Who Is Santiago Alvarez? How Come His Writing Is A Primary Source?

1. Who is Santiago Alvarez? How come his writing is a primary source?
Santiago Alvarez was a revolutionary general and a founding and honorary

president of the Nationalist Party's first directorate. He is also known as "Kidlat ng
Apoy" due to his inflamed courage and devotion as commander of the famous battle
of Cavities. Santiago Alvarez is the primary source of the tejero’s convention
because he was there at the tejero’s convention, he saw all what happened during
that time and he also wrote all the happenings in the convention.
2. Who is Teodoro Agoncillo? How come his writing is a secondary

source?
Teodoro Agoncillo is a famous Filipino historian of the 20th century. He and his
colleague Renato Constantino were among the first Philippine historians renowned
for presenting a strongly nationalistic view of the history of Philippines. He was also
an essayist and a poet. Teodore Agoncillo is the secondary source of Tejero’s
convention because he is not really there in the convention. He just based his
writings on what he read about tejero’s convention. He also included what happened
before the tejero’s convention which is not included in the primary source.
3. Create a chart comparing in detail the accounts of the two writers

regarding the “Tejeros Convention”
Background Primary Source: Secondary Source:

Santiago Alvarez’ Teodoro Agoncillo’s
Memoir of a General Revolt of the Masses
Author’s Background Santiago Alvarez was a Teodoro Agoncillo is a
revolutionary general and famous Filipino historian
a founding and honorary of the 20th century. He
president of the and his colleague Renato
Nationalist Party's first Constantino were among
directorate. the first Philippine
historians renowned for
presenting a strongly
nationalistic view of the
history of Philippines.
When was the account July 24, 1927 1929
written?
Mentioned date(s) in the March 25, 1897- December 1896
text Assembly at Tejero’s January 2, 1897
convened April 1897
March 22, 1897
September 28, 1947
Mentioned Place(s) in Tejeros, Cavite Cavite, Batangas,

the text Talisay, Nasugbu, Tuwi,
Look, San Francisco de
Malabon, Naik, Noveleta,
Naik, Bakood, Montalban,
Mariquina, San Juan,
Imus, Kawit, Tejeros,
Limbon
Sequences of the Event 1. He attended the 1. He studied the
event along with observer's writings
other Tejero’s or the primary
Convention sources, then
officials and has a compiled them to
story to tell about create a similar
what happened. historical depiction
2. Supremo waited of what happened
until 5 p.m. with in the Tejero’s
the Magdiwang Convention.
leaders, followed 2. This account failed
the day to resume to mention the next
the meeting last meeting that
March 1987 by Baldomero
Magdalo President Aguinaldo had
Aguinaldo 's arranged.
invitation. 3. Just Bonifacio's
3. Mojica points out intuition tells us
the ballot there was a
anomalies Tirona phenomenon
has published. Yet occurring but no
the Supreme direct person
simply overlooked pointing it out.
that. 4. Bonifacio
4. Baldomero told to instructed the
end the meeting. Katipunero to go
on with the voting.
4. Form your internal and external criticisms over the two sources.
Santiago Alvarez
 External Criticism
 His writings is just what really happened, he didn’t add something that is not
relevant to the topic. there’s no opinions, just pure happenings.
 There’s no bias in his writings even though he is in the side of Andres
Bonifacio, it doesn’t affect his writings about the tejero’s convention because
he really showed us what really happened there and he treated equally both
sides.
 Internal Criticism
 He was an eye-witness since he witnessed the incident personally.

 He really wrote what he saw there in the meeting.
 Santiago Alvarez was a general and he did his work well, so his work is
reliable.
Teodore Agoncillo
 External Criticism
 One of his purpose is to further discuss the events before the Tejero’s
Convention
 Dates from the excerpt are accurate for it is based on a primary source.
 He just wrote it after he read and studied the primary source of the story.
 It is also authentic but there are some changes in his writings, he really
didn’t get the exact story of the primary source.
 He added some events that is not included in the primary source’s story.
 Internal Criticism

 Teodore Agoncillo didn’t witness what really happened in the Tejero’s
convention. He just based on Santiago Alvarez’s story.
 He was neither a participant nor an observer in the event
 Events were described in detail and there was no bias shown.
1. What are the lessons you have learned from the excerpts of “The
Tabon Caves” by Robert Fox? How about the video entitled, The
Philippine Story series, The Tabon Caves by Hugh Gibb and Robert B.
Fox? Please list down at least 5 details from these sources. Can they be
considered as a primary source? Yes or no. Explain.
From the excerpts of Robert Fox's "The Tabon Cave," I found something very specific
about what they excavated. They are doing research to find out how many years there
was a fossil and what sort of organisms the skeletons possess. I learned about the
scattering of the fossil bones during the initial excavations of the Tabon cave. I also
discovered how valuable the fossils and objects were.
 Skull fossils of three with large fragment of frontal bone, in the brows, and in the
nasal bones.
 The homo sapiens fossils which were found in the area.
 Robert Fox’s research is about the “Tabon Caves” that happened June-July 1962
 The area where the fossils are found are bothered by megapode birds.
 The bones are to be found in the left rear of the cave.
 The documentary video is featured by Dr. Robert B. Fox and Dr. Alfredo
Evangelista. "The Philippine Story Series, The Tabon Caves" by Hugh Gibb and
Robert B. Fox.
 They found fossils and utensils
 50,000 years ago, the Tabon Cave on the cliffs were lived by the Filipino
 Excavations were carried out on the tabon caves in the Philippines situated on
the South China Sea's calcareous cliffs.
 They found funeral jars, stone tools and materials, and skeletal fossils.
Yes, this is a primary source because Dr. Robert Fox and Huge Gibb have
experienced and they are ones who discovered the fossils at the cave. They are
really a credible source because they are the ones who excavated the cave.
Also, they did really analyzed and interpreted important things on what they have
discovered.
2. Compare the findings of Robert Fox on the Tabon man with the
findings of William Henry Scott. Can the account of William Henry Scott
be considered a primary source?
William Henry Scott's account can’t be considered as the primary source for the
reason that it looks more informative because he includes a lot of details like
specifically dates, scientific methods about the topic and how they socialized with
other people. Also, he interpreted the source of Robert Fox’s. On the other hand,
Robert fox focuses on the Homo sapien’s skulls which were the human fossils in the
tabon cave hides.

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1. Who is Santiago Alvarez? How come his writing is a primary source?

Santiago Alvarez was a revolutionary general and a founding and honorary

2. Who is Teodoro Agoncillo? How come his writing is a secondary

3. Create a chart comparing in detail the accounts of the two writers

Background Primary Source: Secondary Source:

Mentioned Place(s) in Tejeros, Cavite Cavite, Batangas,

 He was an eye-witness since he witnessed the incident personally.

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