DESIGN OF BOX TYPE CULVERT

1 In side diamentions 3.50 m x 3.50 m

Soil above the box 0.00 m
2 Super imposed load 12000 N/m2
3 Live load 45000 N/m2
4 Weight of soil 18000 N/m3
5 Angle of repose 30 Degree
6 Nominal cover top / bottom 50 mm Nominal cover side 50 mm
6 Cocrete M- 20 wt. of concrete 25000 kg/m3
scbc 7 N/m2 m 13
7 Steel 415 Water side sst 150 N/m 2
sst 190 N/m2
8 Thickess of side wall 300 mm FAIL increase thickness of side wall
Thickness of top slab 300 mm O.K.
Thickness of bottom slab 310 mm
9 Reinforcement
Top slab Main 25 mm F @ 250 mm c/c
Distribution 12 mm F @ 310 mm c/c
At supports 8 mm F @ 200 mm c/c
Bottom slab Main 25 mm F @ 220 mm c/c
Distribution 12 mm F @ 300 mm c/c
At supports 8 mm F @ 110 mm c/c Through out slab at bottom

Side vertical wall Vertical 20 mm F @ 150 mm c/c Both side O.K.

Distribution 12 mm F @ 310 mm c/c

25 mm F @ 500 mm c/c
8 mm F @ 200 mm C/C
12 mm F @ 310 mm C/c

300

700 25 mm F @
20 mm F @ 250 mm C/C
150 mm C/C

3.50

12 mm F @
310 mm C/C

25 mm F @
220 mm c/c

310

25 mm F @ 8 mm F @ 12 mm F @
440 mm c/c 110 mm C/C 300 mm C/c
300 3.50 300
 DESIGN OF BOX TYPE CULVERT
1 In side diamentions 3.5 x 3.5 m Ht above box - 0.00 m
2 Super imposed load 12000 N/m3
3 Live load 45000 N/m2
4 Weight of soil 18000 N/m2 wt. of water 9800 N/m3
5 Angle of repose 30 Degree
6 Nominal cover top/bottom 50 mm Nominal cover Side 50 mm
6 Cocrete M- 20 wt. of concrete 25000 N/m3
s cbc 7 N/m 2
m 13
7 Steel Fy 415 Out side s st 190 N/m2
water side side s st 150 N/m2
1 Solution Genral
For the purpose of design , one metre length of the box is considered.
The analysis is done for the following cases.
(I) Live load, dead load and earth prssure acting , with no water pressure from inside.
(II) Live and dead load on top and earth pressure acting from out side, and water pressure acting from inside,
with no live load on sides
(III) Dead load and earth pressure acting from out side and water pressure from in side.

Let the thicness of Horizontal slab 300 mm = 0.3 m

Vertical wall thicness 300 mm = 0.3 m
Effective slab span 3.5 + 0.3 = 3.8 m
Effective Height of wall 3.5 + 0.3 = 3.8 m

2 Case 1 : Dead and live load from out side of while no water pressure from inside.
Self weight og top slab = 0.3 x 1x 1x 25000 = 7500 N/m
Load due to earth over the box 1 x 1x 0x 18000 = 0 N/m
Live load and dead load = 45000 + 12000 = 57000 N/m\
Total load on top = 64500 N/m
Weight of side wall = 3.8 x 0.3 x 25000 = 28500 N/m
\ Upward soil reaction at base = ( 64500 x 3.8 )+( 2x 28500 )=
79500 N/m2
3.8
1 - sin 30 1- 0.5 0.5 1
Ka = = = = = 0.3333
1 + sin 30 1+ 0.5 1.5 3
\ Latral pressure due to dead load and live load = Pv x Ka
p= 57000 x 0.333333 = 19000 N/m2
Latral pressure due to soil Ka x w x h = 0.333333 x 18000 h = 6000 h
Hence total pressure = 19000 + 6000 h
Latral presure intencity at top = 19000 N/m2
Latral pressure intencity at bottom = 19000 + 6000 x 3.8 = 41800 N/m2
w = 64500 N/m 2

Fig 1 show the box culvert frame 19000 19000

ABCD, along with the external loads, A E B
Due to symmetry, half of frame (i.e.
AEFD) of box culvert is considered for
moment distribution. Since all the h 3.80
members have uniform thickness, and 19000 3.80
uniform diamentions, the relative 6000 h
stiffness K for AD will be equal to 1 while
the relative stiffness for AE and DF will D F C
be 1/2. 22800 41800 19000 22800
w = 79500 N/m2
Fig 1

1 1/2
Distribution factore for AD and DA= = 2/3 Distribution factore for AB and DC= = 1/3
1+1/2 1+1/2
wL2 64500 x 3.8 2=
Fix end moments will be as under : MFAB= = -77615 N-m
12 12
wL2 79500 x 3.8 2=
Mfdc= + = 95665 N-m
12 12
pL2 WL Where W is the total tringular earth pressure.
MFAD = + +
12 15
19000 x 3.80 2
+ 22800 x 3.8 3.8
MFAD = + x = 33838 N-m
12 2 15
pL2 WL
MFDA = - -
 MFDA = - -
12 15
19000 x 3.8 -
2-
22800 x 3.8 3.8
MFDA = - x = -22863 -16462 = -39325
12 2 10
The Moment distribution is carried out as illustrate in table
Fixed End Moments
Member DC DA AD AB 54160 64500 54160
95665 -39325 33838 -77615 46617

The moment distribution carried out as per table 1 for case 1

Joint D A 122550 122550
Member DC DA AD AB 46617
54160
Distribution factore 0.33 0.67 0.67 0.33 19000 62263
Fix end moment 95665 -39325 33838 -77615 A A
Balance -18780 -37560 29185 14592 54160 1.9
Carry over 14592 -18780
6743
balance -4864 -9728 12520 6260 3.8 m
Carry over 6260 -4864
balance -2087 -4173 3243 1621 69070 1.9
Carry over 1621 -2087 22800 D D
balance -540 -1081 1391 696 41800 68903 74428
69070
Carry over 696 -540
balance -232 -464 360 180 151050 151050
Carry over 180 -232 68903
balance -60 -120 155 77
Carry over 77 -60 79500
balance -26 -52 40 20 Fig 2
Carry over 20 -26
balance -7 -13 17 9
Final moment 69070 -69070 54160 -54160

For horizontal slab AB, carrying UDL @ 64500 N/m2.

Vertical reactionat at A and B = 0.5 x 64500 x 3.80 = 122550 N/m2
Similarly, for the Bottom slab DC carrying U.D.L.loads @ 79500 N/m2
Vertical reaction at D and C = 0.5 x 79500 x 3.80 = 151050 N
The body diagram for various members, including loading, B.M. And reactions are shown in fig.2
For the vertical member AD, the horizontal reaction at A is found by taking moments at D.Thus
( -ha x 3.80 )+
54160 - 69070 + 19000 x 3.80 x 3.80 x 1/2
+ 1/2 x 22800 x 3.80 x 3.80 x 1/3
-ha x 3.80 + -14910 + 137180 + 54872 = 0
From which, ha = 46617
Hence , hd =( 19000 + 41800 )x 3.80 - 46617 = 68903 N
2
64500 x 3.80 =
2
Free B.M. at mid point E = 116423 N-m
8
Net B.M. at E = 116423 - 54160 = 62263 N-m
79500 x 3.80 2
=
Similarly, free B.M. at F = 143497.5 N -m
8
Net B.M. at F = 143497.5 - 69070 = 74428 N-m
For vertical member AD , Simply supported B.M. at mid span
19000 x 3.80 2
+
Simply supported at mid span = 1/16 x 22800 x 3.80 =
2
54872
8
69070 + 54160
Net B.M. = = 61615 - 54872 = 6743 N-m
2

5 Design of top slab :

Mid section
The top slab is subjected to following values of B.M. and direct force
Case B.M. at Center (E) B.M. at ends (A) Direct force (ha)
(i) 62263 54160 46617
(II) 0 0 0
(II) 0 0 0

The section will be design for maximum B.M. = 62263 N -m

and the direct force of 46617 N (tensile) is very small and can be neglected
for water side force 0
 sst = = 150 N/mm2 wt. of concrete = 25000 N/m3
scbc = = 7 N/mm2 wt of water = 9800 N/mm2
m = 13 for water side force
m*c 13 x 7
k= = = 0.378 K = 0.378
m*c+sst 13 x 7 + 150
j=1-k/3 = 1 - 0.378 / 3 = 0.874 J = 0.874
R=1/2xc x j x k = 0.5 x 7 x 0.87 x 0.378 = 1.155 R = 1.155
Provide over all thickness = 300 mm so effective thicknesss = 250 mm
Mr = R . B .D2 = 1.155 x 1000 x 250 2
= 72202327 > 62263000 O.K.
62263000 = 1899 mm2
Ast = BMx100/sstxjxD=
150 x 0.874 x 250
3.14xdia2 3.14 x 25 x 25
using 25 mm F bars A = = = 491 mm2
4 x100 4
Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast 491 x 1000 / 1899 = 258 say = 250 mm
Hence Provided 25 mm F Bars @ 250 mm c/c
Actual Ast provided 1000 x 491 / 250 = 1963 mm2
Bend half bars up near support at distance of L/5 = 3.80 / 5 = 0.80 m
0.1 x( 300 - 100
Area of distribution steel = 0.3 - = 0.24 %
450 - 100
Ast = 0.24 x 300 x 10 = 729 mm2 area on each face= 365 mm2
3.14xdia 2
3.14 x 12 x 12
using 12 mm F bars A = = = 113 mm2
4 x100 4
Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast = 113 x 1000 / 365 = 310 say = 310 mm
Hence Provided 12 mm F Bars @ 310 mm c/c on each face
Section at supports :-
Maximum B.M.= 54160 N-m. There is direct compression of 46617 N also.
But it effect is not considered because the slab is actually reinforced both at top and bottom .
Since steel is at top sst = 190 N/mm2 concrete M 20
k= 0.32384 J= 0.892052 R = 1.0111
54160000
\ Ast = = 1279 mm2
190 x 0.892052 x 250

Area available from the bars bentup from the middle section = 1963 / 2 = 981.25 mm2
1279 > 981.25
Fail , hence shear reinforcement will provided.

6 Design of bottom slab:

The bottom slab has the following value of B.M. and direct force.
Case B.M. at Center (F) B.M. at ends (D) Direct force (ha)
(i) 74428 69070 68903
(II) 0 0 0
(II) 0 0 0

The section will be design for maximum B.M. = 74428 N -m

for water side force
sst = = 150 N/mm2 wt. of concrete = 25000 N/m3
scbc = = 7 N/mm2 wt of water = 9800 N/mm2
m = 13 for water side force
m*c 13 x 7
k= = = 0.378 K = 0.378
m*c+sst 13 x 7 + 150
j=1-k/3 = 1 - 0.378 / 3 = 0.874 J = 0.874
R=1/2xc x j x k = 0.5 x 7 x 0.87 x 0.378 = 1.155 R = 1.155
74427500
\ d = = 254 mm D = 304 mm
1000 x 1.155
Provide thickness of bottom slab D= 310 mm so that d = 260 mm
74427500 = 2183 mm2
Ast = BMx100/sstxjxD=
150 x 0.874 x 260
3.14xdia2 3.14 x 25 x 25
using 25 mm bars A = = = 491 mm2
4 x100 4
Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast 491 x 1000 / 2183 = 225 say = 220 mm
Hence Provided 25 mm F Bars @ 220 mm c/c
Acual Ast provided 1000 x 491 / 220 = 2230 mm2
Bend half bars up near support at distance of L/5 = 3.80 / 5 = 0.80 m
0.1 x( 310 - 100
Area of distributionn steel = 0.3 - = 0.24 %
450 - 100
 Ast = 0.24 x 310 x 10 = 744 mm2 area on each face= 372 mm2
3.14xdia 2
3.14 x 12 x 12
using 12 mm bars A = = = 113 mm2
4 x100 4
Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast = 113 x 1000 / 372 = 304 say = 300 mm
Hence Provided 12 mm F Bars @ 300 mm c/c on each face
Section at supports :-
Maximum B.M.= 69070 N-m. There is direct compression of 68903 N also.
But it effect is not considered because the slab is actually reinforced both at top and bottom .
Since steel is at top sst = 190 N/mm2 concrete M 20
k= 0.32384 J= 0.892052 R= 1.0111
69070000
\ Ast = = 1568 mm2
190 x 0.892052 x 260
Area available from the bars bentup from the middle section = 2230 / 2 = 1115 mm2

1568 > 1115.06 Fail , hence additional reinforcement will provided.

Additional reinforcemet required = 452.943 mm2

3.14xdia 2
3.14 x 8 x 8
using 8 mm bars A = = = 50 mm2
4 x100 4
Spacing of Bars = Ax1000/Ast = 50 x 1000 / 453 = 111 say = 110 mm
Hence Provided 8 mm F Bars @ 110 mm c/c throught out the slab, at its bottom.

7 Design of side wall:

The side wall has the following value of B.M. and direct force.
Case B.M. at Center (F) B.M. at ends (D) Direct force (ha)
(i) 6743 69070 151050
(II) 0 0 0
(II) 0 0 0

The section will be design for maximum B.M. = 69070 N -m, and direct force = 151050 N
69070 x 1000
Eccentricity = = 458 mm
151050
proposed thickness of side wall '= 300 mm \ e/D 458 / 300 = 1.5267 > 1.5 Fail
FAIL increase thickness of side wall
Let us reinforce the section with 20 mm F bars @ 150 mm c/c provided on both faces, as shown
in fig xxx . With cover of 50 mm and D = 300 mm
1000 3.14 x 20 x 20
Asc = Ast = x = 2093 mm2
150 4
The depth of N.A. is computed from following expression:
b n D - dt - n + (m - 1)Asc 1 (n - dc)(D - dt- dc)
3 3 n D
= e+ - dt
b n + (m -1) Asc n - dc D - dt - n 2
- m Ast
n n

1000 n n 2093.33
300 - 50 - + 12 x x n - 50 x -100
or 2 3 n
1000 n+ 2093.333 2093.33
12 x x n - 50 - 13 x x 300 - 50 -n
2 n n

n -2512000
500 n 250 - + n - 50 x
3 n
= 458 + 100
25120 27213.33
500 n+ x n - 50 - x 250 - n
n n

-125600000
125000 n - 166.67 n2 + -2512000 -
n
= 558
1256000 6803333.3
500 n + 25120 - - + 27213
n n
multiply by n
125000 n2 - 166.67 n3 + -2512000 n - -125600000
= 558
500 n2 + 25120 n- 1256000 - 6803333.3 + 27213 n

125000 n2 - 166.67 n3 + -2512000 n - -125600000

= 1
279000 n2 + 29202000 n - 4497108000
 -154000 n2 - 31714000 n - -4622708000 = 167 n3

-924 n2 - 190284 n - -27736248 = n3

Solving this trial and error we get, n = 96.17 mm
12 x 2093.333 13 x 2093
\ c' = ( 500 x 96.17 + ( 96.17 - 50 )-
96.17 96.17
x( 300 - 50 - 96.17 )

or 48087 + 261.1944 x 46.17 - 282.9606 x 153.83 = 16620

151050 stress is more than permissiabl Hence
\ c' = = 9.09 > 7 N/mm2
increase wall thickness
16620
m c' 13 x 9.09
Also stress in steel t = (D-dc-n) = x ( 300 - 50 - 96.17 )
n 96.17
= 188.97 N/mm2 < 190 N/mm2 O.K.
Stress in steel is less than permissiable Hence section is O.K.

pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in
 Box culverts

25 mm F @ 500 mm c/c
8 mm F @ 200 mm C/C
12 mm F @ 310 mm C/c

300

700 25 mm F @
20 mm F @ 250 mm C/C
150 mm C/C

3.50

12 mm F @
310 mm C/C

25 mm F @
220 mm c/c

310

25 mm F @ 8 mm F @ 12 mm F @
440 mm c/c 200 mm C/C 310 mm C/c
300 3.50 300
 Table 3.1. Permissible s
Table 1.15. PERMISSIBLE DIRECT TENSILE STRESS
100As
Grade of co M-10 M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40 bd
Tensile < 0.15
stress 1.2 2.0 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4
N/mm2 0.25
0.50
Table 1.16.. Permissible stress in concrete (IS : 456-2000) 0.75
Permission stress in compression (N/mm2) Permissible stress in bond (Average) for 1.00
Grade of Bending acbc Direct (acc) plain bars in tention (N/mm2) 1.25
concrete
(N/mm2) Kg/m2 (N/mm2) Kg/m2 (N/mm2) in kg/m2 1.50
M 10 3.0 300 2.5 250 -- -- 1.75
M 15 5.0 500 4.0 400 0.6 60 2.00
M 20 7.0 700 5.0 500 0.8 80 2.25
M 25 8.5 850 6.0 600 0.9 90 2.50
M 30 10.0 1000 8.0 800 1.0 100 2.75
M 35 11.5 1150 9.0 900 1.1 110 3.00 and above
M 40 13.0 1300 10.0 1000 1.2 120
M 45 14.5 1450 11.0 1100 1.3 130
M 50 16.0 1600 12.0 1200 1.4 140
Over all depth of slab
k
Table 1.18. MODULAR RATIO
Grade of co M-10 M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
Table 3.3. Maximum
Modular ra 31 19 13 11 9 8 7
(31.11) (18.67) (13.33) (10.98) (9.33) (8.11) (7.18) Grade of concrete
tc.max
Table 2.1. VALUES OF DESIGN CONSTANTS
Grade of concrete M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40 Table 3.4
Modular Ratio 18.67 13.33 10.98 9.33 8.11 7.18 Grade of concrete M
scbc N/mm2 5 7 8.5 10 11.5 13 tbd (N / mm2
m scbc 93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33
kc 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
(a) sst = Table 3.5.
jc 0.867 0.867 0.867 0.867 0.867 0.867
140
N/mm2 Rc 0.867 1.214 1.474 1.734 1.994 2.254 Grade of
(Fe 250) P (%) concrete
c 0.714 1 1.214 1.429 1.643 1.857
kc 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 M 15
(b) sst = j 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 M 20
c 0.89
190
Rc 0.732 1.025 1.244 1.464 1.684 1.903 M 25
N/mm2
Pc (%) 0.433 0.606 0.736 0.866 0.997 1.127 M 30
kc 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 M 35
(c ) sst =
jc 0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904 M 40
230
N/mm2 Rc 0.653 0.914 1.11 1.306 1.502 1.698 M 45
(Fe 415)
(c ) sst =
230
N/mm2
(Fe 415) Pc (%) 0.314 0.44 0.534 0.628 0.722 0.816 M 50

Shear stress tc Reiforcement % Value of angle

100As 100As Degree sin cos tan
M-20 M-20
bd bd 10 0.17 0.98 0.18
0.15 0.18 0.18 0.15 11 0.19 0.98 0.19
0.16 0.18 0.19 0.18 12 0.21 0.98 0.21
0.17 0.18 0.2 0.21 13 0.23 0.97 0.23
0.18 0.19 0.21 0.24 14 0.24 0.97 0.25
0.19 0.19 0.22 0.27 15 0.26 0.97 0.27
0.2 0.19 0.23 0.3 16 0.28 0.96 0.29
0.21 0.2 0.24 0.32 17 0.29 0.96 0.31
0.22 0.2 0.25 0.35 18 0.31 0.95 0.32
0.23 0.2 0.26 0.38 19 0.33 0.95 0.34
0.24 0.21 0.27 0.41 20 0.34 0.94 0.36
0.25 0.21 0.28 0.44 21 0.36 0.93 0.38
0.26 0.21 0.29 0.47 22 0.37 0.93 0.40
0.27 0.22 0.30 0.5 23 0.39 0.92 0.42
0.28 0.22 0.31 0.55 24 0.41 0.92 0.45
0.29 0.22 0.32 0.6 25 0.42 0.91 0.47
0.3 0.23 0.33 0.65 30 0.50 0.87 0.58
0.31 0.23 0.34 0.7 35 0.57 0.82 0.70
0.32 0.24 0.35 0.75 40 0.64 0.77 0.84
0.33 0.24 0.36 0.82 45 0.71 0.71 1.00
0.34 0.24 0.37 0.88 50 0.77 0.64 1.19
0.35 0.25 0.38 0.94 55 0.82 0.57 1.43
0.36 0.25 0.39 1.00 60 0.87 0.50 1.73
0.37 0.25 0.4 1.08 65 0.91 0.42 2.14
0.38 0.26 0.41 1.16
0.39 0.26 0.42 1.25
0.4 0.26 0.43 1.33
0.41 0.27 0.44 1.41
0.42 0.27 0.45 1.50
0.43 0.27 0.46 1.63
0.44 0.28 0.46 1.64
0.45 0.28 0.47 1.75
0.46 0.28 0.48 1.88
0.47 0.29 0.49 2.00
0.48 0.29 0.50 2.13
0.49 0.29 0.51 2.25
0.5 0.30
0.51 0.30
0.52 0.30
0.53 0.30
0.54 0.30
0.55 0.31
0.56 0.31
0.57 0.31
0.58 0.31
0.59 0.31
0.6 0.32
0.61 0.32
0.62 0.32
0.63 0.32
0.64 0.32
0.65 0.33
0.66 0.33
0.67 0.33
0.68 0.33
0.69 0.33
0.7 0.34
0.71 0.34
0.72 0.34
0.73 0.34
0.74 0.34
0.75 0.35
0.76 0.35
0.77 0.35
0.78 0.35
0.79 0.35
0.8 0.35
0.81 0.35
0.82 0.36
0.83 0.36
0.84 0.36
0.85 0.36
0.86 0.36
0.87 0.36
0.88 0.37
0.89 0.37
0.9 0.37
0.91 0.37
0.92 0.37
0.93 0.37
0.94 0.38
0.95 0.38
0.96 0.38
0.97 0.38
0.98 0.38
0.99 0.38
1.00 0.39
1.01 0.39
1.02 0.39
1.03 0.39
1.04 0.39
1.05 0.39
1.06 0.39
1.07 0.39
1.08 0.4
1.09 0.4
1.10 0.4
1.11 0.4
1.12 0.4
1.13 0.4
1.14 0.4
1.15 0.4
1.16 0.41
1.17 0.41
1.18 0.41
1.19 0.41
1.20 0.41
1.21 0.41
1.22 0.41
1.23 0.41
1.24 0.41
1.25 0.42
1.26 0.42
1.27 0.42
1.28 0.42
1.29 0.42
1.30 0.42
1.31 0.42
1.32 0.42
1.33 0.43
1.34 0.43
1.35 0.43
1.36 0.43
1.37 0.43
1.38 0.43
1.39 0.43
1.40 0.43
1.41 0.44
1.42 0.44
1.43 0.44
1.44 0.44
1.45 0.44
1.46 0.44
1.47 0.44
1.48 0.44
1.49 0.44
1.50 0.45
1.51 0.45
1.52 0.45
1.53 0.45
1.54 0.45
1.55 0.45
1.56 0.45
1.57 0.45
1.58 0.45
1.59 0.45
1.60 0.45
1.61 0.45
1.62 0.45
1.63 0.46
1.64 0.46
1.65 0.46
1.66 0.46
1.67 0.46
1.68 0.46
1.69 0.46
1.70 0.46
1.71 0.46
1.72 0.46
1.73 0.46
1.74 0.46
1.75 0.47
1.76 0.47
1.77 0.47
1.78 0.47
1.79 0.47
1.80 0.47
1.81 0.47
1.82 0.47
1.83 0.47
1.84 0.47
1.85 0.47
1.86 0.47
1.87 0.47
1.88 0.48
1.89 0.48
1.90 0.48
1.91 0.48
1.92 0.48
1.93 0.48
1.94 0.48
1.95 0.48
1.96 0.48
1.97 0.48
1.98 0.48
1.99 0.48
2.00 0.49
2.01 0.49
2.02 0.49
2.03 0.49
2.04 0.49
2.05 0.49
2.06 0.49
2.07 0.49
2.08 0.49
2.09 0.49
2.10 0.49
2.11 0.49
2.12 0.49
2.13 0.50
2.14 0.50
2.15 0.50
2.16 0.50
2.17 0.50
2.18 0.50
2.19 0.50
2.20 0.50
2.21 0.50
2.22 0.50
2.23 0.50
2.24 0.50
2.25 0.51
2.26 0.51
2.27 0.51
2.28 0.51
2.29 0.51
2.30 0.51
2.31 0.51
2.32 0.51
2.33 0.51
2.34 0.51
2.35 0.51
2.36 0.51
2.37 0.51
2.38 0.51
2.39 0.51
2.40 0.51
2.41 0.51
2.42 0.51
2.43 0.51
2.44 0.51
2.45 0.51
2.46 0.51
2.47 0.51
2.48 0.51
2.49 0.51
2.50 0.51
2.51 0.51
2.52 0.51
2.53 0.51
2.54 0.51
2.55 0.51
2.56 0.51
2.57 0.51
2.58 0.51
2.59 0.51
2.60 0.51
2.61 0.51
2.62 0.51
2.63 0.51
2.64 0.51
2.65 0.51
2.66 0.51
2.67 0.51
2.68 0.51
2.69 0.51
2.70 0.51
2.71 0.51
2.72 0.51
2.73 0.51
2.74 0.51
2.75 0.51
2.76 0.51
2.77 0.51
2.78 0.51
2.79 0.51
2.80 0.51
2.81 0.51
2.82 0.51
2.83 0.51
2.84 0.51
2.85 0.51
2.86 0.51
2.87 0.51
2.88 0.51
2.89 0.51
2.90 0.51
2.91 0.51
2.92 0.51
2.93 0.51
2.94 0.51
2.95 0.51
2.96 0.51
2.97 0.51
2.98 0.51
2.99 0.51
3.00 0.51
3.01 0.51
3.02 0.51
3.03 0.51
3.04 0.51
3.05 0.51
3.06 0.51
3.07 0.51
3.08 0.51
3.09 0.51
3.10 0.51
3.11 0.51
3.12 0.51
3.13 0.51
3.14 0.51
3.15 0.51
Table 3.1. Permissible shear stress Table tc in concrete (IS : 456-2000)
100As Permissible shear stress in concrete tc N/mm2
bd M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
< 0.15 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.2 0.2 0.2
0.25 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
0.50 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.32
0.75 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38
1.00 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.42
1.25 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.46
1.50 0.42 0.45 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.49
1.75 0.44 0.47 0.49 0.50 0.52 0.52
2.00 0.44 0.49 0.51 0.53 0.54 0.55
2.25 0.44 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.56 0.57
2.50 0.44 0.51 0.55 0.57 0.58 0.60
2.75 0.44 0.51 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62
3.00 and above 0.44 0.51 0.57 0.6 0.62 0.63

Table 3.2. Facor k

Over all depth of slab 300 or more 275 250 225 200 175 150 or less
k 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30

Table 3.3. Maximum shear stress tc.max in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

Grade of concrete M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
tc.max 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.3 2.5

Table 3.4. Permissible Bond stress Table tbd in concrete (IS : 456-2000)
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-- 0.6 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

Table 3.5. Development Length in tension

Plain M.S. Bars H.Y.S.D. Bars
tbd (N / mm2) kd = Ld F tbd (N / mm2) kd = Ld F
0.6 58 0.96 60
0.8 44 1.28 45
0.9 39 1.44 40
1 35 1.6 36
1.1 32 1.76 33
1.2 29 1.92 30
1.3 27 2.08 28
 1.4 25 2.24 26

Value of angle
tan Degree sin cos
0.18 10 0.17 0.98
0.19 11 0.19 0.98
0.21 12 0.21 0.98
0.23 13 0.23 0.97
0.25 14 0.24 0.97
0.27 15 0.26 0.97
0.29 16 0.28 0.96
0.31 17 0.29 0.96
0.32 18 0.31 0.95
0.34 19 0.33 0.95
0.36 20 0.34 0.94
0.38 21 0.36 0.93
0.40 22 0.37 0.93
0.42 23 0.39 0.92
0.45 24 0.41 0.92
0.47 25 0.42 0.91
0.58 30 0.50 0.87
0.70 35 0.57 0.82
0.84 40 0.64 0.77
1.00 45 0.71 0.71
1.19 50 0.77 0.64
1.43 55 0.82 0.57
1.73 60 0.87 0.50
2.14 65 0.91 0.42
Solution of any cubic equation with real coefficients using Cardano's Method

Ax3+BX2+CX+D=0
Enter the coefficients below:
A= 1
B= 924
C= 190284
D= -27736248

This yields x3+EX2+FX+G=0

E = B/A 924
F = C/A 190284
G = D/A -27736248

The Depressed Cubic: y3 + by = c

x = y - E/3
b = F - E2/3 -94308
c = FE/3 - 2E3/27 -G 27907496
c2 + 4b3/27 6.545653E+14

y3 + by = c
(Q + P)3 - 3QP(Q + P) = Q3 + P3
y=Q+P
P = -b/(3Q)
Q3 + P3 = c
Q6 - cQ3 - b3/27 = 0
Q3 = ( c + sqrt( c2 + 4b3/27) )/2 = Rexp(i*Phi)

R = abs((c + sqrt(c2 + 4b3/27))/2) if c2 + 4b3/27 > 0 26745985.233

R = sqrt(-b3/27) if c2 + 4b3/27 < 0
Phi = 0, if c2 + 4b3/27 > 0 and c + sqrt(c2 + 4b3/27) > 0 0
Phi = PI, if c2 + 4b3/27 > 0 and c + sqrt(c2 + 4b3/27) < 0
cos(Phi) = c/(2R) if c2 + 4b3/27 < 0
Phi needs to be a First or Second Quadrant Angle consistent with a non negative imaginary part.
Solve for Q : The three cube roots

Q0 = R^(1/3)cos(Phi/3)+iR^(1/3)sin(Phi/3) 299.0562387 + i 0.0000000

Q1 = R^(1/3)cos((Phi+2PI)/3)+iR^(1/3)sin((Phi+2PI)/3) -149.5281194 + i 258.9902999
Q2 = R^(1/3)cos((Phi+4PI)/3)+iR^(1/3)sin((Phi+4PI)/3) -149.5281194 + i -258.9902999

P0 = -b/(3R^(1/3))( cos(Phi/3) - isin(Phi/3) ) 105.1173523 + i 0.0000000

P1 = -b/(3R^(1/3))( cos((Phi+2PI)/3) - isin((Phi+2PI)/3) ) -52.5586761 + i -91.0342975
P2 = -b/(3R^(1/3))( cos((Phi+4PI)/3) - isin((Phi+4PI)/3) ) -52.5586761 + i 91.0342975

y0 = Q0 + P0 404.1735910 + i 0.0000000
y1 = Q1 + P1 -202.0867955 + i 167.9560024
y2 = Q2 + P2 -202.0867955 + i -167.9560024

x0 = y0 - E/3 96.1735910 + i 0.0000000

x1 = y1 - E/3 -510.0867955 + i 167.9560024
x2 = y2 - E/3 -510.0867955 + i -167.9560024
Check:
Ax03+BX02+CX0+D= 0.0000000 + i 0.0000000
Ax13+BX12+CX1+D= 0.0000000 + i 0.0000000
Ax23+BX22+CX2+D= 0.0000000 + i 0.0000000