Figure-11 presents variation in current distribution in E-Field and H-Field of the antenna. Where
the maximum value of E-Field of the proposed antenna is 1.6219e+004 which has the red color and also the
maximum value of H-Field of the proposed antenna is 7.1212e+001in red color.

Fig 10. Electric Field Pattern of the proposed antenna

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 Design of a Multi-Band U-Slot Microstrip Patch Antenna

Fig 11. Magnetic Field Pattern of the proposed antenna

IV. Antenna fabrication and measurement data

The proposed antenna has been fabricated by PCB technique and tested by vector network analyzer on FR4
double sided PCB material as shown in Figure-12 and Figure-13.

Fig 12. Front view and rear view of proposed antenna

Fig 13. Antenna experimental testing

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 Design of a Multi-Band U-Slot Microstrip Patch Antenna

The simulation result appears a good reflection coefficient at desired frequencies 2GHz, 3.7GHz and 5.8 GHz
below -20 dB as shown inFigure-14.

Fig 14. Simulated and measured S11of the antenna

V. Rectifier design and results

The goal of an RF energy harvesting system is to convert the receiving RF energy from RF radiated
surrounding waves into DC power [13- 20]. Such harvesting system as consists of a receiving antenna, band
pass filter, RF-DC rectifier and load as shown in Figure-15. The receiving antenna is modeled as a simple 50 Ω
resistor at the desired frequencies. The chosen band pass filter topology is a variant of L- network filter in order
to increase the bandwidth [15-18]. The RF-DC rectifier circuit is using full wave rectifier [Greinacher]. The
schottky diode HSMS-2850 is used to verify the rectifier.This diode has a good characteristic of low forward
voltage as shown Figure-16. The Advanced design system (ADS 2014) software from Agilent Technologies is
used to simulate the RF harvesting system. The selected three bands 2 GHz, 3.7 GHz and 5.8 GHz have multi-
band and high reflection coefficient S11. Collect high power will lead to high conversion efficiency is depend
on input power to the RF-DC rectifier circuit, wherefore selected three bands to obtain the highest reflection
coefficient as shown in Figure-17.

Fig 15. Multi-band RF harvesting system block diagram

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 Design of a Multi-Band U-Slot Microstrip Patch Antenna

Table no 3: The comparison between individual antennas and proposed antenna with respect to reflection
coefficients.
Antenna Frequency=2GHz Frequency=3.7GHz Frequency=5.8GHz
Individual Antenna S(1,1) = -40.1587 dB S(1,1) = -40.1501 dB S(1,1) = -37.5115 dB
Proposal Antenna S(1,1) = -22.0170 dB S(1,1) = -21.6310 dB S(1,1) = -24.6160 dB

Fig 16. Full wave rectifier for three bands of proposed antenna

Fig 17. Magnitude of S11 for Full rectifier harvester

In the Table no3, although the values of reflection coefficients S11 of the three bands in individual
antennas have the better magnitudes than the values which produces from the proposed antenna but the
proposed antenna has many advantages more than the individual antennas such as multi band antenna can
collect more energy from more one frequency 2 GHz ,3.7GHz and 5.8GHz not only one frequency at a time as
individual antenna, also the proposed antenna is smaller which is very important since the smaller size antenna
is much suitable to integrate in compact systems.Then more collected energy from multi-band frequency and
small antenna dimensions are the desired aim of this paper.
DOI: 10.9790/2834-1406012939 www.iosrjournals.org 38 | Page
 Design of a Multi-Band U-Slot Microstrip Patch Antenna

VI. Conclusion
The geometry of the proposed antenna designed to collect a large amount of RF signals from different
communication frequencies with acceptable reflection coefficients is presented. Also, we reviewed the RF-DC
rectifier circuit using full wave rectifier (Greinacher) by using the advanced design system (ADS 2014) software
from Agilent Technologies and to simulate the RF harvesting system. The proposal antenna has been fabricated
by PCB technique and tested by vector network analyzer on FR4 double sided PCB material The data of
measurement illustrate good design for collecting large amount of power from several communication bands by
using full wave rectifier circuit. Using this proposed antenna can be recommended because of its ease of
fabrication, high total gain, having low size.

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Ahmed Samir. " Design of a Multi-Band U-Slot Microstrip Patch Antenna." IOSR Journal of
Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE) 14.6 (2019): 29-39.

DOI: 10.9790/2834-1406012939 www.iosrjournals.org 39 | Page

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