CHEMISTRY

PROJECT
TOPIC:- “EFFECTS OF
GREENHOUSE GASES”

NAME: -- ANUJEET SAHA

CLASS: -- XI
SECTION: -- A (SCIENCE)
ROLL NO.: -- 7
SUBJECT: -- CHEMISTRY
UID: --
 Certificate
This is to certify that ANUJEET SAHA
of class XI-A has successfully completed
his Chemistry project entitled ‘EFFECT
OF GREEN HOUSE GASES’
as per Chemistry syllabus for ISC-2020

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:-

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my

Chemistry teacher Mr.Rudra Prasad Pal as well as our
principal sir who gave me this golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project work on the topic ‘Effect of Green House
Gases’ which also helped me in doing a lot of research work
and I came to know about so many new facts. I am really
thankful to them.
Secondly, I would like to thank my parents and friends who
also helped me in successfully completing this task. Thanks a
lot to all.
 INDEX:-
SERIAL NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.
1. INTRODUCTION 4
2. GREENHOUSE EFFECT 5-6
3. GREENHOUSE GASES 7-11
-Methane
-Carbon Dioxide
-Nitrous Oxide
-Other Gases
4. CONCLUSION 12-13
5. BIBLIOGRAPHY 14
 INTRODUCTION:-
Weather and climate have a profound impact on living
organisms on the planet. Ecological systems have evolved over
geological time scales to suit the prevailing climate. The past
10 to 20 years have brought disturbing evidence that human
activities may cause significant changes in future global
climate. "Global Warming" is now an issue known to hundreds
of millions of people across the world. We provide herein an
overview of the current state of knowledge concerning
greenhouse gases and global warming. Greenhouse effect has
led to the beginning of Climate change which can be the
reason for demolition of mankind in future. Greenhouse
effect has peaked over the years as the model of
industrialisation took over the good old world. The industries
use or produce as a by-product in numerous greenhouse gases
which are literally destroying the eco system. In this project,
I am going to discuss about some of those gases and the
threat they pose to the coming generations.
 GREENHOUSE EFFECT:-
The name "Green-house effect" comes from the fact that
this effect is use in horticulture for the upbringing of green
plants in small house made of glass walls and glass root. The
green walls and roofs of a green-house allows the sun-light to
come in freely but it does not allows the long wavelength
infrared radiations reflected by the soil, plants and other
contents of greenhouse to go out. These trapped intra-red
rays show their heating effect due to which the temperature
is raised inside the green house. Thus, even without an
external supply of heat, the temperature inside a green house
is found to be higher than it is outside. Thus, green house
acts as a heat trap. Due to the presence of carbon dioxide,
our atmosphere acts like the glass rat of an ordinary
horticultural green-house.

 Causes of Green House Effect =>

The principal cause of Green-House effect is the increase in
the quantity of greenhouse gases like CO2 in the atmosphere.
The naturally occurring "Green House gases", including carbon
dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and water vapour, keep
ground temperature at a global average of 150 Celsius.
Without this natural blanked earth's surface would be about
300 Celsius colder than it is today, making the planet a
freezing barren, lifeless place similar to Mars.
The greenhouse gases keep the surface warm because as
incoming solar radiation strikes earths, the surface gives off
infrared radiation or heat that the gases temporarily trap
and keep near ground level.

 Problem from Green House Effect =>

The problem is that human activity may be making the

greenhouse gas blanket "thicker" For example, burning tonsil
fuel throws huge amounts of CO2 into the air, the destruction
of forests allows carbon stored in the trees to escape into
the atmosphere and other activities such as raising cattle and
planting rice emit methane, nitrous oxide, and other
greenhouse gases.
Until mankind began burning fossil fuels, greenhouse gases
that occur naturally remained in relative balance. But the
beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Britain ushered in
rapid industrialization that greatly increased man's assault on
the ecology.
 GREENHOUSE GASES:-
The three most powerful long lived greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
In this section the sources, sinks, and atmospheric
concentrations of these compounds are considered. In
addition we will consider the class of compounds known as
halogenated organic compounds (of which CFCs are a subset),
SF6, and ozone in the lower and upper atmosphere. At this
point it is germane to note that water vapour is the single
most powerful greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Water
vapour has approximately twice the effect of the second
most powerful greenhouse gas—carbon dioxide. A detailed
account of all the major greenhouse gases has been presented
in the forthcoming pages.
 (1) Methane =>
Methane (CH4) is the most abundant well mixed greenhouse
gas after carbon dioxide. In contrast to carbon dioxide,
methane is removed from the atmosphere via chemical
reaction with hydroxyl (OH) radicals. Methane plays an
important role in atmospheric chemistry and it can influence
the levels of other important trace species via its reaction
with OH. All other factors being constant, increased
atmospheric levels of methane will result in decreased
concentrations of OH and hence a longer lifetime for any gas
whose atmospheric lifetime is influenced by reaction with OH.
Also, an increase in methane will lead to the production of
more tropospheric ozone which is an important greenhouse
gas. Methane is emitted into the atmosphere by a large
number of natural and anthropogenic sources. Natural sources
are believed to contribute approximately 30% of the methane
flux while anthropogenic sources account for the remaining
70%. Natural sources are estimated to contribute a total of
approximately 160 Tg(CH4) yr-1 (1Tg= 1012 g, 1000 Tg = 1Gt).
The largest natural sources are wetlands, termites, and
oceans which emit 115, 20, and 10 Tg(CH4) yr-1, respectively.
Anthropogenic sources are natural gas facilities, coal mines,
petroleum industry, coal combustion, enteric fermentation,
rice paddies, biomass burning, landfills, animal waste and
domestic sewage
 (2) Carbon Dioxide =>
Discussion of the human impact on the levels of carbon
dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is complicated by two
factors. First, emissions of CO2 associated with human
activities, while large on a human scale, are small when
compared to natural fluxes of CO2 associated with
photosynthesis, respiration, uptake into ocean water, and
release from ocean water. Second, there are several large
reservoirs of CO2 (e.g. atmosphere, upper ocean, deep ocean,
biosphere) which are continually exchanging CO2. In such a
system one needs to be very careful when using the words
"source", "sink", and "lifetime". Instead of "source" and "sink"
it is often better to refer to "net source" and "net sink".
Thus, the oceans are both a large (90 GtC yr -1) source and a
large (92 GtC yr-1) sink of atmospheric CO2. Overall the
oceans provide a net sink for CO2 of 2 GtC yr-1. The unit used
to measure CO2 flux is GtC which stands for Giga (109 )
tonnes of carbon. The molecular weight of CO2 is 44 while
the atomic weight ofactivities are believed to lead to emission
of 5.5±0.5 GtC yr-1 from fossil fuel combustion and cement
production and emission of 1.6±1.0 GtC yr -1 from changes in
tropical land use (deforestation). The atmospheric burden of
CO2 is increasing at a rate of 3.3±0.2 GtC yr -1. To balance the
CO2 budget "unknown terrestrial sinks" have been invoked
and have been inferred to account for 1.3±1.5 GtC yr -1 of CO2.
This is often known as the "missing sink". It should be noted
that zero lies within the range 1.3±1.5.
 (3) NITROUS OXIDE =>
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is the third most abundant well mixed
greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide and methane. N2O is a
long-lived (130 years) trace constituent of the lower
atmosphere present in a concentration which is currently 313
ppb and increasing at a rate of 0.5-0.9 ppb yr-1. As seen from
Figure 4, the atmospheric concentration of N2O has
increased by approximately 16% since pre-industrial times. In
addition to its importance as a greenhouse gas, N2O is
transported through the troposphere into the stratosphere
where it reacts with O(1 D) atoms and is the source of
stratospheric NOx (O(1 D) atoms are electronically excited
oxygen atoms). Natural sources of N2O associated with
emission from soils and the oceans are estimated to deliver
10.2 TgN yr-1 to the atmosphere. Anthropogenic emissions of
N2O are associated with biomass burning, fossil fuel
combustion, industrial production of adipic and nitric acids,
and the use of nitrogen fertilizer, and are believed to total
3.2 TgN yr-1. Photo-dissociation in the stratosphere is the
major (90%) loss mechanism for N2O in the atmosphere.
 (4) OTHER GASES =>
Fluorinated gases, such as hydro fluorocarbons, per-
fluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride
(SF6), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) have heat-trapping
potential thousands of times greater than CO2 and stay in
the atmosphere for hundreds to thousands of years.
Accounting for about 2 percent of all emissions, they're used
as refrigerants, solvents, and in manufacturing, sometimes
occurring as by-products.

Other greenhouse gases include water vapour and ozone (O3).

Water vapour is actually the world's most abundant
greenhouse gas, but it is not tracked the same way as other
greenhouse gases because it is not directly emitted by human
activity and its effects are not well understood. Similarly,
ground-level or tropospheric ozone (not to be confused with
the protective stratospheric ozone layer higher up) is not
emitted directly but emerges from complex reactions among
pollutants in the air.
 CONCLUSIONS:-
The earth has always experienced warm and cool phases, with
natural forces—from the sun’s intensity, volcanic eruptions,
and natural changes in greenhouse gas concentrations—
affecting how much energy from the sun our planet absorbs.
In other words, humans are the problem. But we may also be
the solution. We have the ability to rein in greenhouse gas
emissions, though doing so certainly won’t be easy.
Overhauling our energy systems will require transformative,
aggressive global action—and now.
Reducing our greenhouse gas emissions will require significant
effort at the international, national, and local levels. First and
foremost, we must slash fossil fuel production, consumption,
and pollution by ramping up our use of clean, renewable energy
and energy-efficient technologies and by investing in fuel-
efficient and electric vehicles. We must end fossil fuel
subsidies and better leverage “cap and invest”
programs, carbon pricing, and carbon capture, storage, and
utilization technologies (which catch the carbon dioxide from
emissions sources like power plants or directly from the air
and permanently bury it underground or convert it into other
materials). We must protect our carbon-storing
forests and reduce food waste and the emissions that go with
it. And as individuals, we must commit to taking carbon-
cutting actions in our daily lives.
The world technically has only one-fifth of its "carbon
budget"—the total is 2.8 trillion metric tons—remaining in
order to avoid warming the Earth more than 1.5 degrees
Celsius. Halting the trends in motion will require more than
just phasing out fossil fuels. In fact, the paths to halting
global temperature increases of 1.5 or 2 degrees C, the two
goals outlined by the IPCC, rely in some way on adopting
methods of sucking CO2 from the sky. Those include planting
trees, conserving existing forests and grasslands, and
capturing CO2 from power plants and factories.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
1. Nootan ISC Chemistry- Dr. H.C. Srivastava
2. ISC Chemistry- K.L. Chugh