SEMANTICS AND PRAGMATICS MIDTERM TEST

Sense Relations in Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic: Synonymy,

Homonymy, Polysemy, Antonymy, Hyponymy, Meronymy, and
Metonymy.

Arranged by:

Rahma Nabila Putri

NIM. 1209619007
19SB

ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAMME

FACULITY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI JAKARTA
2021
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover ............................................................................................................................

Table of Contents .......................................................................................................

Chapter I. Introduction ...............................................................................................

1.1. Background of the Paper .........................................................................

Chapter II. Disscussion ..............................................................................................

2. Sense Relation in Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic .................................
2.1. Synonymy ..................................................................................................
2.2. Homonymy ................................................................................................
2.3. Polysemy ...................................................................................................
2.4. Antonymy ..................................................................................................
2.5. Hyponymy ..................................................................................................
2.6. Meronymy ..................................................................................................
2.7. Metonymy ..................................................................................................

Chapter III. Conclusion ...............................................................................................

References ..................................................................................................................
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1. Background of the Paper

As a student of English Literature or English Language Study Programme,
Semantics and Pragmatics are one of the branches of linguistics, that is given to the
English Literature student, where it was learned after another branch, which is
Introduction to Language, English Phonetics and Phonology, and English
Morphology and Syntax. And after that, it will be followed with the other branches of
linguistics in the next semesters that we have to learn such as Introduction to
Discourse Analysis, Comparative Linguistics, and Critical Discourse Analysis.
Semantics and Pragmatics are similar, but in reality, each of them is different. They
both dealing with the language meaning and link language to the world. The
difference is that each of them deals with meaning differently, but in many cases,
both get confused, and sometimes they are amalgamated.
So, semantics and pragmatic are concerning about the meaning of the words
and sentences. The semantic dimension is dealing with the relation of words to
which they refer. Meanwhile, the pragmatics dimension is more about the
relationship between words, the interlocutors, and the context. And why we are
studying semantics and pragmatics? Because when we are studying a language, we
cannot study the meaning of the words from that language. The meaning of a word
from the language can be seen from its relation between words, or the sense of one
word is related to the sense of another word. The sense relation between words is
one branch in semantics and pragmatics, which is important to master in the case
while studying a language.
This paper is going to discuss sense relations in syntagmatic and
paradigmatic in contributing to the process of learning English, and several kinds of
sense relations and their brief descriptions of them, from the writer’s understanding
after learning the material. Another purpose behind this paper is also as partial
fulfillment of the requirement to pass the Semantics and Pragmatics course. In the
end, the writer wants to deeply apologize, if there are many errors and mistakes that
you found while reading this paper.
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2. Sense Relation in Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic

There are 2 types of sense relations. The first one is a type of sense relations
in paradigmatic. The paradigmatic relation is a relation that holds between words of
the same general category and characterized in terms of contrast and hierarchy.
Another type of sense relation is sense relations are syntagmatic or syntagmatic
relations, which deals with words based on their capacity to meaningfully co-occur
with each other in sentences, or in a simple way is to describe the syntagmatic
relations is the relation between words that appear in a sentence.
These are some definitions or descriptions of sense relations according to the
experts. According to Cruse (2004, p.148), sense relations are classified into two
classes. Which is used to express identity and inclusion between word meanings
and the other is to express opposition and exclusion. The first-class deals with the
sense relations between words whose meanings are similar or include in other ones.
And the second class deals with the sense relations between words whose
meanings are opposite or exclude from other words. Meanwhile, according to
Kreidler (1998, p.303), sense relations are described as “the relations of meaning
between words, as expressed in synonymy, hyponymy, and antonymy.“ The sense
relations can be seen from synonymy, which deals with the similarity of meaning,
hyponymy about the inclusion of meaning, and antonymy about the oppositeness of
meaning.

2.1. Synonymy
Synonymy is a state when a word sounds totally different, but it has the same
meaning as other words or phrases, or a phenomenon where a word has the same
senses or nearly the same meaning as another word. And each word can replace
the other in a sentence, meanwhile, the meaning of the sentence does not change.
However, a pair of words can be synonymous in one context but maybe not
synonymous in other contexts. To give you an example about synonymy:
 The food is delicious. same as The food is good.
  She speaks with a wide Australian accent. not the same with She speaks with
a broad Australian accent.

2.2. Homonymy
Homonymy is a state where the words are written and pronounced in the
same way, sound alike, but each word has a different meaning. For examples:
 Jeonghan’s pet is a rock, named Doljjong. vs His favorite type of music is
rock.
 Your laptop screen is too bright. vs Joshua was a very bright student.

2.3 Polysemy
Polysemy is a state where a word has more than one meaning or has related
meanings. According to Yule (2006, p.107), polysemy is the words with the same
forms in written or spoken, have multiple meanings, and are related by extension. As
examples:
 Wendy is a good person because she donated a lot of money to the
orphanage.
 DK was a good singer. His voice is always exciting to listen to.
The word ‘good‘ in the sentences above has the same forms in written or spoken but
has a different meaning, that related to each other. Where in the first sentence, good
is a moral judgment, but in the second sentence, it’s a judgment of skill.

2.4 Antonymy
Antonymy is a state where the words have the completely opposite meaning
to each other. Antonymy is a part of sense relations of opposition and exclusion.
Antonymy is divided into three types:
 Complementaries or Binary Antonym comes in pairs, and between these
words exhausted all the relevant possibilities. Where if one word is applicable,
then the other can’t, vice versa. For example; Dead–alive, same–different.
 Converse or Relational Pairs refers to the pair of words that are displayed
symmetrycal meaning, e.g; master-servant, employer-employee.
 Gradable Antonym is when two words are at the opposite ends of a
continuous scale of value, such as; tall–short, love-hate.
Gradable Antonym is divided into three types, which is:
  Polar Antonym is the oppositeness in degree modifiers, such as
rather, quite, slightly, extremely, very, pretty, etc.
 Equipollent Antonym refers to subjective sensations as cold – hot,
sweet – bitter, or emotion as happy – sad, proud of – ashamed of.
 Overlapping Antonym is when a pair of words has an evaluative
polarity in their meaning as good – bad, ugly – pretty.

2.5 Hyponymy
Hyponymy is a state that shows the relationship between the more general
term with the more specific instances of the words, or a phenomenon between two
words, where the meaning of one of the words is included in the meaning of other
words. For example is, Seventeen (SVT), TXT, and ASTRO are part of the Korean
Boy group. So, we can conclude that the Seventeen is a hyponym of the Korean Boy
group. Hyponymy can be explained by using a hierarchical diagram, called
taxonomy, to make it easier to understand.

K-Boy
Groups

SVT ASTRO
TXT

Diagram 2.5.1. about hyponymy.

2.6 Meronymy
Meronymy is a state where a word is denoted as a constituent part or a
member of something and it’s not a single relation, but it’s a bundle of different part-
to-whole relationships. Meronymy is known as the part-whole relation between
words. For example lip balm<lip product, it means lip balm is a meronym/part of the
lip product.

2.7. Metonymy
Metonymy is a figure of speech where the we replace or use a word (name) of
one thing that related or associated with that one words. For example “When
Petrozza is eliminated, we all know they lose their best cook.“ The word cook in that
sentence means the chef or people who are cooking in the restaurant.
 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

Learning semantics and pragmatics, or the meaning of the sentence is

important as we studying a language. Because meaning is a part of the language
that can’t be separated. While studying semantics and pragmatics, we found out that
sense relations are very important as we learning about meaning, because from this
subject we can understand the meaning that lies behind the words more detailed.
We can learn about the similarity of meaning of words in synonymy, homonym,
polysemy, the inclusion of meaning in hyponymy, the oppositeness and exclusion in
antonymy, the part-whole relation of words in meronymy, and learning about an
interesting figure speech, which is metonymy.
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