74

Unit

3 Forces and Motion

L After studying this unit the students will be able to

E ¥ describe vector nature of displacement.
A ¥ describe average and instantaneous velocities of objects.
R ¥ compare average and instantaneous speeds with average and instantaneous
N velocities.
I ¥ interpret displacement-time and velocity-time graphs of objects moving along
N the same straight line.
G ¥ determine the instantaneous velocity of an object moving along the same
straight line by measuring the slope of displacement-time graph.
O ¥ define average acceleration (as rate of change of velocity aav = Δv / Δt) and
U instantaneous acceleration (as the limiting value of average acceleration when
T time interval Δt approaches zero).
C ¥ distinguish between positive and negative acceleration, uniform and variable

O acceleration.
M ¥ determine the instantaneous acceleration of an object measuring the slope of

E velocity-time graph.

S ¥ manipulate equation of uniformly accelerated motion to solve problems

¥ explain that projectile motion is two dimensional motion in a vertical plane.

Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 75

L ¥ communicate the ideas of a projectile in the absence of air resistance that.

E (i) Horizontal component (vH) of velocity is constant.
A (ii) Acceleration is in the vertical direction and is the same as that of a
R vertically free falling object.
N (iii) The horizontal motion and vertical motion are independent of each other.
I ¥ evaluate using equations of uniformly accelerated motion that for a given initial velocity of
N frictionless projectile.
G 1. How higher does it go?
2. How far would it go along the level land?
O
3. Where would it be after a given time?
U
4. How long will it remain in air?
T
¥ determine for a projectile launched from ground height.
C
O 1. launch angle that results in the maximum range.
M 2. relation between the launch angles that result in the same range.
E ¥ describe how air resistance affects both the horizontal component and vertical
S component of velocity and hence the range of the projectile.
¥ apply Newton’s laws to explain the motion of objects in a variety of context.

¥ define mass ( as the property of a body which resists change in motion).

¥ describe and use of the concept of weight as the effect of a gravitational field on a mass.

¥ describe the Newton’s second law of motion as rate of change of momentum.

¥ co-relate Newton’s third law of motion and conservation of momentum.

¥ show awareness that Newton’s Laws are not exact but provide a good approximation,
unless an object is moving close to the speed of light or is small enough that quantum
effects become significant.
¥ define Impulse (as a product of impulsive force and time).

¥ describe the effect of an impulsive force on the momentum of an object, and the effect of
lengthening the time, stopping, or rebounding from the collision.
¥ describe that while momentum of a system is always conserved in interaction between
bodies some change in K.E. usually takes place.
¥ solve different problems of elastic and inelastic collisions between two bodies in one
dimension by using law of conservation of momentum.

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 76

¥ describe that momentum is conserved in all situations.

¥ identify that for a perfectly elastic collision, the relative speed of approach is equal to the
relative speed of separation.
¥ differentiate between explosion and collision (objects move apart instead of coming

Motion is very important as nearly every physical process involve some kind of
motion. Mechanics is the branch of science that deals with the study of motion of
bodies, which is further sub-divided into kinematics and dynamics. In this chapter
we start our discussion from kinematics, which explains the motion without
making any reference to the force (cause of motion). Later, this discussion is
extended to dynamics, which deals with the study of motion under the action of
force and its various types.
3.1 REST AND MOTION
A body is at rest with respect to an observer if it does not change its position with
respect to an observer. A body is in state of motion with respect to an observer if it
changes its position with respect to that observer.

Rest and motion are relative. Rest and motion POINT TO PONDER
depends upon the state of the observer. Two When sitting on a chair, your
observers can have disagreeing observations speed is zero relative to Earth
about the state of motion or rest. but 30 km/s relative to the Sun.

For example a body in moving train is in motion with respect to an observer on

ground. Whereas the same object is at rest with respect to another observer in
train. Thus the motion and rest are not absolute. This means that specification of
the observer is important while inferring about the state of rest or motion of the
body.
3.2 DISPLACEMENT
Displacement is the shortest directed distance between two positions.
Displacement is a vector quantity and has SI unit as meter. Displacement is
usually denoted by Δx, Δr, Δs, Δl or Δd. The magnitude of the displacement
vector is the shortest distance between the initial and final positions of the object.

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 77
However, this does not mean that displacement and distance are the same
physical quantities.
Figure shows the motion of an object at two FIGURE 3.1
different positions ‘A’ and ‘B’. These positions
are identified by the vectors ‘ri’ and ‘rf’, which Y
A
are drawn from an arbitrary coordinate origin Δr B
‘O’. The displacement Δr of the object is the
vector drawn from the initial position A to the ri
final position B. Such that rf -ri

X X
O
r r Δr
Dr = rf - ri 3.1
Y

3.3 VELOCITY
Measure of displacement covered (Δs) with passage of time (Δt) is called velocity
(denoted by v). Mathematically
r
displacement r s f - si
velocity = or v=
elapsed time tf - ti

r Ds
or v= 3.2
Dt

Velocity is a vector quantity having same direction as displacement vector. The

SI Unit of velocity is meter per second (m/s).

A. Average Velocity <v>

Average Velocity is the net (total) displacement (s) divided by the total time (t).
Mathematically

Total displacement
or
r s
<v > = < v > 3.3
Totaltime t

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 78
B. Instantaneous Velocity vinst
Velocity at particular instant of time is known as instantaneous velocity. The
instantaneous velocity is the change in displacement (Δs) is measured in short
interval of time (Δt) such that the time interval is so small that we take the limit to
approach zero. Mathematically

r Ds
v = Lim 3.4
Dt É 0 Dt

If a body covers equal displacements in equal interval of time a body is said to be

moving with uniform velocity. At uniform velocity the average and instantaneous
velocity become equal. In all other cases body moves with nonuniform velocity.

Speed is a scalar quantity and is obtained by dividing distance covered by time. As

distance remains the same or increase, with time. Therefore, both the average
speed and instantaneous speed can not be negative. Velocity on the other hand is
a vector quantity and can be negative.

3.4 ACCELERATION
The measure of change in velocity (Δv) with the passage of time (Δt) is called
acceleration. Or ‘Time rate of change in velocity is called acceleration’.
Mathematically
r
change in velocity r v f - vi
a= or a=
elapsed time t f - ti

r Dv
or a= 3.5
Dt

Acceleration is also a vector quantity having same direction as change in velocity.

2
SI Unit of acceleration is meter per second squared (m/s ). Acceleration is a
measure of how rapidly the velocity is changing.

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 79
A. AVERAGE ACCELERATION
Average acceleration is the net (total) velocity (v) divided by the total time.

Total change in velocity v

<a>= or < a > 3.6
Total time t
B. INSTANTANEOUS ACCELERATION
Acceleration at particular instant of time is known as instantaneous acceleration.
The value of instantaneous acceleration is obtained if the change in velocity (Δv)
is measured in small time interval (Δt), such that, the time is so small that it
approaches to zero. Mathematically

r Dv
a = Lim 3.7
Dt ® Dt

C. UNIFORM AND VARIABLE ACCELERATION

A body is said to have uniform acceleration if its velocity changes by equal amount
in equal intervals of time, however these interval may be small. In uniform
acceleration its average and instantaneous acceleration become equal.
A body is said to be moving with variable acceleration if its velocity changes by
unequal amount in equal intervals of time, however small these intervals may be.

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 80

FIGURE 3.2

POSITIVE ACCELERATION NEGATIVE ACCELERATION

a a
Speeding Slowing
(a) up (b) Down

a a
Slowing Speeding
(c) Down (d) up

3.5 GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF MOTION

Graph is an effective way for showing relationship between physical quantities by
using coordinate systems.

A. DISPLACEMENT-TIME GRAPH
The slope of distance-time curve only gives speed, as the distance always increase
the slope can never be negative. The slope of displacement-time graph gives
velocity, since displacement can be negative, which indicate the reverse motion.
The slope of displacement-time graph can also be negative.

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 81
The displacement time graph is an easy way to understand the velocity of the
object, as shown in the following graphs.
TABLE 3.1 GRAPHICAL INTERPRETATION
x (m) x (m) x (m) x (m)

t (s)
0
t (s) t (s) t (s)
0 0 0
ZERO VELOCITY UNIFORM VELOCITY UNIFORM VELOCITY VARIABLE VELOCITY
Time is passing and The displacement is The displacement is The displacement is
no change in increasing linearly decreasing linearly changing non-
displacement. Since with time. The slope with time. The slope linearly with time
there is no slope so is constant is extending in the (spiking down). The
the velocity is zero. therefore object is negative direction, slope is changing
It means the body is moving with uniform the object not only therefore object is
at rest. velocity. approached the moving with
reference point, but variable velocity.
also moved pass it.

If we know position of particle at all times, we can complexly specify its motion.
Consider a car moving back and forth along the straight line as shown in figure 3.3
and we take data on the position of the car every 10 s, as depicted in table 3.2.
FIGURE 3.3 Table 3.2: POSITION OF CAR
VARIOUS TIMES

-60 Time Displacement

-50 -40 A Position
(s) (m)
-30-20 B
-10 0 10
20 30 A 10 30
40 50
F 60 x (m) B 20 52
E
D C 30 38
-60
-50 -40 C
-30-20 D 40 0
-10 0 10
20 30 E 50 - 37
40 50
60 x (m) F 60 - 53

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 82
The six data points we have recorded are represented by letter A through F.
Figure 3.4 shows the graphical representation of one-dimensional motion for the
positions x (m) of the car at regular intervals (s) is represented by position time
graph.
FIGURE 3.4

x (m)
Scale
B 1 SD = 5 m
60
1 SD = 2 s

40 C
A
20
D
0 t (s)
10 20 30 40 50 60
-20
E
-40 F

-60

Let us consider a car already in motion as shown in Figure 3.3 which cover distance
in equal interval of time. We calculate its velocity between A and B. The average
velocity during this period is
x - xA 52 m - 30 m
v= B or v =
tB - tA 20 s - 10 s
22 m
or v= therefore v = 2.2 m
10 s s
On the graph, this is represented by the gradient of the straight line joining A and
B as shown in Figure 3.5 (a).
At B, for a moment the car is at rest and after B it has reversed its direction and is
heading back towards the reference ‘O’. Between B and C the average velocity is

xC - xB 38 m - 52 m
v= or v=
tC - tB 30 s - 20 s
14 m
or v =- therefore v = - 1.4 m
10 s s

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 83
Since xB is greater than xC, it gives negative quantity indicating reverse direction.
Calculating the average velocity of the car over relatively long time intervals will
not give us the complete description of motion as shown in Figure 3.5 (b), since
the car was not moving all the way through with this speed. To describe the motion
exactly, we need to know the car velocity at every instant of time.

FIGURE 3.5
B B B Tangent
A C A C A C

D D D

E E E
F F F
(a) (b) (c)

The displacement time graph car through points A, B, C, D, E and F is shown in the figure.
(a) The average velocity in shorter interval of time is dissimilar both in magnitude and
direction at different points. (b) The average velocity over longer interval of time remain
same at all points. (c) The instantaneous velocity is tangent to the curved path.

The instantaneous velocity is obtained by making the time intervals

shorter(mathematically we say that the limit in which time approach to zero)in
displacement-time graph. This gives us a series of shorter straight-line
segments which have the same direction as the tangent to the curve, as shown in
Figure 3.5 (c).
B. VELOCITY-TIME GRAPH
The graph plotted between velocity (v) and time (t) is velocity-time graph. The
slope of the line on a velocity-time graph reveals useful information about the
r r
acceleration of the object. Dv v f - v i
slope = =
Dt tf - ti
The graph in Figure 3.6 shows a detailed analysis of an object in motion. From
point A to B the object’s speed is increasing over time. The line on the graph
plotting this motion slopes up. The acceleration can be obtained by calculating
slope as

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 84

FIGURE 3.6
v (m/s)
Scale
1 SD = 2 m/s
B C
20 1 SD = 2 s

10

D E t (s)
0
A 10 20 30 40 50 60

-10 F G

-20

r
r v f - vi 20 m - 0 m
as a= or a= s s
tf - ti 10 s - 0 s
20 m
or a= s therefore a = 2 m
10 s s2
From point B to C the object has maintained its speed of 20 m/s and there is zero
acceleration, represented by a horizontal line with slope equal to zero. From point
C to D its velocity decreases over time, represented by a graph segment sloping
down. This downward slope indicates that the velocity is decreasing with time,
representing deceleration. The above method can be used to calculate the
2
negative acceleration of - 2m/s .
The segment of the graph from point D to E represents that the object is at rest.
From point E to F, the object accelerates in the opposite direction. The
acceleration can be calculated by measuring the slope as
r
r v f - vi -6m - 0m
as a= or a = s s
tf - ti 50 s - 40 s
6m
s
or a=- therefore a = - 0.6 m 2
10 s s
This shows that even the object has gained speed but still acceleration is negative.
The segment of the graph from point F to G represents the steady speed in the
opposite direction.

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 85

Example 3.1 BICYCLE MOTION

v (m/s)
C
The velocity time graph shows the motion 15
Scale
of bicyclist in a straight line. (a) From the
B 1 SD = 1 m/s
slope of the graph calculate the 10 1 SD = 1 s
acceleration of the bicyclist between
segment A and B, B and C, C and D and D 5
and E. (b) Calculate the average
D t (s)
acceleration of the bicyclist. Also (c) Plot 0
A 4 8 12 16
the acceleration time graph for this
motion. -5 E

SOLUTION
(a) The acceleration from point A to B can be calculated by measuring the
slope as
r
r v f - vi 10 m - 0 m 10 m
a= or a = s s or a= s
tf - ti 4s -0s 4s

therefore a = 2.5 m Answer

s2
The acceleration from point B to C by measuring the slope is
r
r v f - vi 15 m - 10 m 5m
a= or a = s s or a = s
tf - ti 8s - 4s 4s

therefore a = 1.25 m Answer

s2

The acceleration from point C to D can be calculated as

r
r v f - vi or 0 m - 15 m or - 15 m
a= a = s s a = s
tf - ti 12 s - 8 s 4s

therefore a = - 3.75 m Answer

s2

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 86

Similarly the acceleration from point D to E can be calculated as

r
r v f - vi -5 m - 0 m -5m
a= or a = s s or a = s
tf - ti 16 s - 12 s 4s

therefore a = - 1.25 m Answer

s2

(b) The average acceleration can be (c) When these data points are
calculated by measuring the slope plotted on acceleration time graph
from point A to E as by choosing suitable scale we get the
r curve as
r v f - vi -5 m - 0 m a (m/s2)
a= or a = s s B Scale
tf - ti 16 s - 0 s A 1 SD = 0.25 m/s2
2
-5m 1 SD = 1 s
or a= s
16 s 1 B C
therefore t (s)
0
a = - 0.3125 m Answer 4 8 12 16
s2
-1 D
The average acceleration is thus
E
-0.315 m/s2. -2

Assignment 3.1 -3

The velocity time graph shows the motion C D

of car in a straight line. By reading the
scale carefully, calculate (a) the v (m/s)

acceleration of the car between segment 75

Scale
A and B, B and C, C and D and D and E, from B C 1 SD = 5 m/s
the slope of the graph. Also (b) Calculate 50 1 SD = 1 s
the car’s average acceleration for the A
complete journey. 25
2 2 2
8.33 m/s , 0 m/s , -13.33 m/s ,- D
2 2 E
1.67m/s and -1.56 m/s , 0
5 10 15 t (s)
Car’s motion

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 87

3.6 EQUATIONS FOR UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED

MOTION
The three famous equations of motion are only applicable for the uniformly
accelerated motion.
A. FIRST EQUATION OF MOTION

v f = vi + a t 3.8

B. SECOND EQUATION OF MOTION

1 2
S = vi t + at 3.9
2

C. THIRD EQUATION OF MOTION

2 a S = v f2 - v i2 3.10

In the absence of air resistance, all objects in free fall near the surface of the
Earth, move towards the Earth with a uniform acceleration. This acceleration,
known as acceleration due to gravity, is denoted by the letter ‘g’ and its average
-2
value near the Earth surface is taken as 9.8 ms in the downward direction.
The equations for uniformly accelerated motion can also be applied to free fall
motion of the objects by replacing ‘a’ by ‘g’.

Example 3.2 TAKEOFF

A (Joint Fighter-17) JF Thunder 17 aircraft takes off at 70.0 m/s (252 km/h).
2
After accelerating uniformly at 3.90 m/s from rest that lasts 6.5 s during the
initial phase of takeoff. The afterburner engines are then turned up to full
2
power for an acceleration of 7.1 m/s . Calculate the length of runway needed
and the total time of takeoff.

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 88
GIVEN
2
acceleration ‘a1’for phase 1 = 3.9 m/s REQUIRED
2
acceleration ‘a2’ for phase 2 = 7.1 m/s (a) length of runway ‘s’ = ?
time ‘t1’ for phase 1 = 6.5 s (b) time of takeoff ‘t’ = ?
final velocity ‘vf2’ for phase 2 = 70.0 m/s

SOLUTION
For first phase of take-off, the distance s can be calculated by using second
equation of motion
1 1
S1 = v i1 t1 + a t2 putting values S1 = 0 m ´ 5 s + 3.9 m 2 ´ (6.5 s)2
2 1 1 s 2 s
1
or S1 = 3.9 m 2 ´ 42.25 s 2 therefore S1 = 82.3875 m
2 s

therefore S1 = 8 2 . 4 m
The final velocity at phase 1, can be calculated by using first equation of
motion

v f 1 = v i1 + a1 t1 putting values v f 1 = 0 m + 3.90 m 2 ´ 6.5 s

s s
therefore v f 1 = 25.35 m s

For second phase of take-off, the distance s can be calculated by using

third equation of motion
v f22 - v i22
2 a2 S2 = v f22 - v i22 and S2
=
2 a2
The final velocity ‘vf1’ at phase 1 which is 25.35 m/s will be initial velocity
‘vi2’ at phase 2, therefore 2 2

S2 =
v f22 - v f21
putting values S2 =
70.0 m
s( ) (
- 25.35 m
s )
2 a2 m
2 ´ 7.1 2
s
2
4257.3775 m 2
or S2 = s and S2 = 299.8153 m
m
14.2 2
s
therefore S2 = 299.8 m

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 89

For second phase of take-off, the time ‘t’ can be calculated by using first
equation of motion
v f 2 = vi 2 + a2 t2 or v f 2 - vi 2 = a2 t2

v f 2 - v i2 70.0 m - 25.35 m
t2 = putting values t2 = s s
or
a2 7.1 m 2
s
hence t2 = 6 .3 s

The total distance covered is S = S1 + S2

putting values S = 82.4 m + 299.8 m

S = 382.2 m Answer

Hence the minimum runway length under these conditions is 383.2 metres.
The total time taken is t = t1 + t 2

putting values t = 6.5 s + 6.3 s

t = 12.8 s Answer

Hence the total time for takeoff under these conditions is 12.8 seconds.

Assignment 3.2 PROTON PASSING THROUGH PAPER

A proton moving with a speed of 1.0 ´ 107 m s-1 passes through a 0.020 cm thick
sheet of paper and emerges with a speed of 2.0 ´ 106 m s-1. Assuming uniform
deceleration, find retardation and time taken to pass through the paper.
17 -2 -11
-2.4 10 m s , 3.3 10 s

3.7 NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION

A. FIRST LAW OF MOTION
An object remains at rest, or in uniform motion in a straight line, unless it is
compelled to change by an external net (resultant) force. In other words, unless
there is a force acting on the object, its velocity will not change. If it is initially at
rest, it will remain at rest; if it is moving, it will continue to do so with constant
velocity.

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 90
Mathematically
FIGURE 3.7
Fnet = 0 then Dv = 0

or a=0 3.11

Property of an object that resists acceleration is called

inertia. Inertia is the natural tendency of an object to
remain at rest or in motion (with a constant velocity).
Quantitatively, the inertia of an object is measured by its
mass.

The larger the mass, the greater is the inertia. As greater

net force is required to change the velocity of objects
with large mass.

B. SECOND LAW OF MOTION

A net force applied on the body produces acceleration in
the body is directly proportional to the magnitude of
the net force and inversely proportional to the mass of
Isaac Newton
the object. Mathematically
(1642-1727) was
r F r F born in England,
a or a=k
m m he proposed a
Since the value of constant of proportionality k in SI theory of the
unit is 1, therefore causes of motion
in a book written
in Latin with title
‘Philosophiae
r F r
a= or F = ma 3.12 Naturalis Principia
m
Mathematica’.

The acceleration produced is in the same direction as that of the net force.
C. THIRD LAW OF MOTION
When one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts a
force of the same magnitude and opposite direction on the first object.

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 91

Mathematically r
FA É B = - FB ® A 3.13

Here the negative sign shows that force FB ® A is opposite to force FA ® B.

When a football is kicked, the foot exerts FIGURE 3.8
the force FAB on the football and as a B
reaction to that a foot ball exerts an equal
and opposite force FBA on the foot as in FA ® B
A
Figure 3.8.
FA on B = - FB on A
The force of A on B is equal in magnitude and FB ® A
opposite in direction of the force of B on A.

FOR YOUR INFORMATION

Newtonian mechanics are limited to situations where speeds are less than about 1% of
the speed of light—that is, less than 3,000 km/s . Most things we encounter in daily life
move much slower than this speed, therefore we can safely apply Newton’s laws.
However they were refined further at the beginning of the 20th century when Einstein
developed his theories of relativity. His theories of relativity extended the concept of
Newtonian mechanics to be applied to all objects, even objects traveling close to the
speed of light.

Example 3.3 ICE SKATES

Hassan and Umar are standing face to face on ice wearing ice skates. If Hassan
apply a force of 10 N [E] on Umar (Assume no other opposing force exists), what
are their respective accelerations? If mass of Umar is 80 kg and Hassan is 50 kg.

GIVEN Umar
Hassan’s Mass mH = 50 kg Hassan

Umar’s Mass mU = 80 kg
Force F = 10 N [E]
REQUIRED
Hassan’s acceleration aH = ?
50 kg 80 kg
Umar’s acceleration aU = ?

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 92

When no other opposing force exists, the action force exerted by Hassan on
Umar is 10N [E], the acceleration produced in Umar aU by Newton’s second law
of motion will be

F 10 N [E] kg m / s 2
aU = = or aU = 0.125 [E ]
mU 80 kg kg aU

therefore aU = 0.125 m / s 2 [E ] Answer

The reaction force exerted by Umar on Hassan will be equal and opposite (i.e.
- 10N [E], or 10 N [W].

The acceleration produced in Hassan aH by Newton’s second law of motion will

be

F -10 N [E] kg m / s 2
aH = = or aU = - 0.2 [E ]
kg aH
mH 50 kg

or aU = - 0.2 m / s 2 [E ] therefore

therefore aU = 0.2 m / s 2 [W ] Answer

Due to smaller mass Hassan will accelerate more than Umar.

Assignment 3.3 ASTRONAUT AND SPACESHIP

Suppose that the mass of the spacecraft ‘mS’ is 11 000 kg and that the mass of
the astronaut ‘mA’ is 92 kg. In addition, assume that the astronaut pushes with
a force of F = + 36 N (along x-axis) on the spacecraft. Find the accelerations of
the spacecraft and the astronaut.

-2 -2
(aS =+ 0.0033 m s , aA =- 0.39 m s )

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 93

3.8 LINEAR MOMENTUM

The linear momentum P of an object is the product of the object’s mass m and
velocity v
r
P = mv
Linear momentum is a vector quantity that points in the same direction as the
velocity. SI Unit of Linear Momentum are kilogram metre/second (kgm/s) or Ns.

A. NEWTON’S SECOND LAW AND LINEAR MOMENTUM

r
By Newton’s second law of motion F = m a 1
r
r v f - vi
By Definition of acceleration a= 2
Dt
r r r r r
r æ v f - vi ö æ mv f - mv i ö ßPf - Pi ö
Putting equation 2 in equation 1 F =mç ÷=ç ÷=ç ÷
ç Dt ÷ ç Dt ÷ ç Dt ÷
è ø è ø è ø
r DP
therefore F = 3.14
Dt

The time rate of change of linear momentum of a body is equal to the force
acting on the body.
B. IMPULSE AND CHANGE OF MOMENTUM
The impulse ‘J’ is the product of the force ‘F’ and the time interval ‘Δt’ during
which the force acts, mathematically
r
J = F ´ Dt 3.15

Impulse is a vector quantity and has the same direction as the average force. SI
Unit of Impulse is newton-second (N s). When the force is not constant, the
impulse can be found using the average force.
The effect of a force on an object depends on how large the force is acting, as well
as for how long it acts. For example, a very large force acting for a short time has a
great effect on the momentum of the tennis ball. A small force could cause the
same change in momentum, but it would have to act for a much longer time.

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 94

FIGURE 3.9
Force

Fave

Time
ti tf
∆t
(a) (b)

r
In such situations the impulse is J = Fave ´ D t 3.16

When a ball is hit, it responds to the value of the impulse. A large impulse produces
a large response; that is, the ball departs from the bat with a large velocity.
However, the more massive the ball, the less velocity it has after leaving the bat.
Thus, impulse can be related to change in momentum.
r DP
From equation 3.14 F = 1
Dt
r DP
Putting equation 1 in equation 3.15 J= ´ Dt
Dt
r r r
Therefore J = DP or J = mv f - mv i

Example 3.4 CRICKET HIT

A cricket ball of mass 0.163 kg has an initial velocity of - 36 m/s as it approaches

a bat. The batsman hits the ball hard and the ball moves away from the bat with
velocity of + 47 m/s. (a) Determine the impulse applied to the ball by the bat.
(b) Assuming that the time of contact is 1.6 ms, find the average force exerted
on the ball by the bat.

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 95

GIVEN
mass ‘m’ = 0.163 kg REQUIRED
initial velocity ‘vi’ = - 36.2 m/s impulse applied ‘J’ = ?
final velocity ‘vf’ = + 47.0 m/s average force exerted Fave= ?
time of contact ‘∆t’ = 1.6 ms= 1.6 × 10-3 s

SOLUTION
r r
(a) According to the impulse–momentum relation J = m v f - m vi

putting values J = (0.163kg)(+ 47.0 m ) - (0.163kg)(-36.2 m )

s s
J = 7.661 kg m + 5.9006 kg m = + 13.5616 kg m
s s s

hence J = +13.6 N s Answer

r
(b) The average force can be calculated by using equation J = Fave ´ D t
r J + 13.6 N s
Fave = putting values Fave =
Dt 0.0016 s

hence Fave = + 8500 N Answer

Assignment 3.4 FIRE EMERGENCY

A girl of mass 48.0 kg is rescued from a building fire by leaping into a

firefighters’ net. The window from which she leapt was 12.0 m above the net.
She lands in the net so that she is brought to a complete stop in 0.45 s. During
this interval (a) What is his change in momentum? (b) What is the impulse on the
net due to the girl? (c) What is the average force on the net due to the girl?

(a) 11.2 103 kg m s-1 (UP) (b) 11.5 103 kg m s-1 (DOWN)
3 -1
( c) 25.6 10 kg m s (DOWN)

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 96
C. CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
For an isolated system there is no net force acting F = 0, therefore Newton’s
second law in terms of momentum (equation 3.14) can be written as
r
DP Pf - Pi r
= or = by cross multiplication 0 = Pf  Pi
Dt Dt

r
therefore Pf  Pi 3.17

In the absence of external force (isolated system) the final momentum Pf of

the system must be equal to initial momentum Pi i.e, the total momentum of
the system cannot change.

DO YOU KNOW

An isolated system is a collection of particles that can interact with each other
but whose interactions with the environment outside the collection have a
negligible effect on their motions.

3.9 COLLISIONS
An event during which particles come close to each other and interact by means of
forces is called collision. The forces due to the collision are assumed to be much
larger than any external forces present.

FIGURE 3.10

Colliding Vehicles Collision between players and football

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 97

For collision to occur the colliding object must not FIGURE 3.11
necessarily touch. For example, consider the
Paths of particles
collision of a proton with the nucleus of the helium
Proton
atom, illustrated in Figure 3.11. Because the two
particles are positively charged, they repel each
other in their approach. A collision has occurred,
Charge
but the colliding particles were never in ‘contact’. Helium Nucleus
fields

Since total energy and momentum is conserved in all situations for an isolated
system. However some energy transformations can take place from one form to
the other. There are two main types of collisions
A. ELASTIC COLLISION
An elastic collision is defined as one in which the kinetic energy of the system is
conserved (as well as linear momentum). Real collisions in the macroscopic world,
such as those between billiard balls, are only approximately elastic because some
transformation of kinetic energy takes place and some energy leaves the system
by mechanical waves, sound. Imagine a billiard game with truly elastic collisions.
The opening break would be completely silent! Truly elastic collisions do occur
between atomic and subatomic particles. KE = KE final
initial

B. INELASTIC COLLISION
We define an inelastic collision as one in which the kinetic energy of the system is
not conserved (even though momentum is conserved). The kinetic energy of the
system, is generally not conserved in a collision therefore the collisions we usually
encounter in our daily life are inelastic. Such as collision between two billiard
balls or a baseball and a bat or between the colliding cars. KEinitial KE final

C. PERFECTLY ELASTIC COLLISION IN ONE DIMENSION

The elastic collision in which the two objects move along the same line before and
after collision is called collision in one dimension. The important distinction
between these two types of collisions is that the momentum of the system is
conserved in all cases, but the kinetic energy is conserved only in elastic collisions.

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 98
When analyzing one-dimensional collisions, we can drop the vector notation and
use positive and negative signs for velocities to denote directions.
Consider two spherical bodies of masses m1 and m2 moving with velocities u1 and u2,
let the two bodies collide head on elastically and after collision they move with
velocities v1 and v2, as shown in the figure 3.12.

FIGURE 3.12
Before collision During collision After collision
u1 u2 v1 v2

m1 m2 m1 m2 m1 m2

r
By law of conservation of momentum Pi = Pf

or m1u1 + m2 u2 = m1v 1 + m2 v 2 1
rearranging m1u1 - m1v 1 = m2 v 2 - m2 u2

m1 (u1 - v 1) = m2 (v 2 - u2 ) 2

Since for elastic collision KE is conserved therefore K Ei = K E f

1 1 1 1
m1 u12 + m2 u22 = m1 v 12 + m2 v 22
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
rearranging m1 u12 - m1 v 12 = m2 v 22 - m2 u22
2 2 2 2
1 1
or m (u2 - v 2 ) = m2 (v 22 - u22 )
2 1 1 1 2
therefore m1 (u12 - v 12 ) = m2 (v 22 - u22 ) 3

m1(u12 - v 12 ) m2 (v 22 - u22 )
Dividing equation 1 by equation 2 we get =
m1(u1 - v 1) m2 (v 2 - u2 )
(u12 - v 12 ) (v 22 - u22 )
or = As a 2 - b 2 = (a + b) ´ (a - b)
(u1 - v 1) (v 2 - u2 )

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 99

(u1 + v 1)(u1 - v 1) (v 2 + u2 )(v 2 - u2 )

Therefore =
(u1 - v 1) (v 2 - u2 )

rearranging u1 + v 1 = u2 + v 2 or u1 - u2 = v 2 - v 1 4

therefore u1 - u2 = -(v 1 - v 2 ) 3.18

The difference of velocities is the same as before collision but direction is

reversed after collision as indicated by negative sign. Thus relative speed of
approach in magnitude is equal to relative speed of recession.
urel = - v rel

Now to find the velocities of the colliding objects after collision in terms of
velocities and masses before collision consider equation 4 which can be written as

v 2 = u1 + v 1 - u2 5

putting values from equation 5 in equation 1 we get

m1u1 + m2 u2 = m1v 1 + m2 (u1 + v 1 - u2 )

rearranging m1 u1 + m2 u2 = m1 v 1 + m2 u1 + m2 v 1 - m2 u2

or m1 v 1 + m2 v 1 = m1 u1 + m2 u2 - m2 u1 + m2 u2

or (m1 + m2 ) v 1 = (m1 - m2 )u1 + 2m2 u2

(m1 + m2 ) v 1 (m1 - m2 )u1 2m2 u2

dividing both sides by m1 + m2 = +
(m1 + m2 ) (m1 + m2 ) (m1 + m2 )

(m1 - m2 ) 2m2
therefore v1 = u1 + u2 3.19
(m1 + m2 ) (m1 + m2 )

Similarly by substituting value of v1 from equation 4 in equation 1 we get

2m1 (m1 - m2 )
v2 = u1 - u2 3.20
(m1 + m2 ) (m1 + m2 )

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 100

Example 3.5 FAST NEUTRON

–27
In a nuclear reactor a neutron of mass 1 u (1 u = 1.66 ´ 10 kg) moving with a
velocity of 2,000 km/s to the right and a heavy water molecule mass 20.0 u
moving with a velocity of 0.40 km/s to the left collide head-on. What are the
velocities of the neutron and water molecule after the collision?
GIVEN m1
Mass of neutron m1 = 1u
u1
Mass of water molecule m2 = 20 u
Velocity of neutron before collision u1 = 2000 km/s
Velocity of water molecule before collision u2 = 0.40 km/s

REQUIRED u2
Velocity of neutron after collision v1 = ?
m2
Velocity of water molecule after collision v2 = ?

SOLUTION

There is no need to convert ‘u’ into ‘kg’ as we only want to compare these
values.
(m1 - m2 ) 2m2
For head on elastic collision v1 = u1 + u2
(m1 + m2 ) (m1 + m2 )

(1u - 20 u) 2 ´ 20 u
putting values v1 = 2000 km + 0.40 km
(1u + 20 u) s (1u + 20 u) s

or v 1 = -1809.52 km + 0.76 km
s s

hence v 1 = -1808.76 km Answer

s
The negative sign shows that the neutron rebounds back after head on collision
with the water molecule. Also for head on elastic collision
2m1 (m1 - m2 )
v2 = u1 - u2
(m1 + m2 ) (m1 + m2 )

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 101

putting values 2 Ì1u (1u - 20 u)

v2 = 2000 km - 0.40 km
(1u + 20 u) s (1u + 20 u) s

or v 2 = 190.48 km + 0.38 km
s s

therefore v 2 = 190.86 km Answer

s

Assignment 3.5 ELASTIC COLLISION BETWEEN CARS

On a highway a car of mass 1500 kg is stopped at traffic signal. A pickup of mass

2000 kg comes up from behind and hits the stopped car. Assuming the collision is
elastic, the pickup stops with collision and push the car ahead onto the highway
at 10.0 m/s. How fast was the pickup going just before the collision?
8.75 m/s (31.5 km/hr)

3.11 MOMENTUM AND EXPLOSIVE FORCES

An explosion is a sudden, intense release of energy that often produces a loud
noise, high temperature, and flying pieces, and generates a pressure wave. If the
system is isolated, its total momentum during the explosion will be conserved.

Mathematically Pi = Pf

A. FIRING OF GUN
Consider an isolated system of pistol of mass ‘mp’ and bullet of mass ‘mb’ . Such
that before firing the total momentum of the system is zero.

After firing the bullet moves with velocity ‘vb’ in one direction and the pistol
recoils with velocity ‘vp’ in the other direction such that the total momentum is
again zero.

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 102

Pf = 0 or mb v b + mp v p = 0 therefore mb v b = -mp v p

Due to the larger mass of the pistol it recoils with lower velocity as compared to
the bullet as shown in Figure 3.13 (a).

B. EXPLOSION OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIAL

When a bomb explodes, its pieces fly off in such a way that the total momentum
sums up to ZERO as shown Figure 3.13 (b). This is because the momentum of the
bomb before the explosion is zero, therefore in order to conserve momentum the
final momentum must be equal to initial momentum.

FIGURE 3.13

Isolated System
Pi = 0
Bullet mass mb Pi = 0

Pistol
mass vf1
Pf3
mp mf1
Pf1
vb Pf2
vf2
vp vf3
Pf = 0
mf2 mf3
Pf = 0
(a) (b)

3.11 PROJECTILE MOTION

Form of two dimensional motion experienced by an object or particle (a
projectile) that is thrown near the Earth's surface and moves along a curved path
under the action of gravity only (in particular, the effects of air resistance are
assumed to be negligible).The path followed by a projectile is called its trajectory.

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 103
Football or cricket ball hit into air, a shell fired from cannon and a stone thrown
down the hill are all examples of projectile motion.
Projectile motion only occurs when there is one force applied at the beginning of
the trajectory after which there is no force apart from gravity. The vertical
component ay of the acceleration has a magnitude of 9.80 m/s2, while the
horizontal component ax has the magnitude of 0 m/s2 as shown in Figure 3.14.

FIGURE 3.14

y ay = - g
ax = 0

vo Trajectory

θ
x
P

y From the right vo

voy
angle ΔOPQ, we
P can write that θ
O Q
vox
Trajectory
voy = vo sin θ vo base per
cos q = sin q =
θ Q hyp hyp
x
O vox = vo cos θ base = hyp cos q per = hyp sin q
v ox = v o cos q v oy = v o sin q

Ideal projectile motion

Ideal projectile motion neglects air resistance and wind speed, spin of the
projectile, and other effects influencing the flight of real-life projectiles. For
realistic situations in which a football or cricket ball moves in air, the actual
trajectory is not well described by ideal projectile motion and requires a more
sophisticated analysis. Here we will consider only ideal projectile motion.
Projectile motion can be further simplified by resolving into horizontal and
vertical components which are independent of each other as shown in Figure 3.15.

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 104

FIGURE 3.15
y vy= 0

v ax = 0
vy v vx = vox vx = vox
ay = - g
Φ Φ
vx = vox vy v

vo
voy
θ vx = vox
x
vox Φ
vy v
The velocity vectors along with their x- and y-components are
shown along the trajectory of a projectile.

A. VELOCITY
Consider a projectile which is thrown with certain velocity vo making an angle θ
with the horizontal. From the Figure 3.12 we see that the horizontal component of
velocity remains constant through out the flight. Whereas the vertical component
of velocity changes uniformly and is zero at highest point. To find the velocity ‘v’
of projectile at certain time ‘t’, we have to find its x and y components at that
time.
By first equation of motion along x- By first equation of motion along y-
axis axis
v fx = v ix + a x t v fy = v iy + ay t

Here v fx = v x v ix = v o cos q Here v fy = v y v iy = v o sin q

ax = 0 t =t ay = -g t =t
Hence v x = v o cos q + (0) t putting values
v x = v o cos q 1 v y = v o sin q - g t 2

Magnitude: By knowing the rectangular components magnitude can be found out

by formula
v = v x2 + v y2 3

Putting values from equation 1 and equation 2 in equation 3

or v = (v o cos q )2 + (v o sin q - g t)2 3.21

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 105
Direction: By knowing the rectangular components direction is given by
vy
F = tan-1 4
vx
Putting values from equation 1 and equation 2 in equation 4

v o sin q - gt
Hence F = tan-1 3.22
v o cos q
B. MAXIMUM HEIGHT
Maximum Vertical distance reached by projectile from projection level is called
maximum height of projectile. Consider a projectile which is thrown with certain
velocity vo making an angle θ with the horizontal as shown in figure 3.16. To find
the maximum height we will use third equation of motion along y- axis
2
2 ay Sy = v fy - v iy2 FIGURE 3.16
Here v fy = v y = 0 v iy = v o sin q
ay = - g Sy = H
vo H
putting values voy
θ
-2 g H = (0)2 - (v o sin q )2
vox
or -2 g H = - (v o sin q ) 2 Maximum height H

vo2 sin 2 q
Therefore H= 3.23
2g
C. TIME OF FLIGHT
Time taken by projectile to go from point of projection to the point of impact is
called time of flight of projectile.
FIGURE 3.17
Consider a projectile which is thrown Summit
with certain velocity vo making an
T/ T
angle θ with the horizontal as shown in
vo
figure 3.17. To find the time of flight voy
θ
we will use second equation of motion
vox
along y-axis 1
Sy = v iy t + ay t 2 Time of Flight T
2

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 106

Here Sy = 0 v iy = v o sin q
ay = - g t =T
1 or 1
Hence 0 = v o sin q T - gT2 g T 2 = v o sin q ´ T
2 2

2 v o sin q
or T= 3.24
g

Time to reach summit: Time to reach summit (highest point), will be half of
the total time of flight. Let T/ be time of summit height i.e. T/=T/2
D. RANGE
The horizontal distance from point of projection to point of impact is called
range of projectile. Consider a projectile which is thrown with certain velocity
vo making an angle θ with the horizontal as shown in figure 3.18. To find the
maximum range we will use second equation of motion along x- axis
1 FIGURE 3.18
Sx = v ix t + a t2
2 x

Here v ix = v o cos q
Sx = R 2 v o sin q vo
t=T = voy
ax = 0 g θ
vox
R
putting values Range ‘R’
2
ß2v sin q ö 1 æ 2v o sin q ö ß2 v sin q ö
R = v o cos q ç o ÷ + (0) ç ÷ or R = v o cos q ç o ÷
è g ø 2 è g ø è g ø
v o2
or R= (2 sin q cos q ) Since 2 sin q cos q = sin 2 q
g
v o2
therefore R= sin 2 q 3.25
g

Maximum range Angle: Since the maximum value for the sine of any angle is 1, so
the factor sin 2θ will be maximum if it is equal to 1 as well.
sin 2 qmax = 1 or 2 qmax = sin-1 1 since sin-1 1 = 90 o

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 107
o
Hence 2 qmax = 90

2 qmax 90 o
or = Hence qmax = 45o
2 2
o
Therefore when an object is projected at an angle of 45 the range will be
maximum.
Two Projection Angles for the same Range: If the velocity of projection vo and the
acceleration due to gravity g is kept constant, then there are two complementary
o
angles (the sum of angles makes 90 ) will have the same horizontal range as shown
in Figure 3.19.

For example the range at 75o& 15o is the same.

v o2
R75o = sin 2(75o ) FIGURE 3.19
g
y(m)
v o2
or R75o = sin150 o
g
y3 75o
2
v o
therefore R75o = (0.5) 60o
g
y2
45o
v o2
and R15o = sin 2(15o )
g y1 30o

15o
v o2
or R15o = sin30 o
g
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x (m)
2
v o R45
therefore R15o = (0.5)
g R30 & R60
o o
Hence, the range at 75 & 15 is R15 & R75
same.
Similarly the range at 60o& 30o is the same.
v2 v2 v2
R60o = o sin 2(60 o ) or R60o = o sin120 o therefore R60o = o (0.866)
g g g
v o2 v o2 v o2
R30o = sin 2(30 o ) or R30o = sin60 o therefore R30o = (0.866)
g g g

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 108
o
Similarly for any two such angles (equal degrees above and below 45 ) we can
show that the range is same.
Range with air resistance: Air resistance FIGURE 3.20
affects both the horizontal component and
vertical component of velocity and hence the
range of the projectile is reduced as shown in
the figure 3.21.

FIGURE 3.21

without air
y2 resistance

y1 with air
resistance

A stroboscopic picture showing

x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x (m)
that in absence of air resistance
RW irrespective of the direction
RA two balls reach the ground at
same time.
POINT TO PONDER

How rockets accelerate in space? As there

is no air in space to push against such that
as a reaction rocket is pushed forward.
The answer lies in conservation of
momentum principle. The rocket ejects
gases from its tail at a high velocity, as a
result rocket’s mass decreases. Thus giving
acceleration to the rocket called thrust.
Any space vehicle is maneuvered in empty
space by firing its rockets in the direction
opposite to that in which it needs to
accelerate.

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 109

Example 3.6 CRICKET SHOT

A cricket ball is hit and moves initially at an angle of 35o above the horizontal
ground with a velocity of 25.0 m/s. (a) How high will the ball go? (b) How long
will the ball be in the air? (c) What will be the range for this projectile?

GIVEN REQUIRED
o
angle ‘q’ = 35 (a) Maximum height ‘H’ = ?
initial velocity ‘vo’ = 25.0 m/s (b) Time of flight ‘T’ = ?
2
Acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ = 9.8 m/s (c) Horizontal range ‘R’ = ?

SOLUTION
(a)The maximum height H for projectile is mathematically written as
v o2 sin2 q (25 ms -1)2 ´ (sin35o )2
H= putting values H=
2g 2 (9.8 ms -2 )

therefore H = 10.5 m Answer

(b) Time of flight for projectile is mathematically given as

2 v o sin q putting values 2 ´ (25ms -1) ´ sin30 o
T= T=
g 9.8 ms -2

therefore T = 2.93 s Answer

(c) The Horizontal Range R for projectile is mathematically written as

v o2 sin 2 q (25 ms -1)2 ´ (sin 2 ´ 35o )
R= putting values R=
g (9.8 ms -2 )
therefore R = 59.9 m Answer

Assignment 3.6 CRICKET BALL FOR A SIX

At Arbab Niaz Cricket Stadium Peshawar a batsman hits the shot at initial
velocity of 28 m/s. If the boundary is 72 m from the batsman, will the ball cross
o o
the boundary for a six? If the angle with the horizontal is (a) 30 (b) 45 and (c)
o
70 . (Ignore air resistance)
(a) No, R = 69.2 m (b) Yes R = 80 m (c) No, R = 51.4 m

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 110

K Displacement: Shortest directed distance between two points.

E Velocity: Time rate of change of displacement.
Y Acceleration: Time rate of change of velocity.
Newton Laws: Every object in a state of uniform motion will remain in that
P state of motion unless an external force acts on it. Force equals mass times
O acceleration. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
I
Linear Momentum: The product of mass and velocity.
N
The principle of conservation of linear momentum: This principle states
T
that if there is no external force applied to a system, the linear momentum
S
of that system remains constant in time.
Impulse: The product of force and duration of time for which the force acts.
There are processes in which momentum changes but the forces are very
short-lived, extremely large, varying over wide limits and instantaneously
not measurable. The change in momentum is, however, measurable which is
calculated.
Collision: The event in which two or more bodies exert forces on each other
in about a relatively short time.
Explosion: Explosions occur when energy is transformed from one kind e.g.
chemical potential energy to another e.g. heat energy or kinetic energy
extremely quickly. So, like in inelastic collisions, total kinetic energy is not
conserved in explosions, however, total momentum is always conserved.
Projectile Motion: Form of two dimensional motion experienced by an
object or particle (a projectile) that is thrown near the Earth's surface and
moves along a curved path under the action of gravity only (in particular, the
effects of air resistance are assumed to be negligible).

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 111

EXERCISE
M Choose the best possible answer
U
L 1 A ball is thrown vertically upwards at 19.6 m/s. For its complete trip (up
T and back down to the starting position), its average speed is:
I A. 19.6 m/s. B. 9.8 m/s. C. 6.5 m/s. D. 4.9 m/s.
P
2 If you throw a ball downward, then its acceleration immediately after
L
E leaving your hand, assuming no air resistance, is
2 2
A. 9.8 m/s . B. more than 9.8 m/s .
C 2
C. less than 9.8 m/s . D. Speed of throw is required for answer
H
O 3 The time rate of change of momentum gives
I A. Force B. Impulse C. Acceleration D. Power
C
4 The area between the velocity-time graph is numerically equal to:
E
A. Velocity B. Displacement C. Acceleration D. Time
Q
U
E 5 If the slope of velocity-time graph gradually decreases, then the body is
S said to be moving with:
T A. Positive acceleration B. Negative acceleration
I
O C. Uniform velocity D. ZERO acceleration
N 6 A 7.0-kg bowling ball experiences a net force of 5.0 N. What will be its
S acceleration?
A. 35 m/s2. B. 7.0 m/s2 C. 5.0 m/s2 D. 0.71 m/s2
7 SI unit of impulse is:
A. kg ms−2 B. N s C. N s−1 D. N m
8 A ball with original momentum +4.0 kg×m/s hits a wall and bounces
straight back without losing any kinetic energy. The change in
momentum of the ball is:
A. + 4 N s B. - 4 N s C. + 8 N s 2 D. - 8 N s

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 112

M 9 A body is traveling with a constant acceleration of 10 m s-2. If S1 is the

U distance traveled in 1st second and S2 is the distance traveled in 2nd
L second, which of the following shows a correct relation between S1 and
T
S2?
I
P A. S1 = S2 B. S1 = 3 S2 C. S2 = 3 S1 D. 2S2 = 3 S1
L 10 During projectile motion, the horizontal component of velocity:
E
A. Changes with time B. Becomes zero
C C. Remains constant D. Increases with time
H 11 A projectile is thrown horizontally from a 490m high cliff with a velocity
O
of 100 ms-1. The time taken by projectile to reach the ground is
I
C A. 2.5 s B. 5.0 s C. 7.5 s D. 10 s
E 12 A projectile is launched at 45 to the horizontal with an initial kinetic
o

energy E. Assuming air resistance to be negligible what will be the

Q
kinetic energy of the projectile when it reaches its highest point?
U
E A. 0.50 E B. 0.71 E C. 0.70 E D. E
S 13 To improve the jumping record the long jumper should jump at an angle
T
of
I
O A. 30o B. 45o C. 60o D. 90o
N 14 Range of a projectile on a horizontal plane is same for the following pair
S of angles:
A.15o and 18o B. 43o and 47o C. 20o and 80o D. 52o and 62o

CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
Give a short response to the following questions
1 If you are riding on a train that speeds past another train moving in the
same direction on an adjacent track, it appears that the other train is
moving backward. Why?

2 Can the velocity of a body reverse the direction when acceleration is

constant? If you think so, give an example.

PHYSICS-XI
Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 113

3 When you stand still on the ground, how large a force does the ground
exert on you? Why doesn’t this force make you rise up into the air?
4 A man standing on the top of a tower throws a ball vertically up with
certain velocity. He also throws another ball vertically down with the same
speed. Neglecting air resistance, which ball will hit the ground with higher
speed?
5 The cricket coach explains that the follow-through with the shot will make
the ball travel a greater distance. Explain the reasoning in terms of the
impulse-momentum theorem.
6 When you release an inflated but untied balloon, why does it fly across the
room?
7 Modern cars are not rigid but are designed to have ‘crumple zones’
(irregular fold) that collapse upon impact. What is the advantage of this
new design?.
8 Why we can hit a long sixer in a cricket match rather than if we toss a ball
for our selves?
9 An aeroplane while travelling horizontally, dropped a bomb when it was
exactly above the target, the bomb missed the target. Explain.
10 Calculate the angle of projection for which kinetic energy at the summit is
equal to one-fourth of its kinetic energy at point of projection.
11 For any specific velocity of projection, the maximum range is equal to four
times of the corresponding height. Discuss.
12 What is the angle for which the maximum height reached and
corresponding range are equal?

COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS
Give extended response to the following questions
1 Explain displacement – time graph and velocity – time graph. In each type
give brief details along with appropriate diagram for illustration.
2 Apply Newton's Laws to explain the motion of objects in a variety of
context.

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3 What is linear momentum? Derive and state Newton's second law in terms
of linear momentum.
4 State and explain law of conservation of linear momentum for an isolated
system of bodies.
5 Define elastic and inelastic collisions. Give examples in each case. Derive
mathematical equations for calculating the final velocities of the
elastically colliding bodies in one dimension.
6 What is projectile motion? Give examples. Find out the expression of
instantaneous velocity for a projectile.
7 What is maximum height and time of flight for projectile? Derive
mathematical equations for Maximum height attained and time of flight.
8 What is range of a projectile. State in which condition the range will be
maximum if speed of projection is kept constant in a uniform gravitational
field. Also show that there are two projection angles for the same range.

NUMERICAL QUESTIONS

1 An object is falling freely under gravity. How much distance will it travel in
2nd and 3rd second of its journey? (15m, 25 m)

2 A helicopter is ascending vertically at a speed of 19.6 m s-1 . When it is at a

height of 156.8 m above the ground, a stone is dropped. How long does the
stone take to reach the ground? (8.0 s)

3 A car moving at 20.0 m/s (72.0 km/h) crashes into a tree. Find the
magnitude of the average force acting on a passenger of mass 70 kg in each
of the following cases. (a) The passenger is not wearing a seat belt. He is
brought to rest by a collision with the windshield and dashboard that lasts
2.0 ms. (b) The car is equipped with a passenger-side air bag. The force due
to the air bag acts for 45 ms, bringing the passenger to rest.

( (a) 7.0 × 105 N (b) 3.1 × 104 N)

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Unit 3 FORCES AND MOTION 115

-1
4 A 0.4 kg ball traveling with the speed of 15 m s strikes a rigid wall and
rebounds elastically. If the ball is in contact with the wall for 0.045 s, what
is (a) the momentum imparted to the wall and (b) the average force
-1
exerted on the wall? (12 kg m s , 266.7 N)

5 One ball of mass 0.600 kg traveling 9.00 m/s to the right collides head on
elastically with a second ball of mass 0.300 kg traveling 8.00 m/s to the
left. After the collision, what are their velocities after collision?

(- 2.33 m/s (2.33 m/s to right) and 14.67 m/s (14.76 m/s to left))

6 In a wedding a bullet is fired in air at a speed of 500 m/s making an angle of

o
60 with horizontal from an AK 47 rifle. (a) How high will the bullet rise?
(b) What time would it take to reach ground? (c) How far would it go?
(Ignore air resistance)
((a) 9,560 m (b) 88.3 s (c) 22,078 m)

7 The catapult hurls a stone of mass 32.0 g with a velocity of 50.0 m/s at a
30.0° angle of elevation. (a) What is the maximum height reached by the
stone? (b) What is its range? (c) How long has the stone been in the air when
it returns to its original height?
((a) 31.87 m (b) 5.1 s (c) 220.8 m)

PHYSICS-XI